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NBSIR 74-571 (O

Evaluation of Currency and

Stamp Papers

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Paper Evaluation Section

Institute for Materials Research

September 6. 1974

Progress report covering the period

January 1 ~ June 30, 1974

Prepared for

Bureau of Engraving and Printing

U. S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D. C. 20401

NBSIR 74-571

EVALUATION OF CURRENCY AND

STAMP PAPERS

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Paper Evaluation Section

Institute for Materials Research

September 6, 1974

Progress report covering the period

January 1 - June 30, 1974

NOTE,

This document has been prepared for the use of

the Bureau of Engarving and Printing. Responsibility

for its further use rests with that agency.

Prepared for

Bureau of Engraving and Printing

U. S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D. C. 20401

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

•"•f.u o»"

CONTENTS

Page

1 . SUmARY . . . ,'.

. . 1

2. EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE PAPERS FOR PRINTINGCURRENCY .. . ., ,3

2 . 1 Background 3

2 . 2 Experimental 4

2.3 Results and Discussion 5

2.3.1 Present-Day Currency 5

2.3.2 Experimental Currency A . 7

2.3.3 Paper SDP 8

3. MODIFICATION OF HANDSHEETS WITH ACRYLIC PJISINSAND MELAMINE VJET STRENGTH RESIN 9

3.1 Background 9

3.2 Experimental ..... 103.3 Results and Discussion 12

4. WORK IN PROGRESS 13

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

1 . SUMMARY

Evp.luation of Experimental Papers

As part of a continuing study for the Bureau of Engravingand Printing of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, two v;ood

pulp papers (Paper A and Paper SDP) were evaluated for possibleuse in printing currency.

As technology progresses, the possibility exists thatwood pulp papers may be as, or nearly as, durable as thepresent-day currency paper. A substantial savings in costmight result without compromising the circulation life ofcurrency. As new papers which appear to have the character-istics essential to currency paper are developed, evaluationswill be made to determine whether they are suitable forcurrency

.

In the absence of a good means for evaluating experimen-tal currency in circulation, laboratory methods must be reliedupon. The flexing test, developed at the National Bureau ofStandards, appears satisfactory for this purpose. It appearsto rank papers in order of their probable durability. Thosecurrencies exhibiting significant improvements in retentionof projierties over present-day currency in the flexing testwould be expected to have a longer circulation life. However,no precise estimate could be given for the extent of increasein circulption life.

The performance of experimental currency printed on PaperA was comparable to present-day currency when flexed in thecross direction (CD) of the paper, but its performance wasdecidedly poorer when flexed in the machine direction (MD)

.

A significant decrease in the MD folding endurance, as aresult of MD flexing, suggests potential tensile failure andhole formation in currency during circulation. Thus, currencymight be removed from circulation even though it had anacceptable level of stiffness, resulting in a correspondingdecrease in circulation life. Further investigations must beconducted before a firm recommendation can be made on the useof Paper A for currency.

Paper SDP is an experimental paper and was not printedas large sheets were not available. Paper SDP was evaluatedin order to assess the feasibility of producing the experi-mental paper on a larger scale for a full evaluation as cur-rency paper.

2

The retention of properties with flexing of Paper SDPwas not extraordinary, but it was recognized that this papermight be substantially improved by saturation with acryliclatexes. Preliminary results indicate that this is correct.Additional paper has been obtained from the manufacturer andfurther modifications and evaluations will be made during thenext reporting period

»

Resin Treatments of Handsheets

An investigation was conducted to determine the feasi-bility of improving stiffness retention by modifying paperwith a combination of acrylic resin and a wet strength resin.When paper is modified with acrylic resins by beater addition,a very porous sheet frequently results. Apparently, thefibrils and debris formed during beating redeposits on thefibers. This results in a marked decrease in the formationof the film-like portion of paper which is so essential tothe retention of paper stiffness when flexed. Formation ofthe film-like component must be induced if the ultimatebenefit is to be achieved from the modification of paper withacrylic resins by beater addition. As the porosity of paperdeclines when treated with melamine wet strength resin, post-treatment cf pulp, modified vzith an acrylic resin by beateraddition, may give rise to a less porous sheet. This doubletreatment could result in a paper with superior stiffnessretention with flexing.

The validity of the above hypothesis was assessed byusing an acrylic resin in beater addition which produces avery porous handsheet. The results indicate clearly thatpost-treatment with the wet strength resin induces formationof the film-like material resulting in a less porous sheet.The double treatment resulted in a significant improvementin retention of stiffness v/ith flexing. It is anticipeitedthat other acrylic resins could give origin to an evengreater improvement in stiffness retention as well as reten-tion of all other properties. Additional investigations,using other acrylic resins, will be performed during the nextreporting period.

3

2 . EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE PAPERS FORPRINTING CURRENCY

2 . 1 Baclcground

Papers may be submitted to the Bureau of Engraving andPrinting (BEP) or to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)to be evaluated for use in currency. Only all rag paperswere considered previously, but papers containing all orpart wood pulp now are being accepted for evaluation.

A potential currency paper must (1) exhibit good print-ability, (2) show high retention of bending stiffness, and(3) maintain strength and internal tear during its circulationlife.

The ideal procedure for evaluating a new paper forcurrency is to determine the circulation life of the currencyduring circulation. In order to do this, the currency mustbe coded in some way, and this creates a numismatic rarity.Therefore, the coded currency is removed from circulationin large quantities making an evaluation of its circulationlife virtually impossible. Means are available to evaluatecurrency in circulation without creating a numismatic rarity,but special recognition equipment at each Federal Reserve BankX'zould be necessary.

In the absence of methods for successfully evaluatingthe performance of currency while in circulation, laboratoryevaluations of paper durability must be relied upon. Theflexing test developed at NBS [1] appears to evaluate satis-factorily the relative durability of paper. Since the cir-culation life of One Dollar Federal Reserve Notes printed onthe present currency paper is approximately 18 months, a paperperforming significantly better than the present currencypaper in the flex test should have a longer circulation life,but the magnitude of the increase could not be estimatedprecisely

.

Early evaluations of durability with the flexer werelengthy because of the large number of flexes and samplesused in the evaluation. Experience has shown that an esti-mate of the retention of bending stiffness with flexing canbe made after only 1,000 flexes. Furthermore, 10,000 flexesappear to be sufficient to indicate the tenacity of the paper.The total evaluation time is reduced to a practical level byusing only these two levels of flexing in both the cross (CD)and machine (MD) directions of the paper.

4

A second change was also made in the flexing procedure.Paper is anisotropic with the result the MD modulus is approx-imately 2.5 times greater than the CD modulus. In an effortto flex paper at equivalent levels of internal stress, paperwas formerly flexed over 3.18 mm rollers in the CD and over7.94 mm rollers in the MD--a ratio of 1 to 2.5. Since currencyis probably strained in both directions to the same degree,it was decided to evaluate the durability of currency paperusing a 3.18 mm roller in both the MD and CD directions.

During this reporting period, two wood pulp papers wereevaluated for possible use in currency. The first paper,designated Paper A, was submitted to BEP for evaluation.The paper was printed on the currency presses and the dura-bility evaluation was performed on the printed paper.

The second paper (Paper SDP) also was an all wood pulppaper and was submitted to MBS for evaluation. Paper SDP ismade from 100 percent long wood pulp fiber and is treatedwith an epoxy resin according to a patented process.

An estimate of stiffness retention with flexing was doneon Paper SDP with a limited number of samples submitted bythe manufacturer. The stiffness retention was not outstanding,and it is believed that the high porosity of this paper waspartly responsible for the low retention of stiffness. Pre-vious work has shown that saturation of paper with certainacrylic resins results in a decrease in paper porosity andan increase in stiffness retention with flexing [7, 8, 9].It was therefore decided to determine the effect of saturatingPaper SPP with acrylic resins on the retention of stiffness.Acrylic resins AC-61 and HA-16 were chosen for this studybecause good results were obtained with these resins in pre-vious latex saturation experiments [9]

.

2 . 2 Experimental

The flexing samples (15.2 x 30.5 cm) were cut from either32 subject sheets of printed currency or from 28 x 43 cmsheets of Paper SDP. The samples were randomized into setsof 10 when sufficient paper was available. Only three printedsheets of Paper A were available so that each set consistedof only four samples.

5

Flexing was performed on the NBS paper f lexer over 3.18inra diameter rollers in both the MD and CD for 1,000 and 10,000double flexes. That portion of the specimen passing over bothrollers was used for subsequent testing. The air permeabilityof each sample was measured in six different locations with acommercial air permeability tester. The sample was then cutinto eight specimens as shown in Figure 1.

Cantilever stiffness was measured with the Carson-Worthington stiffness tester [12]. These specimens were thenused for the determination of internal tear according toTAPPI T414 ts-65. A single specimen was used for each deter-mination on an Elmendorf tear tester with a capacity of 200 g.Folding endurance was determined according to TAPPI T511 su-69using an MIT folding endurance tester.

Load elongation was performed on a constant rate ofloading apparatus according to TAPPI T404 ts-66, using aspecimen 1.5 cm wide and a span length of 10 cm. Sonicmodulus was determined on the edge tear specimens with acommarcial apparatus according to ASTM Method F89-68 usingthe two-point procedure.

Saturation of Paper SDP with acrylic resins AC-61 andHA-16 was done with the aid of a laboratory size press using10 percent emulsions. The paper was first weighed on anautomatic pan balance, passed through the size press at anapproximate rate of -30 cm per minute and a pressure of 6.5kg/6.45 cra^ . The saturation sheet was dried on a drum drierat 95°C for approximately four minutes. The dried sheet wasequilibrated 15 minutes at ambient conditions before weighingagain on the pan balance to determine weight gain.

2 . 3 Results and Discussion

2.3.1 Present-Day Currency

The only significant change occurring in any CD propertyas a result of CD flexing of the present-day currency was adecline in CD cantilever stiffness. All other propertiesexhibited no significant change regardless of the number offlexes

.

6

When flexed in the MD, a significant decrease in theinitial modulus as well as in cantilever stiffness occurredafter 1,000 double flexes. After 10,000 double flexes, thedecline in modulus and cantilever stiffness increased furtherand a significant change occurred in practically every MDtensile property. These changes in MD tensile propertiesafter 10,000 flexes clearly indicate that this paper is moredurable in the CD than in the MD.

A cantilever stiffness of 0.9 g-cm for currency paperflexed 1,000 times in the CD compares extremely well withthe average stiffness of redeemed currency [2, 3]. But,while good agreement in cantilever stiffness is found VietweenCD flexed and redeemed currency , there is no agreeuent betweenany other property of laboratory flexed and redeemed currency,at least at the levels of flexing investigated. At very highlevels of flexing there is rather good agreement betweenflexed and redeemed currency [2].

One of the causes for the disparity between flexed andredeemed currency at lower levels of flexing is the differ-ence in the uniformity of currency flexing during circulationand on the NBS paper f lexer. In addition to being bent orflexed, currency in circulation is crumpled and foldedseverely causing localized deterioration that has a signifi-cant effect on its tensile properties [4, 5]. Folded areasof redeemed currency are the weakest parts of the note as90 percent of the tensile test strips from redeemed currencybroke at one of the three principal folds found in the bills[2]. The folds, which run perpendicular to the length of anote, are found in the center and one in each half of thenote

.

The flexing test does not duplicate the wear currencyreceives in circulation, but rather it ranks papers in orderof their durability. By comparing the laboratory dui abilityof an experimental currency with that of present-day currency,an estimate of the performance of new currency can be made.All things being equal, currency printed on a paper havinga substantially improved stiffness retention in laboratoryflexing would be expected to have a longer circulation lifethan present-day currency.

Present-day currency paper has very good durability asindicated by a substantial circulation life of currency andby the difficulties experienced in attempting to destructredeemed currency. Certainly, one approach to producing animproved currency paper is by modifying the present-daycurrency paper to bring about a significant improvement instiffness retention.

7

2.3.2 Experimental Currency A

The retention of properties of currency printed onexperimental currency paper A after being flexed in the CDv^as comparable to the retention of properties of flexedregular currency (Tables 3 and 4). Notable exceptions wereretention of CD breaking strength and energy to break after10,000 flexes (Figure 2).

Even though retention of cantilever stiffness for bothcurrencies were comparable when flexed in the CD, a longercirculation life might be expected for the experimentalcurrency. The initial cantilever stiffness of the experi-mental currency is substantially higher than regular currency,and its stiffness is greater than regular currency aftereach interval of flexing. This implies that the experimentalcurrency should be in an acceptable condition at the pointin time where regular currency is being redeemed for limpness.It is assumed that the integrity and appearance of the exper-imental notes would be at an acceptable level.

Retention of physical properties for the experimentalcurrency in the MD following flexing in the MD was notcomparable to regular currency (Figure 3) . Significantdecreases in initial modulus, breaking strength, and energyto break occurred after only 1,000 flexes. Furthermore, asignificant decrease in MD folding endurance occurred after10,000 flexes which could be of paramount importance. Two-dimensional folding of a note, in the length and widthdirections, gives rise to the formation of a hole in regularcurrency at the point where the two folds intersect [6]

.

Because of the marked decrease in MD folding endurance withMD flexing, the incidence of hole formation in the experi-mental currency might occur at a rate high enough to causeits circulation life to be substantially lower than regularcurrency despite an acceptable level of stiffness retention.Furthermore, a greater incidence of tensile failure may occurvrith the experimental currency as a result of flexing andfolding during circulation. These points must be examinedthoroughly before any consideration can be given to usingPaper A for currency.

Future evaluations of printed experimental currencypaper should be made on no less than 10, and preferably 20,sheets of 32 subject currency. Too few samples may lead toerroneous conclusions on the significance of differences inproperties. Furthermore, a method of sampling for obtainingthe 10 or 20 sheet samples should be developed.

8

As a result of the above evaluation, it dees not appearthat Paper A should be used for currency. The only advantagein using this paper may be a lower price. As the paperaccounts only for approximately 15 percent of the total costo"F new currency to the Federal Reserve Banks, cne cost benefitrealized in using a less expensive currency paper may beliquidated by the increased costs incurred in redemption andverification. A cost benefit analysis for the overall systemis necessary in order to determine the feasibility of changingvariables such as paper in printing currency.

2.3.3 Paper SDP

Additional paper was received from the ro.anufacturer forthe saturation investigation, l.^ut it was not idenrical tothe first paper used in the preliminary evaluation. Theporosity of the second paper was considerably lov/er than thefirst and this was not detected until the sacurations andflexing were completed. The lower porosity of the paper madeit difficult to o';tain the desired weight gain of acrylicresin with saturation. The target v/as a 10 percent weightgain but only a 6.4 percent weight gain V7as attained withHA-16 and 8.7 percent with AC-61. Furthermore, saturationwas very irreuular due to a very uneven wetting of the paper.

Although T_he desired level of latex saturation was notachieved, it was decided to proceed with tne evaluationsince an estimate of the effect of saturation on stiffnessretention was possible. The results are found in Tables 5

and 6 and the standard deviation of the results are given inTables 7 and 8

.

Saturation with either AC-61 or HA-16 resulted inimproved stiffness retention with flexing. Although theweight gain of HA-16 was lower than with. AC~61, the improve-ment in stiffness retention was greatest with. Paper SDPsaturated with HA-16. The results indicate Paper SDP maybe suitable for currency providing it is modified with acrylicresins

.

The above investigation will be repeated with additionalpaper which has the same porosity as the paper used in thepreliminary evaluation.

9

3. MODIFICATION OF HANDSHEETS WITH ACRYLICRESINS AND MELAMINE WET STRENGTH RESIN

3 . 1 Background

Scanning electron photomicrographs of currency paperindicate the presence of a film-like material or matrixin addition to the fibers [10] . The matrix is composed offibrils and cell wall debris formed during the beating ofpulp. The matrix spans the areas between the fibers causinga shortening of the effective fiber segment length anddecreases the fibers ability to move laterally or to twistwhen strained. The shortening of the fiber segmental lengthleads to an increase in bending stiffness, as the apparentfiber stiffness increases with decreasing fiber length. Theconstraint of fiber twisting and lateral movement makes itmore difficult to deform paper, and as a result, the modulusof paper will be greater than in a situation where the fibersare free to twist and move laterally.

V?hen currency paper is flexed, cracks form in the matrixresulting in decreases in modulus and cantilever stiffness[10] . Similar cracking has been observed in redeemed currency[11]. The magnitude of the decline depends upon the extentof matrix deterioration. Increasing the cracking resistanceof the ratrix would result in an improved stiffness retentionof paper v/ith flexing. As the main cause for currency redemp-tion is loss of stiffness, an improvement in the retentionof stiffness of currency paper would result in an increasedcirculation life. An apparent means of achieving an improvedstiffness retention is to improve the resistance to deteriora-tion of the matrix in flexing.

Previous studies show that the m.elamine wet strengthresin in dry-print currency paper probably accounts for theincreased circulation life of currency printed on that paper[8] . The addition of melamine resin to currency beater stockalso results in a substantial decrease in paper porosity.Apparently, melamine resin induces the fibrils and debristo form matrix to a greater degree. The increase in matrixformation, along with the interaction of the wet strengthresin with the fibrous components of paper, probably accountfor the improvement in durability of dry-print currency paper.

10

One method for improving the tenacity of the matrix isby encapsulating the matrix components, prior to paper for-mation, with a suitable synthetic polymer. In effect, modi-fication of paper with acrylic resins by beater additioninvolves just such an encapsulation of the fibers. However,beater addition with acrylic resins causes paper to becomemore porous. Scanning electron photomicrographs of hand-sheets modified with acrylic resins by beater addition indi-cate a marked decline in matrix formation [9]. Apparently,the matrix components redeposit on the fibers preventingmatrix formation. Before an encapsulation process canproduce the desired changes in the mechanical propertiesof the matrix, a means must be devised to induce matrixformation of the encapsulated matrix material.

Conceivably, enhancement of matrix formation could beaccomplished by treating the encapsulated pulp suspensionwith melamine wet strength resin. Since this resin apparentlyinduces matrix formation in conventional papermaking, it mayalso serve the same purpose with the latex treated pulp.

Latex E-631 was chosen for this investigation becauseprior studies showed very porous sheets resulted when usedin beater addition experiments [7, 9]. Latex E-631 wouldprobably never be considered in a modification of a currencytype paper to achieve the properties sought. It was selectedmerely to test the feasibility of the above hypothesis.

3 . 2 Experimental

A bleached kraft wood pulp was beaten in a PFI labora-tory mill at 10 percent consistency with no clearance betweenbedplate and roll for 10,000 revolutions at 3.4 kilogramsforce and a relative velocity of roll to bedplate of 6 m/sec.Forty grams of pulp were beaten for each of the variablesinvestigated- Six aliquots were taken from each beater runsufficient to make a 12 x 12 inch handsheet of 70 g/m^ . Analiquot of beater stock v;as diluted with 600 cm-' distilledwater and disintegrated for 7,500 revolutions in a Britishdisintegrator. The pH was adjusted to 9 using 1 N NaOH.A retention aid was added to the pulp slurry in the amountof 2 percent based on latex solids to be deposited on thefibers. The retention aid was added from a sufficientquantity of a 1 percent solution diluted with 30 cm^ distilledwater. Only two thirds of the retention aid was added at thestart. The mixture of pulp suspension and retention aid wasstirred 5 minutes prior to latex addition to exhaust theretention aid from solution. The pH of the mixture was thendecreased to 4.0 with 0.5 N HnSO^, .

11

The acrylic emulsion was diluted with approximately50 cm3 distilled water and added to the pulp suspension inthree equal portions with moderate stirring. Five minuteswas allowed between each addition to exhaust the acryliclatex. Only moderate stirring was used in order not toremove any adsorbed polymer by shearing. After all of thelatex was added, the remainder of the retention aid wasadded and the mixture was stirred for an additional 5 minutes.Handsheets v;ere then prepared if no further treatment wasnecessary

.

Treatment with wet strength resin was as follows. Tothe aliquot, which contained beaten fiber only, or beatenfibers treated with acrylic latex, was added sufficient 12percent solution of melamine resin to contain 3 percent resinbased on the weight of the fiber. The pH of the mixture was3.4 whether the stock contained acrylic resin or not and wasstirred frequently during a 30 minute interval. At the endof that time, one drop of 0.5 N H2SO4 v/as added and stirredfor about 1 minute.

The mixture was then transferred to the deckle box ofthe handsiieet machine and a sheet was formed. The wirecontaining the formed sheet was placed on a blotter, coveredwith a felt, and consolidated by pressing the sheet with a30 cm long roller weighing 22.5 kg. The sheet was removedfrom the wire, placed between felts, and passed through theroll press of the handsheet machine at the minimum pressurepossible. The pressed sheet was dried on a drum drier at95°C for approximately 4 minutes.

One half of each sheet was used to flex 1,000 timesover 3.18 mm roller and constrained by a 700 g free hangingweight on the NBS paper f lexer. The other half served as acontrol. The results are given in Tables 9 and 10 and thestandard deviation of the results are given in Tables 11 and12.

12

3 . 3 Results and Discussion

Handsheets modified with acrylic resin E-631 by beateradr'ition followed by treatment with melamine wet strengthresin results in a handsheet with a significantly lower airpermeability than when treated with E-631 alone. In fact,the porosity of the acrylic-melamine resin handsheets issignificantly lower than the handsheets treated with onlymelamine resin. Apparently, the lower porosity is due toenhanced matrix formation.

The double treatment resulted in an increase in cantileverstiffness, breaking strength, and energy to break. The effectof the double treatment on modulus is uncertain since thereis a significant increase in the modulus of the specimensobtained in the width direction of flex samples but not inthe length direction. A larger number of handsheets will benecessary to test for the significance in changes in modulus.

Acrylic resin E-631 is a very soft resin so that anyincrease in modulus, strength, and cantilever stiffnesswould be marginal. Nevertheless, it still produced signifi-cant improvements in retention of stiffness with flexingwhich indicates even better improvements are possible v/ithother acrylic resins. This investigation will be continuedduring the next reporting period using other acrylic resins.

13

4. WORK IN PROGRESS

Considerable time was devoted to determining the effectof wet pressing on the structure and properties of handsheetsduring this reporting period. Previous work showed that wetpressing has a significant effect on the structure of paper[9] . Since the results of investigations on handsheets willbe affected by their structure every effort must be made todetermine the variables that can affect the structure in hand-sheet preparation. Sufficient information must be obtainedto enable differentiation between effects produced by chemicalmodification and those produced by structural changes in hand-sheet preparation. This information is necessary in order toconduct meaningful mill trials to verify laboratory results.

Since the investigation on wet pressing has not beencompleted, reporting will be delayed until the next reportingperiod. The results will then be contained in a singlereport

.

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Graminski, E. L., Forshee, B. W. , and Carter, T. J.,Evaluation of Currency and Stamp Papers, NBS Report8634 (February 15, 1965).

2. Graminski, E. L. and Forshee, B. W. , Evaluation ofCurrency and Stamp Papers, NBS Report 9597 (July 31,1967)

.

3. Stokesberry, D. P., Philmon, I., and Graminski, E. L.,Evaluation of Methods for Autom.atically Determiningthe Fitness of Currency, NBS Report 10 699 (February 1,1972) .

4. Graminski, E. L., Toth, E. E., and Smith, M. A., Evalua-tion of Currency and Stamp Papers, NBS Report 10 8 02(February 15 , 1972)

.

5. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand Stamp Papers, NBS Report 10 912 (October 2, 1972).

6. Chaudet, J. H. and Oglesby, S. I., Folding Characteristicsof New and Redeemed Currency, BEP Report No. 004,(November 1 , 19 71)

.

7. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand Stamp Papers, NBSIR 73-124 (January 30, 1973).

8. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand Stamp Papers, NBSIR 73-274 (August 15, 1973).

9. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand Stamp Papers, NBSIR 74-431 (January 2, 1974).

10. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand StaT"_j Papers, NBS Report 10 336 (September 17, 1970).

11. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand Stamp Papers, NBS Report 10 465 (August 19, 1971).

12. Carson, F. T. and Worthington, V., Tappi 36 (1), 36-42(1953)

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ELMENDORF TEAR

JRANCE

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FIG 1. SPECIMEN LAYOUT FOR FLEX SAMPLES

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NbS-l MA It [. V. V.7JI

U.:.. L.t r. o. ccw. 1. 1M.:hi.K:a | lux e)K UhHOK l NO.BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHtHT NBSIR 74-571

2. Gov't AccessionNo.

3. i<(,( q-jient's Accc.-^sion No.

4. Ti l LH AND SUB 1 1 1 LL

Evalu.ition of Currency andStamp Papers

5 . Publication Date

Sept. 6, 19746. i'crformin^ Orâniz.t. ion CoJr

7. Ab'TKOKc-)

E. J., Grainlnski and E. E. Toth8. l-'crforming Orân. lU-port No.

MBSIR 7'1-^.7T'

9. I'iiUI'OilMlNO ORGANiZA'I iO-N' NAME AND ADDRLSS

NATIOHAL BliHEAU OH ST/MOARDSDEPARTMcHT OF CO-V./.ERCE

WASHIHGTOr;. D.C. 20234

lU. 1- ro|ect/ 1 asv/ ork Unit .No.

300044311. Conci act/ Grant .No.

\

12. Sponsor mr; G;g .ui izat i on Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Bureau of Engraving and PrintingU.S. Df.-:partinant of the TreasuryWashington, D.C. 2 04 01

13. Type of Report PeriodCovered P rOT^- p =5 <^

1/1 - 6/3 0/7414. Sponsoring A^ê.-iCy Code

j

1

"15. SUPPL1-:.MHNTARY NOTES '

I

I

16. ABSTRACT (A 2C0-word or /o.ss (actual su.Tir.iary o( most si(^tiiicant information. II document inclu(ies a siînificsnt ;

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) "

j

As part of a continuing study for the Bureau of Engraving and '

Printing of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, two wood pulp papersj

(Paper A and Paper SDP) vo.re evaluated for possible use in printingj

currency and. an investigation was conducted to determine the feasibilityof improving stiffness retention by modifying paper with a com.binationof acrylic resins and a wet strength resin i Currency printed onPaper A was comparable to present-day currency when flexed in the crossdirection of the paper, but its performance v;as decidedly poorer v/henflexed in the machine direction. Further study is necessary before afirm recomr.iendation can be made on the use of Paper A for currency.

Paper SDP showed poor retention of stiffness v/hen flexed ineither direction, but there are indications that, v;hen treated withcertain acrylic resins by the saturation technique, it might besuitable for currency paper. The significant decrease in paper densityresulting from modifying pulp with acrylic resins by beater additioncan be inverted by a second treatm.ent with a melamine wet strengthresin prior to paper formation. Preliminary data indicate that thedouble treatment can produce a paper having superior stiffness retentionwith flexina.

17. KEY iORDS ('six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper

name; separated by semicolons) »

Acrylic resins; experimental currency paper; paper durability; paperstructure; stiffness retention; wet strength resins.

18. AVAILABILITY | ' Unlimited

1 x' ^ '^^ Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

1' Order From Sup. of Doc, I'.S. Government Printing OfficeVlashin,",ton. D.C. 20 i02. SO Cat. No. CM

[' Order t torn N'atiorial Technical Infortnaiion Service (NTIS)S p : i n 1 1 c ! d , V i r j; i r. i a 2 2 151

19. SECURITY CLASS(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

29

20. SECURITY CLASS(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCCMM.OC 2)04; ?-"-

evaluation of currency and stamp papers - nistcontents page 1. sumary. .. , '.. . 1...

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