evaluating field soils - university of vermont · evaluating field soils in-field evaluation...
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Evaluating Field Soils
In-field evaluation
Routine soil tests
Biological tests
Comprehensive soil health evaluation (Cornell)
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In-field Evaluation
Roots
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In-field Evaluation
Compaction
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In-field Evaluation
Signs of runoff and
erosion
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In-field Evaluation
Earthworms,
Wet spots
Etc.
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Getting the most from your soil tests
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Getting the most from your soil tests
What do soil tests tell us?
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pH
Lime Requirement (if any)
calcium, magnesium, potassium levels
CEC
organic matter
micronutrient levels?
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For Nitrogen
Most soil test reports will give a suggested amount of N to apply based on a) rotation, b) recent manure
application, c) crop to be planted.
The PSNT is a separate test, taken at a different time of the year than routine soil tests.
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Getting the most from your soil tests
What don’t routine soil tests tell us?
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Soil testing is only one part of nutrient
management
Nutrient flows
Nutrient cycles
Organic matter management
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proper management
low
high
over fertilization
under fertilization
2 4 6 8 10 12
years
corn/hay rotation
Soil test P and K trends under different fertility management regimes.(Modified from The PennState Agronomy Guide, 1999)
corn hay corn hay
Optimal soil test range range
low
highOptimal soil test range range
low
high
Optimal soil test range range
Optimal soil test range range
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Different lab procedures
Various ways to report results
Numerous recommendation systems
Getting the most from your soil tests
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Causes of confusion
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Different lab procedures
Different solutions used
Getting the most from your soil tests
Bray-1Mehlich 1
Mehlich 3
Morgan ModifiedMorgan
Olsen
Bray-2
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Various ways to report results
Getting the most from your soil tests
lbs/acre
ppm
Index of 1 to 100
Elemental forms
P and K
Oxide forms
P2O5 and K2OVs.
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Numerous recommendation systems
Getting the most from your soil tests
sufficiency
Build-up and
maintain Cation ratio balancing
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100
90
80
70
60
soil test P level
Percent of maximum yield with different soil test levels.
v. low low optimum high v. high
% of maximum
yield
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Chance of added fertilizer
increasing yield by
enough to cover costs
(%)
The chances of getting an economic return to using fertilizer at different soil test levels.
100
75
50
25
Soil test level
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Cation Ratio vs.
Sufficiency System
The cation ratio system is used by some labs only for
making K, Mg, and Ca
Does not effect N or P recommendations
Some labs blend the two systems for making K (PSU) or Mg (UVM) recommendations
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Modified Morgan’s Solution (Vermont)
Category Low Medium Optimum High V. High
Available P 0–2 2–4 4–7 7–20 >20
K 0–50 51–100 101–130 131–160 >160
Mg 0–35 35–50 51–100 >100 ----
NOTE: nutrients in ppm
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For potash
Category Low Medium Optimum High V. High
K (ppm) 0–50 51–100 101–130 131–160 >160
K2O to apply100–360 60–240 40–140 0—60 none
NOTE: Application is in lbs per acre of K2O
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For Phosphate
Category Low Medium Optimum High V. High
Available P 0–2 2–4 4–7 7–20 >20
P2O5 apply 60 40 20 0 0
IF Al low (10 ppm)
UVM soil test recommendation system takes reactiveAluminum into account. The more Al, the greater Pneeds to be added to increase soil test by a givenamount. A high Al value can double the recommended Papplication at low and low-medium soil tests.
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Basic Cation Saturation Ratio System
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CEC K(2-5%) Mg 10-15% Ca 65-75% 30 292 360 390028 274 336 364026 254 312 338024 234 288 312022 215 263 286020 195 240 260018 187 230 234016 176 218 208014 164 202 182012 152 183 156010 141 160 13008 129 135 10406 117 106 7084 85 75 5202 67 54 330
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N orth C entral Re gional Ext ension Publicat ion 533
Soil Cation Ratios for Crop Productionby George Re hmSoil Sci en ce De par tme ntUn iver si ty of Minn eso ta
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One Hundred Years of Ca:Mg Ratio Research1/
K.A. Kelling, E.E. Schulte and J.B. Peters2/
The question of the importance of soil Ca:Mg ratios in
the nutrition of crops and for making soil test recommendations has been raised many times over the past 100+ years. Recently this issue has surfaced again as a part of programs promoted as “sustainable farming systems” or friendlier to the land or other parts of the environment. As others before them, these businesses are promoting the use of calcitic limestone, or gypsum (CaS04) to bring Wisconsin soil into better cationic “balance”.
1/Kelling, K.A., E.E. Schulte, and J.B. Peters. 1996. One hundred years of Ca: Mg ratio research. New Horizons in Soil Science, Number 8-96, Dept. of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, 10 p.
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Our examination of data from numerous studies
(particularly those of Albrecht and Bear themselves)
would suggest that, within the ranges commonly
found in soils, the chemical, physical, and biological
fertility of a soil is generally not influenced by the
ratios of Ca, Mg, and K. The data do not support the
claims of the BCSR, and continued promotion of the
BCSR will result in the inefficient use of resources in
agriculture…
—Kopittke and Menzies (2007)