evaluationofthe*cook*county state’s*attorney’s*office* deferred ... of dpp final ppt... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Evaluation of the Cook County State’s Attorney’s Office
Deferred Prosecution Program Presentation at ICJIA
May 13 2015
Christine George, John Orwat, Don Stemen, Julie Hilvers, Jennifer Cossyleon, and Eddie Chong
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Deferred Prosecution Program (DPP) Evaluation
• Purpose of the Evaluation (Began January 2013) • Best practices for replication • SB3349, Offender Initiative Program
• DPP in Cook County as innovator • Contribute to literature
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Methodology Evaluation Approach
• Loyola Interdisciplinary research team: Center for Urban Research and Learning, Criminal Justice Dept., Social Work Dept.
• Participatory evaluation
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Methodology Key Research Areas
• Based on Detailed RFP, with specific research questions: • Development of DPP
• Operation and Service Delivery of DPP
• Outcomes and Impacts of DPP
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Methodology Data Collection Procedures
• Mixed methodology
• Qualitative data • Participant observation • Interviews (both individual and group) • Program documents • Quantitative data • Participant data from SAO, Pre-‐trial Services and TASC • Criminal History Record Information (CHRI) • Court data Cook County Clerk’s Office
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• Program staff, stakeholders and participants
• Administrative data (SAO, DPP staff)
• Case management data (Pre-‐Trial and TASC, Cook County Clerk of Court)
• Criminal history data ( Illinois State Police Database, accessed via ICJIA).
• CHRI data (used to track recidivism of DPP sample and comparison)
• CC Clerk’s office court data
Methodology Select Data Sources
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• DPP Incorporated and Supported within the Operations of States Attorney’s Office • Buy-‐in • Internal dissemination of program process and goals • Added to the routine assessments of cases by an ASA prior to preliminary
hearing
• Strong Collaboration and Team Work • between SAO, Judge, Pre-‐trial Services
• Flexibility of Program Design
Findings Development/Implementation of DPP
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Findings Development/Implementation of DPP
• Modest program requirements -‐ Goal of successful completion • Strong coordination
• Strong support of leadership • Key role of director • Coordination of State Attorneys, Judge, and Pre-‐Trial Services
• Fits into existing infrastructure • Non-‐traditional role of stakeholders
• States Attorneys and Judge • Limited Role of Public Defenders
• At Preliminary Hearing
• Program participation
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Findings Attitude Toward Program—Overall Uniform Positive
• Prosecutors—appreciate non-‐traditional role, flexibility, “golden opportunity,” but DPP involves small percentage of cases that enter system
• Public Defenders— “great program,” would like more input, high restitution, rotation of PD’s, judge as monitor, victims dictate entrance, expungement difficulties for graduates
• Judges— “second chance,” good diversion
• County officials— felt no input, lack of information about model, felt served small percentage of cases, questioned waiving preliminary hearing, suggest Felony Review Division role in reviewing cases
• Program participants-‐ welcomed opportunity, but raised some logistical issues– travel expenses, time consuming, restitution, expungement process, unclear guidelines
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Findings Program Participation Patterns
• Data from DPP Staff: • Number of Referrals – 1,295
• Number Enrolled – 1,232 (as of 3/21/14)
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Findings Number of DPP Admissions, by Month
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mar 201
1 Apr 201
1 May
201
1 Jun 20
11
Jul 201
1 Aug
201
1 Se
p 20
11
Oct 201
1 Nov
201
1 Dec
201
1 Jan 20
12
Feb 20
12
Mar 201
2 Apr 201
2 May
201
2 Jun 20
12
Jul 201
2 Aug
201
2 Se
p 20
12
Oct 201
2 Nov
201
2 Dec
201
2 Jan 20
13
Feb 20
13
Mar 201
3 Apr 201
3 May
201
3
Num
ber o
f Adm
ission
s
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Findings Number of DPP Admissions, by Referral Court
0 50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Chicago Branch
District 2 -‐ Skokie
District 3 -‐ Rolling
Meadows
District 4 -‐ Maywood
District 5 -‐ Bridgeview
District 6 -‐ Markham
Num
ber o
f Adm
ission
s
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Findings Number of DPP Admissions, by Offense
0
50
100
150
200
250
300 Num
ber o
f Adm
ission
s
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Findings Number of DPP Admissions, by Offense (n=954)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Chicago Branch District 2 -‐ Skokie
District 3 -‐ Rolling
Meadows
District 4 -‐ Maywood
District 5 -‐ Bridgeview
District 6 -‐ Markham
Retail Theft PSC/Cannabis Burglary (N=157)
(N=145) (N=95) (N=466)
(N=53) (N=38)
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209 (23.5%) participants did not have a required service need
Findings Service Needs, as Assessed by Pre-‐Trial Services
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Findings Number of participants served by TASC according to data maintained by TASC
846
108
Not served by TASC (88.7%)
Served by TASC (11.3%)
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Findings Percent of Closed DPP Cases Nolle Pros and Terminated
68.60%
31.40% Nolle Pros
Terminated
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Findings Percent of Closed DPP Cases Nolle Pros and Terminated, by Offense
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Burlgary Retail Theft PSC/Cannabis Theft Possession of Stolen Vehicle
Forgery ID Theft
Nolle Pro Terminated
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Findings Percent of Closed DPP Cases Nolle Pros and Terminated, by Referral Court
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Chicago Branch District 2 -‐ Skokie District 3 -‐ Rolling Meadows
District 4 -‐ Maywood
District 5 -‐ Bridgeview
District 6 -‐ Markham
Nolle Pro Terminated
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• Sample • Treatment group = all DPP participants completing DPP between Feb 2011-‐
Dec 2012 (n=695) • Comparison group = “DPP eligible” individuals not referred to DPP but
adjudicated guilty in Cook County during same time period (n=991)
• Outcome measures • Re-‐arrest – defined as any arrest or warrant for arrest within 18 months of
entry to DPP (treatment) or final disposition (comparison) • Time to re-‐arrest • Re-‐arrest was tracked for both treatment and comparison groups through June
2014
Methodology Impact Analysis
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• Independent variable • Admission to DPP
• Individual co-‐variates • Current offense, criminal history, race, sex, age
• Analyses • Binary logistic regression to examine effect of DPP on re-‐arrest relative to standard adjudication
• Cox proportional regression models to examine the effect of DPP on time to re-‐arrest relative to standard adjudication
Methodology Impact Analysis
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Findings Re-‐Arrest Rates, Treatment and Comparison Groups
31.4% 34.6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
DPP Comparison
Percen
t Re-‐Arres
ted
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• No significant effect of DPP on re-‐arrest • DPP participants were no more or less likely to recidivate than individuals adjudicated through traditional means
• Factors associated with re-‐arrest • Sex (male) • Age (younger) • Prior arrest • Type of charge
• One significant difference: Older women charged with theft less likely to be re-‐arrested
Findings Impact Analysis
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Findings Effects of Predictors on Likelihood of Re-‐Arrest
47.0%
-‐3.0%
13.0% 18.0%
-‐20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male Age Prior Misd. Prior Fel.
Percen
t cha
nge in odd
s
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Findings Re-‐Arrest Rates, Treatment and Comparison Groups
37.6% 38.1%
21.9% 27.8%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
DPP Men Comparison Men DPP Women Comparison Women
Percen
t Re-‐Arres
ted
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• No significant effect of DPP on time to re-‐arrest • DPP participants did not take longer to recidivate than individuals adjudicated through traditional means
• Factors associated with time to re-‐arrest • Sex (male) • Age (younger) • Prior arrest • Type of charge
Findings Impact Analysis
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Findings Re-‐Arrest Rates, Treatment and Comparison Groups
18.0%
77.1%
34.6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
DPP Successful DPP Terminated Comparison
Percen
t Re-‐Arres
ted
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Findings Re-‐Arrest Rates, Treatment and Comparison Groups
30.3%
53.7%
34.6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
DPP Successful or Term. Due to Arrest
DPP Terminated Comparison
Percen
t Re-‐Arres
ted
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• Uneven implementation of DPP • “Unclear” entry criteria
• No use of uniform screening tool
• Uneven use of discretion among State’s Attorneys
• Limited training of new State Attorneys
• Pre-‐Trial Services staffing burden (e.g. large caseloads)
• Underutilization of Public Defender
Discussion DPP Programmatic Challenges I
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• Participant Engagement • Narrow window for decision
• Limited information about program requirements
• Geographic constraints • Expungement Process
• Limited communication • With criminal justice stakeholders/actors
Discussion DPP Programmatic Challenges II
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Discussion DPP Successes
• Leadership, buy-‐in and collaboration • Role of coordinator/ director • Implementation flexibility and responses (DPP pre-‐meeting, phone check ins with out of state respondents, re-‐training if SA’s)
• Low cost of program, with caveats
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• Roughly 1,700 individuals have passed through DPP since implementation (Feb 2011-‐Feb 2015) • Given estimated graduation rates, roughly 1,300 of those individuals will successfully complete the program
• In turn, 1,300 individuals avoid a felony conviction and the associated collateral consequences
• In turn, the system avoids the formal adjudication process for these 1,300 individuals
Discussion DPP Successes
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Research Limitations Process
• Difficulty recruiting private defense attorneys for interviews
• Difficulty recruiting DPP participants despite collaboration with Pre-‐Trial
• Added option for phone interview, recruited at weekly court calls, on site interview as option
• Translated recruitment mechanisms for Spanish speaking clients
• No attempt to recruit victims – info not maintained in central location (only in ASA case notes)
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Research Limitations Case management and Impact
• Data provided little info about program content, participation in services, or participant demographics (age, ethnicity, race, employment, education, income, substance use history etc.) for thorough recidivism analysis
• Data prevented examination of other outcomes ( substance use, pro-‐social activities etc.)
• Findings are suggestive and remain limited in ability to explain impact of DPP on participant outcomes
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Limitations Data Challenges
• Current data collection is limited on a number of factors • No data documenting State’s Attorneys use of discretion with participant selection
• Don’t know the program participant “universe” • No data documenting who does not get into the program
• No data to directly explore whether non-‐participants are more likely to “fail” compared to DPP participants
• We don’t know which risk factors (or interventions) are more predictive with program outcomes
• Inconsistency between Pre-‐Trial Services and TASC assessments • Limited demographic data to indicate which program participants are likely to succeed
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Select Programmatic Recommendations • Standardize screening procedures
• Incorporate DPP a part of new SA initial training
• Keep monitoring branch referrals
• Include additional services for participants • Reconsider adding expungement process as part of program
• Possibly re-‐evaluate meeting requirements for compliant participants
• Spread awareness about program to Criminal Justice Stakeholders
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Thank you!!