evaluating stormwater solutions projectgraham.umich.edu/media/files/glaa-c/monroe/elmer_storm...low...
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EVALUATING STORMWATER SOLUTIONS IN OHIO PREPARING STORMWATER SYSTEMS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MONROE, MI OCTOBER 10, 2013
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Low Impact Development:
A site design approach that attempts to maintain pre-development runoff patterns.
1)Consider site features, not just zoning, during development.
2)Link stormwater management to landscaping.
Result: Lower infrastructure costs & innovative sites.
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How did we get here? •Chagrin River Watershed Partners
• Model regulations for stormwater management • LID demonstration & research
•Old Woman Creek NERR • Stormwater design and performance training • Assessment of science and information needs
•ODNR Division of Soil and Water Resources • LID modeling - runoff reduction can exceed
50%
•Lack of widespread LID adoption • Technical and social barriers exist
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NERRS Science Collaborative • NOAA-National Estuarine Research Reserve System funds administered by
the University of New Hampshire
• Research addressing local coastal management problems
• Researchers and intended users work together
• Applied for funding in 2010, $821K, 3 year grant awarded in November 2011 to project team led by Chagrin River Watershed Partner, Inc.
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Evaluating Stormwater Solutions Project
• Quantify the runoff reduction performance of low impact development (LID) stormwater systems under current and projected future climate conditions and develop science-based design and policy tools that reduce barriers to effective stormwater management.
• 3 year project funded by NERRS Science Collaborative
• Led by Chagrin River Watershed Partners, Inc. with Old Woman Creek NERR with regional partners.
• Guided by input of stormwater planners, designers, utilities, and regulators
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Project Components
Monitoring Acquire BMP hydrology data to populate models
Modeling Characterize BMP hydrologic performance under current and projected future precipitation patterns
Tools and Guidance Case studies, model codes, revised design
standards, credit recommendations
Design LID demonstration projects
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Monitoring Sites
Orange Village Community Center
Permeable Pavers & Bioretention Cell
Pepper Pike City Hall
Permeable Pavers & Bioretention Cell
Willoughby Hills Community Center
Permeable Pavers
Holden Arboretum Bioretention Cells
Perkins Township Administration Building
Pervious Concrete
Old Woman Creek NERR Originally Planned as
Porous Asphalt
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Monitoring Overview • Overall Goal: Quantify performance of LID infrastructure
on poorly draining soils of Erie County and the Chagrin River Watershed • Met with and provided suggestions to local design engineers to
ensure that practices were ‘monitorable’ • Pre-installation soil testing completed at each site to determine
expected infiltration rates • Weather stations installed to continuously quantify weather
parameters (rainfall, temperature, RH, etc.) • Weirs and pressure transducers to monitor peak flow rates and flow
volumes from each practice • Soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors, and conductivity
meters also deployed • Monitoring wells in each practice to determine drawdown rates
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Pre-Construction Infiltration Testing
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Site Mapped Soil Subgrade Soil Texture
SW Calculator Estimate
Measured Kfs
(in/hr)
Perkins Twp Admin Bennington Silty Clay
Loam 0.02 0.01, 0.01, 0.04, 0.05
Old Woman Creek Delray Silty Clay 0.01 0, 0, 0.003, 0.004
Holden Arboretum
Platea (BRC1) Pierpont (BRC2)
Silty Clay Loam 0.02 BRC1 - 0.02, 0.02
BRC2 - 0.02, 0.08
Orange Village Wadsworth Fill - 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.06, 0.72, 1.54
Pepper Pike Mahoning Silty Clay Loam 0.02 0.01, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04
Willoughby Hills Mahoning Fill - PP1 – 0.01, 0.05
PP2 – 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.06
Monitoring Site Infiltration Summary
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Monitoring Device Installation
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Monitoring Installation Continued
Hydrologic Monitoring Hydrologic + Water Quality Monitoring
Perkins Township Holden Arboretum
Orange Village Pepper Pike
Old Woman Creek Willoughby Hills
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Quantifying Exfiltration at Perkins Township (Pervious Concrete)
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Drawdown Rate Comparison • Monitored inter-event drawdown/exfiltration rate
during 35 inter-event periods
• Two pre-construction single ring infiltrometer tests yielded results of 0.01 in/hr.
• Average measured drawdown rate was 0.016 in/hr with a standard deviation of 0.005 in/hr.
• This suggests that single ring infiltrometer tests are accurate the purposes of permeable pavement design
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Volume Reduction – Perkins Township • Total of 3200 ft3 exfiltrated thus far • Equates to 9.7% volume reduction due to
exfiltration • This is quite impressive, given 6.23:1 hydraulic
loading ratio
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Peak Flow Rate Comparison at Pepper Pike (PICP)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8
1 2 3 4 5 6
Peak
Flo
w R
ate
(cfs
)
Storm Event Number
Measured Peak Flow Predicted Peak Flow
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Monitoring Summary • At six research sites, quantify performance of:
• Four permeable interlocking concrete paver applications • One porous concrete application • Three bioretention cells • One grassed swale
• Use these data to feed stormwater models to predict performance of “design tweaks” for various green BMPs • EPA SWMM • DrainMOD
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Modeling Objectives • Appropriately Credit LID BMPs for Volume Reduction and Peak Discharge Attenuation
• Believable/Defensible Models of LID BMP Hydrology • For Ohio standards, and site and climate conditions • Sensitivity analysis • Where data available, calibrate/validate
• Climate Change Impacts on Stormwater System Performance
• Tweak BMP Design Specifications Where Needed • Develop Design and Accounting Guidance/Tools Consistent with Specs, Research Results, Models
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Modeled BMPs 1. Soil Quality Preservation/Renovation 2. Vegetated Filter Strip (Impervious Area Disconnection) 3. Vegetated Swale 4. Bioretention (incl. Dry Swales and Tree Planters) 5. Infiltration Trench 6. Underground Retention/Detention 7. Pervious Pavement 8. Dry Detention Basin 9. Green Roofs 10. Wet Detention Pond (Reference)
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Modeling Flow Chart 1-ac
Undeveloped
Agriculture Pasture Forest
Development
0.5-ac imp 0.5-ac grass
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐷𝐷
2% 5% 10% 1% 25%
B C D A
B C D A
P depth 0.25-in 0.50-in 0.75-in 1.00-in 1.25-in 1.50-in 2.00-in 2.50-in 3.00-in 3.50-in
Vary BMP parameters for each combination of soil type & BMP size
LEGEND Un-developed
Developed
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Absolute Performance Graphs
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Data Management & Interpretation
6 12 18 24 48 LS LS/SL SL 18 / 3 21 / 6 24 / 12 30 / 180.250.5
0.751
1.251.52
2.53
3.5
HSG
Even
t Size
(in)
BMPA /WA
Surface Ponding Depth (in)
Soil Thickness (in)
Soil Type Storage Height / Underdrain
Offset (in)
>95%> 75%; < 95%> 50%; < 75%> 25%; < 50%
> 5%; < 25%< 5%
Flow ReductionsLEGEND
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Underground Storage: B & C Soils Peak Flow and Volume Reductions
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Data Needs for Climate Scenario Analysis • Need guidance for developing climatic data sets to represent projected future conditions (e.g. 2035 or 2050) to support stormwater modeling • Precipitation – event-based and time series
(continuous) projections • Temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind speed
to model evapotranspiration
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Scale • What is the smallest resolution for climate projections?
• Can downscaling (statistical, dynamical, or other methods) be used to achieve a 0.1 – 1 sq. km resolution?
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Design event projections • What is projected for the frequency, depth, or intensity of larger rainfall events?
• What are predictions for rainfall distribution for future extreme events? Are commonly used rainfall distributions (e.g., SCS Type II distribution) still valid?
• What will the “1-yr” or “100-yr” event look like in 2035 or 2050?
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Projected cumulative distribution of precipitation events • Will the 90th percentile event increase? • Will the entire distribution of events skew toward larger or smaller events? If so, how much?
• Will there be a change to the length of the inter-event period?
• Will there be seasonal changes in precipitation?
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Continuous Simulation • Is there enough information on cumulative distribution of precipitation events or design event projections that historic precipitation data records can be modified to project a year of continuous precipitation data at some future date?
• Is there enough information to project evapotranspiration in 2035 or 2050?
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Project Contacts Amy Brennan – Project Lead [email protected] (440) 975-3780
Heather Elmer – Collaboration Lead [email protected] (419) 433-4601
Jay Dorsey – Applied Science Investigator [email protected] (614) 65-6647
Breann Hohman and Crystal Dymond bhohman or cdymond @eriecounty.oh.gov (419) 626-5211
Ona Ferguson [email protected] (617) 844-1127