Europeans embark on a new phase of empire building that

affects both Africa and the rest of the world

Extending InfluenceEuropeans want to control all aspects of

their colonies Influence political, social lives of people Shape economies to benefit Europe Want people to adopt European customs

Forms of ControlEuropeans develop four forms of control of

territory: Colony – governed by a foreign power Protectorate – governs itself, but under outside

control Sphere of influence – outside power controls

investment, trading Economic imperialism – private business

interests assert control

Methods of ManagementEuropeans use two methods to manage

colonies: Direct control Indirect control

Indirect ControlLimited self-rule for local governmentsLegislative body includes colonial, local

officials Direct Control

Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people, but grant no rights

Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture

A British ColonyBritain’s rule of Nigeria is a form of

imperialism common in Europe Controls economic and political life of the area

Gaining ControlBritain conquers southern Nigeria using

both diplomacy and forceConquest of northern Nigeria through Royal

Niger Company In 1914, Britain claims all of Nigeria

Managing the ColonyNigeria is culturally diverse area, with about

250 ethnic groupsBritish use indirect rule successfully with

Hausa-FulaniYoruba and Igbo chiefs resent limits on their

power

Africans Confront ImperialismBroad resistance to imperialism, but

Europeans have superior weapons

Unsuccessful MovementsAlgeria actively resists French for almost 50

yearsSamori Toure fights French in West Africa

for 16 years In German East Africa, people put faith in

spiritual defenseResults in about 75,000 deaths; famine kills

twice as many

Ethiopia: A Successful MovementMenelik II, emperor of Ethiopia in 1889,

resists EuropeansPlays Europeans against each otherStockpiles arsenal of modern weaponsDefeats Italy, remains independent

Negative EffectsAfricans lose land and independence, many

lose livesTraditional cultures break downDivision of Africa creates problems that

continue today

Positive EffectsColonialism reduces local fightingSanitation improvesHospitals and schools createdTechnology brings economic growth

Positive Results Negative Results

1. Unified national states created 1. Encouraged tribal wars by creating artificial borders

2. Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition

2. Created population explosion famine

3. Increased agricultural production 3. Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and not food for Africans

4. Improved transportation and communication facilities

4. Exploited natural resources: minerals, lumber, rubber, human rights.

5. Expanded educational opportunities

5. Downgraded traditional African culture westernization