evidence from minimal word effects and …idiom.ucsd.edu/~snambood/presentations/ocp15.pdfsavithry...

Savithry NamboodiripadEric Bakovic

Marc Garellek

Moraic geminates in Malayalam: evidence from minimal word effects and loanword adaptation

University of California, San Diego

keːɾaɭam

Dravidian~35 million speakers

Sanskrit

Arabic

Portuguese

English

Dutch

Monosyllabic loanwords from English are borrowed in two ways:

kapːə‘cup’

geminate consonant

Why not /kap/?Why the two strategies?

maːɭə‘mall’

long vowel

Schwas do not contribute to the lexical mora count

The minimal lexical word is bimoraic

Loanword adaptation strategies refer to phonological vowel length in the source language

kap kapə kapːə

maːɭəmaɭːə kapːə

kaːpə

Why not /kap/?

Why the two strategies?

Length is contrastive

mala‘mountain’

maːla‘necklace’

ta̪la‘head’

ta̪lːa‘smack’

Consonant LengthVowel Length

koti̪‘craving’

kot ̪ːi‘pecked’

uma‘a name’

umːa‘a kiss’

eri eːri‘a throw’ ‘greater degree’

koʈi‘flag’ ‘brand new’

koːʈi

* pal* CVC * CVCə

* palə


CVCV‘several’

pala

* pal* CVC * CVCə

* palə


CVːCəpaːlə‘milk’ ‘tooth’

CVCːəpalːə

CVCV‘several’

pala

* pal* CVC * CVCə

* palə


CVːCəpaːlə‘milk’ ‘tooth’

CVCːəpalːə

CVCV‘several’

pala

kapːəmaːɭə

* CVCə* palə

CVCV‘several’

pala

Schwa does not contribute a mora to help satisfy the minimal word constraint

* CVCə* palə

CVCV‘several’

pala

Schwa does not contribute a mora to help satisfy the minimal word constraint

Schwas are inserted post-lexicallyMohanan (1989)

Cyran (2001)

* CVCə* palə

CVCV‘several’

pala

Asher & Kumari (1997)

ɕaŋka‘indecision’

Schwas are only contrastive word-finally

‘to.Lanka’laŋke

ɕaŋko!‘hey.Shanku’

‘a name’ɕaŋku

paraŋki‘Portuguese’

Namboodiripad & Garellek (under review)

aʈa‘steamed dessert’

iʈa‘put’

eʈa‘dude’

oʈi‘break’

uʈane‘right away’

vaʈi‘stick’

viʈu‘let go’

veʈi‘a shot’

poʈi‘powder’

muʈi‘hair’

WORD-INITIAL WORD-MEDIAL WORD-FINAL

Asher & Kumari (1997)

ɕaŋka‘indecision’

paŋkə ‘participation’

Schwas are only contrastive word-finally

‘to.Lanka’laŋke

ɕaŋko!‘hey.Shanku’

‘a name’ɕaŋku

paraŋki‘Portuguese’

Namboodiripad & Garellek (under review)

aʈa‘steamed dessert’

iʈa‘put’

eʈa‘dude’

oʈi‘break’

uʈane‘right away’

vaʈi‘stick’

viʈu‘let go’

veʈi‘a shot’

poʈi‘powder’

muʈi‘hair’


na̪ːlə

Word-final schwa only appears if there is no following vowel

ne̪lːə

‘four’

‘grain’

CITATION FORM + ‘HAVE.Q’

‘are there four?’

‘is there grain?’

+ ‘GIVE.Q’

‘give.me four?’

‘give.me grain?’

na̪ːlə


ne̪lːə

‘four’

‘grain’



na̪ːliɳʈo* na̪ːlə iɳʈo

ne̪lːiɳʈo* ne̪lːə iɳʈo


+ ‘GIVE.Q’

‘give.me four?’


na̪ːlə


ne̪lːə

‘four’

‘grain’



na̪ːliɳʈo* na̪ːlə iɳʈo

ne̪lːiɳʈo* ne̪lːə iɳʈo


+ ‘GIVE.Q’

‘give.me four?’

* na̪ːlta̪ɾona̪ːlə ta̪ɾo

* ne̪lːta̪ɾone̪lːə ta̪ɾo


BEFORE FULL VOWEL PRE-SCHWAWORD-INITIAL

Cyran (2001)

‘flotsam’ ‘when’

‘cart’ ‘beetle’

* epɭə

vaɳʈə

RIS

ING

SO

NO

RIT

YFA

LLIN

G

SON

OR

ITY

epɭa

vaɳʈi

pɭava

* ɳʈaː

Pre-schwa clusters do not behave like intervocalic clusters


Cyran (2001)

‘flotsam’ ‘when’

‘cart’ ‘beetle’

* epɭə

vaɳʈə

RIS

ING

SO

NO

RIT

YFA

LLIN

G

SON

OR

ITY

epɭa

vaɳʈi

pɭava

* ɳʈaː

Pre-schwa clusters do not behave like intervocalic clusters

kap kapə

Why not /kap/?

maːɭə kapːə

Why the two strategies?

Schwas do not contribute to the lexical mora count


Loanword adaptation strategies refer to phonological vowel length in the source language

CVC

CVCːə

* CVC(ə)

CVːCə*or*

CVC

CVCːə

* CVC(ə)µ

CVːCə*or*

CVC

CVCːə

* CVC(ə)µ

CVːCəµµ

*or*

CVC

CVCːə

* CVC(ə)µ

CVːCəµµ µµ

*or*

CVC

CVCːə

* CVC(ə)µ

CVːCəµµ µµ

*or*

khʌp kapːə‘cup’

CVC

CVCːə

* CVC(ə)µ

CVːCəµµ µµ

*or*

maːɭə

‘mall’mɔːl

khʌp kapːə‘cup’

seɪl seːlə* selːə

‘sale’

phɑːs paːsə* pasːə

‘pass’

sɛl‘cell’

* seːləselːə

bʌg‘bug’

* baːgəbagːə

CVːCə CVCːəbimoraic

Two paths to bimoraicity

= =

Phonemic vowel length in English maps onto phonemic vowel length in Malayalam

iːɪ ʊ uː

ɔːeɪʌ

ə ɜː

ɒɑː a

e

i uːoː

iː

eː

uo

aː

English (RP) Malayalam

thiːmbuːt

‘team’‘boot’

wɪt‘wit’khʊk‘cook’

ɛ

oʊ


iːɪ ʊ uː

ɔːeɪʌ

ə ɜː

ɒɑː a

e

i uːoː

iː

eː

uo

aː


thiːmbuːt

long-vowelmapping

ʈiːmə

buːʈə‘team’‘boot’


ɛ

oʊ


iːɪ ʊ uː

ɔːeɪʌ

ə ɜː

ɒɑː a

e

i uːoː

iː

eː

uo

aː


thiːmbuːt

long-vowelmapping

ʈiːmə



final-consonant gemination

ʋitːə

kukːə

ɛ

oʊ


iːɪ ʊ uː

ɔːeɪæ ʌ

ə ɜː

ɒɑː a

e

i uːoː

iː

eː

uo

aː


thiːmbuːt

long-vowelmapping

ʈiːmə




ʋitːə

kukːə

ɛ

oʊ

mæp

exception: phonetic length

maːpə* mapːə

‘map’

bæg baːgə* bagːə

‘bag’

/æ/ is the phonetically longest short vowel (van Santen 1992); it is adapted into Malayalam like a phonemically long vowel

Malayalam speakers are only partially referencing the phonological categories of English

µµ

long vowel in source language?

short vowel in source language?

σ

CVːCə CVCːə

/Vː/

how is length determined?

source

So far, using native processes to adapt loanwords: /Cː#/ /C(ː)ə#/

So far, using native processes to adapt loanwords: /Cː#/

What happens when there is a clash between native phonology and adaptation strategy?

/C(ː)ə#/



/C(ː)ə#/

*ʂː



/C(ː)ə#/

*ʂː

‘splash’splæʃ



/C(ː)ə#/

*ʂː

‘splash’splæʃ long-vowel

mapping



/C(ː)ə#/

*ʂː

CCCVːCə


mapping

bʊʃ‘Bush’



/C(ː)ə#/

*ʂː

CCCVːCə


mapping

bʊʃ‘Bush’



/C(ː)ə#/

*ʂː

CCCVːCə


mapping

?

bʊʃ‘Bush’



/C(ː)ə#/

*ʂː

CVCːənonnative form

CCCVːCə


mapping

?

bʊʃ‘Bush’



/C(ː)ə#/

*ʂː

CVCːənonnative form

CVːCədoes not preserve English phonemic

contrast

CCCVːCə


mapping

?

‘splash’

‘Bush’bʊʃ

splæʃ

‘splash’

‘Bush’bʊʃ

splæʃ CCCVːCəspɭaːʂəlong-vowel

mapping

‘splash’

‘Bush’bʊʃ


mapping

CVCːəbuʂːə


‘splash’

‘Bush’

restrictions on geminates are violated in favor of preserving the phonemic contrast in the source language

bʊʃ


mapping

CVCːəbuʂːə


vaɳʈə‘beetle’

Native restrictions on clusters are also violated in favor of preserving the length contrast in English


*valpə alpam‘some’



gaɭfə‘gulf’




gaɭfə‘gulf’



ta̪ɭa* ta̪ɭə ta̪ɭːə‘foot bangle’ ‘shove’

So what types of clusters contribute weight?


NATIVE WORD LOANWORD

GEMINATES

HOMORGANIC CLUSTERS

HETERORGANIC CLUSTERS

gaɭfə‘gulf’

vaʈːə kaʈːə‘crazy’ ‘cut’

faɳʈə‘fund’

So what types of clusters contribute weight?


NATIVE WORD LOANWORD

GEMINATES

HOMORGANIC CLUSTERS

HETERORGANIC CLUSTERS

gaɭfə‘gulf’

vaʈːə kaʈːə‘crazy’ ‘cut’

faɳʈə‘fund’

*vaɭpə(even with falling sonority)

Consistent with current understanding of stress and weight in Malayalam (Paul 2014), though does not support previous work claiming that geminates are not moraic (Mohanan 1989)

Speakers are sensitive to phonetic length and phonological length in the source language

future work: diachrony and effects of increased contact

/Vː/

ta̪ːŋkju!നnി

UCSD PhonCompanyUCSD Linguistics

BrownBag

Ongoing diachronic change: the case of ‘pen’

peːna

penːə

older pronunciation

newer pronunciation

renanalysis of /e/, bimoraicity preserved using gemination strategy

iːɪ ʊ uː

ɔːeɪʌ

ə ɜː

ɒɑː a

e

i uːoː

iː

eː

uo

aː


ɛ

oʊ

iːɪ ʊ uː

ɔːeɪæ ʌ

ə ɜː

ɒɑː a

e

i uːoː

iː

eː

uo

aː


ɛ

oʊ

Contact situation in Kerala

Kala 1977

2010 reports from the Kerala Dept of

Education

illiterate villagers replacing Sanskrit vocabulary as well as core Malayalam vocabulary with English

2014 language background survey

English mandatory by 5th grade1/3 of students in Kerala attend English-medium schools95% of 20-30 year-olds do some higher education, for which English is the sole medium of instruction50% of 60 and above have post-10th education

saːɾiːs

From a village corner in Kerala:

saːɾiːs‘saris’

vs.

saːɾikaɭ‘sari.PL’

Best Malayalam Children’s Film 2013: Philips and the

Monkey Pen

There is an equally awkward way to say “Monkey Pen” using the Malayalam word for monkey

English Title

Orthography changes midway through

evidence from minimal word effects and …idiom.ucsd.edu/~snambood/presentations/ocp15.pdfsavithry...

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