evidence for the centrality of experience. psycholinguistic studies of entrenchment catherine l....
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Evidence for the centrality of experience
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Evidence for the centrality of experience Psycholinguistic Studies of Entrenchment
Catherine L. Harris (1997) Constrains on Statistical learning
Jenny R. Saffran (2002)
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Outline of Lecture The big picture Idiom-level representation Collocation level representation Statistical learning Conclusions
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The big picture
• Psycholinguistics
• Computation
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Evidence for the Centrality of Experience Entrenchment Statistics Performance
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Entrenched expressions Words (Carr 1986) Common word combinations (collocations) Multi word idioms
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Does “Idiom Level” of Representation exist ? (Harris 1997)
Priming Semantic priming
Spreading activation Semantic integration
Great minds think alike Great minds alike Minds think alike
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Idiom levelGreat minds think alike
42 - 4 words idiom Contiguous with target Noncontiguous with target
30 – first two words best eliciting 12 – middle two words best eliciting.
Associative and Semantic trios baby, cradle -> bottle -semantic ear, foot -> mouth -associative doctor, nurse -> surgeon -both
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Results Degree of priming
Semantic – 57 Associated – 42 Both - 65 Idioms – 44
No difference between the groups
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Results
0102030405060708090
First two(30/42)
Middle Two(12/42)
First two
Middle two
Prime was:
Best elicited idioms
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Conclusions so Far… Idiom Level of Representation exist Syntactic schema
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Does Collocation Level of Representation exist ? (Harris 1997)
Is priming good enough? Cradle -> baby
Processing letters Word Superior Effect -Carr(1986)
Random word pairs vs. collocation
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Collocation
TAX BILL
X
G
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CollocationSingle word
CollocationCollocation neighbor
Non-collocation
letters
TaxTax billTax bellTax deepX G
NightNight clubNight clueNight wallN E
worldFree worldTree worldOpen worldR U
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Collocation Letter detection was better in the
collocation than in other stimuli. “sophisticated guessing” Collocation “friends”
Bog down/bow down Superiority of detection of words in
collocation remains
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Collocation Are collocations activated in response to
partial input? Trick items
Tag bill Eight club
Accuracy impaired 65% trick condition 90% collocation condition
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Conclusions so Far… Idiom Level of Representation exist Syntactic schema Collocation level representation exist
Polysemous words interpretation Child language acquisition Computation
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Constraints on Statistical Learning (Safran 2002) Predictive dependencies affect learnability
of sequential structures Domains
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Constraints on Statistical Learning (Safran 2002) Combinatorial explosion Source of the constraints Linear input to Nonlinear structure
(the professor (graded (the exam)) Innate knowledge Dependency relations between categories
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Word categories
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Language P vs. Language N
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Rules for both languages
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ResultsSequential/ simultaneously
StimuliLinguistic?result
SequentialAuditoryYes/no P>n>½
SequentialVisuallyYes/noP=n>½
simultaneouslyVisuallyYes/noP>n>½
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Results Adults p > n Children p>n Other domains
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Conclusions Language evolved to fit the human learner Similarities among human languages may
reflect constrains to fit human learner Bridge between nature and nurture
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Summary Entrenchment
Representation of idioms Representation of collocations Representation of words
Statistics Between words Between word categories Phonemes Letters
Performance Acquiring predictable language using idioms or collocations