everything is an argument!
DESCRIPTION
Everything is an Argument!. So what is argumentation?. Writing can be divided into Modes or “Types”. MODES/TYPES of writing. Narrative. Expository. Persuasive. Analytical. Technical. METHODS. Good Writing = Multiple Modes . FORMS. Persuasive MODE. ARGUMENTATIVE METHOD. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EVERYTHING IS AN ARGUMENT!
So what is argumentation?
WRITING CAN BE DIVIDED INTO MODES OR “TYPES”
MODES/TYPESof writing
Narrative Expository Persuasive Analytical Technical
METHODS
FORMS
Good Writing=
Multiple Modes
PERSUASIVE MODEARGUMENTATIVE
METHODCharacteristics :•Clear position established•All ideas are strongly related to position•Controlled, specific reasons and evidence•Writer recognizes opposing or alternate points of view•Persuasive tone throughout
Example One:
Which is more important: what a person thinks or what a person does
Forms:Advertisements
EditorialsLetters to the editorPersuasive essays
Persuasive speechesPropaganda (primarily political)
Reviews (books, movies, products)
WHERE DO WE BEGIN? Rhetoric is the power of language and its effects
Essence of rhetoric is built upon Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle
CONTEXTOccasion Tone Tone
LPURPOSE
Speaker
Audience
Subject
LOGOS
PATHOS
ETHOS
ACADEMIC CONVERSATION Writing well means entering into a
conversation with others The underlying structure of effective academic
writing – and of responsible public discourse – resides not just in stating our own ideas, but in listening closely to others around us, summarizing their views in a way that they will recognize, and responding with our own ideas in kind
What others are saying and thinking motivates our writing and gives it reason for being
As a student and a writer you need to enter conversations and debates that surround you
“THEY SAY” ~ “I SAY” Effective persuasive writers do more than
make well-supported claims (“I say”); they also map those claims relative to the claims of others (“They say”) Writing asks students not simply to keep
proving and reasserting what they already believe, but to stretch what they believe by putting it up against the beliefs of our increasingly diverse, global society, to engage in the reciprocal exchange that characterizes true democracy.
Gerald Graff & Cathy Birkenstein
THE BASICS OF ARGUMENTATION It is a mode of writing intended to gain a
reader’s agreement using the powers of reasoning and logic.
Arguments must be supported by evidence. Evidence may include examples, personal,
experience, statistics, research, expert testimony.
An argument can be spoken, written or visual as long as it expresses a point of view Point of view is often termed the
assertion/claim/thesis.
WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY INGREDIENTS OF AN ARGUMENT? Introduction:
Must state your assertion/claim/point of view/thesis Introduce the ideas that motivate your response (“They say”)
Concession: Recognize and acknowledge in more depth the opposing point of view
Reasons Why do you believe what you believe? Support each reason with evidence
Confirmation/Evidence: Research, personal experience, examples, statistics, expert testimony
Conclusion (summation): Restate your assertion in response to the ideas of others that motivated
you to write your response Amplify your best ideas Offer a solution/compromise (where applicable)
KEEP IN MIND… The ability to enter complex, many-sided
conversations has taken on a special urgency in today’s diverse, post 9/11 world, where the future for all of us may depend on our ability to put ourselves in the shoes of those who think very differently from us.
Therefore, we should learn to carefully and effectively listen to others, including those that disagree with us, and then engage with them thoughtfully and respectfully.
ETHOS An ethical or value-based appeal•How to recognize Ethos• Language appropriate to audience• Sincere, fair minded presentation• Correct grammar
•The EffectShows the speaker as a reliable, respectful source through the speaker’s respect for the audience’s values
ETHOS EXAMPLES
PATHOS An appeal to emotions
• How to recognize Pathos• Emotionally loaded language• Emotional tone• Personal stories• Vivid description
• The Effect Creates an emotional, impulsive response
PATHOS EXAMPLES
LOGOS An appeal to logic•How to recognize Logos• Factual data and statistics• Definitions• Quotations• Opinions of an expert or authority
The Effect Creates a rational, reasonable, logical
response
LOGOS EXAMPLES
CBS NEWS REPORT
LETS SEE IF YOU’VE GOT IT…
CHILDFUND COMMERCIAL
QUESTIONS What are some examples of ethos that
you found?
What are some examples of pathos that you found?
What are some examples of logos that you found?
What is the primary appeal that is made?
KENS 5 REPORT
QUESTIONS What are some examples of ethos that
you found?
What are some examples of pathos that you found?
What are some examples of logos that you found?
What is the primary appeal that is made?
SCENE FROM “A TIME TO KILL”
QUESTIONS What are some examples of ethos that
you found?
What are some examples of pathos that you found?
What are some examples of logos that you found?
What is the primary appeal that is made?
CREDITS “They Say” “I Say” by Gerald Graff &
Cathy Birkenstein Argumentation – Basic Training by
Elizabeth Villarreal
CONTEXTOccasion Tone Tone
LPURPOSE
Speaker
Audience
Subject
LOGOS
PATHOS
ETHOS