evolutionary physiology topics 1. patterns 2. processes

Evolutionary physiologytopics

1. Patterns

2. Processes

1. Patterns

• How and why of particular transitions

How and why did endothermic vertebrates evolve from ectothermic ancestors?


Endothermy versus ectothermy

scala naturae


Advantages of endothermy:

• Stenothermy

• Aerobic metabolism

• Independent of environment


Advantages of ectothermy:

• Low energetic requirements

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

mammals

Passerine birds

reptiles

metabolism (Wg-1day-1)

0.1g 10g 1kg 100kg 1000kg



• Low energy requirements

Low food habitats




Low food habitats Fluctuating food habitats

Mt Chappell Island

Flinders Island

Cape Barren Island

Chappell Island tiger snake(Notechis ater serventyi)

Short-tailed shearwater(Puffinus tenuirostris)

Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum)

Western banded gecko (Coleonyx variegatus)




Low food habitats Fluctuating food habitats Small body dimensions

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 2 4 6 8 10

body length

surface/volume

mammals: >20 g

lizards: 8% spp. < 1 g 80% spp. < 20 g

salamanders: 20% spp. < 1 g90% spp. < 20 g

Dwarf chameleon

Monte Iberia EleuthDwarf gecko

Kitti’s hog-nosed bat

Etruscan shrewW: 1.5-2.5 gFR: 4xW/dayHR: 835 b/minRR: 661 p/min

L: 29-33 mm




Low food habitats Fluctuating food habitats Small body dimensions Elongate body forms

0

5

10

0 10 20 30 40 50

height/diameter

surface/volume

diameter

height

weasel (Mustela nivalis) wood rat (Neotoma sp.)

energy loss: x2

Afrocaecilia taitana Desmognathus ochrophaeus

Bipes bipes Anguis fragilis

Opheodrys aestivus




Low food habitats Fluctuating food habitats Small body dimensions Elongate body forms Low water habitats

Sauromalus obesus

Scaphiopus couchii




Low food habitats Fluctuating food habitats Small body dimensions Elongate body forms Low water habitats Low oxygen habitats

Amblyrhynchus cristatus

Iguana iguana

Neoseps reynoldsi

Scincus mitranus

Dilong paradoxus Xu et al. 2004. Nature 431: 680-684.

Dimetrodon (Pelycosauria)

Moschops (Therapsida)

Synapsida (mammal-like reptiles)

Endothermy in Mammalia:

1.RM x5

2.Tb > Ta, 28°C < Tb < 40°C

3. Tcore < 1-2°C

4.Maero x5

• Thermoregulation first physiological version

Synapsida evolve from small ectotherms

increase in size(30-100 kg)

become inertial homeotherms

evolve insulation

Tb constant,physiological benefits

decrease in size

increased metabolismimproved insulation

McNab 1978. Am. Nat. 112: 1-21.

• Thermoregulation first brain version

Synapsida evolvefrom small ectotherms

increase in sizeincrease in size(30-100 kg)(30-100 kg)

become inertial become inertial homeotherms homeotherms

evolve evolve insulationinsulation

Tb constant,physiological benefits

evolve larger, morecomplex brains

Hulbert 1980.

• Thermoregulation first ecological version

Synapsida evolvefrom small ectotherms

increase in sizeincrease in size(30-100 kg)(30-100 kg)

become inertial become inertial homeothermshomeotherms

evolve evolve insulationinsulation

Tb constant,physiological advantages

evolve nocturnalhabits

Crompton et al. 1978. Nature 272: 333-336.

• Aerobic capacity first sustained ativity version

Ruben 1995 Ann. Rev. Physiol. 57: 69-95.

small change inbasal metabolic rate

minimal effect on thermoregulatory capacity

large effect onmaximal aerobic metabolic rate

• Aerobic capacity first parental care version

Koteja 2000 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 267: 479-484

small change in basal metabolic rate

minieme verandering inthermoregulatie-capaciteit

large effect onmaximal aerobic metabolic rate

necessary for locomotor costs related to parental care

1. Patterns

• How and why of particular transitions• Testing a-priori-hypotheses

plastic responses are adaptive


Dicerandra linearifolia

Winn A.A. 1999. J. Evol. Biol. 12: 306-313.

• leaf length• leaf thickness• density of stomata

winter summer

Leaf

leng

th (

mm

)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

winter summer

Lea

f thi

ckne

ss (

mm

)

0.140

0.145

0.150

0.155

0.160

0.165

winter summer

Den

sity

of s

tom

ata

(m

m-2

)

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96



winter summer

Se

lect

ion

gra

dië

nt f

or

lea

ve le

ng

th

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

winter summer

Se

lect

ion

gra

dië

nt f

or

leav

e th

ickn

ess

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

winter summer

Se

lect

ion

gra

dië

nt f

or

stom

ata

de

nsity

-0.06

-0.05

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

Beneficial acclimation hypothesis


Colder is better Hotter is better


Deleterious acclimation hypothesis


Escherichia coli

Leroi et al. 1994.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 1917-1921.


Escherichia coli

37°

32°

32°

competition

41.5°

41.5°

>

>

Leroi et al. 1994.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 1917-1921.

32°

41.5°

acclimation


Bicyclus anynana Geister T.L. & Fischer 2007. Behav. Ecol. 18: 658-664.


20°

27°

developmentlarvae

20,20°

20,27°

27,27°

27,20°

20,20°

20,27°

27,27°

27,20°

20°

27°

27°

20°

acclimation


Oribatida Deere J.A. & Chown S.L. 2006. Am. Nat. 168: 630-644.

Marion Island,Prince Edward Islands

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Orthographic_projection_centered_on_the_Prince_Edward_Island.png


Deere J.A. & Chown S.L. 2006. Am. Nat. 168: 630-644.

10°

acclimation7 days

5°

0°

15°

Halozetes marinus

Halozetes marionensis

Halozetes belgicae

Halozetes fulvus

Podacarus auberti

Locomotor tests -5° up to 35°



Halozetes marinus


Halozetes belgicae

Halozetes fulvus

Podacarus auberti

deleterious acclimation



15°C10°C5°C0°C



Halozetes marinus


Halozetes belgicae

Halozetes fulvus

Podacarus auberti


beneficial acclimation



15°C10°C5°C0°C



Halozetes marinus


Halozetes belgicae

Halozetes fulvus

Podacarus auberti

colder is better





15°C10°C5°C0°C



Halozetes marinus


Halozetes belgicae

Halozetes fulvus

Podacarus auberti geen plasticiteit

geen plasticiteit

colder is better





15°C10°C5°C0°C

1. Patterns


plastic responses are adaptive phenotypic plasticity ~ environmental variability


Rana temporaria Lind & Johansson 2006. J. Evol. Biol. 20: 1288-1297

• 14 small islands• 10 clutches < 20-50 eggs• depth pools• variability drying / island• lab: 4 tadpoles / container• 2 regimes: Constant & Drying

• developmental time ~ regime (D<C)• developmental time ~ island• phenotypic plasticity ~ variability island

Lind & Johansson 2006. J. Evol. Biol. 20: 1288-1297

constant

drying

developmental time

28

17

island 1(homo)

plasticity=11

28

10

island 2(hetero)

plasticity=18

• devolopmental time ~ regime (D<C)• developmental time ~ island• phenotypic plasticity ~ variability island

Lind & Johansson 2006. J. Evol. Biol. 20: 1288-1297

1. Patterns


plastic responses are adaptive phenotypic plasticity ~ environmental variability a jack-of-all-trades is a master of none


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

6 8 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38

sprint speed‘specialist’

‘generalist’

lichaamstemperatuur

sprint speed

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

18 22 26 30 34 38 42

Laudakia stellio

lichaamstemperatuur

rank

Huey R.B. & Hertz P.E. 1984. Evolution 38:441-444.

Huey R.B. & Hertz P.E. 1984. Evolution 38:441-444.

Amoeba

0

1

2

3

4

5

10 15 20 25 30 38lichaamstemperatuur

rank

Escherichia coli

Hughes et al. 2007. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 80: 406-421.

Escherichia coli


5.3

6.3

7.0

7.8

2000 generations

non-active

Escherichia coli


5.3

6.3

7.0

7.8

2000 generations

non-activeC > P in constant and fluctuating environments

Escherichia coli


5.3

6.3

7.0

7.8

2000 generations

non-activeR > P in some fluctuating and constant environments

Escherichia coli


5.3

6.3

7.0

7.8

2000 generations

non-activeB > P in fluctuating environments, but not in 7.8

Escherichia coli


5.3

6.3

7.0

7.8

2000 generations

non-activeA > P in constant, not in fluctuating environments

Escherichia coli


(1) adaptation to cycling pH, randomly changing pH and constante pH follows different patterns

(2) in variable environments generalists evolve, in constant environments specialists evolve;

(3) in variable environments the ‘cycling’ lines have a higher fitness than the ‘random changes’ lines;

(4) an acclimation benefit (BAH) was not always detected.

Goodman et al. 2007. Evol. Ecol. Res. 9: 527-546.

• 18 Lygosominae• sprinting, jumping, clinging, climbing

1. Patterns


plastic responses are adaptive phenotypic plasticity ~ environmental variability a jack-of-all-traits is a master of none symmorphosis: design satisfies need



king pin

one half rule

V02max

mitochondriain muscle cells

capillary design(volume, surface)

hematocrite

heartstroke volume

surface pulmonary vesiclesdiffusion capacity membrane

Weibel et al. 1991. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10357-10361

1. Patterns

2. Processes• natural selection


performancevariation

fitnessvariation

design variation

geneticvariation ???? ??

performance gradient fitness gradient

quantitativegenetics

physiologymorphologybiochemistrykinematics

biomechanics

ecologybehavioral biology

LeGalliard et al. 2004. Nature 432: 502-505.

Zootoca vivipara

juvenile survival

initial endurance

limited food supply

abundant food supply

1. Patterns

2. Processes• natural selection• sexual selection

• intrasexual selection (male-male combat)• intersexual selection (female choice)


deCarvalho et al. 2004. Anim. Behav. 68: 473-482.

Neriene litigiosa

deCarvalho et al. 2004. Anim. Behav. 68: 473-482.Neriene litigiosa

Time (min)

Join

t m

ale

en

erg

y u

se (

EW

)

1200

1200

800

600

400

200

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3 Locomotion

X 3.5

X 7.4

X 11.5

Necora puber Uca lactea

Thorpe et al. 1995. Anim. Behav. 50: 1657-1666

Matsuma & Murai 1995. Anim. Behav. 69: 569-577

anaerobic respiration

Agkistrodon contortix

Schuett & Grober 2000 Physiol & Behav 71: 335-341.

Anolis sagrei

Evolutionary physiologyimplications

Evolutionary physiologyimplications

http://www.sfecologie.org/blog/2011/09/30/evolrescueonline-topic-1/

evolutionary physiology topics 1. patterns 2. processes

Documents

ectothermy slide

x2 slide

g 1kg100kg1000kg slide

ectothermy scala naturae

aero x5 slide

neoseps reynoldsi slide

opheodrys aestivus slide

scincus mitranus slide