evolution of political parties in india group presentation group 11... · rise of political parties...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction—CHINNEIVAH HAOKIP
Rise of political parties in India-pre
independence period- SUBODH PRATAP SINGH
Political parties-post independence period
1947-67-MONIKA BHUTUNGURU
1967-89-APEKSHA AGRAWAL
1990 ONWARDS- PRATEEK SINGH
regional parties-rise and role
- NEHA SINGH , MUKUND BIHARI
ABHINAV PALLAVA
A political party is an organized group of citizens who profess to share the same political views and who by acting as a political unit, try to control the government.
According to Para 2 (h) of the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order 1968, Political party means an association or body of individual citizens of India registered with the Election Commission of India as a political party under Section 29A of the R. P. Act of 1951.
In a democratic state, several political parties freely participate in the political process. The people have the right and freedom to organize their political parties.
A political party always works for the promotion of interests of the nation as a whole.
A political party always acts according to the provision of the constitution and rules laid down by laws.
One PARTY SYSTEM
EXAMPLE:SOVIET UNION,CHINA
TWO PARTY SYSTEM
EXAMPLE:USA,CANADA,NEW ZEALAND
MULTI PARTY SYSTEM
EXAMPLE:INDIA,PAKISTAN
The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution added by the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985 deals with the disqualification of a person for being a member of either House of Parliament (Art. 102(2)) or the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State (Art.191(2)), on ground of defection.
According to Article 29A (1) and (2) of the R. P. Act, 1951 any association or body of individuals of India calling itself a political party need to make an application to the Election Commission for its registration as a political party, within thirty days from the date of its formation along with symbol in accordance with the provisions of Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968.
NATIONAL PARTIES
2% seats from 3 different states
6% votes from 4 states+4 seats in lok sabha
Recognition in 4 different states
STATE PARTIES
3% of total seats in LA
1 seat in every 25 lok sabha seats in state in that fraction
6% votes +1 lok sabha seat or 2 LA seats
8% of total polled votes
Congress in 1885 by A O Hume
Political dialog between educated Indians
and British Raj
1919 – Congress took shape of a mass
movement
1937- Formation of government in Provinces
1946 – Formation of interim government
Muslim League
Shiromani Akali Dal
Swaraj Party
Communist Party of India
Dravidar Kazhagam
All India Forward Bloc
National Conference
After independence was achieved, congress
found itself without a unifying purpose. With R.
Prasad as president of the country & P. Tandon as
president of Congress there was a growing Hindu
tint of the party, which led to departure of some
of its most effervescent leaders.
In 1948 Socialist Party was formed with J.P.
Narayan & in 1951, KMPP (Kisan Majdoor Praja
Party) with J.B. Kriplani. These parties accused
congress of betraying its commitment to the
poor. They claimed to stand for the ideals of old
Gandhian congress.
The party also faced external challenges from :
1. Jana Sangh which sought to consolidate
India’s largest religious grouping, the Hindus
into one solid voting bank.
2. Hindu parties even more orthodox than Jana
Sangh- Hindu Mahasabha & Ram Rajya
Parishad.
3. CPI & its many splinter groups of the left.
4. Regional parties based on affiliation of
ethinicity & religion: Dravida Kazhagam
(Tamil pride), Akalis in Punjab, Jharkhand
Party demanding separate state for tribals.
•1951-52 saw the first general election of India. These were the first
ever polls to be held under the new constitution, drawn up with the
British parliamentary system as a model.
•However, the biggest let down of the polls was that about 176
million people were eligible to vote and an abysmally low figure of
15% amongst them were literate.
•Congress passed the first litmus test of democracy by winning a
landslide victory. The party won 364 of the 489 seats in the
parliament.
•Congress, however, suffered some unexpected setbacks in three
southern states – Tamil Nadu (Madras), Andhra Pradesh
(Hyderabad) and Kerala (Travancore) – where the party failed to
win majority in the face of strong support of the Communist Party.
•Nehru led Congress to another victory in the 1957 polls.
•This time North India remained unchallenged for congress as
Jana Sangh & socialists were in disarray due to departure of their
charismatic leaders.
•Rest of the country the challenges had increased multifold with:
Gantantra Parishad in Orissa, Bombay, DMK in Tamil Nadu & CPI
in Kerala gaining strength.
•It was the first time a Communist party anywhere in the world
won a democratic mandate.
•Shortly before his death Ambedkar decided to float a new party-
the Republic party of India.
Second Elections
The picture changed radically in 1967 elections.
Of the 16 states, only eight returned Congress to power
with absolute majorities in the state legislatures.
Regional Grievances
The general slump in the popularity of the Congress had
been accentuated in different regions by regional
grievances. In Madras, the main issue that swept the
Dravida Munnetra Khazagam to power was fear of the
imposition of Hindi as the sole official language of India. In
Punjab, the fall in Congress stock was largely due to
squabbles attending the partition of the two states. In Uttar
Pradesh and Delhi, the Jan Sangh gathered a large number
of votes through its agitation against cow slaughter
Despite these regional issues and mounting popular disenchantment with its rule, Congress would not have fared as badly as it did had its own house been in order.
Twenty years of uninterrupted enjoyment of power had made it smug and arrogant. One reflection of this could be seen in their uncompromising attitude towards the dissidents inside their party, the continued and relentless exclusion of the latter from all position of authority.
The bitter infighting that followed this led to large-scale expulsions and resignations and in West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar ex-Congressmen formed parties which contested the official Congress in the elections.
In other states, where no such extreme development took place, Congressmen often allied secretly with opposition candidates to defeat candidates belonging to rival factions of their own party.
Bangla Congress, Jana Congress, Jana Kranti Dal
and Swatantra Party gained big in this period . The
first three parties were breakaway units of the
Congress and shared much of its moderate approach
to social and economic issues, Swatantra Party was
different in that it did not believe in economic
planning. But then it was not communal and did not
have any extra-territorial loyalty like the
Communists.
Their emergence as important political parties
could have been said to be very hopeful sign for
Indian democracy.
1967-69- uneasy transition marked by the emergence of a multi party situation
1969-75- period of new consensus and of increasing inter party conflicts
1975-77 – emergency authoritarian period
1980-89 – new
phase of tussle
between the
congress in the
centre and regional
Parties in the
states.
1977-80-
Janta
phase of
coalitional
politics
Post Independence Period – 1967 to 1989
Continued.... 1967 elections- Congress won only 40% of votes and 54% of seats -Lost power in 8 states. Land reforms in late 1950s ,emergence of new land owners and increased participation of peasant class attributed to the decline of Congress. Indira Gandhi used the Congress dominance to make the centre stronger and the controversial 42nd Amendment to the constitution made centre more powerful at the expense of the states.
1971-Gandhi led congress party won on grounds of policies like garibi hatao, abolition Of Privy Purse and nationalisation of 14 largest banks. 1971- grand alliance between Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Congress(O) and SSP (Samyukta Socialist Party). Pyramidal decision making, autocratic functioning, rising corruption, centralized and weakened power led to defeat of Congress in 1977 elections.
1975- JP movement 1973 oil crisis, challenges of drought , strikes, protests, massive political opposition paralyzed the government which ultimately led to the imposition of “internal emergency”.
Rajiv Gandhi government tried to centralise powers by introducing Panchayati Raj Bill and Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
1977-Janta party came to power
1979- split in Janta party on the grounds of dual membership-downfall of government -Mrs Gandhi returned to power
1980- BJP
1984- Bahujan Samaj Party
1985- Asom Gana Parishad
What is a regional party?
Regional party propagates the ideology of regionalism or thrives on invocation of regional pride. e.g. TDP, DMK
However, another type of party can be incorporated in the regional party list:-
Parties which enjoy considerable support only in one state. They may not emphasize regionalist outlook and may have an all India prospective but have limited regional reach.
E.g. revolutionary socialist party in W.B
When the interest of particular region are
not properly safeguarded.
E.g. DMK,ADMK, national conference J&K
Due to ethnic, racial and religious orthodoxy
Language issues
e.g. DMK, ADMK, TPS
Internal conflicts of the big national parties
In Indian context there were three main
reasons responsible for the rise of regional
parties
Demise of Nehru
Proclamation of emergency
Formation of Janta Party
DMK and ADMK almost eliminated INC from electoral race in T.N since 1962
TDP proved a strong opponent from 1985 onwards
CPI(M) which is the left front of W.B. accounted for reasonably high vote share since 1977
Shiromani Akali Dal emerged as a single largest party in 1972,1977 and 1985
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference formed by Sheikh Abdulah won every election from 1977 upto 2002.
1989 A watershed year in Indian
politics
India’s fragmented party system and the multiplicity of local parties
appear to crop up like weeds after a monsoon rain
Gradually Many of the leading power brokers in contemporary Indian politics
hail from regional parties
The exponential increase in the number of parties contesting elections, particularly over the past two decades, and the shrinking margins of victory in parliamentary elections are direct results of the emergence of new regional power centers
The rise of regional parties has indisputably transformed the very nature of electoral politics in India
But whether regional parties will be able to wrest greater control over the shape of governance in the capital and in India’s states remains an open question
After a period of unprecedented growth in the standing of regional parties during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the pattern of electoral competition at the national level has achieved a surprisingly stable balance of power. The aggregate vote shares won by the two truly national parties and “the rest,” meaning primarily regional parties, in the past five elections illustrate strikingly that the respective popularity of these two groups is in a rather steady holding pattern. Rise of regional players directly threatens the status of national players overlooks the possibility that regional parties can also hurt one another.
In India’s winner-take-all electoral system, where victories are possible with a small minority of votes in any given constituency, increasing levels of political competition have led to a greater fragmentation of the vote. For example, the electoral impact of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena party, which took votes away from its key regional rival, the Shiv Sena, in the state of Maharashtra. And competition between upstart and established Telugu regional parties in Andhra Pradesh redounded to the benefit of the Congress Party.
Greater representation of local peoples aspirations at the national level.
Establishing true Federal structure
Preventing the authoritarian intentions of the single party dominance
More funds for their state and hence their development
Keeps in check, any irresponsible acts of governance
Regional parties on the contrary will oppose any move by the central government which they believe is against the interests of its people
Help in preserving and promoting the Culture and traditions of their land.
Use their power to stall the development activities of the Centre
Divide the people of different states on the lines of language, culture, traditions etc
Serious issues like “India’s foreign policy” will be influenced and compromised by the “coalition dharma”
Local parties that are part of the ruling coalition government will influence the annual budget
Disputes between the states that are ruled by the local parties becomes difficult to settle
Subsidising more and more basic necessities thereby making the people lethargic
By weighing the advantages and disadvantages, we can clearly say that multi-party system does more good than harm.
Some disadvantages like transfer of more funds to a particular state are actually advantages in disguise
The major concern emerging from the multi-party system is its inherent threat to the unity and security of the country
People are the masters in Democracy, they decide how they want to be governed
Every system will have the loopholes, it’s the number and the pluggability of loopholes that distinguish each system from the other in terms of efficiency.