evidence for learning
DESCRIPTION
Evidence for Learning. Recall our thesis…. Thesis : Preferences/beliefs that lead to good outcomes become more frequent. Thesis : Preferences/beliefs that lead to good outcomes become more frequent Because of “ prestige biased imitation ” - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Evidence for Learning
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Recall our thesis…
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Thesis: Preferences/beliefs that lead to good outcomes become more frequent
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Thesis: Preferences/beliefs that lead to good outcomes become more frequent
Because of “prestige biased imitation”(people who are succesful are more likely to be imitated)
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Thesis: Preferences/beliefs that lead to good outcomes become more frequent
Because of “reinforcement learning”(preferences/beliefs that lead to good outcomes are held onto more tenaciously)
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Thesis: Preferences/beliefs that lead to good outcomes become more frequent
(even if not aware of why belief/preferences lead to good outcomes)
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Thesis: Preferences/beliefs that lead to good outcomes become more frequent
Behavior will be consistent with Nash
(even if “just believe” or “just feels right”)
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Today:
We will discuss the evidence for learning
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We will start by discussing the evidence for reinforcement learning…
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Now let us discuss the evidence for prestige biased imitation…
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First study shows that chimpanzees selectively imitate prestigious individuals
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Horner V, Proctor D, Bonnie KE, Whiten A, et al. (2010) Prestige Affects Cultural Learning in Chimpanzees. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010625http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010625
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Horner V, Proctor D, Bonnie KE, Whiten A, et al. (2010) Prestige Affects Cultural Learning in Chimpanzees. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010625http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010625
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Horner V, Proctor D, Bonnie KE, Whiten A, et al. (2010) Prestige Affects Cultural Learning in Chimpanzees. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010625http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010625
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Strong evidence in humans, too
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Chudek et al (2011) show that 5 year olds imitate prestigious individuals more
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Step 1: Show subjects video of “prestigious” model getting attention, and another getting ignored
Step 2: Show both models expressing preferences over food, artifact, beverage, etc.
Step 3: Elicit subjects’ preferences over these categories
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Final project?
Show that prestige biased imitation exists for traits that make people prestigious
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“prestige biased instruction” works similarly
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Instruction=explicitly told what to do
(instead of imitating)
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Prestige biased=More likely to take advice from someone who is doing well
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Notice that any of these three process may lead to useful behaviors!
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For example:
Potty trainingTying shoe-lacesCalling momLearning how to write referee reports
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Recall that there is no need to be aware of the “usefulness” of the behaviors
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In Fiji, pregnant women adopt food taboos that protect them from sickness based on superstition
Source: Henrich and Henrich 2010
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Fijian Food Taboos
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Consensus grouping are most likely to carry Ciguatera, a dangerous toxin
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Poisoning falls during pregnancy
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But Fijian women don’t know this
“the violation of [food taboos] is perceived to carry social or supernatural sanctions”
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Where did they learn these taboos?
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All over the world, people use spices for the same reason
Source: Billing and Sherman 1998 and 1999
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Spices are used most where they are most useful
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People use spices because they like the taste, not because they know of their antibacterial
power
Evidence: usage patterns persist after the introduction of refrigeration
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People’s taste for spices is learned, not evolved
Evidence: Children of immigrants adopt local tastes