evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel...

22
Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel bars in rivers using drone Sohei Kobayashi (Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University) View from 100‐above the ground, Tenryu River 1

Upload: others

Post on 27-May-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel bars in rivers using drone

Sohei Kobayashi (Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University)

View from 100‐above the ground, Tenryu River

1

Page 2: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Pool

RiffleBar

Backwater

BackwaterForewater

Pool

Riffle

Pool

BarRiffle

Riverbed morphology, invertebrate community,their relationships

My study interests

Sediment conditions and river ecosystem

Natural rivers vs degraded rivers downstream of damIncrease in sediment supply by dam removal, sediment bypassing, sluicing

2

Page 3: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

My field study

Sampling net, white pan, sieve, forcepsethanol, pH/EC meter, current meter, etc.

Drone, batteries, sd cards

4‐5 years ago

Sampling net, white pan, sieve, forcepsethanol, pH/EC meter, current meter, etc.

3

Page 4: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Gravel bars: basis of habitat diversity within reaches

Riffle

Pool

Wando

Fast flow, shallowcoarse

Homogeneous flow, 

bed

With Gravel BarNo GB

Stagnant water, muddy

Pond

Heterogeneous flow, bed

↓Diverse habitats

Gravel bar formed at downstream of dam after sediment sluicing 

Gravel bar formedafter upstream dam removal

Without GB(before dam removal)

With GB(after dam removal)

Riffle 

Pool

Uniform flow

4

Page 5: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Gravel bars: places of water filtration

Pool

Riffle

PoolSurface flow

Down‐wellingUp‐welling

Subsurface flow(hyporheic)

Bar

Bar

By the filtering process bars contribute to reduce turbidity  in the downstream direction.

Exchanges of water between surface and subsurface (hyporheic) at bars

5

Page 6: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Gravel bars: creation of thermal heterogeneity

Temperature change is usually smaller for hyporheic than surface water,which cause local difference in temperature within reaches.Hyporheic outflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugia for insect/fish during hot summer/cold winter.

16

18

20

24, Oct. 26 28 30 1, Nov. 3

hyporheichyporheicsurfacesurface℃

Hyporheic outflow

Fish seek and stay cool places during hot periods (daytime of summer).

A large number of juvenile fish in hyporheic outflow

6

Page 7: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Drone as a helpful tool to monitor gravel bars

The spatial scale of bars are 100 – 1000 m in many rivers.

It takes an hour or a whole day to walk around and determine places for survey.

Single flight (10‐20 min) is enough to overview the bar 

In addition, many physical data of bars can be obtained from drone photos

7

Page 8: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Photo alignment and detecting tie points Building dense point cloud

Building 3D polygonal mesh model Generation of orthomosaic and DEM

Orthoimage map and DEM

Take drone photos with camera facing vertically down and a high overlap between two consecutive images.A commercial software automatically creates orthomosaic image and DEM.

8

Page 9: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

0102030405060708090100

GRB1 GRB2 GRB6 GRB5 GRB3 GRB4

Vegetation cover (%)

ImageJ (color threshold, count pixel)

Vegetation cover

If there is a sufficient contrast in color or brightness, area of different cover types can be evaluated by a free image software

9

Page 10: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Bed particle sizeIf you are interested in bed materials size larger than a few centimeter, a free software can also automatically define particle and measure size.

020406080

100

ダム上流ダム下流1ダム下流2

020406080

100

1 10 100Grain size (mm)

Cumulative pe

rcen

tage

Normal digital camera

Drone

020406080100120140

GRB1 GRB2 GRB6 GRB5 GRB3 GRB4

Average grain size (mm)

Upper Lower

Using ImageJ 

Using Basegrain

10

Page 11: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Original image Color threshold Binary

Volume

Short axis

Long

 axis

Volume

Before segmentation After segmentation

Drift wood volume on the surface of bedYou can sometimes estimate volume of LWD from the image.

11

Page 12: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Velocity of flow surface from video

STIV (space for time velocimetry)

A commercial software

Search line

Time

12

Page 13: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Velocity of flow surface from video

0

10

20

30

40

‐0.1 ‐0.2 ‐0.3 ‐0.4 ‐0.5 ‐0.6 ‐0.7 ‐0.8 ‐0.9 ‐1 >1

20152017

0

10

20

30

40

‐0.1 ‐0.2 ‐0.3 ‐0.4 ‐0.5 ‐0.6 ‐0.7 ‐0.8 ‐0.9 ‐1 >1

20152017

Flow velocity (m/s)Freq

uency(%

)

2015 2017

Riffle Riffle

Riffle

Run

LSPIV (large‐scale particle image velocimetry)

Free (Fudaa‐LSPIV) and commercialsoftware are available

13

Page 14: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Flow discharge

Flow velocity and water depth are needed to calculate discharge (m3/s).Water depth is still difficult to obtain from drone photo.

Non‐expensive fishfinder sonar can be used for depth measurement.

Deeper: record gps and depth (from 0.3‐0.6 to 80 m) 

https://deepersonar.com/jp/ja_jp/home‐jpOkada et al., 2018River Engineering Symposium

14

Page 15: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Detection of hyporheic outflow by thermography

16

18

20

24, Oct. 26 28 30 1, Nov. 3

hyporheichyporheicsurfacesurface℃

Hyporheic outflow

Because of the temperature difference, hyporheic outflow can be detected by using drone with infrared camera, thermography.

Surface flowHyporheicoutflow

Gravel bar

15

Infrared camera is usually used for detecting animals or electric problems of facilities.

Page 16: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Surface flow

Hyporheicoutflow

Temperature difference of >0.3‐0.5℃ can be detected visually. 

Source of temperature variation: surface/subsurface/groundwater andmidflow/edge (heated by sunlight, or cooled by air)

• The difference in temperature between surface and subsurface changes by time of the day .

• You cannot detect hyporheic outflow if it flows under surface flow.• You need good camera stabilizer and tilt (angle control) to keep camera vertically 

down and get good resolution images.

16

Page 17: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

100m

100m

Main‐flow (surface flow)

Hyporheic outflow (subsurface flow)

Can you detect hyporheic outflow?

17

Page 18: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Can you detect hyporheic outflow?

100m

100m

Main‐flow (surface flow)

Hyporheic outflow (subsurface flow)

18

Page 19: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

The purpose is to show what kind of gravel bar has high filtering potential

0 10 20 30 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 1 2 3 4 5代表粒径D50 (cm) 水面標高差(m) 標高差勾配(%)

湧出場なし

湧出場(パッチ状)

湧出場(伸長的)

Bar characteristics

Hypo

rheicexchan

ge 

potential

1st year: Oct. 2015 2nd year: Jan. 2017

Hyporheic outflow 1.2 m3/sHyporheic outflow 0.12 m3/s

43 m3/s38 m3/s

Kobayashi et al. 2017River engineering symposium

19

Page 20: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Various thermography drones are available,

but are probably still very expensive.

Marvic 2 pro

Phantom 4 Phantom 3

20

Page 21: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

What I tried at first

Flir One

DJI Phantom3 Professional

Android

Drone camera Flir one &Android

21

Page 22: Evaluation of the ecosystem functions of gravel …ecohyd.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/content/files/20190222/...2019/02/22  · Hyporheicoutflow act as nursery for fish juvenile and refugiafor

Summary

• Spatial scale of gravel bars (100m‐1km, reach scale) is suited to use drones.

• Powerful software and free software for analyzing river environment are increasing.

• Gravel bars are the basis of habitat diversity and hyporheic exchange of water.

• Hyporheic outflow around bars can be detected by drones with infrared camera.

22

Thank you