EUROPEAN UNION

PREPARED BY

1. Sumit Kadam2. Sujeet Kothawale3. Manoj Jadhav

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EU

The European Union has gone through many incarnations since its origins

fifty-plus years ago.

WHAT IS THE EU?WHAT IS THE EU?

The European Union (EU) is a

27-member multi-national intergovernmentalintergovernmental and supranational organization aimed at the

promotionpromotion of economic and political integration on the European continent.

WHERE IS THE EU?WHERE IS THE EU?

WHO LIVES IN THE EU?WHO LIVES IN THE EU?

457 million citizens – expected to reach 470 457 million citizens – expected to reach 470 million by 2025million by 2025

Net population gain will be due primarily to Net population gain will be due primarily to migration, since total deaths will outnumber migration, since total deaths will outnumber total births after 2010total births after 2010

This gain will stop in 2025, however – This gain will stop in 2025, however – population estimates for 2050 are around population estimates for 2050 are around 450 million450 million

WHY DID THE EU FORM?WHY DID THE EU FORM?

War experience:

- 25 million people died in WWI and 40 million died in WWII

- nationalism (extreme patriotism) was perceived as the most deadly force in human history

- EU formed to prevent Germany from regaining military might as well as future Europe-wide conflicts

- put war-making industries (coal and iron) under supranational control (ECSC – 1951)

- constrain nationalism through web of political rules (EEC – 1957)

CONTD..

Cold WarCold War:: - end of Western European great powers, - end of Western European great powers,

imperial rivalries in Africa, South America, and imperial rivalries in Africa, South America, and AsiaAsia

- formed EU to unite against rising Soviet - formed EU to unite against rising Soviet threatthreat

- US was main catalyst of EU formation - US was main catalyst of EU formation because they wanted a strong Europe next to because they wanted a strong Europe next to the USSRthe USSR

Economic BenefitsEconomic Benefits:: a. Comparative advantagea. Comparative advantage b. Economies of scaleb. Economies of scale c. Bargaining powerc. Bargaining power

HOW DID THE EU FORM?HOW DID THE EU FORM?

● 1946: Winston Churchill calls for a “kind of United States of Europe” during a speech at Zurich University

● 1949: Formation of Council of Europe● 1950: Schuman Declaration● 1951: Formation of the European Coal and Steel

Community (ECSC) between Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, and West Germany through the signing of the Treaty of Paris

CONTD.. Early 1950sEarly 1950s - Two failed proposals: - Two failed proposals:

1) 1) European Defense CommunityEuropean Defense Community (EDC) – called (EDC) – called for creation of a common European army, with joint for creation of a common European army, with joint high command; designed to protect Europe against high command; designed to protect Europe against rising Soviet threat without allowing Germany too rising Soviet threat without allowing Germany too much military controlmuch military control

2) 2) European Political CommunityEuropean Political Community (EPC) – called for (EPC) – called for a federation of European states with a bicameral a federation of European states with a bicameral parliament, executive organ, and a European Courtparliament, executive organ, and a European Court

19541954: Both ideas were shelved after French : Both ideas were shelved after French assembly rejects EDC treaty because it did not assembly rejects EDC treaty because it did not want to cede French military control to a want to cede French military control to a supranational defense forcesupranational defense force

CONTD.. 19571957: Treaty of Rome signed, two new : Treaty of Rome signed, two new

communities:communities:1) 1) European Economic CommunityEuropean Economic Community (EEC) (EEC)

- purpose of the EEC was to establish a customs - purpose of the EEC was to establish a customs union among the six founding members, based on union among the six founding members, based on the "four freedoms": freedom of movement of the "four freedoms": freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and people goods, services, capital and people

2) 2) European Atomic Energy CommunityEuropean Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) (Euratom)

- created to pool the non-military nuclear resources - created to pool the non-military nuclear resources of states of states

19671967: EEC, Euratom, and ECSC merge into one : EEC, Euratom, and ECSC merge into one body, the European Community (EC)body, the European Community (EC)

EU ENLARGEMENTEU ENLARGEMENT

19731973: United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark: United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark 19811981: Greece: Greece 19861986: Spain, Portugal: Spain, Portugal 19951995: Sweden, Austria, Finland: Sweden, Austria, Finland 20042004: Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia, Hungary, Lithuania, : Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia, Hungary, Lithuania,

Slovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, Estonia, LatviaSlovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia 20072007: Bulgaria, Romania: Bulgaria, Romania

CandidatesCandidates: Croatia, Turkey, Former Yugoslav : Croatia, Turkey, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)

GOALS OF THE EC To continue to improve Europe’s economy by regulating trade and commerce. To form a single market for Europe's

economic resources.

As these goals were accomplished, other goals were developed:

Environmental movementsRegulatory actsHuman rights concerns.

THE EU IS RUN BY FIVE INSTITUTIONS, EACH PLAYING A SPECIFIC ROLE: European Parliament

elected by the peoples of the Member States

Council of the Union composed of the governments of the Member States

European Commission driving force and executive body

Court of Justice compliance with the law

Court of Auditors sound and lawful management of the EU budget

EU WORKING CONDITIONS

1. Working time Limited

2. Minimum daily rest period

3. Rest Break during working time

4. Minimum weekly rest period

5. Paid annual leave

6. Extra protection in case of night work

EU CONDITIONS FOR ENLARGEMENT

1. Submission of application

2. Application triggers a sequence of EU Evaluation procedures may or may not result in invitation

3. Form should be submitted to council

4. European commission provides formal opinion for acceptance of application

5. Once agrees, negotiations opened between the candidate and all the member states

EU TRADE CONDITIONS

Import Must be dumped Export price to EU is < its normal value

Injury Examination of the volume Examination of the prices of dumped imports

Casual Link Community Interest

Community interest must not be neglected WTO rules not necessary

EVALUATION IN EUROPEAN UNION

Evaluation in the Commission Regularly evaluates results & impacts of its policies &

initiatives, to improve decision making Evaluation is concerned with

Relevance: do the objectives correspond to the needs and problems?

Effectiveness: to what extent were the set objectives attained?

Efficiency/Cost-effectiveness: were the results achieved at a reasonable cost?

EVALUATION IN EUROPEAN UNION

Evaluation framework based on Financial Regulation

ex ante (before the event) and ex post (after the event)

Communication on Evaluation.Spending programmes and legislation to be

periodically evaluated

EVALUATION IN EUROPEAN UNION

Communication also includes a set of evaluation standards with requirements for Resources for and organisation of evaluation activities Planning evaluation activities Designing evaluations Conducting evaluations Disseminating and using evaluation results.

FORWARD EVALUATION PLANNING OF THE

COMMISSION SERVICES (ONGOING & PLANNED EVALUATION)

Agriculture and Rural Development Climate Action Commission's Administration Competition Communication Economic and Financial Affair Education and Culture Employment and Social Affairs Energy Enlargement Enterprise Environment Statistics Fight Against Fraud

Health and Consumer Protection Home Affairs Humanitarian Aid Information Society and Media Internal Market Language Services Justice Research Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Mobility & Transport Regional Policy Taxation and Customs Union Trade

EU PROBLEMS

Policy Implementation Language Attitudes Language & Education Development of separate written forms or

orthography Development of literacy programs Declining linguistic groups Penetration of English into the local &

International linguistic practice Issues of community languages

CONTD..

Labour market deregulation and europes employment problems

European Joblessness Far from uniformity Least qualified people/population

The impact on unemployment of labour market regulations

Workers are most likely to be affected by disincentive effects from high replacement

CONTD..

Wage inequality and employment performance Least qualified can only found the job if they

accept declines in their relative pay The presumed trade off (countries where

wage inequality has risen most should have shown the least decline in job opportunities for the least qualified)

Labour market deregulation & Structural unemployment