evolutionary ideas predate darwin: anaximander greek philosopher (c. 610 bc – c. 546 bc)
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Chapter 1 : Goetz, A. T., & Shackelford, T. K. Introduction to evolutionary theory and its modern application to human behavior and cognition (pp. 1-20). Evolutionary ideas predate Darwin: Anaximander Greek philosopher (c. 610 BC – c. 546 BC) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1: Goetz, A. T., & Shackelford, T. K. Introduction to evolutionary theory and its modern application to human behavior and cognition (pp. 1-20).
• Evolutionary ideas predate Darwin: Anaximander Greek philosopher (c. 610 BC – c. 546 BC)
• Authors give us an unreferenced quote: “in water the first animal arose covered with spiny skin and with the lapse of time some crawled onto dry land…”
• Darwin’s contribution was the major mechanism by which evolution could operate: Natural selection
• Distinguish Natural Selection from Sexual Selection.
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Evolution: Basic Principles
Evolution: Change over time; decent with modification
Natural Selection: Primary mechanism producing evolution (change over time). There are other mechanisms such as: sexual selection, social selection, drift.
Basic principles of NS:
1. Variability: stuff varies
2. Heritability: variation is passed on genetically
3. Competition: limited resources
4. Selection: some variations are advantageous in securing limited resources and tend to passed on more than others = change over time
Spencer’s misleading summary of NS: “survival of the fittest.”
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Sexual selection
Some traits may actually be detrimental to survival but provide an advantage in mating.
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Sexual selection: intra-sexual competition
• Typically male-male competition for mates, resources, and status.
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Intra-sexual coalitional competition
• Chimpanzees are especially well-known for forming male coalitions to challenge other males for dominance.
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Other key concepts
• Modern Synthesis: combo of Darwinian selection with Mendelian genetics.
• Adaptations: inherited, phenotypic solutions to adaptive problems
• Byproducts: non-adaptive incidental tag-alongs to adaptive traits. Navel is byproduct of adaptation of umbilical connection of mammalian mother to offspring.
• Noise: Random non-adaptive characteristics of adaptations or byproducts. Inny vs. outie navel; dry hair, frizzy hair etc.
• Evolutionary psychology: human mental/emotional functioning as evolved solutions to adaptive problems.
Ex: face processing; jealousy. Inputs-decision rules- outputs
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More concepts
• Domain specificity: A psychological adaptation is specific to an adaptive problem, does not apply generally to a range of potential problems. Ex: cheater detection mechanism. Controversy as to how widespread this type of design is.
• EEA: Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness. The original selection pressures which shaped the present adaptation.
• Inclusive fitness: W.D. Hamilton – fitness should include not just direct offspring but kin offspring as well; gene’s eye view of evolution
• Connection to sociobiology: EP – greater emphasis on psychological mechanisms and less on current adaptive significance. Humans as “adaption executers, not fitness maximizers.”
• Key concept: NS cannot make you have alot of offspring, it can only motivate you to engage in those behaviors that in the past were associated with higher rates of reproduction.
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Evolutionary basis for male competition
• Gamete size (cheap sperm vs. expensive eggs)
• Parental investment (mating vs. parenting effort)
• Parental certainty (paternal vs. maternal certainty)
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Social Selection
• Some traits help animals get along better in their social groups which in turn increases their survival and reproduction. Ex: more socially skilled female baboons tend to have more surviving offspring.