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1-2 I. Introduction to Evolutionary Thought

History of Evolutionary Thought

Creationism versus Evolution

Common descent with modification

3-4 II. Microevolution

Evolution of Population

Population Genetics and Hardy-

Weinberg Equation

Mechanisms of Evolution: Mutation,

Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Natural

Selection,

Non-random Mating

1st Prelim Exam

5-6 III. Speciation

The Origin of Species

Modes of Speciation

Isolating Mechanisms

7 IV. Macroevolution, Paleontology, and

Biogeography

Macroevolution

Paleontology- Fossils and the process of

making fossils

Macroevolutionary Change

Biogeography

Evidence of Evolution

8 V. Major Evolutionary Trends

Divergent Evolution

Adaptive Radiation

Convergent Evolution

Parallel Evolution

Evolutionary Reversal

Coevolution

Extinction

Effects of Climate Change to

Evolutionary processes

9 VI. The evolution of Man

Midterm Exam

10 VII. A. Evolution of Communication

B. Evolution of Size

C. Evolution of Shape

11 D. Evolution of Speed

E. Evolution of Flight

12 F. Evolution of Eyes

G. Evolution of Skin

13 H. Evolution of Jaws

I. Evolution of Guts

14 J. Evolution of Venom

K. Evolution of Sex

Final Exam

History of

Evolutionary

Thoughts

What is

EVOLUTION???

Evolution

Is any genetic change in a

population that is inherited

over several generations.

These changes may be

small or large, noticeable

or not so noticeable.

it has changed over time

and that different species

share common ancestors.

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: Pre 1800

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

Libri septem

Disapproved some of Galen’s

work.

1514-1564

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: Pre 1800

William Harvey (1600’s)

Father of modern

physiology

Discovered that blood was

pumped from the heart

through the body in closed

loop

Emphasize the primacy of

the egg, even in humans.

Willian Paley

Natural Theology

Darwin’s Theological

Father

Darwin’s borrowed

notion:

◦ Adaptation and purpose

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: Pre 1800Nicholas Steno Fossils are not just rocks,

they are evidence of previouslife.

“tongue stones”

fossils were snapshots of lifeat different moments inEarth’s history and that rocklayers formed slowly overtime.

pillars of paleontology andgeology in future centuries.And fossils ultimately becamesome of the key evidence forhow life evolved on Earthover the past four billionyears.

Steno’s Law of Superposition

Molten rock sometimes intruded into the layers,reaching the top and spreading out into a newlayer of its own. As the rocks formed, theycould trap animal remains, converting them intofossils and preserving them deep within theirlayers.

Those horizontal layers represent a timesequence with the oldest layers on the bottomand the youngest on top, unless later processesdisturbed this arrangement.

This ordering is now referred to as Steno’s Lawof Superposition, his most famous contributionto geology.

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: Pre 1800 first thinker to try to classify

life.

Systema Naturae (1735)

a classification of plants andanimals - a hierarchicalclassification with speciesorganized into genera, andinto families, orders, etc.

Medieval European scholarswere guided by both Aristotleand the Bible, and theybelieved that nature—including all of the specieson Earth—reflected God’sbenevolent organization ofthe world.

Carolus

Linnaeus

(1707-1778)

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: Pre 1800

Encyclopedia: Histoire Naturelle

Non biblical explanation of Earth’s History

He proposed that a cometstriking the sun had broken offdebris that became theplanets of the solar system.

Earth’s age is more than6,000 years old

George Louis

Leclerc - “Comte

de Buffon” - 1707-

1788

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: Pre 1800

Ecology of Humanpopulation

An Essay on the principleof Population as it affectsthe Future Improvement OfSociety

Population growth willincrease geometrically whilefood supply might increasearithmetically.

Plants and animals in naturecan produce far moreoffspring than can survive.

Thomas Malthus1766-1834

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: 1800’s

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

Extinction by catastrophe

Studied elephantfossils found nearParis and compared itto the living elephantsin India and Africa

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: 1800’s He stated two principles that

seemed to be valid:

1. the inheritance of acquired

characters

“Theory of Inheritance of Acquired

Characteristics”

2. principle of use and disuse

Jean- Baptiste de

Lamarck (1744-

1829)

DARWIN vs LAMARCK

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: 1800’s

Karl von Baer

Embryology does notreflect a progressionfrom lower to higherorganisms, but manyorganisms do havesimilar developmentalstages.

Charles Lyell

(1797-1875)

Uniformitarianism

Natural laws are

observable, and are

invariable with time.

The past should be

explained through

processes we can

observe today.

The History of Evolutionary

Thought: 1800’s

Gregor Mendel

Father of Modern

Genetics

Answered the

question of how trait

are being passed

from parents to

offspring through

GENETIC UNITS

Rule of Dominance

and Recessiveness

Rule of segregation

Rule of independent

Assortment

The Formation of A Theory

Charles

Darwin

Alfred Russel

Wallace

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

• Amazon 1848-

1852

• Malay archipeligo 1854-

1862• a “natural process of gradual extinction and creation of

species” based on time and space

• Isolation is associated with the formation of new

species - “closely allied species in rich groups being

found geographically near each other”

Alfred Wegener

Continents had been once connected.

Charles Darwin

NATURAL SELECTION

1. There is variation in traits

2. There is differential reproduction

3. There is heredity

4. The more advantageous trait,have more offspring,becomes more common inthe population.

SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES