evoln in kerala

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SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN KERALA

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Page 1: Evoln in Kerala

SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN KERALA

Page 2: Evoln in Kerala

• Narrow rectangular strip of land.

• Length: 500 km• Width: 30-120 km• Area: 38864 sqkm• Divided into 3

zones– Low land– Mid land– High land

Page 3: Evoln in Kerala

Evolution of domestic architecture

Features of traditional housing

History of settlement

Current settlement pattern

Quantitative and qualitative analysis

Page 4: Evoln in Kerala

Evolution of domestic architecture

• Erumadom or houses constructed on tree tops is the first seen evidence of housing.

• Later bricks and tiles were introduced in northern parts of Kerala.

• Even then wood was used in south.• Later shortage of wood give way to bricks and

tiles.

Page 5: Evoln in Kerala
Page 6: Evoln in Kerala

Features of traditional housing

Generally rectangular in plan.Placed in 45* to the predominant wind direction.Usually low and had a double roof so that inner roof is protected from the sun and the intervening space is cooled by air circulation.Large overhanging eaves and low slung roof provides protection from rain and solar radiation.Walls were made of wood and laterite, thus low thermal conductivity.

Page 7: Evoln in Kerala

Features of traditional housing

High plinth to prevent surface rain water from flooding in.Wide verandah around the building protect the wall from direct sun and rain.Vegetation all around the building cooled the air which passes through it.Height of the building and width of central courtyard is related in such a way that there is very less sunlight falling directly into the courtyard.

Page 9: Evoln in Kerala

A TYPICAL "NAALUKETTU" - PLAN OF ATRASSERY MANA, PATTAMBI, PALAKKAD.

Page 10: Evoln in Kerala
Page 11: Evoln in Kerala

History of settlement

Namboothiri’s established in Kerala by the course of the 8th century. The major upper class housing types that formed settlement of Kerala– Kovilakom, housing of the ruling class.– Illam and mana, housing for Brahmins and

Namboothiri’s.– Tharavadu, housing for Nair community.

Page 12: Evoln in Kerala

History of settlement

Brahmin settlement:– Namboothiri dominated areas are called uru.– Central point of focus is the temple, controlled by

a committee called devaswam.– Small colony of 10-20 families established with

their houses round the village temple.

Page 14: Evoln in Kerala

History of settlement

Nair settlement:– Houses are associated with a temple with

surrounding called Thara.– The traditional building types of Tharavadu are

• Nalukettu• Ettukettu• Pathinarukettu• Basic multiples of chathursala

– But the various Acts fundamentally affected the structure of Nair Tharavadu.

Page 15: Evoln in Kerala

History of settlement

By 2nd half of the 20th century, the joint family system collapsed in Kerala.Nuclear family became dominant type.Upper class not used to farming by themselves sold their properties.Today migration of work forced inhabitants of Kerala to all parts of the world.

Page 16: Evoln in Kerala

Current settlement pattern

Unique with dwellings made in individual plots.

Uniformly distributed all over the habitable area.

Consequence of the existing social, climatic and geographical conditions.

Page 17: Evoln in Kerala

Current settlement pattern

Social infrastructure– Population is more or less evenly distributed.– Better distribution of basic facilities which are

normally provided in the urban areas is available in the rural areas as well.

– Only marginal migration trends.– Comparatively low rate of population growth in

urban centers.

Page 18: Evoln in Kerala

Current settlement pattern

Urbanization trends– No town is said to have developed fully on an

industrial base.– Increase in rate of urbanization is not due to any

large scale migration.

Page 19: Evoln in Kerala

Current settlement pattern

Rural-urban continuum– Internationally famous for the pattern.– Corridor type development along the

communication routes.– Contrast between town and village are not so

serious.

Page 20: Evoln in Kerala

• Household• Urban area• Rural area• Slum• Housing need• Housing demand• Pucca houses• Semi-pucca houses• Kutcha houses

Page 21: Evoln in Kerala

Quantitative and qualitative analysis

• According to the Census statistics, in 2001 while 51.8 per cent of households lived in permanent houses and 30 per cent in semi permanent houses at the all India level, the corresponding figures in Kerala were 68 per cent and 21.6 per cent respectively.

• The Housing Census of 2001 indicates that on an average a house in Kerala had three rooms as against the all India average of two rooms.

Page 22: Evoln in Kerala

Quantitative and qualitative analysis

In 2001 more than 8 per cent of the households lived in extremely poor quality or dilapidated houses (as against only 5.6 % at the all India level).It is estimated that numerical shortage of housing in 2001 was only 63 thousand units. But the number of dilapidated houses was 5.38 lakhs.

Page 23: Evoln in Kerala

Quantitative and qualitative analysis

• Nearly 4.6 lakh houses are needed for the very poor under EWS in urban and rural areas, 1.4 lakhs for EWS above poverty line, 2 lakhs for low income group,1.5 lakhs for middle income group and 0.5 lakhs for high income group families.

Page 24: Evoln in Kerala

HOUSING CONDITION IN INDIA

Page 25: Evoln in Kerala

Quantitative and qualitative analysis

The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) has released the first report of a nationwide household survey carried out by it during July 2002-December 2002 on housing conditions in India. A sample of 97,882 households spread over 4,769 villages and 3,538 urban blocks in the country had been surveyed to obtain information regarding the conditions of the dwellings in which the rural and urban population of the country live and the number, size, structure, cost and financing of residential constructions undertaken by the households.

Page 26: Evoln in Kerala

Quantitative and qualitative analysis

Out of every 100 households in rural areas, 36 lived in pucca structures, 43 lived in semi pucca structures, and the remaining 21 in kutcha structures.In urban areas, 77 in every 100 households lived in pucca structures, 20 in semi-pucca structures and only 3 in katcha structures.In urban slum areas, 67% of the dwellings were pucca. The floor area available to the average rural household was 38 square metres while the average urban household had 37 square metres.

Page 27: Evoln in Kerala

Quantitative and qualitative analysis

92% of rural households and 60% of urban households owned the dwelling units.As for the facilities of drinking water, latrine and electricity for lighting, about 15% of the dwellings in urban slums and squatter settlements, 63% of dwelling units in other urban areas, and 11% of the units in rural areas had all the three facilities within their premises.About 97% of rural and 99% of urban dwellings had drinking water within half a kilometre of their premises.

Page 28: Evoln in Kerala

Quantitative and qualitative analysis

On an average, a rural household spent about Rs. 1.13 lakhs to construct a new pucca house, which had an average floor area of 42 sq.m.In urban areas other than the slums, on an average, spent about Rs.2.63 lakhs to build a new pucca dwelling unit, which had an average floor area of 53 sq.m.In urban slums, it cost about Rs. 80,000 to build a new pucca house, and the average floor area was 24 sq.m.