evolution unit question: to what extent does the environment influence living things over time area...
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Evolution
Unit Question: To what extent does the
environment influence living things over time
Area of Interaction:
Environment
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EvolutionEvolution
change change
overover
timetime..
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Charles Darwin???
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Fact, Fiction, Theory & Law: How are they different?
Fact: something that has actual existence.
Ex. space exploration is now a factb : an actual observable occurrence in our time
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Fiction:
a: something invented by the imagination or feigned; specifically : an invented story
b: fictitious literature (as novels or short stories)
c: a work of fiction; especially : NOVEL
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Hypothesis: an interpretation of a
situation
a: an educated ‘best guess’
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Theory: A well supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world.a: a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle
offered to explain phenomena <wave theory of
light>
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A Hypothesis becomes Theory when it is supported by a huge body of evidence after lots of
testing.
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Law: very much like a theory, less complex
a: a statement of provable scientific knowledge related to a single measurable phenomenon. ie Law of Gravity, Law of thermodynamics
b: specific and measurable
PBS 6 Min Vid
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Deep thoughts
• So what is evolution?– Fact or fiction?– Hypothesis, Theory, or Law?– Is evolution debatable?
• How do ideas change over time with new scientific evidence? Give examples.
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Evolution• Change over time
• In biology it is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
50 million years
3 million years ago
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Who is Charles Darwin?- Proposed theory to explain evolution- Theory called Natural Selection
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Darwin - Early Years
• Terrible student– Medical school at age 16 (Edinburgh, Scotland,
established 1582!-ancient university)
– Skipped class to collect biological specimens
– Sat in on classes in geology and botany
• Father removed Darwin due to lack of academic progress
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Darwin – Early Years
• Clergymen - University of Cambridge
• Preferred competitive collecting of beetles, riding, and shooting to studying – but did graduate.
Beetling was the craze at that time…
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Darwin – How it all started• Darwin was recommended as a naturalist and
much needed gentleman’s companion to Captain Robert Fitzroy of the H.S.S Beagle
• Two year voyage to chart the coastline of South America
Movie
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Sailing the Seas…for five years!
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Darwin – the voyage!
• Darwin methodically collected an enormous amount of specimens– Animals, fossils, rocks, etc.
• He also made observations and took detailed notes
• Some key specimens from the Galapagos Islands…
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Galapagos Islands…great place to visit?Blue-footed Booby
Iguanas
Galapagos TortoiseGalapagos Tortoise
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Galapagos Islands
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What did he see & find?
• He saw:
– Living Organisms and Fossils
• Fossil: preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism
– Patterns of diversity: organisms are different all over the world and on different islands of the Galapagos
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• Patterns of diversity example:Darwin’s Finches
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Other Scientists that shaped Darwin’s Ideas
1. Hutton Layers of sedimentary rock form slowly Mountains are pushed up slowly The earth changes slowly!
2. Lyell Darwin read his book right before sailing on the Beagle Volcanoes and erosion we see working today takes
millions of years to make the landscape The earth is older, much older than we think
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Other Scientists that shaped Darwin’s Ideas3. Malthus
Population growth and food production are related Overpopulation will occur There will always be competition for food. Those that get food are the most advanced
genetically
4. Lamark 1st to propose a theory of evolution, but his was
WRONG!1. Tendency towards perfection 2. Use and disuse of organs: if you stop using an
organ, it will disappear3. Passing on acquired traits: traits you get in
your lifetime will be passed on to your offspring
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• Alfred Wallace writes Darwin– He came up with the same ideas
independently (“I think an organisms structure is related to the environment it lives in”)
• This forced Darwin to publish his book, On the Origin of Species, in 1859
– 21 years after the Beagle voyage!
Movie
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So what is Darwin’s Theory?1. There is variation within a species
2. Some traits are helpful, some are harmful. Those that are helpful will help the organism survive. Those that are harmful will cause the organism to die sooner. (natural selection)
3. Those that survive will reproduce others with the same traits
4. Over a LONG period of time, the species gradually changes.
5. All living organisms originated from one common ancestor.
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Natural Selection (after genetics)• Genetic mutations occur
during meiosis. • Over time, natural
selection causes changes in the inherited characteristics of a population (the gene pool).
• Changes lead to adaptations and eventually new species!
Movie
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Variati on
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Variation: The differences in individual organisms in the same
species.
Same Species?
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Marine Flatworms
snails
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Variation- differences
• Variation is caused by:
–Sexual reproduction (“shuffling the genetic deck”)
–Genetic mutations (error in DNA replication or repair)
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Ex: Variation in height among humans
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Example: Peppered Moth• Black and White
variations• Live mostly on white
birch trees in England• Birds eat them!
• Birch trees turned black from soot from nearby factories
• Which moth was more likely to survive?
Simulation
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Survival of the Fittest = Natural SelectionSurvival of the Fittest = Natural Selection
• Species Overproduce—Most species produce more babies than can survive
• Struggle for existence—Members of each species compete on a daily basis for food, living space, and other necessities
• Fitness—the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment
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• Adaptations- inherited physical features or behaviors that become common in a population because it provides a natural selection advantage
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Many animals are brownsMany animals are brownsand grays. Why??and grays. Why??
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Some fish lay on the sandSome fish lay on the sandto camoflage.to camoflage.
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A deer will lift its white tailA deer will lift its white tail to warn othersto warn others of danger.of danger.
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Even eggs and babies can beEven eggs and babies can be camoflaged.camoflaged.
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Sometimes an animal will hi-liteSometimes an animal will hi-liteone body part to save another.one body part to save another.
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Phototropism -plants grow to light.
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Plants have adaptations, too.Plants have adaptations, too.
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How is the Ghost Pipefish adapted to its’ environment?
video
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Lesson OverviewLesson Overview Evolution as Genetic Change in PopulationsEvolution as Genetic Change in Populations
How do variations become Adaptations?Normal Variation exists as a “bell shaped curve”.
Variations become adaptations when they “increase the chance for survival”.
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Lesson OverviewLesson Overview Evolution as Genetic Change in PopulationsEvolution as Genetic Change in Populations
Directional Selection
Directional selection occurs when individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end. The range of phenotypes shifts because some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others.
For example, if only large seeds were available, birds with larger beaks would have an easier time feeding and would be more successful in surviving and passing on genes.
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Lesson OverviewLesson Overview Evolution as Genetic Change in PopulationsEvolution as Genetic Change in Populations
Stabilizing SelectionStabilizing selection occurs when individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end. This situation keeps the center of the curve at its current position, but it narrows the overall graph.
For example, very small and very large babies are less likely to survive than average-sized individuals. The fitness of these smaller or larger babies is therefore lower than that of more average-sized individuals.
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Lesson OverviewLesson Overview Evolution as Genetic Change in PopulationsEvolution as Genetic Change in Populations
Disruptive Selection
Disruptive selection occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle. Disruptive selection acts against individuals of an intermediate type and can create two distinct phenotypes.
For example, in an area where medium-sized seeds are less common, birds with unusually small or large beaks would have higher fitness. Therefore, the population might split into two groups—one with smaller beaks and one with larger beaks.
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Lesson OverviewLesson Overview Evolution as Genetic Change in PopulationsEvolution as Genetic Change in Populations
Genetic Drift
Genetic drift occurs in small populations when an allele becomes more or less common simply by chance. Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency.
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SpeciationIf Darwin says that we all have a common ancestor,
how do we get new species?
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Species: group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile
offspring
Speciation: Formation of new species
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Members of a species may be born with
Variations- gene shuffling
Mutations- a genetic change
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Sometimes those variations/mutations are an adaptation and allow the
individual to survive.
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The surviving individual(s) usually reproduce others like them.
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Those individuals without the adaptation tend to die off.
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Over a very long period of time, the entire species can change to have the adaptation.
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A necessary factor in speciation: populations become reproductively isolated
Reproductive Isolation- separating a species in any way so they can’t breed with each other
• Behavioral Isolation- (Different courtship rituals)
• Geographic Isolation- (Separated by rivers, oceans, mountains, etc)
• Temporal Isolation- separated by time (reproduce at different times of the year)
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What kind of speciation is this?How are these species related?
Abert Squirrel
Kaibab Squirrel
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What kind of speciation is this?
Cicadas that breed every 13 years Cicadas that
breed every 17 years
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What kind of speciation is this?
The eastern meadowlark (left) and western meadowlark (right) have overlapping ranges. They have different mating songs.
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Speciation in Galapagos Island finches
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The steps of speciation in Darwin’s finches
1. Bird pushed from mainland and arrive on the islands.
2. Separation of populations
(Geographical isolation)
3. Changes in the gene pool
(Reproductive isolation)
5. Ecological Competition for survival (mainly food)
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How do scientists prove speciation occurred? Can’t state it as a fact, only an evidenced theory by:
• Genetic Studies• Studying fossil history• Presumed common ancestors• Observing common traits
What kind of speciation did Darwin observe in the Galapagos?
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Evolution Evidence-How do we know it happened?
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Key Concept:Darwin argued that living things have been
evolving on Earth for millions of years.
Now we believe it has been 3.5 billion years.
Age of Earth = 5-6 billion
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1. Fossil Record
Fossils provide evidence that living things have been evolving for billions of years.
Fossilization Video
4 Main Proofs of Evolution
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Archaeopteryx Fossil – 150 million years old
Example:
Oldest dinosaur fossil with feathers – probably evolved into birds.
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• The oldest fossils are 3.5 billion years old!
3.4-3.5 billion year old stromatolites composed of cyanobacteria and sediment from the Pilbara Shield of Australia
Video- 11 min
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2. Geographic Distribution of Living Species
• Darwin saw similar organisms in different locations.
• He thought: Can these organisms adapt to their local environment and change over time?
Beaver
Muskrat
Beaver and Muskrat
Coypu
Capybara
Coypu and Capybara
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3. Similarities in Body Structurea. Homologous structures – parts of different animals that develop from the same body part but have different functions.
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Examples: human arm, cat leg, whale fin, bat wing
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b. Vestigial Organs – organs that serve no useful purpose. So why
are they there?
Organs like: tonsils, appendix, coccyx, wisdom teeth, whale pelvis…
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4. Similarities in Early Development
a. Embryos (organisms in the early stages of development) of different animals look very similar. Why?
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Why?
1. Not all genes in an organism are turned on at the same time. They have a specific pre-arranged order that all living organism share.
2. As embryos grow, different genes turn on to make them different organisms.
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Human EvolutionWe have fossils of our own
species(homo sapiens) dating back 100,000 years. Fossils of close relatives date back some 2 million years. Earlier hominids(primate that walks on 2 feet) date back to 6 million years
What about Us???
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Human Evolution
• Australopithecus afarensis- 3 million years ago. Very small skull. Oldest full fossil reconstruction found thus far.
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Human Evolution
• Australopithecus africans- 2 million years ago. Ape-like, but bipedal locomotion.
• Homo habilus- 1.8 million years ago. Handy with tools.
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Human Evolution
• Homo Erectus-
0.5 million years ago. Thought to be first erect mammals. Wrong!
- Java Man
- Peking Man
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Human Evolution
• Homo sapiens- Neanderthal Man-
100,000 years ago. Short, tough hunters.
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• Homo sapiens(cont.)
- Cro-Magnon- 50,000 years ago. Hunters and artists. Cave paintings.
- Modern humans- 10,000 years ago. (us)
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That’s the story according to scientists, anthropologists and
paleontologists
• Did species evolve? Do they continue to evolve?
• If so, what has caused the changes in species?
So, there are 2 big questions:
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1920’s: Scopes Monkey Trial
Met by a new challenger, organized
religion and the creation theory.
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection was widely accepted from 1860-early 1900’s by those who thought evolution had occurred.
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Creation Theories
A force other than the natural laws of science
causes evolution to occur.
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A creation theory may take many forms:
Organized religions (Christianity,
Buddhism, Muslim, etc.) or just a personal
belief.
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Today- 2014
Both creationism and natural selection remain popular theories to explain why
and how nature has changed. Many people combine both theories!
What do you think??
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Evolution....
a slow gradual process
that ... well, Evolves!!