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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 11 (2017) 1186-1102 doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2017.12.004
Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living
Characteristics
Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi
School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology (I.U.S.T), Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
Abstract: Building envelopes include facades and roof, which have the most interaction and exchange with outside and natural environment. In the future, meeting buildings various complicated needs with new technological advances necessitates a change and evolution in building envelopes. Controlling the energy consumption of the buildings is mostly through controlling the energy performance of the building envelopes. New technologies lead to the intelligent facades and envelopes. The envelope can be designed to be a part of the whole building’s metabolism (energy production, storage and consumption) and morphology. The envelope would be a controlled part of the building which is managed through the central control system of the building, which connects it to other parts. It caused building envelope design to be changed fundamentally, so that there is a need to interact with engineering disciplines including computer engineering, mechanical engineering, material engineering and so on. All of these caused building envelope to get closer to biological and living systems. The physical restrictions which affect buildings system and living systems are the same. So they cause the same forces to shape the structure and form of the systems and the same rules to interact with the environment. The restrictions of material and energy resources caused living systems to be energy efficient and consuming less material. But the most important difference between living systems and building systems is in maximum use of different resources. As living systems use information maximally, the building system technology is based on using maximum energy. Now, there are many reasons and restrictions that building envelopes cannot act like living systems. But technological developments and contributing more disciplines in design and construction of building envelopes caused the future way of these envelopes get close to living systems for their energy efficiency. Some of living systems characteristics which the future building envelopes would have partially or benefit for the design process or construction are self-organization, evolution principles, hierarchical levels, processing energy, reaction to environmental stimuli and self-adjustment. Self-organization is achieved in some design software and in building material production for creating formal patterns. Evolution principles provide infrastructure for soft wares for optimization purposes and form creation. Hierarchical levels refer to giving hierarchical structure to the building envelopes through layering and designing different scales. Processing energy (metabolism) would be achieved through photovoltaic and solar collectors to produce energy and in passive systems for energy storage and distribution. Controlling solar radiation absorption and transmittance would help energy transfer from outside to building and vice versa. Reaction to environmental stimuli which is one of the most important characteristics of future building envelopes would use different types of active and passive sensors to create envelope mechanical reactions through material properties or collect data for processing in the control center to determine the right reaction. The reaction would be through different strategies such as changing properties and moving. Reaction could be passive or active. Self-adjustment can be achieved by control systems and processing units. All of these mean intelligent envelopes are essential parts of future buildings. Though it is now started with new design soft wares based on biological principles to optimize different parameters affecting the envelope function or to create the most efficient form. Key words: Intelligent envelopes, living systems, new technologies, environmentally respondent, energy consumption.
1. Introduction
To find out about the future of building envelopes
Corresponding author: Elaheh Najafi, Ph.D. candidate; research fields: building envelope design, bionic design, intelligent buildings, green architecture, design thinking and management. E-mail: [email protected].
Mohsen Faizi, professor, Ph.D.; research fields: Sustainability, environment, and landscape design. Email: [email protected].
(Fig. 1), we must go through the history of their
evolution. Vernacular and traditional architectures
which evolved through time according to
environmental conditions have appropriate solutions to
climatic conditions within their design which is called
passive design. So they did not use energy to survive
but they were dependent upon their environment
resources [1].
D DAVID PUBLISHING
Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics
1087
Fig. 1 Building envelope definition.
One of the most important characteristics of passive
design is to provide comfort condition as much as
possible inside the building through design solutions
and based on natural resources without using any more
additional energy. So building envelopes which is
defined as roofs, exterior walls and ground touched
floor and external surfaces of building, has the most
interaction with the environment and the most energy
exchange with outdoor. So they have a very crucial role
for providing comfort conditions in the buildings.
Understanding building envelope functions reveals
that envelopes has more additional important roles than
just seprating inside from outside and they are
influenced mostly by environmental and external
factors. These factors mostly are dynamic than static.
So they are the most suitable parts of buildings for
innovations. Considering their exchange of energy and
materials with the outside environment, building
envelopes are the most crucial parts of the buildings for
energy exchange and energy consumption of the
building and providing comfort conditions. Also, other
functions of the building envelopes can be listed as
creating building image, creating message for the urban
environment, symbolic values, providing natural
ventilation, providing natural light, controlling energy
exchange, providing visual view and finally providing
shelter against environment (Fig. 2). Building
envelopes can be designed somehow to be a part of
building morphology and metabolism and function that
is connected to other parts of building through
controlling system of the building which manage the
whole system and parts. This definition of building
envelope caused a fundamental and basic change in its
designing method which applied more collaboration
between different engineering disciplines and
architecture [2]. Besides that, new emerging
technologies and intelligent materials and delivery
systems bring forward the consideration to biological
models for expanding the understanding of their
behavior and designing building systems and
controlling their functions. So, a comprehensive
biological lexicon has been developed to explain new
architectural concepts and ideas [3].
One of the examples is the application of the word
“skin” for building envelope, which has a deeper
meaning than its just metaphoric naming usage [4].
This means that building skin can be a very
complicated membrane with the capability of
exchanging energy, material and data with the
environment in a controlled and managed way
according to building needs [5]. The idea of creating
natural skin characteristics in building envelopes which
has been proposed by some researches and designers is
more considered as self-healing, processed reaction,
passive reactions, and multi-functionality of envelopes.
Though its thermodynamics and heat transfer
characteristics have been less noticed. Studies on
finding a biological solution for natural ventilation lead
to solution that are sought in the patterns of natural
breathing skins in living organisms. This suggests the
idea of natural ventilation through controlled pores in
envelopes. Transformation of conventional facades and
Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics
1088
Fig. 2 Building envelope different functions.
roofs into skins which control and adjust the
temperature and energy flow of building can be
achieved by emulating living systems physical
characteristics, behavioral reactions and mechanisms
for temperature regulations [6].
2. Comparing Building System with Living Systems
There exists the same physical restrictions both for
buildings and living systems. There is a determined
proportion between space and the surface which
surrounds it as a system boundary to exchange the
resources. Gravity and environmental forces make
constrains for the formation and shaping of the
structure and forms. The limitation of resources as
material and energy in the environment leads to the
effective and intelligent use of them in living systems.
The most important difference between building and
living systems lies on energy usage. Though in the
technological systems, the energy consumption is
maximum in the living systems, it is the information
that counts for the most. There exists a difference
comparing minimum energy consumption between
living and engineering systems. This is because that
living systems in a competition for surviving have
evolved methods for minimum usage of resources and
energy whi
optimizing
activities [7]
and living sy
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1091
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Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics
1092
views, in fact, integrate all the service components of
the building, including mechanical cooling and heating
installations, ventilation and artificial light, etc. in the
envelope of the building. The most innovative and
promising strategy for future building chains is the
dynamic, active, and integrated solutions based on
renewable energy sources. The behavior of envelopes
should be dynamic and moving [14].
The increasing complexity of the human
environment requires the use of various specialties for
designing buildings. This specialization has led the
manufacturing process to become a scattered practice,
with the increasing collaboration of professionals from
various disciplines [15]. Currently, building skins are
the only elements of the building that are important in
architectural design and engineering design. The
envelopes have different functions (thermal, energy
consumption, static, light supply, etc.) [16].
Envelopes are the most effective part of building for
technical innovations that existing technologies can not
meet their developing needs. Therefore, the need for
new strategies, techniques, and techniques in this field
is essential to make fundamental changes. When a type
of technology reaches its limits, experience has shown
that it is necessary to look for unusual solutions to
break the existing boundaries. The evolution of
envelopes has been accompanied by advances in
envelope engineering and building knowledge,
computer engineering, artificial intelligence and
cybernetics. New technologies and smart materials and
new distribution systems have introduced the
bio-models to understand the behavior and design of
building systems and their performance control.
Investigating future skins should lead to the
development of design methodology, the elements and
components of the envelope, and the integration of
facilities and services in the crust with regard to energy,
environmental and performance requirements as key
elements [17].
The envelope can be designed to act as part of the
overall morphology and metabolism of the building
system and be linked to other elements of the building
through the building management system (the overall
control system). This view to the envelope of the
building has fundamentally changed its design style
[2].
Living systems are very efficient, which can adapt to
environmental conditions and overcome various
challenges. Some of the living features and
characteristics that can be realized in the building
envelopes are listed as; self-organization, evolution
rules, hierarchical levels, energy processing,
responsiveness, self regulation.
3.1 Self-organization
Through self-organization, the order would be
transferred from lower levels to higher levels, which
means achieving more order that is in contradiction
with hierachical systems. Local interactions of system
components (units which have less complexity in
comparison to the whole system) lead to creation of
universal properties and behaviors [18, 19]. Though
the overall behavior may be very complicated, the local
interactions follow simple rules. Regulation
mechanisms lead to internal balance of the system and
system preservation instead of system disruption and
disturbance. Simulation of the simple interaction
between complex system components especially in
living systems has been possible by developing
multi-agent models that can predict the whole system
behavior. The self-organization rule has been realized
in architectural design through applying some new
soft-wares that work based on this rule. The physical
self-organization process can be integrated into
building materials production industry. In this case, it
helps formal patterning of materials in manufacturing
process that is especially crucial for new
manufacturing and production techniques for variety of
diversive materials and functions (Figs. 6 and 7) of
building envelopes in the future [20, 21].
Fig. 6 Using
Fig. 7 Smart
3.2 Evolutio
Findings
inspiration i
evolution.
evolutionary
complicated
These design
evolutionary
production,
create new
evolutionary
genetic algo
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Shapea
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g materials with
t materials cha
on Rules
derived fr
n technology
In architect
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d and time co
n processes ap
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w design w
y algorithms
orithms that a
Optical properties
e memory alloys
ution of Build
h self-organizi
ange their prop
rom biology
y which one o
tural field,
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onsuming pro
pply principl
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n, change a
which includ
s. One of t
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[22].
sed to solve
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Smart behaviou
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1093
t parameters
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1094
Fig. 8 Design
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tools is in so
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functions an
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possible thro
3.3 Hierarch
Hierarchy
system for c
follows the
of componen
emergence o
In architectu
functional an
hierarchy is
the more str
more it has
load transfe
[25]. Creatin
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their physica
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structural lev
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components.
ome parts of
So optimiz
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y actually is
omponents w
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different in v
ructural system
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ng a structura
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Limited app
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s a grading
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creates patter
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hierarchies (F
various struct
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al hierarchy is
erials are n
as living te
ding materials
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A building can
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1095
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of materials.
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1096
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in different
scale of r
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can be summ
static. Dyn
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time frames
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c behavior is
ctor which m
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ution of Build
features to be
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and
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Creating Livin
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. 11.
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velopes can b
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amples of ap
velopes, thoug
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designed by
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and in differe
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react to t
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mperature ch
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ronmental chan
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materials and
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they can cha
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r enhancing
pes, but their
of climatic
mo-bimetal ma
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a University
velopes which
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nse
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eed
istics
and rigid w
heir original
solubility.
pe by imposin
ld create elec
es. Chemica
reactions. O
etic wave p
erature, pressu
s in this
d electro-acti
uators. Artifi
es and shorte
ange the shap
Smart materia
thermal e
functions are
conditions a
aterials which
nt are being
by Doris So
h can open t
depending
1097
while in high
form in the
Piezoelectric
ng stress and
ctric potential
al actuators
Optical fibers
properties to
ure and so on
case [32].
ive polymers
ficial protein
ens in higher
pe and can do
als have many
fficiency of
e limited to a
and restricted
h can convert
examined in
ong to create
the pores for
on external
7
h
e
c
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r
l
Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics
1098
source of energy. This system is based on a laminated
surface from different metals which have different
thermal expansion coefficients. When the surface
exposes to heat, it causes tension and transformation in
it because of different expansion length of various
metals. If the temperature decreases and heat source is
omitted, the surface will go back to its original form
[33]. Applying electro-active polymers in dynamic
building envelopes provides high potential for their
transformations and their rapid elastic ability. These
polymers change size and shape when they are
influenced by electric field. Manuel Kreutzer in Zurich
Poly-Technique University has designed a prototype of
a kinetic envelope using software. The prototype
consists of a unit of self bearing multilayer from
elastomeres that transforms when connecting to
electricity. Architects, Soo-in Yang and David
Benjamin developed a transparent smart material that
is named living glass and is built from polymer arrays
as gills connected with sensors. The system reacts
according to human presence and carbon dioxide in the
environment and through opening and closure and
facilitates air penetration into indoor to control the air
quality inside building.
Most of the present reactive systems in buildings are
based on simple physical sensors. Sensors typically can
be classified into active and passive sensors. Active
sensors consume energy for their function and they are
used in many technological instruments. Sensors can
gather all the data about temperature, humidity, air
pressure, light intensity, movement and so on. Most of
the sensors in the buildings are passive sensors which
gather data in a passive way without consuming energy
and just for transforming the gathered data to electric
signals they behave in an active way. Passive sensors
do not need regulative processes and they do not
process the data, but the changes in physical conditions
cause them to response autonomously. These sensors
use their material properties for making responses,
through changing properties according to
environmental changes and making reactions.
Decentralized sensors need to integrate the sensing
elements into structural system of envelopes. One of
the disadvantages of passive sensors is that their
reactions to environmental changes cannot be
controlled and their degree and time of reactions can
not be adjusted. Actually, their responses depend on
physical parameters with a specific threshold. Hybrid
systems take the advantage of low energy consuming
characteristic of passive systems with controlling
benefit of active systems. Active systems act according
to the data that is received and process it to decide the
suitable response.. Responsiveness can be categorized
based on different factors, as shown in Fig.12.
Though most of these systems are in research and
development phase, there are some rare built samples,
such as intelligent façade of Media-Tic building in
Barcelona, Spain. The façade consists of a pneumatic
covering system made from heat resistant plastics
(ethylene tetra fluoro ethylene). Its pneumatic
mechanism is activated by optical sensors that react
automatically to solar radiation. The envelope is made
from three transparent layers with air gaps between
layers. Blowing air into gaps would increase its thermal
insulation and with exhausting air through suction the
layers would attach to each other and provides shade
and opaque layer.
3.6 Self-regulation
Self-regulation in living systems is the ability to
moderate and preserve physiologic balance inside a
system against the external disturbance and changing
conditions. The interpretation of this characteristic in
buildings can be through passive or active self
regulations. Building envelope is a part of the whole
building system which is connected to other building
subsystems and elements so that the sensors are
connected to each other and all of them are controlled
by the management system of building which is the
same as brain. Self-regulation can be achieved through
controlled responses to changing environmental
conditions. The main components of a responsive system
Fig. 12 Diffe
Fig. 13 Resp
is introduce
between the
For a contro
systems wh
building wou
Evol
erent types of r
ponsive system
ed in Fig.
ese componen
olled reaction
hich process
uld react to a
R
R
co
ution of Build
responses from
m components c
13. Also, t
nts are illust
n, there is a
the data. A
a wide range
Responsivenetype
Responsive system
omponents
ding Envelop
m different poin
composed of co
the relations
trated in Fig.
need for con
A real respon
of environme
ess
Cpr
Ac
S
pes through C
nt of views.
ontrol system,
ships
. 14.
ntrol
nsive
ental
cha
syst
com
num
hav
Mobility
Energy consuming
Control
Control systerocess the da
ctuator creatresponse
ensors gathedata
Creating Livin
actuator and
anges with var
tems do in
mputer softw
mber of diffe
ve to environm
C
c
m ata
te
er
ng Character
sensors.
rious types o
nature [34].
wares, new d
erent reaction
mental chang
Dynamic
Static
Active
Passive
Controllable
Non-controllable
Centralize
Decentraliz
hierarchicacontrolling
system
Materialpropertie
Mechanic Componen
istics
f reactions, a
In the virtu
designs introd
ns which a
ges but in rea
ed
zed
al g
l es
alnts
1099
as what living
ual world of
duce a large
building can
al world few
9
g
f
e
n
w
Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics
1100
Fig. 14 Relations between sensor, controller and actuator.
buildings have responsive characteristics. For a
responsive building, having control over
environmental changes is very important so physical
sensors are needed to gather data from the environment
and a processor unit is necessary to detect the changes
from the data gathered by sensors. The processor unit
would define the type of response and its amount. So
the basic condition to have reaction is to have the
ability to sense and sensibility. A hierarchical
controlling system or controlling in several levels is
used more in complex and complicated systems. Most
of the complex systems include many interactive
subsystems. The central controlling system should be
divided and decentralized to ensure more effective
function of it. Hierarchical controlling systems contain
several controlling subsystems which connect to each
other and function in a hierarchical way [35].
Adaptability to environmental changes and making
changes according to user needs, caused buildings to
move more towards living systems. The application of
the words “smart building” and “smart envelopes”
mainly refers to buildings with static response behavior
in its systems [36]. But intelligent building envelope is
used for the buildings with ability to understand the
environment and can decide how to respond to
environment on time [37]. Responding on time is
important for an intelligent building.
4. Conclusion
Intelligent envelopes would be essential parts of
future buildings. Building envelope can be designed
somehow to be a part of the metabolism and
morphology of the whole building system and connects
to other parts through management system of the
building. This way of looking at building envelope
would lead to change in design views and methods
fundamentally so that it necessitates interaction and
collaboration of architects with other engineering fields
such as mechanic engineering, computer and electrical
engineering and so on [2]. Also, application of new
materials in building envelopes would lead to enhance
their functionality. Manufacturing technologies also
should be developed to achieve high performance
systems with lowest costs. Energy generative elements
can be integrated into envelopes to generate and
convert the energy needed [38].
The strategy of integration of various functions into
building envelope with application of new materials
also designing buildings as systems which have
interaction and exchange with the environment caused
a basic change in the definition of building envelopes
as subsystems of the whole building system and its
boundary to the surrounding environment. Considering
building envelope as a subsystem of the whole building
Fig. 15 Futu
system, puts
exchanging
the environ
human, they
inside the bu
conditions fo
led to mor
behavior for
be categoriz
intelligent as
characteristi
problems an
imitating liv
characteristi
energy ef
functionality
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