evaluation of wax deposition and its control during production of alaska north slope oils
DESCRIPTION
Evaluation of Wax Deposition and Its Control During Production of Alaska North Slope Oils. Annual Report Jan – Dec, 2006 University of Alaska Fairbanks Kansas University ConocoPhilips 22 January 2007. Project Objectives. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Evaluation of Wax Deposition and Its Control During Production of Alaska North Slope OilsAnnual Report Jan Dec, 2006
University of Alaska FairbanksKansas UniversityConocoPhilips 22 January 2007
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Project ObjectivesEvaluate the mechanisms and environments leading to wax deposition during ANS oil productionDevelop predictive models and give guidance for potential wax-free productionEvaluate methods and techniques to prevent and control wax deposition during production
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Wax Deposition DiagramPressureTemperatureCritical PointInitial Reservoir ConditionWax EnvelopeGasLiquidLiquid + GasP-T Path
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To Achieve Wax-Free ProductionP-T path for production must stay outside of the wax envelopeRequires in-depth understanding ofThermodynamic properties of crude oilHeat transfer characteristics of production string and the influence of permafrostWax deposition under dynamic conditions
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Work DoneDensity determination of all tank oil samples as function of temperatureMolecular weight determination of crude oil using Cryette A for all 28 tank oil samplesDetermination of tank oil WATs by cross polar microscope (CPM) (12 samples) and viscometer (28 samples)Composition analysis of crude oil using GC-MSSelection of suitable thermodynamic model for wax precipitation Bubble point curve prediction program
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Work Done (Cont.)Development of program for plus fraction splitting into suitable number of componentsAlgorithm development for prediction of WAT of the oilDevelopment of analytical solution for wellbore geometry (by KU)Development of numerical solution for wellbore geometry (by KU)Development of computer program for solid-liquid flash problem (by KU)
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Density MeasurementDensity measured using ANTON-PAAR density-meterDensity as a function of temperature is determined for modeling purpose
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Density Measurement Results (Cont.)Sample density at 15 0C
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Density Measurement Results (Cont.)Density of all samples as a function of temperature
Sheet1
0.125CF
744.6
0.25846.4
0.1250.04908738521559
0.012271846315.55559.999
2475.2
3595
0.12560140
80176
90194
210012631.5100212
10006015.75642.8
1006541
439.2
337.4
80.439181056844111.2
133.8
0.613631.889.24
10.055102470420.368.54
41.2106.16
36.297.16
30.286.36
90194
Login: 3132355337.4
New Password: 474512732
WAT
deg Cdeg F
531.889.24
430.286.36
620.368.54
2441.2106.16
2536.297.16
Sheet2
Density Meter CalDensity Meter Cal
TeperatureTaTwwater dengas denABTeperatureTaTwwater dengas denAB
deg Cdeg C
356.16437.98640.994030.001145819525.968779618137.9688389563356.16518.00490.994030.001145819526.2568337.9783724225cgi
306.16598.00580.995650.001164759926.21910288837.9877838495306.16598.00580.995650.001164759926.21910288837.9877838495
256.16758.01030.997040.001184337126.235578922438.0069844812256.16758.01030.997040.001184337126.235578922438.0069844812
236.16818.01180.997540.001192353426.239316889538.0141710701236.16818.01180.997540.001192353426.239316889538.0141710701
206.16928.01450.99820.001204583626.252058112438.0274058422206.16928.01450.99820.001204583626.252058112438.0274058422
186.178.01610.998590.001212877326.257830277638.0370524731186.178.01610.998590.001212877326.257830277638.0370524731
166.17058.01760.998940.001221286126.266761507438.0429910198166.17058.01760.998940.001221286126.266761507438.0429910198
156.17128.01830.99910.001225534326.265253147438.0515204705156.17128.01830.99910.001225534326.265253147438.0515204705
146.18068.01880.999240.001229812226.153377390638.1676526162
126.18138.01980.99950.001238458326.154190319238.176078816
106.18188.02080.99970.001247226826.15905539138.1820249656
Chart1
0.825
0.8243
0.8224
0.8208
0.8184
0.8166
0.8125
0.8062
Temperature (deg C)
Density (g/cc)
Sample 28
Chart2
0.825
0.8243
0.8224
0.8208
0.8184
0.8166
0.8125
0.8062
15
16
16
18
20
23
25
30
35
Temperature / deg C
Density
Sample 28
Sample28
0.825
0.8243
0.8224
0.8208
0.8184
0.8166
0.8125
0.8062
15
16
18
20
23
25
30
35
DENSITY(g/cc)
Temperature / deg C
Sample 28
15deg
0.7877
0.7841
0.7827
0.8251
0.8424
0.8161
0.7838
0.8333
0.7534
0.8727
0.7481
0.7578
0.8611
0.874
0.9114
0.91
0.7654
0.7581
0.7602
0.7644
0.7603
0.8268
0.8252
0.8258
0.8267
0.8279
0.825
density/g/cc
Sample number
Density at 15 deg C.
16deg
0.7868
0.7835
0.7819
0.8241
0.8416
0.815
0.7831
0.8328
0.7527
0.8718
0.7474
0.7569
0.8603
0.8732
0.9105
0.9091
0.7645
0.7574
0.7592
0.7635
0.7595
0.8259
0.8242
0.825
0.8258
0.8271
0.8243
density/g/cc
Sample number
Density at 16 deg C.
18deg
0.7854
0.7815
0.7796
0.8222
0.84
0.813
0.7813
0.8313
0.7507
0.8702
0.7451
0.755
0.8585
0.8712
0.9083
0.9077
0.7623
0.7557
0.7573
0.7615
0.758
0.8244
0.8224
0.823
0.8238
0.8251
0.8224
density/g/cc
Sample number
Density at 18 deg C.
20deg
0.7836
0.7795
0.7776
0.8205
0.8383
0.8114
0.7795
0.8298
0.7488
0.8686
0.743
0.7531
0.8567
0.869
0.9064
0.9061
0.7602
0.7541
0.7553
0.759
0.7557
0.8226
0.8202
0.821
0.8218
0.823
0.8208
density/g/cc
Sample number
Density at 20 deg C.
23deg
0.7799
0.7773
0.7747
0.8177
0.8355
0.8082
0.7768
0.8271
0.7459
0.8662
0.7402
0.7501
0.8542
0.8669
0.9039
0.9036
0.7569
0.7514
0.7524
0.7557
0.752
0.8202
0.8174
0.8181
0.8189
0.8203
0.8184
density/g/cc
Sample number
Density at 23 deg C.
25deg
0.7778
0.7751
0.7727
0.8157
0.8336
0.8052
0.7748
0.8253
0.7438
0.8644
0.738
0.7482
0.8522
0.8648
0.9019
0.9018
0.7545
0.7494
0.7503
0.7534
0.7492
0.8185
0.8152
0.8161
0.8168
0.8183
0.8166
density/g/cc
Sample number
Density at 25 deg C.
30deg
0.7732
0.7705
0.7678
0.8112
0.8293
0.8016
0.7702
0.8212
0.739
0.8604
0.733
0.7434
0.848
0.8608
0.898
0.8977
0.7493
0.7447
0.7457
0.7484
0.7446
0.8144
0.8107
0.8114
0.812
0.8138
0.8125
density/g/cc
Sample number
Density at 30 deg C.
35deg
0.7666
0.7638
0.7613
0.8046
0.8228
0.7946
0.7634
0.8148
0.7324
0.8544
0.7255
0.7368
0.8417
0.8545
0.8914
0.8912
0.7424
0.7381
0.739
0.7413
0.7375
0.8081
0.8041
0.8045
0.8049
0.807
0.8062
density/g/cc
Sample number
Density at 35 deg C.
Chart3
0.8251
0.8241
0.8222
0.8205
0.8177
0.8157
0.8112
0.8046
Temperature (deg C)
Density (g/cc)
Sample 04
Chart4
0.7877
0.7868
0.7854
0.7836
0.7799
0.7778
0.7732
0.7666
Temperature (deg C)
Density (g/cc)
Sample 01
Chart5
0.8161
0.815
0.813
0.8114
0.8082
0.8052
0.8016
0.7946
Temperature (deg C)
Density (g/cc)
Sample 06
Chart6
0.9114
0.9105
0.9083
0.9064
0.9039
0.9019
0.898
0.8914
Temperature (deg C)
Density (g/cc)
Sample 16
Chart7
0.78770.78410.78270.82510.84240.81610.78380.83330.75340.87270.74810.75780.86110.8740.91140.910.76540.75810.76020.76440.76030.82680.82520.82580.82670.82790.825
0.78680.78350.78190.82410.84160.8150.78310.83280.75270.87180.74740.75690.86030.87320.91050.90910.76450.75740.75920.76350.75950.82590.82420.8250.82580.82710.8243
0.78540.78150.77960.82220.840.8130.78130.83130.75070.87020.74510.7550.85850.87120.90830.90770.76230.75570.75730.76150.7580.82440.82240.8230.82380.82510.8224
0.78360.77950.77760.82050.83830.81140.77950.82980.74880.86860.7430.75310.85670.8690.90640.90610.76020.75410.75530.7590.75570.82260.82020.8210.82180.8230.8208
0.77990.77730.77470.81770.83550.80820.77680.82710.74590.86620.74020.75010.85420.86690.90390.90360.75690.75140.75240.75570.7520.82020.81740.81810.81890.82030.8184
0.77780.77510.77270.81570.83360.80520.77480.82530.74380.86440.7380.74820.85220.86480.90190.90180.75450.74940.75030.75340.74920.81850.81520.81610.81680.81830.8166
0.77320.77050.76780.81120.82930.80160.77020.82120.7390.86040.7330.74340.8480.86080.8980.89770.74930.74470.74570.74840.74460.81440.81070.81140.8120.81380.8125
0.76660.76380.76130.80460.82280.79460.76340.81480.73240.85440.72550.73680.84170.85450.89140.89120.74240.73810.7390.74130.73750.80810.80410.80450.80490.8070.8062
Sample1
Sample2
Sample3
Sample4
Sample5
Sample6
Sample7
Sample8
Sample9
Sample10
Sample11
Sample12
Sample13
Sample14
Sample16
Sample17
Sample18
Sample19
Sample20
Sample21
Sample22
Sample23
Sample24
Sample25
Sample26
Sample27
Sample28
Temperature (deg C)
Density (g/cc)
Sample Densities
Chart8
0.7877
0.7841
0.7827
0.8251
0.8424
0.8161
0.7838
0.8333
0.7534
0.8727
0.7481
0.7578
0.8611
0.874
0.9114
0.91
0.7654
0.7581
0.7602
0.7644
0.7603
0.8268
0.8252
0.8258
0.8267
0.8279
0.825
Sample no
Density (g/cc)
15 deg Celcius
Sheet3
DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
TEMPERATURE deg CDensity in pounds per cubic feet
15161820232530355960.864.46873.4778695T/deg F
SAMPLEKg/m3lb/ft3lb/gal
10.78770.78680.78540.78360.77990.77780.77320.766649.1524849.0963249.0089648.8966448.6657648.5347248.2476847.83584773.248.26930928446.4526681933
20.78410.78350.78150.77950.77730.77510.77050.763848.9278448.890448.765648.640848.5035248.3662448.079247.66112770.548.10075375546.4301355962
30.78270.78190.77960.77760.77470.77270.76780.761348.8404848.7905648.6470448.5222448.3412848.2164847.9107247.50512767.847.93219822636.407602999
40.82510.82410.82220.82050.81770.81570.81120.804651.4862451.4238451.3052851.199251.0244850.8996850.6188850.20704811.250.6415722866.7697936348
50.84240.84160.840.83830.83550.83360.82930.822852.5657652.5158452.41652.3099252.135252.0166451.7483251.34272829.351.77151861046.9208454898
60.81610.8150.8130.81140.80820.80520.80160.794650.9246450.85650.731250.6313650.4316850.2444850.0198449.58304801.650.04226373826.6896777338
70.78380.78310.78130.77950.77680.77480.77020.763448.9091248.8654448.7531248.640848.4723248.3475248.0604847.63616770.248.08202536326.4276319743
80.83330.83280.83130.82980.82710.82530.82120.814851.9979251.9667251.8731251.7795251.6110451.4987251.2428850.84352821.251.26585202326.8532476983
90.75340.75270.75070.74880.74590.74380.7390.732447.0121646.9684846.8436846.7251246.5441646.4131246.113645.7017673946.1342725836.167255296
100.87270.87180.87020.86860.86620.86440.86040.854454.4564854.4003254.3004854.2006454.0508853.9385653.6889653.31456860.453.71302859337.1803876274
110.74810.74740.74510.7430.74020.7380.7330.725546.6814446.6377646.4942446.363246.1884846.051245.739245.271273345.75970474076.1171828579
120.75780.75690.7550.75310.75010.74820.74340.736847.2867247.2305647.11246.9934446.8062446.6876846.3881645.97632743.446.40895566746.203975084
130.86110.86030.85850.85670.85420.85220.8480.841753.7326453.6827253.570453.4580853.3020853.1772852.915252.5220884852.93892171917.0769045886
140.8740.87320.87120.8690.86690.86480.86080.854554.537654.4876854.3628854.225654.0945653.9635253.7139253.3208860.853.73799978287.18372579
1500000000000
160.91140.91050.90830.90640.90390.90190.8980.891456.8713656.815256.6779256.5593656.4033656.2785656.035255.6233689856.06032040537.4941749064
170.910.90910.90770.90610.90360.90180.89770.891256.78456.7278456.6404856.5406456.3846456.2723256.0164855.61088897.756.04159201327.4916712845
180.76540.76450.76230.76020.75690.75450.74930.742447.7609647.704847.5675247.4364847.2305647.080846.7563246.32576749.346.77728071246.2532129814
190.75810.75740.75570.75410.75140.74940.74470.738147.3054447.2617647.1556847.0558446.8873646.7625646.4692846.05744744.746.49011203326.2148241122
200.76020.75920.75730.75530.75240.75030.74570.73947.4364847.3740847.2555247.1307246.9497646.8187246.5316846.1136745.746.5525400076.2231695186
210.76440.76350.76150.7590.75570.75340.74840.741347.6985647.642447.517647.361647.1556847.0121646.7001646.25712748.446.7210955366.2457021157
220.76030.75950.7580.75570.7520.74920.74460.737547.4427247.392847.299247.1556846.924846.7500846.4630446.02744.646.48386923596.2139895716
230.82680.82590.82440.82260.82020.81850.81440.808151.5923251.5361651.4425651.3302451.1804851.074450.8185650.42544814.450.84134180196.7964989351
240.82520.82420.82240.82020.81740.81520.81070.804151.4924851.4300851.3177651.1804851.0057650.8684850.5876850.17584810.750.61035829916.7656209316
250.82580.8250.8230.8210.81810.81610.81140.804551.5299251.4851.355251.230451.0494450.9246450.6313650.2008811.450.65405788076.7714627161
260.82670.82580.82380.82180.81890.81680.8120.804951.5860851.5299251.4051251.2803251.0993650.9683250.668850.2257681250.6915146656.7764699599
270.82790.82710.82510.8230.82030.81830.81380.80751.6609651.6110451.4862451.355251.1867251.0619250.7811250.3568813.850.80388501776.7914916913
280.8250.82430.82240.82080.81840.81660.81250.806251.4851.4363251.3177651.2179251.0681650.9558450.750.30688812.550.72272865186.7806426631
00000000
Density values in gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc)
1516182023253035
SAMPLE
120.75780.75690.7550.75310.75010.74820.74340.7368
190.75810.75740.75570.75410.75140.74940.74470.7381
200.76020.75920.75730.75530.75240.75030.74570.739
150.825230.82680.82590.82440.82260.82020.81850.81440.8081
160.8243280.8250.82430.82240.82080.81840.81660.81250.8062
180.8224
200.8208
230.8184
250.8166
300.8125
350.8062Density values in gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc)
1516182023253035
SAMPLE
10.78770.78680.78540.78360.77990.77780.77320.7666
20.78410.78350.78150.77950.77730.77510.77050.7638
30.78270.78190.77960.77760.77470.77270.76780.7613
40.82510.82410.82220.82050.81770.81570.81120.8046
50.84240.84160.840.83830.83550.83360.82930.8228
60.81610.8150.8130.81140.80820.80520.80160.7946
70.78380.78310.78130.77950.77680.77480.77020.7634
80.83330.83280.83130.82980.82710.82530.82120.8148
90.75340.75270.75070.74880.74590.74380.7390.7324
100.87270.87180.87020.86860.86620.86440.86040.8544
110.74810.74740.74510.7430.74020.7380.7330.7255
120.75780.75690.7550.75310.75010.74820.74340.7368
130.86110.86030.85850.85670.85420.85220.8480.8417
140.8740.87320.87120.8690.86690.86480.86080.8545
160.91140.91050.90830.90640.90390.90190.8980.8914
170.910.90910.90770.90610.90360.90180.89770.8912
180.76540.76450.76230.76020.75690.75450.74930.7424
190.75810.75740.75570.75410.75140.74940.74470.7381
200.76020.75920.75730.75530.75240.75030.74570.739
210.76440.76350.76150.7590.75570.75340.74840.7413
220.76030.75950.7580.75570.7520.74920.74460.7375
230.82680.82590.82440.82260.82020.81850.81440.8081
240.82520.82420.82240.82020.81740.81520.81070.8041
250.82580.8250.8230.8210.81810.81610.81140.8045
260.82670.82580.82380.82180.81890.81680.8120.8049
270.82790.82710.82510.8230.82030.81830.81380.807
280.8250.82430.82240.82080.81840.81660.81250.8062
-
Molecular Weight MeasurementNeed for measurement of molecular weightUsed for calculating critical properties of fractions which are required for modelingInstrument- Cryette AMeasures depletion in freezing point and relates it to the concentration of solvent (benzene) and hence to the molecular weight of the solute
Kf = 5.120C/mole, FP= Meter Reading
-
Cryette A apparatus
-
Molecular Weight Measurement Results
-
Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) measurementDead oil WAT measurement using Brookfield Programmable viscometer, Model LVDV-II+Sudden increase in viscosity is used as indication of sign of wax appearanceDead oil WAT measurement using Cross Polar Microscope (CPM)Polar light makes the wax crystals shine as soon as they appear
-
WAT measurement by ViscometryBrookfield viscometerData gathering PC Programmable LVDV-II+ ViscometerHeating/Refrigerating bath
-
WAT By CPM(for dead oil)
-
WAT by ViscometrySpindle: SC4-21RPM: 200Temp range: 50 to 0oCWAT = 20.3oCWAT plot of sample 06
-
WAT Results by Viscometry
-
Oil Sample slides using CPM at T=60oC (T>WAT)
-
Oil Sample slides using CPM at T=31.8oC(T=WAT)
- Oil Sample slides using CPM at T=28.8oC(T
- Oil Sample slides using CPM at T=25.1oC(T
- Oil Sample slides using CPM at T=8.7oC(T
-
WAT measurement by CPM
Sample noWAT (CPM)deg Cdeg F12780.6227.982.22325.778.26431.889.24540.6105.08633.892.8482984.2142882.42331.588.7243696.82533.692.482634.293.56
-
Comparison of WAT by Viscometry and CPM
Chart1
28.127
3027.9
43.125.7
3031.8
36.140.6
29.133.8
43.229
46.228
3631.5
44.236
36.133.6
3234.2
WAT by Viscometry
WAT by CPM
Sample No.
WAT (0C)
Comparison of WAT by Viscometry and by CPM
Sheet1
Sample noWAT(Viscometery)WAT (CPM)
128.127
23027.9
343.125.7
43031.8
536.140.6
629.133.8
843.229
1446.228
233631.5
2444.236
2536.133.6
263234.2
Sheet1
WAT by Viscometry
WAT by CPM
Sample No.
WAT (0C)
Comparison of WAT by Viscometry and by CPM
Sheet2
Sheet3
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Composition AnalysisNeed for composition analysisUsed for identifying the type of crudeRequired for modeling phase equilibrium and properties of hydrocarbon mixturesMethod of analysisGC-MSFlame Ionization Detector
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Composition Analysis Results for Sample 13
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Procedure For Bubble Point Prediction
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Bubble Point Prediction Results
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Plus Fraction SplittingNeed for plus fraction splittingNot well defined composition gives gross information and make EOS models behave poorlyExtended composition distribution gives better resultsPedersens method used for splitting plus fraction into suitable number of componentsProgram flexible to consider splitting upto desired carbon number depending on the requirement
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Plus Fraction Splitting ResultsNorth Sea Crude Oil sample
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Work Done at University of Kansas (KU)Thermodynamic ModelHeat-Transfer ModelDynamic Wax Deposition Model
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Heat-Transfer ModelObjective:Establish temperature profiles in production string.Approach:Model heat exchanges between producing fluids, production string, insulation materials and formation rock/permafrost using total system energy balance.Generate system temperature profiles by solving total-system- energy-balance equation numerically using finite-difference method.
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Physical Model
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Total System Energy BalanceHeat loss into the formation = Total heat flow from center of well to cement/formation interface
Newtons Law of Cooling:
Where A: crossectional-area T: temperature Ut: overall heat-transfer coefficientEquating Eqs. (1) and (2) yields
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Overall Energy Balance of Heat Transfer Into Formation Rock
where
: formation thermal conductivity , Btu/hr-ft-F;
r : radial distance for the center of the wellbore, ft;
: outside cement radius (drilled hole radius), ft;
: outside tubing radius, ft;
t : time, hr;
T : temperature, F;
: tubing fluid temperature, F;
: overall heat-transfer coefficient, Btu/hr-sq ft-F;
Z : vertical depth, ft.
_1187869780.unknown
_1200518623.unknown
_1213126414.unknown
_1199511021.unknown
_1187867230.unknown
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Overall Energy Balance of Heat Transfer Into Formation RockAssumptions:Physical properties of system components independent of temperature.Steady-state heat flow in the formation rock.Radial heat flow from wellbore into formation rock.Heat transfer from center of wellbore to cement/formation interface (0 rh) represented by an overall heat transfer coefficient, Ut.
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Overall Energy Balance of Heat Transfer Into Formation RockBoundary Conditions:
= Constant
= Constant
where
a: geothermal gradient, F/ft;
b: surface temperature, F;
: tubing fluid temperature, F;
: undisturbed formation temperature, F.
_1213119718.unknown
_1230584410.unknown
_1230584454.unknown
_1230584394.unknown
_1199511021.unknown
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Numerical ModelFinite Difference Approximation:
r
r
e
r
h
T/z=0
z
z
i
-
1,j
T
air
T
e
=az+b
r
i
i,j
-
1
i
+
1,j
i,j
+1
i,j
r
i
+1
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Simulation of Heat Loss from Cement/Formation Interface into Formation RockSteam Injection Example Well
Depth= 5,000 ft, Ke = 1.0 Btu/hr-ft-F, ce = 0.21 Btu/lb-F, cf = 1.0 Btu/lb-F, Tf = 600 F, Te = 80 F, Ut = 3.4274 Btu/hr-sq ft-F, = 167 lb/ft3, rto = 0.146 ft, rh = 0.5 ft.
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Analytical SolutionsAnalytical solutions of heat conduction in an infinite circular cylinder bounded by a surface can be used to calculate cement/formation temperature change vs. time (Willhite, 1967).
wheref(t): transient heat conduction function solved analytically
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Validation of Numerical Model with Analytical SolutionsEq. (3) can be rearranged as
Eq. (4) can be used to calculate f(t) using temperature data from numerical model.
Numerical model can be validated by comparing f(t)analytical vs. f(t)numerical
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Analytical vs. Numerical SolutionsSteam Injection Example Well
During first 200 hours of steam injection, cement/formation interface temperatures calculated using Numerical model match analytical solutions well.
TD=
Time, hr
Numerical Solution
Analytical Solution in Willhites article
Error, %
Th(F)
f(t)
f(t)
0.1
0.9
152.48
0.324
0.323
0.3
0.2
1.7
172.06
0.430
0.439
-2.0
0.5
4.4
206.18
0.641
0.644
-0.5
1
8.7
232.96
0.833
0.842
-1.0
2
17.5
260.87
1.067
1.08
-1.2
5
43.7
295.79
1.419
1.44
-1.5
10
87.4
319.79
1.711
1.73
-1.1
20
174.8
341.22
2.019
2.05
-1.5
_1224570889.unknown
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Phase Composition in Solid-Liquid Equilibrium (Experimental data from Dauphin et al. 1999)Predictions from our thermodynamic model match experimental data well.Thermodynamic Model
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Future WorkMeasure WAT of remaining tank oil and live oil samples by CPMComplete GC-MS characterizationConduct PVT AnalysisComplete GC-FID analysisDevelop program to predict WATDevelopment of the thermodynamic model to predict cloud point
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AcknowledgementWe gratefully acknowledge the financial support from AEDTL/NETL/DOE
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ThanksandQuestions?