European Union Programmes European Union Programmes and the Promotion of Culture and and the Promotion of Culture and

Intercultural DialogueIntercultural Dialogue

Enrique BanúsEnrique Banús

What Role for Culture in the What Role for Culture in the European Integration?European Integration?

The Legal Fundament The Legal Fundament

Art. 151 (128 ) ECTArt. 151 (128 ) ECT

Art. 151 (128 ) ECTArt. 151 (128 ) ECT1.   The Community shall contribute to the flowering of 1.   The Community shall contribute to the flowering of

the cultures of the Member States, while respecting the cultures of the Member States, while respecting their national and regional diversity and at the same their national and regional diversity and at the same

time bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore.time bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore.2.   Action by the Community shall be aimed at 2.   Action by the Community shall be aimed at

encouraging cooperation between Member States and, encouraging cooperation between Member States and, if necessary, supporting and supplementing their action if necessary, supporting and supplementing their action

in the following areas:in the following areas:-  improvement of the knowledge and dissemination of -  improvement of the knowledge and dissemination of

the culture and history of the European peoples,the culture and history of the European peoples,-  conservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage of -  conservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage of

European significance,European significance,-  non-commercial cultural exchanges,-  non-commercial cultural exchanges,

-  artistic and literary creation, including in the -  artistic and literary creation, including in the audiovisual sector.audiovisual sector.

Why not before?Why not before?

A Short A Short HistoricalHistorical OverviewOverview

The Cultural Action of the The Cultural Action of the European CommunityEuropean Community

Looking to the History Looking to the History

First Step:First Step:

Diverse ActionsDiverse Actions

The Cultural Action of the The Cultural Action of the European CommunityEuropean Community

Looking to the History Looking to the History Second Step:Second Step:

The Programs:The Programs:RAPHAEL, ARIANE, RAPHAEL, ARIANE,

KALEIDOSKOPEKALEIDOSKOPE

The Cultural Action of the The Cultural Action of the European CommunityEuropean Community

Looking to the History Looking to the History Third Step:Third Step:

The “Culture” ProgrammeThe “Culture” Programme(2000-2006; 2007-2013)(2000-2006; 2007-2013)

The “Culture” ProgrammeThe “Culture” ProgrammeSupport for Cultural Actions (Strand 1 / 77%) Support for Cultural Actions (Strand 1 / 77%)

encourages organisations to work together on encourages organisations to work together on cultural and artistic projectscultural and artistic projects

Projects lasting from three to five years Projects lasting from three to five years (multi-annual cooperation projects) – 6 (multi-annual cooperation projects) – 6

countriescountriesProjects lasting up to two years Projects lasting up to two years

(Cooperation measures)(Cooperation measures) – 3 countries– 3 countries Special measuresSpecial measures

The “Culture” ProgrammeThe “Culture” ProgrammeSupport for European Cultural Support for European Cultural

Bodies (Strand 2 / 10 %) Bodies (Strand 2 / 10 %)

Support is available for bodies engaged in providing representation at EU level, Support is available for bodies engaged in providing representation at EU level, collecting or disseminating information to encourage trans-European cultural co-collecting or disseminating information to encourage trans-European cultural co-

operation, networking at European level for cultural bodies, participating in cultural co-operation, networking at European level for cultural bodies, participating in cultural co-operation projects, acting as ambassadors for European culture.operation projects, acting as ambassadors for European culture.

Typical bodies that act as cultural ambassadors are Typical bodies that act as cultural ambassadors are European orchestras, and theatre and opera companies. European orchestras, and theatre and opera companies.

Cultural co-operation projects include festivals.Cultural co-operation projects include festivals.

The “Culture” ProgrammeThe “Culture” ProgrammeSupport for analyses and Support for analyses and dissemination activitiesdissemination activities

(Strand 3)(Strand 3)

Information on the mobility of cultural workers, the circulation of works of art Information on the mobility of cultural workers, the circulation of works of art and artistic and cultural products, and intercultural dialogue will be of particular and artistic and cultural products, and intercultural dialogue will be of particular

interest. This analysis takes the form of studies that can increase interest. This analysis takes the form of studies that can increase understanding of trans-European cultural co-operation.understanding of trans-European cultural co-operation.

The programme supports cultural contact points in each participating country. The programme supports cultural contact points in each participating country.

An internet tool to meet the needs of culture professionals working in trans-An internet tool to meet the needs of culture professionals working in trans-European cultural co-operation will be developed. This is intended to European cultural co-operation will be developed. This is intended to

streamline the exchange of experience and good practice.streamline the exchange of experience and good practice.

Special MessuresSpecial Messures

* European Capital of * European Capital of CultureCulture

Intercultural DialogueIntercultural DialogueEU funding for actions related to Intercultural Dialogue:EU funding for actions related to Intercultural Dialogue:

a) a) ProgrammesProgrammes ofof DG DG EducationEducation & Culture & Culture: Lifelong Learning, : Lifelong Learning, Culture, Youth in Action, Europe for CitizensCulture, Youth in Action, Europe for Citizens

b) Funding of 'intercultural dialogue" in programmes of other b) Funding of 'intercultural dialogue" in programmes of other Directorates-GeneralDirectorates-General

External relationsExternal relationsInformation Society and Media Information Society and Media Justice, Freedom and SecurityJustice, Freedom and Security

ResearchResearchEmploymentEmployment

Other PossibilitiesOther Possibilities

•The Regional FundsThe Regional Funds

•The Social FundThe Social Fund

•EuroMed (Heritage) EuroMed (Heritage)

The Possibilities of the The Possibilities of the “Cultural Heritage“Cultural Heritage”? (I)”? (I)

Material Heritage Material Heritage

and and Immaterial HeritageImmaterial Heritage

The New Concept of Heritage:The New Concept of Heritage:

““le petit patrimoine, fragile, les centres des le petit patrimoine, fragile, les centres des villes, le bâti rural même le plus villes, le bâti rural même le plus

modeste” (Paul Rasse 1999)modeste” (Paul Rasse 1999)

The Use of Heritage:The Use of Heritage:

• SME (Handicrafts)SME (Handicrafts)

• TourismTourism

““définir une stratégie qui transformerait le définir une stratégie qui transformerait le patrimoine en un catalyseur de la coopération patrimoine en un catalyseur de la coopération dans toute la région méditerranéenne. Ils ne se dans toute la région méditerranéenne. Ils ne se sont pas seulement concentrés sur les sont pas seulement concentrés sur les monuments et l’artisanat, ils voulaient également monuments et l’artisanat, ils voulaient également attirer l’attention sur l’extraordinaire patrimoine attirer l’attention sur l’extraordinaire patrimoine méditerranéen de traditions immateriélles, de méditerranéen de traditions immateriélles, de croyances, d’oeuvres d’art et de fêtes locales”croyances, d’oeuvres d’art et de fêtes locales”

((Commission Européenne: Commission Européenne: Euromed Héritage, Euromed Héritage, 20022002) )

Economie: Economie: Tourism contributes by 5,5% to the EU’s GDP.

it represents 9,4% of the Spain’s GDP,

9% of France’s, 8,2% of Portugal’s,

6,3% of Italy’s more than 6% of Greece’s

Employment: Employment: Employment in tourism represents almost 6% of total employment in the EU,

7% in France, 10% in Spain, 8% in Portugal and 7% in Greece

Environment: “Environment: “The negative impact of tourism on the environment can be specified as:

Coastal and water pollution, land base pollution and sound pollution Distortion of historical and cultural sites, traditional; settlements,

landscapes and morphological typology of these areas; Degradation of traditional way of life and of the social environment”.

(Persa Fokiali, International Center for Mediterranean Studies)

Social:Social: Cultural: “Touristical correctness”Cultural: “Touristical correctness”

(The Masai-Dances)(The Masai-Dances)

Second Step:Second Step:

Culture & European Culture & European IntegrationIntegration

Some Relevant Some Relevant AspectsAspects

1.1. Common Market and Common Market and CultureCulture

2.2. Currency and CultureCurrency and Culture3.3. The Economic Relevance The Economic Relevance

of Cultureof Culture4.4. The Social Relevance of The Social Relevance of

CultureCulture

1st Topic:1st Topic:

Common Market and Common Market and CultureCulture

What doesWhat does““Common Market”Common Market”

mean formean forCulture?Culture?

The concept of “product” includes also “cultural The concept of “product” includes also “cultural products”: see Council Regulation (EEC) No products”: see Council Regulation (EEC) No 3/84 of 19 December 1983 introducing 3/84 of 19 December 1983 introducing arrangements for movement within the arrangements for movement within the Community of goods sent from one Member Community of goods sent from one Member State for temporary use in one or more other State for temporary use in one or more other Member StatesMember States . Exhibitions for cultural . Exhibitions for cultural purposes are explicitly mentioned.purposes are explicitly mentioned.

The concept of “services” includes also The concept of “services” includes also “cultural and artistic activities” (see 3 Directives “cultural and artistic activities” (see 3 Directives on Cinema from the 60ies (Directives 63/707, on Cinema from the 60ies (Directives 63/707, 15th 15th Octobre 1963; 65/264, 13 Mai 1965; Octobre 1963; 65/264, 13 Mai 1965; 68/369, 15. 68/369, 15. October 1968).October 1968).

Sentences of the European Court of JusticeSentences of the European Court of Justice

van Wesemael (18.1.1979, 110/78)van Wesemael (18.1.1979, 110/78) VBVB und VBBB (17.1.1984; 43 and 63/82) VBVB und VBBB (17.1.1984; 43 and 63/82) Leclerc (10.1.1985, 229/83)Leclerc (10.1.1985, 229/83) Cinéthèque (11.7.1985; 60/84 and 61/84)Cinéthèque (11.7.1985; 60/84 and 61/84) Groener (28.11.1989; 379/87)Groener (28.11.1989; 379/87) Piageme I (18.6.1991, 369/89) Piageme I (18.6.1991, 369/89) Mediawet (25.7.1992; 353/89 und 288/89)Mediawet (25.7.1992; 353/89 und 288/89) Fedicine (4.5.1993; 17/92)Fedicine (4.5.1993; 17/92) Publishers Association (17.1.1995; 360/92 P)Publishers Association (17.1.1995; 360/92 P) SIDE (18.9.1995; T-49/93)SIDE (18.9.1995; T-49/93) Piageme II (12.10.1995, 85/94)Piageme II (12.10.1995, 85/94) Bosman (15.12.1995, 415/93)Bosman (15.12.1995, 415/93) Commission/Belgium (10.9.1996, 11/95)Commission/Belgium (10.9.1996, 11/95) Annibaldi (18.12.1997, 309/96)Annibaldi (18.12.1997, 309/96) Metronom (28.4.1998, 200/96)Metronom (28.4.1998, 200/96)

Market brings CultureMarket brings Culture Examples:Examples:

The Beginnings of the Non-Religious Theatre in the The Beginnings of the Non-Religious Theatre in the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Corneille’s “Le Cid”Corneille’s “Le Cid” Böhl von Faber and the Re-discovery of the Spanish Böhl von Faber and the Re-discovery of the Spanish

Baroque Theatre in SpainBaroque Theatre in Spain

2nd Topic:2nd Topic:

Currency and CultureCurrency and Culture

““A currency is a national symbol”A currency is a national symbol”

““The new currency will make things easier - and will The new currency will make things easier - and will

even give a feeling of unity to some extend”even give a feeling of unity to some extend”

((Stephan Dahl , U Luton, UK)Stephan Dahl , U Luton, UK)

3rd Topic:3rd Topic:

The Economic Relevance of The Economic Relevance of CultureCulture

2-3% GDP2-3% GDP average household spending on average household spending on

recreation and culture as a percentage of recreation and culture as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP; 2005):gross domestic product (GDP; 2005):

UK: 7.9% (6.5% in 1991UK: 7.9% (6.5% in 1991))Czech Republic: 5.9%Czech Republic: 5.9%

France: 5.2% France: 5.2% Germany: 5%Germany: 5%Ireland: 2.8%Ireland: 2.8%

2.5% of total employment (2.5% of total employment (4.2 4.2 million peoplemillion people)*)*

(from 1.4% in (from 1.4% in PortugalPortugal and and Slovakia Slovakia toto

3.2% in the 3.2% in the United KingdomUnited Kingdom))

* EU-25 (2002)* EU-25 (2002)

4th Topic:4th Topic:

The Social Relevance of The Social Relevance of CultureCulture

““Although studies have shown that cultural Although studies have shown that cultural industries do only produce in between 2 and 4 industries do only produce in between 2 and 4 percent of the GNP in a country, the increasing percent of the GNP in a country, the increasing importance of culture for urban and regional importance of culture for urban and regional economic development, for the image of cities economic development, for the image of cities as well as for the political culture is widely as well as for the political culture is widely acknowledged” acknowledged”

(K.R. Kunzmann 1989)(K.R. Kunzmann 1989)

Revitalisation and Self-ImageRevitalisation and Self-Image Social InclusionSocial Inclusion Image of the CityImage of the City Social CohesionSocial Cohesion

Social Distinction?Social Distinction?

Third Step:Third Step:

Culture & European Culture & European IntegrationIntegration

Other Relevant Other Relevant AspectsAspects

Culture is "that complex whole which includes Culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”.acquired by man as a member of society”.

(Edward B. Tylor, (Edward B. Tylor, Primitive CulturePrimitive Culture,,

1871:1). 1871:1).

1.1. Market and Values / Enterprises and ValuesMarket and Values / Enterprises and Values2.2. Cultural Diversity as a Pillar of European Cultural Diversity as a Pillar of European

IntegrationIntegration3.3. The Question of the Common Cultural The Question of the Common Cultural

HeritageHeritage4.4. Culture and Shared Values Culture and Shared Values 5.5. The Role of Culture for the Identification with The Role of Culture for the Identification with

the European Project (Culture and Identity)the European Project (Culture and Identity)6.6. The Role of Culture in the External The Role of Culture in the External

Relations:Relations: Intercultural DialogueIntercultural Dialogue Culture and DevelopmentCulture and Development Culture in the Euro-Mediterranean DialogueCulture in the Euro-Mediterranean Dialogue

1st Topic:1st Topic:

a) Market and Valuesa) Market and Values

Market is CultureMarket is Culture (therefore, the European integration is a “cultural” (therefore, the European integration is a “cultural”

project)project)

because “Market” is promoting some values.because “Market” is promoting some values.

What values?What values?

1st Topic:1st Topic:

b) Enterprises and Valuesb) Enterprises and Values

2nd Topic:2nd Topic:

Cultural Diversity as a Pillar Cultural Diversity as a Pillar of European Integrationof European Integration

The EC-Treaty’s art. 151 (I):The EC-Treaty’s art. 151 (I):1.   The Community shall contribute to the 1.   The Community shall contribute to the

flowering of the flowering of the culturescultures of the Member of the Member States, while respecting their national States, while respecting their national and regional and regional diversity.diversity.

4.   The Community shall take cultural 4.   The Community shall take cultural aspects into account in its action under aspects into account in its action under other provisions of this Treaty, in other provisions of this Treaty, in particular in order to respect and to particular in order to respect and to promote the promote the diversitydiversity of its cultures. of its cultures.

3rd Topic:3rd Topic:

The Question of the The Question of the Common Cultural HeritageCommon Cultural Heritage

The EC-Treaty’s art. 151 The EC-Treaty’s art. 151 (II):(II):

1.   The Community shall contribute to the 1.   The Community shall contribute to the flowering of the cultures of the Member flowering of the cultures of the Member States, while respecting their national States, while respecting their national and regional diversity and at the same and regional diversity and at the same time time bringing the common cultural bringing the common cultural heritage to the foreheritage to the fore..

The Copenhagen Summit (1983) speaks The Copenhagen Summit (1983) speaks about “the diversity of cultures”, about “the diversity of cultures”,

although they are located “within the although they are located “within the framework of common European framework of common European

civilisation” civilisation”

4th Topic:4th Topic:

Culture and Shared ValuesCulture and Shared Values

The Constitutional Treaty’s art. The Constitutional Treaty’s art. I-2:I-2:

The Union's values The Union's values The Union is founded on the values of respect The Union is founded on the values of respect

for human dignity, freedom, democracy, for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail.and men prevail.

Identification is needed:Identification is needed:

"the collective identity finds its expression in symbols" "the collective identity finds its expression in symbols" (WENTURIS 1998, 188)(WENTURIS 1998, 188)

it requires “iconic devices” it requires “iconic devices”

(PEREZ-SOLORZANO/LONGMAN 1998, 118)(PEREZ-SOLORZANO/LONGMAN 1998, 118)

““En la historia todo se explica con símbolos. La En la historia todo se explica con símbolos. La grandeza y la sumisión, la victoria y la derrota, la grandeza y la sumisión, la victoria y la derrota, la felicidad, la prosperidad, la miseria. Y, más que felicidad, la prosperidad, la miseria. Y, más que

ninguna otra cosa, la identidad” ninguna otra cosa, la identidad” (MAALOUF 1999, 82)(MAALOUF 1999, 82)

5th Topic:5th Topic:

The Role of Culture for the The Role of Culture for the Identification with the European Identification with the European Project (Culture and Identity)Project (Culture and Identity)

““the tendency to return to one’s the tendency to return to one’s roots has become stronger” roots has become stronger” (Kovacev)(Kovacev)

““le retour à des valeurs identitaires” le retour à des valeurs identitaires” (Bartement/Bernier-Boissard)(Bartement/Bernier-Boissard)

The End of the Nation-State? The End of the Nation-State? The Emerging of New The Emerging of New

Identities? Identities? European Identity?European Identity?

Reflections on “European Reflections on “European Identity” (0)Identity” (0)

Brigitte Boyce points out that, in recent Brigitte Boyce points out that, in recent years "it has been argued variously that years "it has been argued variously that the construction of a common European the construction of a common European identity has become indispensable, if the identity has become indispensable, if the dynamics of economic and political dynamics of economic and political integration are to be sustained" integration are to be sustained"

(BOYCE 1998, 306).(BOYCE 1998, 306).

Reflections on “European Reflections on “European Identity” (I)Identity” (I)

The influential Tindemans Report establishes The influential Tindemans Report establishes relationships between European identity and relationships between European identity and progress in political integration when it states progress in political integration when it states

that Europe cannot proceed to a greater that Europe cannot proceed to a greater degree of political integration without the degree of political integration without the

underlying structure of a unifying European underlying structure of a unifying European identityidentity

see see Report on European Union (29 December Report on European Union (29 December

1975)1975)..

Reflections on “European Reflections on “European Identity” (II)Identity” (II)

A Commission´s document indicated in A Commission´s document indicated in 1987 that ‘el sentimiento de pertenecer 1987 that ‘el sentimiento de pertenecer

a una cultura europea’ is a prior a una cultura europea’ is a prior condition for the Internal Marketcondition for the Internal Market

Document COM(87)603, p. 5.Document COM(87)603, p. 5.

Reflections on “European Reflections on “European Identity” (III)Identity” (III)

““Only by strengthening "cultural Only by strengthening "cultural citizenship" will it be possible to citizenship" will it be possible to consolidate the Union and build external consolidate the Union and build external relations on a lasting basis”.relations on a lasting basis”.

The Committee of the Regions, 13 March 1998:The Committee of the Regions, 13 March 1998:

6th Topic:6th Topic:

The Role of Culture in the The Role of Culture in the External RelationsExternal Relations

A) A) Intercultural DialogueIntercultural Dialogue

"Im Rahmen der Kulturdifferenzhypothese "Im Rahmen der Kulturdifferenzhypothese gibt es (...) die Vorstellung, kulturelle gibt es (...) die Vorstellung, kulturelle Identität sei etwas Essentielles, das in seiner Identität sei etwas Essentielles, das in seiner Substanz fixiert ist. Darauf gründet die Substanz fixiert ist. Darauf gründet die Auffassung, daß kulturelle Differenzen Auffassung, daß kulturelle Differenzen bestehen, die sich nicht überwinden lassen" bestehen, die sich nicht überwinden lassen" (Detlef BUROW).(Detlef BUROW).

““Every culture represents a unique and Every culture represents a unique and irreplaceable body of values since each people's irreplaceable body of values since each people's traditions and forms of expression are its most traditions and forms of expression are its most effective means of demonstrating its presence in effective means of demonstrating its presence in the world”.the world”.

(("Declaración de México sobre las Políticas "Declaración de México sobre las Políticas Culturales"Culturales",,

1982). 1982).

““The “establishment of group identity" is The “establishment of group identity" is often made "by means of differentiation often made "by means of differentiation from other group identities” (FIRCHOW from other group identities” (FIRCHOW 1986). Indeed: "According to the 1986). Indeed: "According to the sociological hypothesis, every We-group sociological hypothesis, every We-group implies necessarily the existence of the implies necessarily the existence of the others, and it is based upon the distinction others, and it is based upon the distinction between us and the others" (SKILJAN between us and the others" (SKILJAN 1998). In this way, “the notion of 1998). In this way, “the notion of alterity alterity became synonymous to that of became synonymous to that of antagonismantagonism” ” (JENKINS-SOFOS 1996).(JENKINS-SOFOS 1996).

Strath expresses the same from another perspective: Strath expresses the same from another perspective: “Identity construction is a matter of a very fragile “Identity construction is a matter of a very fragile balance (...) between ‘inward’ and ‘outward’” balance (...) between ‘inward’ and ‘outward’” (STRATH). This has produced often definitions "in (STRATH). This has produced often definitions "in negative terms" (BOYCE), that is, by indicating negative terms" (BOYCE), that is, by indicating what "we are not" and by excluding those who "are what "we are not" and by excluding those who "are not". Indeed, “concepts like nationhood (...) have not". Indeed, “concepts like nationhood (...) have an inherent capacity to ‘exclude’ as much as to an inherent capacity to ‘exclude’ as much as to ‘include’” (JENKINS-SOFOS 1996), what means, ‘include’” (JENKINS-SOFOS 1996), what means, "including the construction of images of undesirable "including the construction of images of undesirable 'Others'" (BOYCE).'Others'" (BOYCE).""

Therefore: Intercultural Therefore: Intercultural Dialogue means a Dialogue means a

Profund Change of Mind Profund Change of Mind ……

6th Topic:6th Topic:

The Role of Culture in the The Role of Culture in the External RelationsExternal Relations

B) B) Culture and DevelopmentCulture and Development (for example (for example in the Euro-Med Region)in the Euro-Med Region)

Human Development Index Human Development Index 20072007

High: France (10), Spain (13), High: France (10), Spain (13), Italy (20), Israel (23), Greece Italy (20), Israel (23), Greece (24), Slovenia (27), Cyprus (28), (24), Slovenia (27), Cyprus (28), Malta (34), Croatia (47), Malta (34), Croatia (47), Lybia Lybia (56) (56)

Human Development Index 2007Human Development Index 2007 Middle: Middle: Lebanon (88), Turkey (84), Lebanon (88), Turkey (84),

Jordan (86), Tunisia (91), Algeria (104), Jordan (86), Tunisia (91), Algeria (104), Palestinian Authority (106), Syria (108), Palestinian Authority (106), Syria (108), Egypt (112), Morocco (126)Egypt (112), Morocco (126)

Low: -Low: -(177 countries are included)(177 countries are included)

6th Topic:6th Topic:

The Role of Culture in the The Role of Culture in the External RelationsExternal Relations

C) C) Culture in the Euro-Mediterranean Culture in the Euro-Mediterranean DialogueDialogue

The Mediterranean Space: The Mediterranean Space: A RealityA Reality

A Space of EncoutersA Space of Encouters In a Globalising WorldIn a Globalising World

The Euro-Mediterranean DialogueThe Euro-Mediterranean Dialogue:: 1995: Barcelona Process1995: Barcelona Process Euro-Mediterranean Euro-Mediterranean

PartnershipPartnership: “turning the Euro-Mediterranean basin into : “turning the Euro-Mediterranean basin into an area of dialogue, exchange and co-operation an area of dialogue, exchange and co-operation guaranteeing peace, stability and prosperity” guaranteeing peace, stability and prosperity”

2004: European Neighbourhood Policy2004: European Neighbourhood Policy the EU’s main the EU’s main external priority: “We invite these neighbours, on the external priority: “We invite these neighbours, on the basis of a mutual commitment to common values, to basis of a mutual commitment to common values, to move beyond existing cooperation to deeper economic move beyond existing cooperation to deeper economic and political, cultural and security cooperation - and political, cultural and security cooperation - strengthening stability, security and well-being for all strengthening stability, security and well-being for all concerned. The new feature is that we go beyond concerned. The new feature is that we go beyond cooperation to include economic integration, for those cooperation to include economic integration, for those ready and able.ready and able.

It would be great if the Mediterranean It would be great if the Mediterranean could becould be

““an area of shared prosperity and conviviality an area of shared prosperity and conviviality between our peoples, cultures and between our peoples, cultures and civilizations; a zone of common values, where civilizations; a zone of common values, where we can disagree in a civilized way and listen we can disagree in a civilized way and listen to the Other with respect for the differences, to the Other with respect for the differences, images and stories of the Other”images and stories of the Other”

(Leónce Bekemans)(Leónce Bekemans)

ThereforeTherefore we needwe need “a new imaginative approach “a new imaginative approach

of cultural cooperation beyond existing of cultural cooperation beyond existing institutional cooperation (...). institutional cooperation (...). There is a There is a need for mobilising projects which reach need for mobilising projects which reach out to the people”.out to the people”.

(Léonce Bekemans)(Léonce Bekemans)

T H E E N DA presentation by:

Enrique Banús

Universidad de Navarra / Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (Spain)

ebanus@unav.es

© Enrique Banús 2008