evolution of the polar outflow from the earth's cusps...evolution of the earth's...
TRANSCRIPT
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Evolution of the polar outflow from the Earth's cusps
K.G. Kislyakova¹, C.P. Johnstone¹, M. Scherf², H. Lammer², M. Holmström³, M. Khodachenko², M. Güdel¹
¹University of Vienna, Deparment of Astrophysics, Vienna, Austria²Space Research Institute, Austrial Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
³Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
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Motivation for the study
Airapetian et al. 2016
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Evolution of the Sun and its XUV (X-ray + EUV) output
Tu et al. 2015
Rotation XUV radiation
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Evolution of the Sun and its XUV (X-ray + EUV) output
Tu et al. 2015
Rotation XUV radiation
Mid-Archean and later
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Evolution of the solar wind
Johnstone et al. 2015
The evolution of the solar wind also depends on the solar rotation evolution
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Evolution of the solar wind
Johnstone et al. 2015
The evolution of the solar wind also depends on the solar rotation evolution
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Evolution of the Earth's dynamo
Magnetic moment evolution following Biggin et al. 2015
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Evolution of the Earth's atmosphere
Johnstone et al. 2018
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Upper atmosphere structure
Kislyakova et al. submitted
Present-day2.5 Gigayearsago
3.0 Gigayearsago
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Evolution of the polar outflow
The outflow is assumed to be source limited
We assume the modern-day composition of the atmosphere
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The Great Oxydation Event (GOE) and the polar outflow
Lyons et al. 2014
Simulation 2.5 Ga with modern composition: O+ escape = 1.6x1027 s-1, N+ escape = 5.6x1026 s-1
Simulation 2.5 Ga with 1% oxygen: O+ escape = 2.0x1026
s-1, N+ escape = 2.9x1027 s-1
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Conclusions• Polar outflow of the nitrogen ions three gigayears ago
increases by two orders of magnitude compared to its present value.
• Polar outflow of oxygen ions from the Earth’s open field line regions varies greatly depending on the oxygen mixing ratio
• Polar outflow escape is governed primarily by the evolution of the solar short-wavelength radiation and the atmosphere’s composition
→ Kislyakova et al., JGR, under review