evolutionary classification
DESCRIPTION
Sz2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the geologic history of Earth . Evolutionary Classification. Geologic History. Geologic time- time that began when earth was formed until present day. Evolution of the Earth with Time: Continental Drift. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
Sz2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the geologic history of Earth.
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Geologic History Geologic time- time that began when earth was
formed until present day
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200 Million Years Ago
150 Million Years Ago
100 Million Years Ago
50 Million Years Ago
Present
Evolution of the Earth with Time: Continental Drift
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Important Terms Evolution- gradual change in a species over
time- sci. theory Theory-well-tested explanation that
explains a wide range of observations. Adaptation- any trait that helps an
organism survive and reproduce
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Natural Selection- the process by which
individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Charles Darwin
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Natural Selection cont. Over a long time, natural
selection can modify a population enough to produce a new species
Helpful variations accumulate in a species while unfavorable ones disappear.
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SpeciationWhen a group of individuals remain
separated from the rest of the species long enough to evolve different traits
HOW this happens- Pangaea /Continental DriftLandform isolation- river, mountain, water.
(ex. Squirrels of N. Grand Canyon) Australia
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A Problem with Traditional Classification
Traditional classification systems relied on body structure comparisons only
Due to convergent evolution, organisms that are quite different from each other evolve similar body structures.
Convergent Evolution: Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments.
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A Problem with Traditional ClassificationExample: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet
• The barnacle and the limpet have similarly shaped shells & look alike
• The crab has a very different body form
• Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could be classified together and the crab in a different group.
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Related
This incorrect because crabs and barnacles are actually related
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TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
CLADOGRAM
Appendages Conical Shells
Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet
Crustaceans Gastropod
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
Section 18-2Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram
Go to Section:
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Crustaceans
Even though they do not look a like, crabs & barnacles are actually
related
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
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Evolutionary Classification Biologists now group organisms into categories
that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities
Evolution Classification: Is the strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history.
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If these three species belong to the same genus, they are descended from a common ancestor.
Genus species
Felis
domestica
leo
margarita Sand cat`
Lion
Domestic Cat
Felis domestica
Felis leo
Felis margarita
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Classification Using CladogramsCladogram: A diagram that shows the
evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
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Crustaceans
Using Cladograms, you can see that crabs and barnacles share similar characteristics
because they both molt & are segmented
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
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Crustaceans
You can also see that ALL have a free
swimming larval stage
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
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Modern Evolutionary Classification Similarities in DNA and RNA
The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level that can be used as criteria to help determine classification.
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Modern Evolutionary Classification
Molecular Clocks
A model known as a molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently.
Comparison reveals more DNA in common, the more recent the common ancestor
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Terminology Classification
Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship
Taxonomy The science of naming
organisms Systematics
Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms
Phylogeny Evolutionary history
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Phylogenetic Tree Shows evolutionary
relationships More historical than
cladogram
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Myxozoa
Arthropoda AnnelidaMollusca
Lophophorates
Hemichordata
Chordata
Other pseudocoelomates
Nematoda
Porifera
CtenophoraCnidaria
Placozoa
PlatyhelminthesNemertea
CiliophoraSarcomastigophora
MicrosporaApicomplexa
Mesozoa
Echinodermata
CrustaceaChelicerata
Uniramia
Protochordates
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Birds MammalsReptile
AmphibianFish
Four LimbsAmniotic Egg
EndothermicFur
Feathers
Vertebrae
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Monophyletic A group of all the
descendants of a common ancestor
The common ancestor is in the group
Example: Birds and ReptilesAncestor was a bird
like reptile
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Polyphyletic group that has some
similarities Contains organisms that
have not descended from a common ancestor
Based on physical characteristics instead of evolutionary evidence
Example: Flying vertebrates- pterosaurs, birds, mammals
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Cladogram Evolutionary
relationship of a group of organisms
Each clad (group) share something in common
Ancestral traits are the oldest
Derived traits evolved later
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Cladogram for Transportation
Wheels are the most ancestral
Wings are the most derived
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Construct a Cladogram
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Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail
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Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail
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Lizard Four limbs Tail
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Fish Tail
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Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail
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Clad With 4 Limbs
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Clad With Fur
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Clad With No Tail
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Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait
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Gorilla ChimpanzeeTiger
LizardFish
Four LimbsFur
Tail Lost
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Gorilla Tail? How do we know the
gorilla lost its tail?
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Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail
Gorilla Human