evolution ap biology chapter 17. what is evolution? defined as the accumulation of inherited changes...
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What is Evolution?
Defined as the accumulation of inherited changes within populations over time.Population – group of individuals of one
species that live in the same areai.e. all organisms have descended from
common ancestors with modifications, over long periods of time
Some questions that can be answered by evolution.
Why are there bones and fossil evidence of creatures that no longer exist? What happened to them?
Why do so many different animals have the same structures?Ex. The arm bones in a human are the same
bones as a flipper in a whale.
Why do organisms have structures they no longer use?Ex. The appendix in humans,
non-functioning wings in penguins, pelvic bones in whales
Why do so many organisms’ morphology and anatomy follow the same plan?
Why is the sequence of DNA very similar in some groups of organisms but not in others?
Why do the embryos of animals look very similar at an early age?
Why do males often develop elaborate traits/characteristics despite the possible effect on their survival?
Evolution is considered a Unifying concept of Biology, because it answers many of these questions and offers an explanation for the data.
Lamarke’s Theory of Acquired Characteristics
Hypothesized that an organism gains or loses features if they were not used.Use/DisuseTendency toward perfection
Then, these traits would be passed on to your offspring.
Inheritance of Acquired CharacteristicsEx. A giraffe stretched its neck to reach higher
leaves, stretched neck would be inherited by offspring.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Charles Darwin –
naturalist He observed many
species on trips to places like Galapagos Islands Particularly interested in
the finches
Wrote “On the Origin of Species”
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
1. Variation exists among individuals in a species.
2. Individuals of species will compete for resources (food and space).
3. Some competition would lead to the death of some individuals while others would survive.
4. Individuals that had advantageous variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection This process = Natural Selection Favorable variations = Adaptations Example of the Finches:
Looked the same except for the beak size and shape.
Concluded that all the finches were descendents of the same original population.
Shape of the beaks were adaptations for eating a particular type of food.
Artificial Selection
Choosing certain traits and breeding only individuals that display the desired traitsBreeds of dogs Plant varieties
Ex. Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, collard greens – all the same species
Occurs in just a few generations
•Different dog breeds are examples of how selection can change the frequency of alleles in a population.
Evidence of Evolution Fossil Evidence
If today’s species came from ancient species, then we should find remains of those species that no longer exist.
There are tons of fossils of creatures that no longer exist but bear striking resemblance to creatures that do exist today.
Carbon-dating: gives an age of a sample based on the amount of radioactive carbon
Fossil Record – creates a geologic time scale
Evidence of Evolution
Evidence of Common Ancestry Homologous Structures – structures that are
embryologically similar, but have different functions (p.378)Ex. Wing of bird and forearm of human
Vestigial organs – functionless partsEx. Snakes have small pelvic and limb bonesEx. Humans have a tail bone
Biochemistry and DNA Observation of species change (wolves/dogs,
peppered moths)
Examples of Evolution
Industrial Melanism Dog Breeds (artificial selection) Bacteria and Antibiotics Elephant Tusks
Evolution – on a small scale Bacterial Resistance
Bacteria life cycle – very short! Bacteria continually evolving – even inside the bodies
of hosts. Bacteria develop genetic resistance through mutations
and from acquiring new genes from plasmids or viruses.
Surviving bacteria that resist antibiotics pass on their genes to future generations.
Poor prescribing practices and poor patient compliance are factors that determine bacteria resistance.
The Synthetic Theory of Evolution
Darwin knew that individuals transmitted traits to the next generation.
What Darwin didn’t know:How or Why individuals vary within a
population. During the 30’s and 40’s, biologists
combined the principles of genetics with Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection
The unified explanation of evolution is known as the synthetic theory of evolution.
The Synthetic Theory of Evolution
Explains Darwin’s observation of variation among offspring in terms of mutation. Mutation provides the genetic variability on
which natural selection acts. Universally accepted and constantly
studied by scientists.
Convergent Evolution
Independent evolution of similar structures in distantly related organismsEx. Aardvarks, anteaters, and pangolins Resemble one another in lifestyle and
structural features Strong, sharp claws to open ant/termite
mounds and long, sticky tongues to catch insects
However, they evolved from 3 distantly related orders of mammals.
Phylogeny The evolutionary history of a group of related species. Phylogenetic trees can be constructed to show
relationships: Diagrams showing lines of descent
Evolutionary hypotheses can be tested experimentally
Guppy Experiment – Reznick and EndlerObserved that different streams have different
kinds and numbers of fishes that prey on guppiesDifferences in predation are correlated with many
differences in guppies: Male coloration, behavior, age and size at sexual
maturity, number of offspring per litter, size of offspring, and the frequency of reproduction
Sexual Selection
Natural selection that acts on an organism’s ability to mateSelection where organisms go to extreme
lengths to attract a mate.Sometimes results in features that are harmful
to the individuals survival.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/creature-courtship.html
Examples of Sexual Selection
Peacock image courtesy of Rock Maple Farm.Elephant seals image courtesy of Craig’s Homepage.