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European Trade Union Organisations

Inventoryof the Archive of Social Democracyand the Libraryof the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

Published on behalf of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung by:Uwe Optenhögel, Michael Schneider, Rüdiger Zimmermann

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Publisher: Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungDivision for International Development CooperationGlobal Trade Union Program,International Dialogue Unit

Godesberger Allee 149, D-53175 Bonn

© Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

Texts: Christine Bobzien, Willy Buschak, Christina Cron, Ralf Gräf,Rainer Gries, Sabina Huppertz, Michael Oberstadt,Hans-Holger Paul, Martin Raabe, Mike Zuchet

Editing: Rainer Gries, Michael Oberstadt, Hans-Holger Paul

Translation: Bianca Schulz

Fotos: Archive of Social DemocracyIn some cases it was not possible to establish definitiveowners or heirs. In such instances, please contact thepublisher with any claims.

Layout: Pellens Kommunikationsdesign GmbH, Bonn

Print: Toennes Satz + Druck, Erkrath

Printed in Germany 2003

ISBN 3-89892-167-0

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Foreword 5Ernst Breit

Introduction by the publishers 7

The European Trade Union Confederation and the Europeanindustry federationsWilly Buschak 9

Archive of Social Democracy (AdsD) of the Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungChristine Bobzien, Christina Cron, Ralf Gräf, Sabina Huppertz,Michael Oberstadt, Hans-Holger Paul, Martin Raabe, Mike Zuchet

Profile of the Archive of Social Democracy (AdsD) of theFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 19

European Trade Union Organisations Archives within the AdsD 21

Stocks of the European Trade Union Organisations in theArchive of Social Democracy of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 22

Stock Description 26

Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungRainer Gries

Profile of the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 40

Stocks of the European Trade Union Organisations in theLibrary of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 42

Stock Description 45

Stocks of various European trade unions in theLibrary of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 60

Appendix

Selected Bibliography 63Willy Buschak

List of Abbreviations 65

Contents

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Foreword

In July 1999 the Executive Committee of theEuropean Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)adopted a resolution which contained the fol-lowing pertinent observations:

“1. Europe is becoming more and more ofan integrated economic area in which thousandsof companies carry out their activities acrosstraditional borders.

This reality calls for the Europeanisation oftrade unions and for a further increase in theircapacity to act at European level through theEuropean Trade Union Confederation and theEuropean Industry Federations.

2. It demands, too, the development of cross-border solidarity in order that the rights ofworkers on professional placements may beguaranteed and defended irrespective of theirnational trade union affiliation. ...”

In times of economic and social upheavalssuch as they affect Europe today, the tradeunions continue to exercise an important func-tion at national and European level as the re-presentatives of working men and women.

The socio-political transformations in theCentral and Eastern European countries, andthe collapse of their former political systems,have brought freedom of personal expressionand economic activity. But debates about theadmission of Central and Eastern Europeanneighbours to the European Union (EU) haveprovoked many questions and anxieties, in theEU itself as well as in candidate states.

Europe-wide union federations, especiallythe ETUC, and also national trade unions movedquickly and decisively to involve themselves inthis process, as they have a special and im-portant role to play during such political andeconomic transformations.

The documents and publications in our Ar-chive and in our Library bear testimony to this,providing a broad view of specific dimensions

to these developments which relate to tradeunion policy and European policy.

In the light of current discussions of EU en-largement, these collections will meet with grow-ing public interest in Europe.

I therefore welcome the fact that this publi-cation will familiarise an even broader inform-ed public with the comprehensive collectionsof European trade union documents and publi-cations held by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.

Thanks to the very close cooperation be-tween the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and the Eu-ropean trade union organisations, as well asunions in many European countries, the Archiveand Library will be able to make their large anddiverse stock of documents and publicationsabout the European trade union movementavailable to a wide audience on this continent.

The opening of frontiers in Europe has creat-ed new prospects for people in every part ofEurope. Its long-lasting division into blocs,coupled with the lack of freedom of movementand information for people in Central and Eas-tern Europe, engendered images of the “other”side of Europe that were frequently at oddswith reality. We wish in particular, therefore,to offer this substantial archive and librarymaterial to our neighbours in Central and Eas-tern Europe as a source of information – forscholarly work, media research or simply aspersonal input covering an important sectionof the European trade union movement.

The Board of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftungwishes to thank Dr. Willy Buschak of the ETUCand every member of the foundation staff whocontributed to this project.

Ernst BreitDeputy Chairman

of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

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Faced with globalisation on the one hand and advancing European integrationon the other, it is almost a platitude to point out that trade unions are challenged,if not compelled, to cooperate with increasing political and organisational speedacross national borders. Clearly, in parallel to these processes, internationaland European associations of trade unions are increasingly attracting academicattention.

For research in history or political science – indeed, the social sciences ingeneral – to be at all feasible, the materials – archives and publications alike –generated by international and European trade union organisations must bepreserved and made accessible to scholars. Both the Archive of Social Democracyand the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung have eagerly accepted this taskin recent years.

However, it is not enough to collect materials and place them in a format forresearch. Researchers also need to know what materials are, in fact, availableto them. For this reason we decided – shortly after the publication outlining thematerial from international trade union organisations – to produce a brochureas quickly as possible about collections from European trade union associations.Once again, the Archive of Social Democracy and the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung have compiled a joint index, which, with the help of the Divisionfor International Development Cooperation/Global Trade Union Program andthe International Dialogue Unit, we herewith consign to an interested public.

The publishers wish to thank all the staff who have contributed to this indexand, in addition, our colleagues in the European trade union organisations whofacilitate the continuation of our collections by means of their cooperation andthe provision of documents and publications.

Introduction by the publishers

Bonn, January 2003

Uwe Optenhögel Michael Schneider Rüdiger Zimmermann

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Europe, wrote Edo Fimmen, General Secre-tary of the International Transport Workers’Federation, in 1924, must not be allowed tobecome “a great enterprise for the exploitationof all means of production, living or dead”. Theaim was not Europe Inc., but rather a UnitedStates of Europe.1 The unions should “seriouslyaddress the problem of building a United Statesof Europe”, the Hamburg Congress of the ITFdemanded that same year.2 In 1926 WladimirWoytinski published his own book on the “Ver-einigten Staaten von Europa”, in which he arguedfor a European customs union, a common eco-nomic and social policy, a common currency andnot least a common government for Europe.3

When the European Economic Community(EEC) was founded in 1958, there was no res-ponse from the unions until the European TradeUnion Confederation (ETUC) was finally found-ed 15 years later. Despite all the ideas deve-loped between the Wars, there was no commonvoice of the European trade union movementwhen European unification got under way.There was not even a common position on theEEC itself. Supporters and opponents of theEuropean Community remained at loggerheadslong after its foundation. The simple, compel-lingly obvious step of responding to the foun-dation of a supra-national institution like theEuropean Economic Community with an equal-ly supra-national trade union structure was nottaken, neither by unions within the predomi-nantly socialist ICFTU, nor the Christian mem-ber unions of the IFCTU. Instead, at times therewere up to five different organisations formu-lating European policies in parallel.

Precursors of the ETUC

The oldest, having been founded in 1950,was the European Regional Organisation (ERO)of the ICFTU, with 20 member organisationsfrom 18 European states (plus Saarland andTriest) and headquarters in Brussels. Its generalsecretary, until his death in 1966, was the for-mer general secretary of the IFTU, Walter Sche-venels. The ERO concentrated on drawing upproposals for rebuilding Europe and designed,amongst other things, a public housing pro-gramme. The pro-European unions could notagree whether the decisive initiative for unifyingthe continent would come from the Council ofEurope or the Schuman-Plan, which laid thefoundation for the European Coal and SteelCommunity (ECSC). After the publication of theSchuman-Plan, the ICFTU organised the Ruhr-Konferenz from 22 to 23 May 1950, which re-solved to form a European regional organisa-tion of unions from the Schuman-Plan nations.In 1952, within the ECSC context, this becamea shared advisory body for national trade unionfederations and metalworkers’ and miners’unions from Germany, France, the Beneluxcountries and Italy, and it was called the 21erAusschuss [21 Committee] after the number ofmembers. The actual initiative for its formationcame from the metalworkers’ and miners’unions, the ICFTU granting reluctant consent.The task of the 21er Ausschuss was to representunion interests in the ECSC, and it maintaineda contact office in Luxemburg (one general se-cretary plus a staff of two). After the TUC openedits own office in Luxemburg at short notice, it

The European Trade Union Confederation and the

European industry federations

Willy Buschak

1 Edo Fimmen: Die Vereinigten Staaten Europas. Jena 1924, p. 124.2 Hamburger Echo, 8 July 1924.3 Wladimir Woytinski: Die Vereinigten Staaten von Europa. Berlin 1926.

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was accepted as an observer by the 21er Aus-schuss, whose relations with the ERO remainedfrosty. The ERO’s role in developing trade unionstructures within the framework of Europeanunification was not particularly important. Butneither could the 21er Ausschuss bring muchinfluence to bear on the ECSC, because its mem-bers’ opinions diverged too widely. After theEEC was founded, the 21er Ausschuss becamethe Verbindungsbüro Montan [Coal and SteelLiaison Office], which was absorbed into theEMF in 1994.

After the Treaty of Rome was ratified andthe EEC founded, ICFTU affiliates from the sixEEC member states (DGB, FGTB, NVV, CISL,UIL, CGT-L, CGT-FO) convened in Düsseldorf on16-17 January 1958 to form the European TradeUnion Secretariat (ETUS) as an independent bo-dy. The ETUS consisted of representatives fromeach national organisation, the 21 Committee,the ERO and observers from the InternationalTrade Secretariats. The secretariat’s task wasto represent labour interests in negotiationswith the EEC, Euratom and the ECSC. In April1969 the secretariat adopted a new organisatio-nal structure and changed its name to EuropeanConfederation of Free Trade Unions (ETUC), butin practice it remained no more than a secre-tariat. The European Regional Organisation ofthe ICFTU was disbanded the same year.

Parallel to the ETUS, the ICFTU unions inthe European Free Trade Area (EFTA) foundeda committee in 1960 and a small secretariat tocoordinate their activities in 1968. This createdan EFTA trade union federation, but its res-ponsibilities were expressly limited to the EFTAstates. A liaison committee was set up with theEuropean Confederation of Free Trade Unionsand disbanded again in March 1973, after theETUC’s foundation.

The International Federation of ChristianTrade Unions (IFCTU) first set up a liaison officein Luxemburg in 1951, and took another majorstep towards a supra-national European tradeunion organisation four years later with thefoundation of the Federation of Christian TradeUnions in the ECSC. In 1958 this became the

European Organisation of the IFCTU based inBrussels. Sectoral federations began to join in1961. From 1969, when the IFCTU was renam-ed World Confederation of Labour, its Europeanstructure became the World Confederation ofLabour – European Organisation.

Some member federations (CGT, CGIL, DutchEVC, Luxemburg’s FLA) of the communist WordFederation of Trade Unions (WFTU) set up aCommon Market action committee in 1958, butit was ultimately irrelevant and unable to over-come divisions between Europeans and anti-Europeans. The Italian CGIL formed its ownoffice in Brussels in 1963 and then, two yearslater, set up a joint liaison office with the CGT.The WFTU action committee was disbanded in1966.

The foundation of the EEC was the firstevent to initiate the creation of supra-nationalstructures within the European trade unionmovement. However, these structures were stillextremely weak and overlapped one another.Once again, the impetus for further harmoni-sation came from outside. The 1969 EuropeanSummit in The Hague proclaimed the leap froma customs union to economic and currencyunion, and developed extensive plans to inte-grate Europe politically. Membership negotia-tions with the United Kingdom, Ireland andDenmark were about to begin.

The European Trade Union Confederation

After hefty debates between the ICFTU affi-liates in EEC and EFTA states about whetherto opt for a narrower or broader European struc-ture (limited to the EEC or extended to the wholeof Europe) – with the DGB (German Trade UnionFederation) supporting the narrow option andthe TUC and Danish unions the broad one – adecision was finally reached in favour of thelarger scale. The European Trade Union Confe-deration was founded in 1973 (Foundation Con-gress: 8-9 February 1973 in Brussels), embrac-ing 17 trade unions from 15 West Europeanstates. Since its inception, the ETUC has beenan autonomous organisation and not a regional

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Emblem of the European Trade Union Confederation

grouping of the ICFTU. The ETUC’s constitutionidentifies its aims as representing and pro-moting the economic, social and cultural rightsof labour at a European level and strengtheningdemocracy in Europe. In 1974 the ETUC wasenlarged by 12 Christian trade union federa-tions, and after their admission to the ETUCthe World Confederation of Labour – EuropeanOrganisation was disbanded. In 1975 the CGILjoined the ETUC, which thereby acquired anindependent character transcending the poli-tical blocs within the labour movement. How-ever, the admission of the communist CCOO fromSpain took significantly longer. In 1980 it faileddue to resistance by the DGB and did not takeplace until 1990, this time with DGB support.In the nineties the ETUC significantly expandedits organisational base, with the Portuguese In-tersindical joining after the Brussels Congressin 1995 and the French CGT after the HelsinkiCongress in 1999. Equally important was thefact that the ETUC cautiously but decisivelyopened its ranks to trade unions from Centraland Eastern Europe after 1989, years ahead ofEU enlargement. Today, all representative tradeunion organisations in Europe are affiliates.Belgium’s liberal trade union federation, theCGSLB, was admitted in November 2002, andit is only a matter of time before the Polish OPZZfollows suit.

In terms of organisational structure, from thevery beginning the ETUC was more than just aunion secretariat. It consists of Congress, anExecutive Committee elected by Congress, anadministrative-cum-financial committee (latercalled the Steering Committee) and a Secreta-riat. Any self-administered union which is in-dependent of parties and governments can jointhe ETUC. Membership of an international fe-deration must not contradict the principles offree and independent trade union policies. Fe-derations in competition with each other atnational level will be admitted on condition thatboth sides are willing to cooperate on a Euro-pean level.

In reality, for a long time the ETUC was nota real federation, but rather a cross between a

letterbox and an information point. It had noreal responsibilities of its own, nor was it in-tended to. Trade union political models remain-ed firmly linked to the nation-state. The ETUC’smember organisations were content with theirinformation centre in Brussels. In any case,European integration was proceeding at snail’space. It is no surprise that the ETUC did notstep out of its shadowy background existence.

The great awakening came in 1985 with theproclamation of the Single European Act, whichmade completion of the Single Market a legalobligation and carried with it a firm commit-ment to fulfil this aim by 1992. The CecchiniReport on the effects of the Single Market wasbrought to the public’s attention with great fan-fares. It ignited debates about business loca-tion factors in all member states and causeduproar. Everyone was aware of the predictionsby Jacques Delors, President of the EuropeanCommission, that by the mid-nineties 80% ofall regulations affecting the economic and social

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lives of EC citizens would be decided in Brus-sels. The shock of the deregulation offensiveannounced in conjunction with the Single Mar-ket dealt a harsh blow to ETUC member organi-sations and led to a search for common positionstowards a hitherto only vaguely articulated “so-cial Europe”. At the 1991 Luxemburg congressof the ETUC, far-reaching structural reformswere implemented, notably those admitting theEuropean industry federations as full ETUCmembers. Politically, the ETUC made significantgains in the nineties, successfully fighting forDirectives on important labour rights, such asthe European Works Council Directive in 1994and the Council Directive supplementing theStatue for a European Company with regardto the involvement of employees in 2001. TheSocial Policy Agreement negotiated with theEuropean employer federations UNICE andCEEP in 1991 became a blueprint for the SocialChapter of the Maastricht Treaty. Social dialoguebetween management and labour took a quan-tum leap from arbitrary declarations to legallybinding framework agreements, most recently,in 2002, on tele-working. Moreover, a series ofimpressive demonstrations at European Sum-mits, the largest with 100.000 participants inDecember 2001, has provided evidence of theETUC’s potential to mobilise.

The ETUC has created a structure for cross-border cooperation in the form of the Interre-gional Trade Union Councils (ITUCs). The firstwas formed in 1976 in the Saarland-Lorraine-Luxemburg region, and there are now 39 ofthese councils. A women’s committee and a youthgroup have existed since the ETUC’s inception;a coordination committee for retired workerswas formed in 1988 and renamed the Euro-pean Federation of Retired and Elderly Persons(EFREP) in 1993. The European Trade UnionInstitute (ETUI), founded in 1978, supplies theETUC with research on matters such as theEuropeanisation of industrial relations andemployment policy; the European Trade UnionTechnical Bureau for Health and Safety (TUTB)set up in 1989 supports the ETUC with exper-tise in all areas of standardisation and indus-trial safety, and finally the European Trade Union

College (ETUCO) was created in 1990 as aneducational and training establishment.

The origins of the European industryfederations

In the fifties, the International Trade Secre-tariats expressed little sympathy for the ap-proaching process of European unification. TheIMF refused to coordinate trade union activitieswithin the ECSC. Similarly, the InternationalUnion of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant,Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associa-tions (IUF) saw no grounds for a special struc-ture to coordinate trade union activity in theEEC. The momentum to set up regional organi-sations by industrial sector came from the ETUSrather than the ITS community. Only one Euro-pean sectoral organisation came into existencebefore the ETUS: the Europäische Union derFilm- und Fernsehschaffenden [European Unionof Film and Television Workers] was foundedin 1953, and by 1961 it had 13 member organi-sations with 14,990 members in 12 Europeancountries. The other regional industry organisa-tions in Europe, most of which initially lackedeven a Brussels secretariat, were only formedin the wake of the EEC’s foundation, and onlyin those sectors for which the EEC had a Com-mon Market structure: agriculture, food andsteel. The European Federation of AgriculturalWorkers’ Unions (EFA), the GewerkschaftlicheVerkehrsausschuss [Committee of TransportWorkers’ Unions] and Gemeinschaftlicher Eu-ropäischer Ausschuss für die Bau- und Holzsek-toren [Joint European Committee of Buildingand Wood Industries] were founded in 1958.The steel industry actually delayed creating aregional federation until five years after the EECwas born, because the 21er Ausschuss thatlater became the Verbindungsbüro Montan al-ready provided a workable reference. The Eu-ropean Advisory Committee of the Communi-cations International was founded in 1965, and3 years later this became a committee for PTTIaffiliates in the European Community. The nextspate of foundations took place in the seventies,triggered by the creation of the ETUC: the Eu-

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ropean Regional Organisation of the Interna-tional Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Pro-fessional and Technical Employees (EURO-FIET)was formed in 1972, the Europäischer Gewerk-schaftsausschuss für Bildung und Wissenschaft[European Trade Union Committee for Educa-tion] and the Comité Européen du SecrétariatInternationale des Syndicats du Spectaclefollowed in 1975. Some existing industry fede-rations altered their structure under ETUCinfluence. The “latecomers” are the EuropeanFederation of Journalists (EFJ) founded in 1985,the European Graphical Federation (EGF), andthe Miners’ European Federation (MEF) found-ed in October 1991.

Among the first to react to the birth of theEEC were the chemical sector unions: on 24June 1958 the member unions of the Internatio-nal Federation of Industrial Organisations andGeneral Workers’ Unions in the 6 EEC MemberStates joined together to create a EuropäischerKoordinationsausschuss von Chemie- und Fa-brikarbeitergewerkschaften in der Europäi-schen Gemeinschaft [European CoordinationCommittee of Chemical and General Workers’Unions in the European Community]. However,a Brussels secretariat was not opened until 30years later. Between 1961 and 1988 the secre-tariat of the coordination committee was runby the administrative headquarters of Germany’ssectoral trade union, IG Chemie, Papier, Kera-mik (Chemicals, Paper and Ceremics Workers’Union), in Hanover. In the eighties the Europeancoordination committee represented 19 tradeunions from all nine Common Market stateswith a total of 1.4 million members, but all ofthem were within the ICFTU constituency. Des-pite ETUC enlargement, the Christian unionswere absent from this structure for a long time.

Nine building and woodworker unions fromthe six EC Member States founded a Gemein-schaftlichen Europäischen Ausschuss für dieBau- und Holzsektoren in 1958, with headquartersin Amsterdam which moved to Frankfurt in1964 and finally relocated to Brussels in August1968. The creation of an independent EuropeanFederation of Building and Woodworkers in theCommunity (EFBWW) was not undertaken until

1974. This European federation, although inde-pendent of the International Federation of Build-ing and Woodworkers (IFBWW), confined itselfto providing information until, after a debateabout reforms, it was granted the option of co-ordinating trade union activity in Europe in1979. Simultaneously, a permanent secretariatwas set up in Brussels, although a full-timegeneral secretary was not installed until 1988.The European Federation of Building and Wood-workers (EFBWW) was admitted to the ETUCin 1983.

The Gewerkschaftlicher Verkehrsausschussin der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (GVEG) wasfounded in 1958 by ITF member organisationsin the EEC, without the support and against theexpress will of the ITF. It remained caught inthis dual role, being both an organ for represent-ing ITF policy within the EEC and an auto-nomous body with its own structures, until afterthe first round of Common Market enlargementin the seventies and the foundation of the ETUC.The GVEG was constituted as an independentorganisation, and the ITF’s 20% contribution toits budget abandoned. The competences of thetwo organisations were separated but theirpersonnel was interlinked. The ITF general se-cretary was simultaneously the vice-presidentof the GVEG, and their secretariats were re-presented at each other’s general assembly andcoordination committee. After these structuralreforms, the committee was also officiallyacknowledged by the ETUC. Its membershipand activity base thereby expanded, and in1996 this resulted in the formation of the Fe-deration of Transport Workers’ Unions in theEuropean Union (FST), which held its first con-gress in Luxemburg on 10-11 November 1997.The organisation was divided into seven sec-tions (in line with the major fields of trans-portation). Its statutes were altered to allow thegeneral secretary to represent the FST in nego-tiations with the EU. The congress called for aworking group to demarcate its responsibilitiesfrom those of the ITF, which still maintained aEuropean section. Few trade unions from Cen-tral and Eastern Europe were present at theinauguration congress and none of them was

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a member of the FST, which three years laterbecame the European Transport Workers’ Fe-deration (ETF) when, at its foundation congressin Brussels on 14-15 June 1999, the FST mergedwith European ITF affiliates. With headquartersin Brussels, the ETF now organises 3 millionworkers in 34 European countries.

European trade union work in the food,drinks and tobacco industry and the hotelsector was obstructed for many years becausetwo organisations with more or less identicaltasks and a largely similar membership existedside by side: the European Trade Union Com-mittee of Food and Allied Workers in the Com-munity (ETUCF), founded in 1959, and theEURO-IUF. The ETUCF levied its own member-ship fees and saw itself as a regional organisa-tion within the ICFTU. The autonomy of theETUCF was justified by the peculiar structureof the EEC, argued Herbert Stadelmeier, leaderof the German NGG (Food, Bewerages and Ca-tering Workers’ Union), at the IUF congress inGeneva 1973. These tasks could be performedby an IUF regional organisation, came the re-ply.4 In 1975 the IUF created its own regionalorganisation (foundation conference of theEURO-IUF: 31 January-1 February 1975). TheETUCF and the EURO-IUF both applied forETUC recognition, but both requests were re-fused. Cooperation between the two bodies be-gan to materialise in 1976, and was formalisedin 1979: the EURO-IUF was to be responsiblefor multinational corporations, the ETUCF forEEC relations. But in practice both dealt withthe same problems, in separate meetings, withalmost the same people present, but withoutcoordination and not always reaching the sameconclusions. This division of labour becameutterly obsolete when the European Communitybegan drawing up legislative proposals for em-ployees’ information and consulting rights inmultinational corporations. The NGG then sug-gested combining these two European struc-tures, although this did not actually happen un-til 1983. The new European Federation of Food,

Catering and Allied Workers’ Unions within theIUF (ECF-IUF) was founded as an IUF regionalorganisation with more autonomy than usual,and it automatically included all unions that hadbeen members of either the ETUCF or EURO-IUF at the time of its inception. This dichotomy– autonomous organisation within the EuropeanCommunity on the one hand, regional organisa-tion of an ITS on the other, remained unre-solved when the ECF-IUF merged with the Eu-ropean Federation of Agricultural Workers’Unions (EFA) in 2000 to form the EuropeanFederation of Food, Agriculture and TourismTrade Unions (EFFAT). The statutes describeEFFAT as both an autonomous European tradeunion federation and a regional organisationof the IUF.

In 1963 the European Metal Committee wasfounded by seven metalworkers’ unions in theEEC (all members of the ICFTU), initially as aninformal grouping without a structure or pro-gramme. In 1968 the metalworkers in the CFDTjoined this Metal Committee, which became theEuropean Metalworkers’ Federation (EMF) in1971. In the early 1980s the EMF had 29 affi-liates in 12 countries and a total of 6 millionmembers. The EMF considers its primary pur-pose to be coordinating its affiliates’ policieson wages and working hours, supporting aEuropean industrial policy that balances com-petition against jobs and pursuing the socialdialogue between management and labour inthe European shipbuilding, metalworking andautomobile industries. The secretariat is res-ponsible for three standing committees: col-lective bargaining, European works councils,and industrial policy. Within the field of indus-trial policy there are working groups on theautomobile industry, steel, shipbuilding, the de-fence industry, aerospace, and the informationand communication technologies.

The European Federation of Public ServiceUnions (EPSU) was founded in 1978. It is res-ponsible for a multitude of different economicand professional activities in the public sector.

4 IUF: 17th Congress, Genève 23/1-1/2/1973. Documents and Minutes. Genève, undated, p. 8f.

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It sees its task in improving understanding ofthe role of the public sector within the processof European integration, as well as the develop-ment of suitable structures for industrial re-lations with public sector employers. A commit-tee for social dialogue in the electricity industrywas formed with management represented bythe employers’ organisation of the electricityindustry. There are similar initiatives for socialdialogue with employers’ federations in thehealth sector. Four standing committees ad-dress vocational and professional developmentin national and European administration, localadministration, health and social services, andpublic utilities.

EURO-FIET was founded in 1972 as the Eu-ropean regional organisation of the internatio-nal white-collar federation FIET. It was the onlyFIET regional organisation to levy its own fees,but still received subsidies from its internationalparent body. EURO-FIET and its successor UNI-Europa are less independent of FIET and theinternational trade secretariat UNI than theirEuropean counterparts in other structures. In1975 EURO-FIET received early ETUC recogni-tion as an industry federation.

The European regional organisation of thetextile, garment and leather unions was createdin 1975 from an information and researchoffice established in 1963 to assist the textileand garment sector unions in preparing for acommon European market. As this regional or-ganisation refused to admit the Italian sectorunion FILTEA, a member of the CGIL, until 1987,it was not recognised by the ETUC until 1988.Its first congress took place in 1993, when theEuropean Trade Union Federation for Textiles,Clothing and Leather (ETUF-TCL) was founded.The second congress in Porto in 1997 complet-ed its transformation into a European industrialfederation, and the executive committee wasgranted the mandate to coordinate negotia-tions with employers. Social dialogue betweenmanagement and labour in this sector focuseson specific themes, notably the recognition ofinternational social standards by transnationalcorporations and the social dimension of globa-lisation.

The European Trade Union Committee forEducation (ETUCE) was formed in 1975 fromICFTU and WCL affiliates along with some or-ganisations that belonged to none of the (fourexisting) Internationals. The ETUC hesitatedbefore recognising the committee. In terms ofstructure, this industrial federation was unique:it had no staff in Brussels, such tasks beingperformed by the ITS, ICFTU and WCL secreta-riats. Administrative matters were dealt withby representatives of the International TradeSecretariats, while the European affiliates them-selves had no influence. Mobility for academicstaff, the vital link between the compulsoryeducation system and vocational training, andthe role of education within the developmentof a European identity were the committee’skey political themes. Following the merger be-tween two international federations of teachers’unions, the committee altered its structure,adopting a new statute in 1993 which finallyallowed affiliates to elect representatives direct-ly to the executive committee and created thepost of full-time general secretary.

The smallest European industry federationand the last to be founded was the EuropäischeGewerkschaftsbund der Diamant- und Edel-steinarbeiter [European Alliance of DiamantWorkers]. It was established and admitted tothe ETUC in 1995, but has since ceased all ac-tivities.

In 1993 the Council of European professio-nal and managerial staff (EUROCADRES) wasfounded, with a secretariat initially providedby EURO-FIET. Since 2001 EUROCADRES hashad its own secretariat on ETUC premises.Formally EUROCADRES is not an independentEuropean industry federation, but de facto thecouncil is increasingly growing into this role.It represents almost 5 million employees inmanagerial positions.

Structure and policy of the Europeanindustry federations

The structure of most European industry (i.e.sectoral) federations is similar to that of theETUC. There is a congress which assembles

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every four years, an executive committee thatmeets at least twice a year, a steering committeeto prepare the executive committee’s meetings,a secretariat and a number of standing commit-tees and ad hoc working groups. Instead of anexecutive committee, the European Mine, Che-mical and Energy Workers’ Federation (EMCEF)has an annual general assembly. Each organi-sation is headed by a president (as well as vice-presidents from affiliates of various sizes), ageneral secretary and a deputy general secre-tary, all of whom are elected by congress. MostEuropean industry federations have consider-ably enlarged their secretariats over time. TheEMCEF secretariat, for example, now has a staffof nine.

Enhancing social dialogue between manage-ment and labour in their respective sectors isthe key pursuit of all European industry federa-tions. At the level of the umbrella organisation,the ETUC, dialogue began in 1985 based onsimple meetings with employers’ federations

and has since led to four European frameworkagreements. The industry federations, by con-trast, are only just setting off down this road.Granted, in 1998 there were nine committeeswith equal management and labour represen-tation in, for example, the transport and tele-communication sectors, and a further nine in-formal working groups, not to mention eightrounds of informal discussions between unionsand employers to address economic and socialproblems in their respective sectors. But out ofalmost 100 joint statements, not one is binding.On 20 May 1998 the European Commission de-cided to dissolve the former Branch Committeeson the Social Dialog and – due entirely to jointrequests from the unions and employers – createnew branch committees instead. This has nowbeen implemented in 14 cases. So far only twoagreements have been reached: one betweenthe ETF and the shipowners federation cover-ing working hours, and another between theEFA and the European agricultural employers’organisation, the Comité Professionel Agricole(COPA), limiting annual working hours to 1,800.

All European industrial federations considerco-ordinating the European works councils(there are already more than 700) and develop-ing working relations at European level a keyaim. Most have followed the example of theEMF and its Task Force on European WorksCouncils, setting up bodies to coordinate theirwork with and for European Works Councilsmore effectively and appointing coordinatorsto support European Works Councils in keymultinational corporations. However, most in-dustrial federations do not have enough staffto support all European Works Councils effectiv-ely. This dilemma will be exacerbated by rene-gotiations on workers’ participation rights inEuropean Companies, in existence since 1994.

Only four out of fourteen European indus-trial federations currently have a committee tocoordinate collective bargaining negotiations.Except for the EMF, which has had such acommittee since its inception, they were notset up by other federations until the nineties:1995 (EGF), 1996 (EMCEF), 1997 (ETUF-TCL).The EPSU and EFBWW have working groups

Broschure of the ETUC, Brussels (1984), author WillyBuschak

17

to discuss and exchange information. Coordi-nating collective bargaining negotiations is nowa key issue in the EFBWW action programmefor 2001-2003. The ECF-IUF and EURO-FIEThave held European conferences on the matterof coordinating collective bargaining negotia-tions, an indication that they are aware of theimportance of the subject, but this does notmean that anything is actually being done inpractice. At its third conference on collectivebargaining policy on 9-12 December 1998 inFrankfurt, the EMF passed a resolution recom-mending a “formula” for coordinating policy:inflation should be compensated and workerspaid an appropriate share for productivitygains. The resolution passed by the EMF con-gress the year after provided orientation thatother industry federations are attempting tofollow. The information network on collectivebargaining disseminates an annual report ofnegotiated outcomes in the metalworking sec-tor. In 1998 the ETUF-TCL adopted a protocolon working hours that committed all affiliatesto introducing a 35-hour week or equivalentthroughout the sector. A year later, a frameworkwas defined for wage demands: wages must risefaster than inflation and ensure that workers arepaid a fair share of profits from increased pro-ductivity. The Toledo congress in 2001 called forEurope-wide negotiations with employers onreducing and restructuring hours of work.

Mergers between industry federations

The nineties witnessed mergers of variousEuropean industry federations from closelyrelated sectors. The ECF-IUF and EFA took thebasic decision to amalgamate in 1993, and thisintention was confirmed by later congressesuntil the process was initiated in practice in1998. The new organisation was finally con-ceived in the form of EFFAT at the Luxemburgcongress on 11-12 December 2000. The im-petus for this merger was a desire to unite alltrade unions concerned with food, from grow-ing it to eating it, in a single European structure.In this case, the European federation has no

equivalent at national levels: in Germany, forexample, farm workers belong to IG-BAU (Build-ing, Agriculture and the Environment Workers’Union), while food workers remain membersof the sector’s NGG. Merger processes oftenfollow one pattern at national level and anotherat European level: Germany’s IG BAU is affiliat-ed to two different European industry federa-tions, EFFAT and the EFBWW, while IG Metall(Metal Workers’ Union) actually belongs tothree federations: the EMF, EFBWW and ETUF-TCL.

The European Federation of Chemical andGeneral Workers’ Unions (EFCGU) and the Mi-ners’ European Federation (MEF) united in1996 to form EMCEF. When the fusion betweenFIET, Communications International, the Inter-national Graphical Federation and the Mediaand Entertainment International (MEI) wassealed on 1 January 2000, giving rise to UnionNetwork International (UNI), their respectiveEuropean regional structures also joined forces.The new organisation was named UNI-Europa.Like EURO-FIET and FIET before them, UNI-Europa and UNI continue to be linked by a com-mon secretariat, and the UNI-Europa secreta-riat in Brussels is headed by a director, not ageneral secretary like other industry federa-tions. Furthermore EURO-MEI has joined withtwo other international organisations, the In-ternational Federation of Actors (FIA) and theInternational Federation of Musician (FIM) tofound a European federation: the European Artsand Entertainment Alliance (EEA), its aim beingto coordinate wage negotiations for workers inthe arts in Europe.

UNI-EUROPA – Demonstration in Frankfurt/M. 2001

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Relations between European industryfederations and the ETUC

When the European Confederation of FreeTrade Unions (ECFTU) was founded in 1969, theEuropean sectoral committees acquired anadvisory voice within its organs. When the ETUCwas founded, the matter of relations betweenEuropean trade unions and the ETUC neededto be redefined. In June 1973 the ETUC’s exe-cutive committee defined the conditions underwhich these sectoral committees would be offi-cially recognised by the ETUC. They had to or-ganise throughout the European Community,they had to be open to all unions in their in-dustrial sector that were members of an um-brella organisation affiliated to the ETUC, andthey had to be independent bodies with a num-ber of permanent structures.

The first of these industry federations to berecognised by the ETUC were: the EMF, EFA,EURO-FIET, Europäischer Gewerkschaftsaus-schuss Kunst und Unterhaltung [European tradeunion committee of art and entertainment], theMontan-Ausschuss and the PTTI’s European

committee. By the end of the seventies thesehad been joined by the GVEG in the EC, EPSUand ETUCF/ECF-IUF. In 1983 the EFBWW fol-lowed, then in 1988 the ETUF-TCL and EFCGU.Conflicts have repeatedly taken place betweenthe ETUC and some of its industry federationson the matter of membership – according to theETUC statutes, all European industry federa-tions must accept any union that is a memberof an ETUC affiliate. However, this rule has notalways been respected in practice.

The Luxemburg congress in May 1991 de-cided that the European industry federationsshould be full members of the ETUC, with aseat and a vote in all its organs, from congressvia the executive and steering committees tothe various working groups and negotiating de-legations. They were excluded only from finan-cial decisions, as they did not pay any fees tothe ETUC. Another decision was taken at Lu-xemburg to restructure the ETUC and it nowrests on two pillars, the national affiliates andthe European industry federations. With that,an idea first expressed by Edo Fimmen in thetwenties finally came to fruition.

European industry federations

Affiliated Countries Membersorganisations (in millions)

EMF 60 26 6,0

EPSU 191 32 7,8

EMCEF 119 33 2,4

UNI-Europa 282 33 6,0

EFFAT 120 35 1,8

ETF 199 34 2,4

EFBWW 49 17 2,3

EFJ 56 32 0,3

ETUF-TCL 1,1

ETUCE 81 19 2,1

EEA 0,3

Status: 2002Members within the territory covered by ETUC organisation

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Profile of the Archive of Social Democracy (AdsD)

of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

The Archive of Social Democracy (AdsD) inthe Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung opened in June1969. They follow in the long tradition of theformer SPD party archives, with roots in the19th-century dawn of German social democra-cy.

Today the AdsD are one of the leading insti-tutions to address the history of the Germanand international labour movement in Europe.They are not merely an obvious choice for re-search into the history of German social de-mocracy, but have become “the largest tradeunion archive in Germany, and it takes up atop position in an international ranking” (KlausSchönhoven).

The focus of the collections

The AdsD holds the historical records of theExecutive Committee of Germany’s Social De-mocratic Party, along with the collections of theparliamentary party, both at federal and Länderlevel, and of regional structures (branches in theLänder and districts, including subdivisions).Since German unification, the AdsD has alsoacquired the old records of the Social Demo-cratic Party in the GDR (SDP/SPD), includingthose of the parliamentary party in the EastGerman Volkskammer. It is gradually expand-ing this collection by obtaining the old recordsof regional structures and the parliamentarygroups of the SPD in the Landtag of the newLänder.

Apart from that, a new major area of collec-tion has developed over the last 17 years. It isabout the archive material of the German andinternational trade union movement. One hasto mention in particular the archive of the DGB

Archiv der sozialen Demokratie (AdsD)der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(Archive of Social Democracyin the Friedrich Ebert Foundation)Godesberger Allee 149D-53175 Bonn

Postal Address:Archiv der sozialen Demokratie derFriedrich-Ebert-StiftungD-53170 Bonn

Phone: +49 (228) 883-425 (Information Desk)Phone: +49 (228) 883-480 (Archive Secretariat)

Fax: +49 (228) 883-497

Internet address: http://www.fes.deE-mail: archiv.auskunft@fes.de

Opening times:Monday to Thursday 9 a.m. - 5 p.m.Friday 9 a.m. - 4 p.m.

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(German Trade Union Federation), the archiveof the IG Metall (Metal Workers’ Union), thearchive of the DAG (German Salaried EmployeesUnion) and of the other founding members ofver.di (United Services Union), i.e. the DPG (Ger-man Postal Workers Union), the HBV (Commerce,Banking, and Insurance Workers’ Union), andthe IG Medien (Media Workers’ Union).

From the realm of the international unionfederations, there are noteworthy collectionsfrom the International Federation of Buildingand Woodworkers (IFBWW), the InternationalFederation of Commercial, Clerical, Professio-nal and Technical Employees (FIET), the Inter-national Graphical Federation (IGF), the Inter-national Metalworkers’ Federation (IMF) andthe International Union of Food, Agricultural,Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and AlliedWorkers’ Associations (IUF).

The AdsD see it as a priority to preserve thepersonal papers and deposits of major figuresin the German labour movement. Some of thesecollections are very extensive, and they includethe personal papers of numerous social de-mocratic politicians as well as documents fromkey trade unionists and others active in the ge-neral context of German social democracy. Note-worthy here are the Willy Brandt Archive, theHelmut Schmidt Archive and the Herbert Weh-ner Archive, not to mention the posthumouspapers and deposits of Gustav Heinemann, Paul

Levi, Annemarie Renger, Ludwig Rosenbergand Carlo Schmid.

There has also been a considerable increasein the acquisition of records from organisationsclose to the German and international labourmovement, the European Movement and variousmore recent movements devoted to social caus-es and emancipation. Examples include the Ger-man Council of the European Movement and theEuropean Movement Germany, the EuropeUnion Germany and the Young European Fe-deralists.

The archives currently (2002) embrace over40,000 linear metres of folders and papers,including about 1,000 personal records donat-ed, bequeathed or deposited with the Archivesby politicians and trade unionists.

There are also large collections of mediasuch as photographs, leaflets, posters, films,videos, audio documents and traditional ban-ners.

After pilot projects devoted to cataloguingleaflets and digitalising posters, the AdsD arenow taking part in a Europe-wide project for thedigital processing of printed materials for globaluse via the Internet (METAe).

The AdsD also belong to the InternationalCouncil on Archives (ICA), the International As-sociation of Labour History Institutions (IALHI)and the International Conference of Labour andSocial History (ITH).

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European Trade Union Organisations Archives

within the AdsD

European Federation of Food, Catering andAllied Workers’ Unions within the IUF (ECF-IUF) 1977 – 2000 44.50 lm

European Federation of AgriculturalWorkers’ Unions (EFA) 1958 – 1997 23.50 lm

European Federation of Building andWoodworkers (EFBWW) 1964 – 1999 32.50 lm

European Landworkers’ Federation (ELF) /International Landworkers’ Federation (ILF) 1920 – 1970 3.40 lm

European Mine, Chemical and Energy Workers’Federation (EMCEF) 1958 - 1997 17.50 lm

European Metalworkers’ Federation (EMF) 1962 – 1999 89.75 lm

European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF) 1961 – 2001 68.00 lm

European Trade Union Federation for Textiles,Clothing and Leather (ETUF-TCL) 1962 – 1993 0.65 lm

International Federation of Commercial,Clerical, Professional and TechnicalEmployees – European Regional Organisation(EURO-FIET) 1991 – 1998 1.00 lm

Status: December 2002

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22

Stocks of the

European Trade Union Organisations in the Archive

of Social Democracy in the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

Hans-Holger Paul

Although they were primarily founded to en-sure the preservation and evaluation of the his-torical legacy of the Social Democratic Party,the Archive of Social Democracy (AdsD) havenow become one of Europe’s largest trade unionarchives. The AdsD collection includes not onlypractically every document available on Ger-man soil from the Allgemeiner Deutscher Ge-werkschaftsbund (ADGB), the DGB’s main pre-decessor, but also the archives of the DGB, theDeutsche Angestellten-Gewerkschaft (DAG) andnumerous other unions, including IG Metall.

The AdsD’s Stocks of documents from theinternational and European trade union move-ment has made it one of the leading researchfacilities in the field. Stocks have been addedsince the sixties, although the rate of increasehas accelerated remarkably since 1994, overtwo thirds of the current stocks having beenacquired in the space of the last five years.

The importance of this collection for re-search into the German and international tradeunion movements cannot be overstated. The bulkof German trade union archives from before1945 were destroyed by wartime turbulenceand Nazi rule, but significant collections fromthe international secretariats in London andSwitzerland survived the belligerence. As a con-sequence, continuity is frequently ensured withrelative abundance as far back as the dawn ofthe trade union movement.

By establishing themselves as a key researchfacility for trade union history, the AdsD have

also succeeded in augmenting this internationaltrade union collection. Material from the Inter-national Trade Secretariats amounts to over1,100 linear metres.5

European trade secretariats

AdsD staff began relatively late to turn theirattention to the records of European trade se-cretariats.

Many years ago, however, the AdsD did ac-quire the complete archive of the Internationaland European Landworkers’ Federations (ILF/ELF). Founded in 1920 as the ILF, the federa-tion was disbanded in 1960 and reborn shortlyafterwards in the form of the ELF. It lasted until1971, when its activities where absorbed bythe International Federation of Plantation,Agricultural and Allied Workers (IFPAAW) inGeneva.

After several international trade union col-lections found their way to the AdsD, the firstphase of expansion began in the mid-ninetieswith significant influx from the European Me-talworkers’ Federation (EMF). With the recordsof the International Graphical Federation, ac-quired in 1990, the AdsD also took on boardsome initial fragments from its European arm,the European Graphical Federation (EGF). Inthe course of further additions, a number ofEGF records have arrived along with the IGFarchive. In order to maintain their historicalcohesion, these stocks have not been separated.

5 Cf. International Trade Union Organisations. Inventory of the Archive of Social Democracy and the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stif-tung, published on behalf of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung by Peter Rütters, Michael Schneider, Erwin Schweißhelm, Rüdiger Zimmermann,2nd edition, Bonn 2002

23

The AdsD finally succeeded in filling a signi-ficant gap in its collection of materials fromEuropean trade union work in the agriculturalsectors by acquiring the records of the EuropeanFederation of Agricultural Workers’ Unions (EFA)in 1996 and of the European Federation of Food,Catering and Allied Workers’ Unions within theIUF (ECF-IUF) shortly after in 1997.

In recent years, the AdsD has made a namefor itself among the European trade secretariatsas a reputable place to store their own archives,and a majority have, indeed, handed over theirpapers to the AdsD for safekeeping. This no-tably includes the significant archives of the Euro-pean Federation of Building and Woodworkers(EFBWW) and the European Transport Workers’Federation (ETF). A recent contractual agree-ment with the European Mine, Chemical andEnergy Workers’ Federation (EMCEF) has alsosecured for research the archives of its two pre-decessors, the MEF and the EFCGU.

The significance of the stocks

Collections from the European trade unionsfall into two major groups. In one, the work ofthe European trade secretariat was performedfor a long time by the office of the internationalsecretariat. This type of structure includes thelink between the IGF and EGF and the closelydovetailed activities of FIET and EURO-FIET.Other organisations, however, formed an in-dependent, completely autonomous Europeanbranch in the fifties parallel to the first institu-tions of the European Community. e.g. the Eu-ropean Federation of Agricultural Workers’Unions (EFA) or the European Federation ofBuilding and Woodworkers (EFBWW). As Euro-pean unification progressed, independent Euro-pean secretariats emerged one by one, chargedwith handling social dialogue between manage-ment and labour and the Europe-wide coordi-nation of national trade union activities. Oneexample of this was establishing Europeanworks councils. A new field of work appearedwith the collapse of the Soviet Union and theEastern bloc. This posed a new challenge to all

West European trade unions, as the introductionof capitalist market economy structures in Cen-tral and Eastern Europe called for the corres-pondingly rapid creation of new democratictrade unions, or else the fundamental restruct-uring of the old ones, in order to defend the in-terests of working people effectively.

These newfound tasks have to some extentalready been reflected in European trade secre-tariat archives, although we must assume thatonly a small proportion of the relevant materialhas so far been made available to the AdsD.

In addition to this, the collections paint aclear picture of the role played by Europe’s tradeunion associations in constructing a social Eu-rope. Not only is it easy to trace the processes

EGF-Poster “Joint Action Day” of the ETUC 1993

24

of trade union activity in, for example, settingup the Coal and Steel Community, but the ar-chives also provide insight into the difficultiesof creating an institutional framework for exert-ing some influence in this increasingly inte-grated Europe while coordinating affiliates andmotivating them to participate in joint endea-vours. Finally, the materials document the spec-trum of social dialogue between managementand labour in Europe, as trade unions soughtto work and argue with employers’ organisa-tions in developing common social standards,participation rights and so forth for Europe.

All AdsD stocks have been pre-ordered tosimplify research, and for some archives thereare accompanying guides or at least partialsearch aids.

As the AdsD contains the records of manyEuropean precursor organisations and commit-tees as well as the archives of European and in-ternational secretariats, these complementarymaterials facilitate the reconstruction of com-prehensive contexts. This is particularly becausemany international trade secretariats actuallybegan their existence in Europe, with Europeantrade unions often providing the bulk of theirmembership until the fifties or sixties. It was notinfrequent for international trade secretariatsto be in charge of European policy issues, andthis has had effects, albeit of different magni-tudes, on the archives from various internatio-nal organisations. In a way, these interrelationsbetween the archives mirror the developmentof an independent European trade union struc-ture. Another useful contribution is providedby the comprehensive archives of the respectiveGerman trade unions, most of which are alsoheld by the AdsD.6 As the German trade unionshave almost always played an important rolewithin the European and international trade

union movement, it is not surprising to find alarge quantity of written documentation hereconcerning European federations and secreta-riats and their various activities.

To round off this overview, the AdsD boastsdiverse additional material relating to Europeand its history, including the personal papersof numerous social democratic Euro-politicians,archives from members of the European admi-nistration, e.g. European Commissioner MonikaWulf-Mathies, and collections donated by va-rious European organisations.

All in all, this extremely broad base of sourcesprovided by AdsD is extraordinarily useful forresearching into Europe’s social and economichistory and the history of the trade unions. Inthis context, we should not fail to mention thatthe archives of the international and Europeanfederations WFTU (remaining archives), ICFTUand ETUC are held by the International Instituteof Social History (IISH) in Amsterdam, and thatsome important European materials, e.g. theold records of the Economic and Social Commit-tee (ESC) and residual files of the European So-cialist Group, can be found in the historical ar-chive of the European Communities in Florence.

A further extremely valuable contributionis made by the complementary activities of thelibrary of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, which,sometimes with AdsD support and sometimeson its own, has acquired and catalogued sub-stantial library materials from the internationaland European trade secretariats. Work is cur-rently under way, partly in the form of projectsand with a view to the future, to obtain ongoinglibrary input (books, brochures, informationbulletins and journals). This goes hand in handwith Internet-based services for the secretariatswho supply these products.

6 The AdsD currently hold approx. 11,000 linear metres of archive material from German trade unions; cf. Hans-Holger Paul, Gewerk-schaftsakten im Archiv der sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, in: Mitteilungen der Fachgruppe 6: Archivare an Archivender Parlamente, der politischen Parteien, Stiftungen und Verbände im Verband deutscher Archivarinnen und Archivare e.V., S. 11-25,and Klaus Mertsching, Das DGB-Archiv im Archiv der sozialen Demokratie, in: op. cit., S. 27-31

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Acquisition

Although the AdsD have refrained from ac-quiring national material – preferring, forexample, to advise and support individual tradeunions in setting up their own archives, a farmore pro-active strategy designed to preservethe records has deliberately been pursued atEuropean and international levels. The aim hasbeen to prevent the loss of historically valuablearchives and to ensure the broadest possiblereservoir for research into European and inter-national trade union activities. This task conti-nues. One merely has to look at the numerousmergers taking place in the international andEuropean trade union sector. At European levelin particular, this often affects small secretariatswhose historical traditions do not reach backinto the foundation era of the international tradesecretariats. Recently, papers have repeatedly fal-len prey to office restructuring or relocation andother such changes. Here, archivists have a par-ticular responsibility to ensure that records aresalvaged.

In the course of securing such materials, theAdsD staff thought it important to recognise therole of other archives where this made sensefrom a research perspective. When asked their

opinion as to whether the ETUC archives shouldbe held by the IISH or the Historical Archive ofthe European Communities in Florence, AdsDstaff weighed the arguments and eventuallycame out in favour of the IISH, given that the ar-chives of other trade union federations, includ-ing fragments from some trade secretariats, arealready held in Amsterdam, and in cases ofdoubt it was felt that most academics research-ing projects on the history of the internationalor European labour movement would initiallycontact either the IISH or the AdsD.

Summing up, it can be said that, whereasthe AdsD have refrained at national level fromacquiring materials and preferred to supportthe development of independent archives, atEuropean and international levels the AdsDhave consciously pursued a far more activestrategy for securing archives, and will continueto do so in order to ensure the broadest possiblereservoir of sources on European and interna-tional trade union activity for the purposes ofresearch.

In this spirit, the AdsD see themselves, in con-junction with the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, as a service to researchers and a part-ner for the trade unions.

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Stock Description

European Federation of Food, Catering and Allied Workers’Unions within the IUF (ECF-IUF)

Christina Cron

The European Federation of Food, Cateringand Allied Workers’ Unions within the IUF(ECF-IUF) was an important stage in the de-velopment of food sector trade unions at Euro-pean level. Its foundation brought together twoorganisations that had existed in parallel inEurope. The European Trade Union Committeeof Food and Allied Workers in the Community(ETUCF) and the European Regional Organisa-tion of the IUF (EURO-IUF) approved the mer-ger at the 3rd General Assembly of the ETUCFon 25 November 1981 in Helsingör (Denmark).Thereafter the ECF-IUF functioned as the Eu-ropean Regional Organisation of the IUF withfinancial and political autonomy within the um-brella organisation. These special rights allowedthe ECF-IUF to develop a greater independenceat European level. The ECF-IUF was recognisedas an industry federation by the European TradeUnion Confederation (ETUC). Erik-Toxvaerd Niel-sen was elected first president of the ECF-IUF.As he was to leave this position during thelegislative period, his successor was also ap-pointed. Arthur Ladrille took over as presidenton 5 July 1983. The first general secretary wasOtto Staadt, who passed his mandate on to Ha-rald Wiedenhofer eight years later. The ECF-IUF’s aim was to coordinate and cluster unionaffiliate activities, actively defending workers’interests before national European institutions.

This included promoting social dialogue withemployers’ confederations at the European le-vel. A decision was made in early 1993 to mergewith the European Federation of AgriculturalWorkers’ Unions (EFA) to form a more powerfulEuropean trade union structure. Negotiationsbetween the two federations followed, resultingin a merger on 11 December 2000. The new Eu-ropean organisation was baptised the Euro-pean Federation of Food, Agriculture and Tou-rism Trade Unions (EFFAT).

Since 1997 the AdsD have gradually beenacquiring segments of the ECF-IUF archive ma-terial. A short index is available for parts ofthe collection. The files of subordinate bodiesare available all the way back to the foundationphase, the minutes of the steering and executivecommittees, for example, being almost complete.Most prominent among the other materials aredocuments on social dialogue, the correspondenceand files on cooperation with affiliates, women’scommittee documents and circulars. Besidesthe organisation’s archives there are some per-sonal papers from Otto Staadt, the former se-cretary of the Brussels office of the ETUCF andECF-IUF.

The material takes up 44.50 linear metres.The period of time covered is from 1977 to2000. The stock includes material from theprecursor organisation ETUCF.

26

27

3rd General Assembly of the ETUCF in Helsingör 1981 – Foundation-Congress of the ECF-IUF

27

28

European Federation of Agricultural Workers’ Unions (EFA)

Martin Raabe

tion’s structure, with almost complete chrono-logical coverage for most areas. The focus ison the period from the 1970s to the late 1990s.

The oldest documents include the congresspapers of several EFA predecessors between1958 and 1967. The federation’s own congressesare documented from 1973 till 1997. The mate-rial includes partial documentation of the congresspreparation process, delegate and guest lists, in-vitations, programmes and adopted resolutions.

The organisation’s activities can be tracedin great detail from the respective minutes,(executive committee 1973-1997; steering com-mittee 1976-1997), respective correspondence(1974-1997) and numerous circulars along withtheir enclosures (1983-1997) in the named pe-riods. In this context there is also material fromthe work of the committees (1990-1994) andthe European Study and Training Centre in theagricultural Sector (CEEFA, 1980-1993).

Furthermore, there is documentation of theEFA’s great commitment to, above all, the JointCommittee for the social problems of agricultu-ral workers, where the chair alternates betweenthe EFA and the European agricultural em-ployers’ federation Comité Professionnel Agri-cole (COPA). Key points within this part of thestock are the working groups, e.g. “Forestry” or“Harmonisation”, and EFA involvement in Eas-tern integration projects (1989-1996) launchedby the European Union. Information is primarilyprovided here in the form of brief reports fromthe respective working group, general corres-pondence (until 1997), minutes of meetings andmember lists for the Joint Committee for thesocial problems of agricultural workers.

Finally the collection documents conferenc-es, meetings and seminars in the period from1986 till 1995.

The material takes up 23.50 linear metresand is accessible via a short inventory; the pe-riod of time covered is from 1958 to 1997.

Congress folder of the EFA

28

The EFA was founded in 1958 as an auto-nomous umbrella for agricultural trade unionsin Europe. It was a member of the EuropeanTrade Union Confederation (ETUC) and its aimswere securing the future of the agricultural sec-tor, a common economic and ecological orderin Europe, and fair labour standards. It ulti-mately numbered 40 affiliates in 25 countries.On 11 December 2000 the EFA merged withthe European Federation of Food, Catering andAllied Workers’ Unions within the IUF (ECF-IUF) to form the European Federation of Food,Agriculture and Tourism Trade Unions (EFFAT).

Since 1995 the task of archiving EFA docu-ments has been the responsibility of the Archiveof Social Democracy (AdsD), which accordinglyobtained material in 1995, 1996, 1998 and 2000.The stock is organised to reflect the federa-

2929

The roots of the EFBWW can be traced backto the Gemeinschaftlichen Europäischen Aus-schuss für die Bau- und Holzsektoren [Joint Eu-ropean Committee for the Building and Wood-working Sector] founded in Luxemburg in1958.

Under the umbrella of the International Fe-deration of Building and Woodworkers (IFBWW),the building and timber unions of the six EECmember states decided to found a liaison com-mittee that would both serve the interests ofall building and woodworkers and coordinatethe individual building and woodworker’s tradeunions. The Nordic Federation of Building andWoodworkers (NFBWW) that had already beenfounded in 1952 in Stockholm was playing aleading role in cooperation between nationaltrade union movements in Europe. The buildingand woodworkers’ trade unions of Denmark,

Finland, Norway, Sweden and Iceland wereable to represent the interests of their memberseffectively as a single block via the NFBWW.

The Gemeinschaftlicher Europäischer Aus-schuss für die Bau- und Holzsektoren workedparallel to and independently from the IFBWW,but maintained regular contacts with the inter-national federation.

In May 1974 the first General Assembly inSalerno (Italy) voted to transform the Gemein-schaftlicher Europäischer Ausschuss für dieBau- und Holzsektoren into a European Federa-tion of Building and Woodworkers’ in the EEC(EFBWW). Two industrial committees wereformed within the federation, one each for thebuilding and woodworking sectors, to be ableto react to specific sectoral problems. The secre-tariat has maintained a permanent presencein Brussels since 1981. In 1983 the statutes

European Federation of Building and Woodworkers (EFBWW)

Ralf Gräf

Members of a Youth-Conference of the NFBWW near Stockholm

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were changed and the tag “in the Community”was dropped. From then on the name was Eu-ropean Federation of Building and Woodwork-ers. By the time of its 7th General Assembly inNovember 1995, the EFBWW had 50 affiliatesin 18 European countries representing approx.3 million members.

Apart from early key issues in trade unionactivity, the EFBWW has expanded and steppedup its work since 1980. Important pillars ofEFBWW strategy include developing a Euro-pean trade union policy for the woodworkingand building sectors, pursuing social dialoguewith management and coordinating joint tradeunion efforts within large European undertak-ings (EFBWW – Multi project).

The documents were acquired in 1999 and2000 at the EFBWW’s Brussels office.

The collection includes files of Gemeinschaft-lichen Europäischen Ausschuss für die Bau-und Holzsektoren correspondence on affiliatesfrom the years 1964-1968.

There is much more substantial documen-tation of the period between 1975 and 1999:Documents exist from the principal organs: theexecutive committee (1976–1999) and the ma-

nagement committee (1991–1994). Every gene-ral assembly is covered from 1976 to 1991. Thereare also documents relating to the woodworkers’committee from 1991 to 1999 and the buildingcommittee from 1976 to 1999. Particularly in-teresting is the approach to developing dialoguewith management bodies, and correspondencebetween the two sides in the building sector isdocumented for the period 1990-1996. Thestock also includes activity reports by the se-cretary and archive material on contacts withthe European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI).The aforementioned EFBWW – Multi project isdocumented by 3.5 linear metres from theperiod between 1991 and 1995. Furthermorethe collection includes correspondence files(1981–1995) and circulars (1981–1994).

There are notable additional materials inthe form of a substantial collection of tapes andcassettes recording various meetings of theexecutive committee, the industrial committeesand general assemblies in the period from 1979till 1987.

The material takes up 32.50 linear metres;the period of time covered is from 1964 to 1999.

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The establishment of the European Land-workers’ Federation (ELF) was directly connect-ed with the merger of the International Land-workers’Federation (ILF) and the PlantationWorkers International Federation (PWIF) toform the International Federation of Plantation,Agricultural and Allied Workers (IFPAAW).

The ILF, the direct predecessor of the ELF,was founded in Amsterdam in August 1920.The organisation was led by the executive com-mittee and the so-called International Secretary.The president of the Dutch Landworkers’ Fede-ration, Piet Hiemstra was elected as the firstInternational Secretary and Utrecht thus be-came the headquarters of the secretariat. Overthe course of the years this changed several

times as new Secretaries took over. Finally theheadquarters moved back to Utrecht in theNetherlands following the election of DutchmanAdri de Ruijter in 1950.

At the 15th Congress of the ILF in Copenha-gen in 1958, it was decided to open negotiationswith the Plantation Workers International Fe-deration (PWIF) on forming a joint professionalSecretariat. On 1 December 1959 an extraordi-nary Congress of the ILF in Brussels passed aresolution agreeing to a merger with the PWIF,and a merging Congress was held at the sameplace on 2 December 1959. The new professio-nal Secretariat of the the International Fede-ration of Plantation, Agricultural and AlliedWorkers (IFPAAW) began work on 1 January

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European Landworkers’ Federation (ELF) /International Landworkers’ Federation (ILF)

Sabina Huppertz

Meeting of the Executive Committee of the ELF 1960 in Geneva

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1960 and Brussels was chosen as the head-quarters of the organisation.

Simultaneously it was decided to establishregional organisations. The ILF was dissolvedin its existing form, then reconstituted on 1 Ja-nuary 1960 as the European Landworkers’ Fe-deration (ELF) which continued the activitiesof the former European ILF member associa-tions. The organisation’s sphere of action in-cludes the national associations in Belgium,Denmark, Germany, England, Finland, France,Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Scot-land, Sweden and Switzerland. Helmut Schmalzwas elected as first president of this regionalorganisation. Adri de Ruijter, who was Secre-tary of the ILF from 1950, was General Secre-tary of the ELF until his death in January 1971.The system of holding a Congress every threeyears was retained, and the ILF’s assets andliabilities were taken over by the ELF, with theheadquarters remaining in Utrecht. Financialproblems in the ensuing years led to financialand organisational problems and following aresolution by the Congress the ELF was dis-

solved on 30 June 1971. Its activities were car-ried by the Secretariat of the IFPAAW in Ge-neva.

The assets, transferred to the Archive of So-cial Democracy on the initiative of Adri deRuijter, include both the archives of the ELFand its predecessor organisation the ILF. Theseinclude the minutes of the board meetings from1950, circulars from the Secretariat from 1958,correspondence from 1957, ILF/ELF publica-tions from 1920 and the ILF bulletin, publishedas the ELF bulletin from March 1960, from1946. It also documents the disappearance ofthe Land Workers International, which resultedfrom the prevailing agricultural conditions(massive reduction in the number of workersetc.). Since the ILF structure for the Europeanregional organisations remained even after theformation of the IFPAAW, the ILF archives werenot separated from those of the ELF.

The material takes up 3.40 linear metresand is accessible via a short inventory; the pe-riod of time covered is from 1920 to 1970.

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The European Mine, Chemical and EnergyWorkers’ Federation (EMCEF) established itselfon 20 March 1996 at its founding Congress inLuxembourg. It is a merger of the EuropeanFederation of Chemical and General Workers’Unions (EFCGU) and the Miners European Fe-deration (MEF).

The EMCEF is an independent organisation,which works closely together at regional levelwith the International Federation of Chemical,Energy, Mine and General Workers’ Unions,which was founded in 1995. Both organisationshave their headquarters in Brussels.

The highest body of the EMCEF is the Con-gress which is held every four years. The Ge-neral Assembly, which meets annually, is res-ponsible for policy and decision making be-tween the meetings of the Congress. Other de-cisions are taken by the Presidium and theSecretariat. Industry specific questions are con-sidered in branch committees, while multi-

sector committees handle topics which involvedifferent sectors. When it was founded, theEMCEF grouped 87 unions from 25 countries.By October 2002, the number had risen to 119member unions from 32 countries.

The Coordinating Committee (later Coordi-nation Committee) of the European EconomicUnion was the predecessor of the EFCGU andthus of the EMCEF. At its founding meeting inStrasbourg on 24 June 1958, unions from thesix Member States of the EEC which were af-filiated to the International Federation of In-dustrial Organisations and General Workers’Unions (IFIF) decided to set up a CoordinatingCommittee within the EEC. At the same timeindustrial committees were established to dealwith the specific problems of the relevant in-dustrial sectors and given an advisory role onthe Coordinating Committee. Until they had theirown Secretariat, the administrative work of theCoordinating Committee and the industrial com-

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European Mine, Chemical and Energy Workers’ Federation(EMCEF)

Sabina Huppertz

Emblems of the two precursors of EMCEF, EFCGU and MEF, 1993

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mittees was carried out initially by the office ofthe Chairman of the Coordinating Committeein conjunction with the General Secretariat ofthe IFIF. In 1961 it was decided that the resi-dence of the Secretariat should no longer coin-cide with the office of the Chairman but shouldbe established at German Chemicals, Paper andCeramics Workers’ Union (IG Chemie, Papier,Keramik) in Hanover. From its inception, therewas close cooperation with the IFIF Secretariatand the European Trade Union Associations’Secretariat.

There were frequent discussions in 1984and 1985 about the possible recognition of theCoordinating Committee by the European TradeUnion Confederation (ETUC). Following the ac-ceptance of the European Trade Union Commit-tee for Textiles, Clothing and Leather, the Coor-dinating Committee was the only committee notto have been recognised by the ETUC, whichhad serious disadvantages as far as effectivework was concerned. The successor organisa-tion, the European Federation of Chemical andGeneral Workers’ Unions (EFCGU) was set upon 2 May 1988 in Rome. Its main bodies werethe General Assembly, held every four years,the Executive Committee and branch commit-tees. The Secretariat was moved from Hanoverto Brussels.

The MEF, which later merged into a part-nership with the EFCGU, was set up on 21/22October 1991 at a founding meeting in Buk,Poland. Structure and staffing were closelylinked with the Miners’ International Federa-tion (MIF), and thus qualified at European levelas a formally independent mining union. ItsSecretariat was based in Brussels.

Resolutions were passed unanimously onmerging the two organisations at Europeanlevel at the Congresses of the EFCGU in June1993 and the MEF in June 1994. The mergerforming the EMCEF was completed in Luxem-bourg on 20 March 1996.

The papers taken over by the EMCEF inBrussels in August 2000 are mainly archivesfrom the predecessor organisations. The workof the Coordinating Committee is well docu-mented through the minutes of its meetings,circulars, correspondence and the papers of theindustrial committees. The time-span of thepapers extends back to the 1958 foundation.EFCGU material available dates back to 1988and includes Congress papers, correspondenceand recordings, as well as documents from theexecutive committee and the sector committees.The archive material of the MEF comprises cor-respondence and the papers of the committeeof management from 1991.

The material takes up 17.50 linear metres;the period of time covered is from 1958 to 1997.

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With the foundation in 1952 of the EuropeanCoal and Steel Community (ECSC), the InterTrade Union Committee (Contact Office of theMiners’ and Metalworkers’ Free Trade Unionsin the European Communities) and, finallythrough the Treaty of Rome, the EEC the grow-ing importance of cross border political andeconomic cooperation became evident. Unionsin the steel industry also recognised the needfor pan-European union cooperation. And, asa reaction to the way firms were operating inan increasingly trans-national way, they deli-berately set out to represent the interests ofemployees as a counterweight within the EUframework.

In April 1963 seven unions from the sixMember States formed the European Metal-workers’ Committee, later known as the MetalCommittee, initially as a loose grouping of indi-vidual organisations without statutes or a pro-

gramme. The seven founding members of theMetal Committee were:

CMB (Centrale des Métallurgistesde Belgique)

IGM (Industriegewerkschaft Metall)FOM (Fédération Confédérée Force

Ouvrière de la Métallurgie)FIM-CISL (Federazione Italiana

Metalmeccanici-CISL)UILM (Unione Italiana Lavoratori

Metalmeccanici)LAV (Letzeburger Arbechter-

Verband)Metaal-NVV (Metaalbedrijfsbond NVV).

The FGM-CFDT (Fédération Générale de laMétallurgie – CFDT) joined in 1968, the yearin which Günter Köpke was appointed Secre-tary of the Metal Committee with the task of“building a structured framework”. Finally inJune 1971 the eight organisations staged theirfounding Congress and formed the EuropeanMetal Workers’ Federation in the Community,which by this time was already representingmore than 3 million members. Köpke was ap-pointed the first General Secretary of the EMF.

A working group was formed to help indrawing up statutes, laying down election pro-cedures and producing a financial frameworkgiven, in his words, “the minimal number of staff,the lack of clearly defined tasks or structures,the very limited budget and the lack of influenceon the Commission”. The long-term politicalgoals of the EMF were laid down in a funda-mental action programme, which remained inforce for 13 years and was then modified littleby little.

In 1973 the unions of the new EC member-countries, the British, the Irish and the Danes,joined the EMF, followed later by the Norwegianand Swedish metalworking unions. The Spa-

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European Metalworkers’ Federation (EMF)

Christine Bobzien

Opening of the General Assembly of the EMF inAmsterdam, 1977

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nish, Portuguese and Greek associations joinedin the 1980’s as, after 1990, did the Turkish,Cypriot and East European organisations. Since1974 the EMF has been a member, the firstEuropean union organisation, of the ETUC andworks particularly closely with the ETUC se-cretariat and connected establishments.

Following a decision of the EMF executivecommittee, the EMF’s old files (together with asmall amount of material dating back to thetime of the Metal Committee) are sent in regularinstalments to the AdsD since 1994.

The material has been basically sorted, andthe early consignments are covered by a briefinventory. The material delivered consists main-ly of reports on the organisation’s activities, theEMF general assembly and the executive com-mittee (from 1974), the collective bargainingcommittee, including the collective bargainingpolicy committee (from 1968), correspondence(from 1974), working groups and conferences(from 1965) as well as press releases, bulletinsand circulars (from 1969 or 1973).

The material takes up 89.75 linear metres;the period of time covered is from 1962 to 1999.

European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF)

Mike Zuchet

On 14 June 1999 the member unions of theFederation of Transport Workers’ Unions in theEuropean Union (FST) and the European mem-ber associations of the International TransportWorkers’ Federation (ITF) decided to set up a neworganisation: the European Transport Workers’Federation (ETF). As a European union asso-ciation the ETF represented the interests ofworkers in the transport, fishing and tourismsectors. The main focus of the association’s in-terest is developments in social justice. In ad-dition to this, the ETF coordinates the activitiesof the national unions in promoting their in-terests within the framework of the EuropeanUnion, particularly in questions concerning so-cial policy, workers’ health and workers’ occu-pational safety. The union is a recognised socialpartner in the European social dialogue and re-presents the interests of the transport workerson a Europe wide basis at the different instanc-es of the European Union.

The institutions of the ETF comprise the Con-gress, the Executive Committee – the highestbody between Congresses – and the Management

Committee. Other bodies are the sections deal-ing with railways, road transport, inland ship-ping, ports, sailors, fishing, civil aviation andtourism.

The general secretariat of the ETF is situatedin Brussels. The unions currently have morethan three million members from 180 unionsin 40 countries extending way beyond the bor-ders of the European Union.

On 17 December 1999 the ETF decided totransfer its old material (including the archivesof its predecessor organisations) to the AdsD.

Due to the ETF’s recent foundation, the ar-chives are relatively scanty. They comprise main-ly material covering different branches: therailways, road transport, inland shipping, ports,sailors, fishing, civil aviation, tourism. The em-phasis is on correspondence with the EuropeanCommission and different bodies and institu-tions within the European Union concerningunions and European policy questions. In ad-dition there is extensive correspondence be-tween the ETF and the International TransportWorkers’ Federation, which is well covered for

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the period from 1999 to 2001. The minutes ofthe ETF Congresses and Executive Committeemeetings have not been supplied, nor havethose of the predecessor organisations. The vastmajority of the ETF material consists of the re-cords of the predecessor organisations. And ofthis the major part consists of correspondencebetween the individual sections and the rele-vant bodies within the European Union, such

as the union transport committee in the Euro-pean Community, which have been supplied ona major scale. In addition there is the corres-pondence between the individual sections ofthe predecessor organisations with the relevantnational member unions.

The material has been roughly sorted.The material takes up 68.00 linear metres;

the period of time covered is from 1961 to 2001.

Minutes of the Coordination Committee of the predecessor of the ETF “GewerkschaftlicherVerkehrsausschuss der Gemeinschaft”, 1967

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In 1997 the former European Union Com-mittee for Textiles, Clothing and Leather wasrenamed the European Trade Union Federationfor Textiles, Clothing and Leather. It is a mem-ber organisation of the ETUC and representsworkers’ interests at the European Parliamentand in the Commission. It has its own decision-making institutions and organises conferencesand events at European level.

When the AdsD secured the archive materialof the International Textile, Garment and Lea-ther Workers’ Federation (ITGLWF) for researchpurposes, it proved possible to save from des-truction a small part of the archive material ofits regional European organisation, coveringthe period from 1962 to 1993, and transfer itto the AdsD. This remaining material comprisesstatutes, presidium meetings and circulars tomembers of the presidium; circulars and re-ports to member and other organisations; pa-pers concerning the European Union and theCommission, as well as the General Agreementon Tariffs and Trade (GATT), documents on theTrade Union Congress “multi fibre agreement”and on bilateral agreements under the WorldTextile Agreement, plus material from differentworking groups.

The material takes up 0.65 linear metres;the period of time covered is from 1962 to 1993.

European Trade Union Federation for Textiles, Clothing andLeather (ETUF-TCL)

Christine Bobzien

Cover page of the Action Programme 1997 of theEuropean Trade Union Federation for Textiles, Clothingand Leather (ETUF-TCL)

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The history of the International Federationof Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Tech-nical Employees (FIET) dates back, like that ofmany other international unions, to its Euro-pean foundation. Union members from Belgium,England, France, the Netherlands and Italy at-tended the first international congress in Sep-tember 1900. Initially, there had to be a degreeof expansion at international level before a re-newed regionalisation process could begin. Anda first step in this direction was taken in 1968with the founding of the regional organisation,IRO-FIET in America. The FIET World Congress,held in Dublin in 1970, discussed regionalisa-tion with a view to setting up three regional or-ganisations, intending to cover North and SouthAmerica, Europe and Africa, and Asia.

A Single Market committee had already beenestablished for the European sphere, which in-

cluded union representatives from the EC mem-ber states. The first regional conference, heldin Copenhagen in 1972, was the founding con-ference of the European Regional OrganisationEURO-FIET. A Brussels office was set up to fa-cilitate direct contacts with EU authorities. La-ter, after the ETUC had successfully promotedthe ideological opening of the European unions,the EURO-FIET recorded a considerable increasein the number of its members. In 1994 EURO-FIET grouped member unions from 12 Euro-pean states.

The AdsD has a small quantity of EURO-FIETarchive material, taken over by members of thearchive staff in August 2000. The majority ofthis is correspondence from the years between1991 and 1994, together with a few publications.

The material takes up 1.00 linear metres; theperiod of time covered is from 1991 to 1998.

International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professionaland Technical Employees-European Regional Organisation(EURO-FIET)

Christina Cron

Members of the Executive Committee of EURO-FIET, Kopenhagen 1992

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Profile of the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

The Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftungwas founded in June 1969 together with theArchive of Social Democracy and is today oneof the worldwide largest scientific specialistlibraries with a focus on collection in the fieldof history of the labour movement, social andcontemporary history:● Past and presence of the German and inter-national labour movement,● German and international social and con-temporary history,● Current publications by political parties andtrade unions in Germany and selected countries.

The Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftungis the largest trade union library in Germanyand one of the largest on a global scale withthe complete stocks of the library of the FederalBoard of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund(DGB, German Trade Union Federation) and ofmany of its single-industry unions as well as of anumber of international trade union organisa-tions.

The library is one of the few scientific spe-cialist libraries collecting material on the historyof the labour movement, social history, on tradeunions and political parties (“Grey Literature”)also in selected countries of Western Europe,North America, and the Third World as well asof international trade union organisations (Inter-national Confederation of Free Trade Unions,International Trade Secretariats) and of the So-cialist International (SI).

At the time of writing (2003) the library con-tains more than 650,000 volumes (books, bro-chures, periodicals), more than 60,000 itemsin micro-format (films, fiches). This increasesby approximately 12,000 items per year. 2,000

Bibliothek derFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(Library of theFriedrich Ebert Foundation)Godesberger Allee 149D-53175 Bonn

Function:Scientific specialist library open to the public

Postal Address:Bibliothekder Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungD-53170 Bonn

Phone: ++49(0)228-883-426 (Information Desk)Fax: ++49(0)228-883-626

Internet Address: http://library.fes.de/E-Mail: fachauskunft@fes.de

User Service:Reference library, national and internationalinter-library loan,document delivery service, online offers

Opening times:Monday through Thursday: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m.Friday: 9 a.m. - 4 p.m.

Institution code: <Bo 133>

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newspapers, magazines and other periodicalsare kept on a regular basis, more than 1,000publications (both historical and current) arekept on microfilm.

At a national level, the Library cooperatesamong others with the GBV (Gemeinsamer Bi-bliotheksverbund der Länder Bremen, Ham-burg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersach-sen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thü-ringen) [Common Library Network for the Laen-der Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schles-wig-Holstein, Thuringia], the HBZ (Hochschul-bibliothekszentrum des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen) [University Library Centre of the LandNorth Rhine-Westphalia], the Kooperativer Bi-bliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg [Coope-rative Library Association of Berlin-Branden-burg] (KOBV),WEBIS (WWW-Bibliotheksinfor-mationssystem zur überregionalen Literatur-versorgung in Deutschland) [WWW LibraryInformation System on supra-regional supplywith literature in Germany] and the ZDB (Zeit-schriftendatenbank) [Serials data base] as wellas on international level mainly with IALHI(International Association of Labour HistoryInstitutions), which was founded in London, in1970 with the help of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stif-tung and which comprises approx. 90 partnerinstitutes, as well as within the framework ofthe „European Network of Labour Historians“founded in 1997.

The Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftungis recognised and supported as scientific specia-list library by the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft [German Research Society].

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In his brief but pithy introductory article,Willy Buschak has narrated how the proclaim-ed deregulation campaign on the EuropeanSingle Market in the mid-1980’s did not justgive the European Trade Union Confederation(ETUC) a real fright, it also accelerated both

Stocks of the

European Trade Union Organisations in the

Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

Rainer Gries

the work of and cooperation between the tradeunions at European level.

Let us just assume a trade union secretaryin Warsaw or a journalist in Frankfurt wantsto obtain the most extensive information avail-able as quickly as possible on the state of tradeunion positions in Europe on deregulation andprivatisation strategies in EU member countries.How should they proceed? They can spend aconsiderable amount of time doing their re-search by mail or on the telephone. And theycould certainly link up to various sources byusing search engines on the internet.

But a quicker and simpler way is throughdirect access to the online catalogue of the Fried-rich-Ebert-Stiftung (see the Library profile) andits large quantity of material from Europeanand international trade union organisations, aswell as from trade unions in a large number ofEuropean countries – which would also coverthe topic of deregulation and privatisation stra-tegies.

The catalogue makes it possible to carry outresearch using the publications of the unions(“Grey Literature”) as well as through specialisedsecondary sources. In addition to this the userwill find the complete text of publications in theFoundation’s digital library, an online editionof the programmes of European trade unionsas well as a collection of links, which will faci-litate access to the trade union organisations.

Moreover from the beginning of 2003 the“FES net source: history and politics” has pro-vided a new theme module on the European

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trade union organisations – a selection of infor-mation particularly for trade union training inEurope.

Provision of literature: importance forresearch, media and politics

The supply of literary material at national(and European) level which centres on socialand contemporary history, as well as the historyof the German and international labour move-ment, forms the core business of the Library ofthe Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. The availability ofthe new media has led to the development of amulti-functional information centre, which isavailable for public use by those interested.

The Library is recognised by the DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft [German ResearchSociety] as a scientific specialist library. Since1976 it has been involved in the acquisition andindexing of non-conventional literature fromparties and trade unions in different Europeancountries and North America, so that the Libra-ry has been able to build a comprehensive stockof publications, particularly about trade unionsfrom European countries, which is virtuallyunmatched in Europe.

And the facilities of the Library of the Fried-rich-Ebert-Stiftung exceed those of the otherscientific specialist libraries: the stock, and itsexpansion, are greatly assisted by the close co-operation with both the archive and otherdepartments within the Foundation as well aswith the trade unions at national, Europeanand international level.

Both this and the fact that the Library be-longs to national and international Librarynetworks increase the material available to thepublic as well as extending the availability ofthe unions’ publications. The close cooperationwith the unions at national, European and in-ternational level on the one hand, and the goodcontacts and working relationships with im-portant sectors of the “world of research” onthe other, make it possible for the Library of

the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung to exercise an im-portant link function. In this context it is notjust a question of administering the publicationsin an orderly manner, but of developing andmaking available socially and politically rele-vant supplies of information.

In the EU countries there are virtually no so-cial organisations other than the trade unions,which have such extensive contacts with a widerange of people, with men and women workers,and which at the same time work so decisivelyfor European unity. They provide the safeguardsagainst any relapse into renewed nationalistor ethnically stamped restrictions. Trade unionswill gain increasing political authority throughthis and through the political and social debatewithin the European Union. Set against a back-ground of feelings of uncertainty and lack ofpolitical direction, which are part and parcelof the enlargement of the European Union, theunion contributions are characterised in par-ticular by their confidence-building as opposedto any anxiety creating tone.

Unions, politicians, social scientists andjournalists from Central and Eastern Europein particular will pay even more attention infuture to the publications of the European tradeunion organisations and to the state of thetransnational trade union relationships inEurope. And for them, too, the Foundation’sLibrary is a valuable information source.

The Library stock does not just provide im-portant historical background for a greaterunderstanding of the current discussions on thefuture development of the European Union. Butthe continually increasing collection of publica-tions on a broad spectrum of topics politicallyrelevant to the trade unions also provides vitalsource material when dealing with economic,industrial-social or political topics. Historiansand social scientists, covering issues dealingwith trade union policy themes, as well as themembers of the public interested in trade unionpolitics, will find a key source of informationin the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.

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About the inventory

It was possible to greatly expand the collec-tion of publications from European trade unionorganisations by taking over complete librarystocks from International Trade Secretariats aswell as the library material from German tradeunions, in particular the large German TradeUnion Federation library, as well as throughthe active collecting programme carried out bythe Library in connection with the supply ofcurrent publications from the European tradeunion organisations.

The Library’s efforts are not just restrictedto obtaining missing material. Acquisition tripsare made and the Library works in conjunctionwith the union organisations to constantly in-crease the stock, by continually collecting cur-rent publications (“Grey Literature”). These areaugmented systematically by obtaining the re-levant specialised papers.

This description of the inventory can onlyprovide a thumbnail sketch of the extent, rangeand types of publications, languages and specialcharacteristics of individual items. We wouldlike to provide the readers with an impressionof the rich variety and the importance of thematerial – which may stimulate them to furtherresearch activities in our OPAC (online cata-logue) and to making use of the online serviceswe offer.

The Library concentrates on its function asan information service provider in what is in-creasingly a social environment characterisedby information and knowledge. It obtains, clas-sifies and makes available these materials fromthe European trade union organisations – in-cluding using the new media – for a worldwidepublic interested in trade union affairs.

The Library is developing into a central,multi media source of information about andfor the international labour movement.

The new media formats provide new possi-bilities for storing and using information. Be-sides the comprehensive filming and microfilm-ing techniques used extensively in the past,trade union publications are now often record-ed on CD ROM or – as for example in the caseof press services – stored as databases online.

At present a database is being prepared,which will show the publications of the currentinternational trade union organisations andtheir predecessors.

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More than 1300 titles in the Library of theFriedrich-Ebert-Stiftung cover the inventory ofthe European Trade Union Confederation/ETUC,its institutions and the European Industry Fede-rations, as well as their predecessor organisa-tions.

In order to avoid frequent repetition, it shouldbe mentioned here that whenever possible thepublications are collected in German and Eng-lish, often also in French, Spanish or other Eu-ropean languages. To make things easier to un-derstand the descriptions of the individual itemsinclude brief links to the current organisationsand their predecessor organisations.

Here we use the English names of the orga-nisations and include them as far as we hadbeen able to gather them from the sources (ad-

ditional translations of names of organisationsor titles of publications will be written betweensquare brackets).

The Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftungbegan obtaining digital publications from theEuropean trade union organisations a long timeago. But for copyright reasons the full text isusually only available locally.

Most of the inventory of the European tradeunion organisations, the library stocks of theGerman Trade Union Federation (DGB) and itsmember unions were taken over by the Library.And in 1998/99 it began an active and com-prehensive collection policy aimed at filling thegaps, but there are gaps in both the lists ofperiodicals and one-off publications, which arenot covered in detail in the texts.

Stock Description

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European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)

In 1973, 17 west European member unionsfrom 15 countries belonging to the Internatio-nal Confederation of Free Trade Unions/ICFTUjoined together to form the European TradeUnion Confederation/ETUC. Currently the ETUChas 76 member unions from 35 countries inWestern, Central and Eastern Europe, togetherwith 11 European industrial federations, andrepresents some 60 million union members.The European Regional Organisation of theICFTU/ERO-ICFTU was formed as early as 1950with 20 union umbrella organisations from 18

west European countries. In 1958 (after theestablishment of the European Economic Com-munity/EEC 1957) came the foundation of theEuropean Trade Union Secretariat, which wasrenamed the European Confederation of FreeTrade Unions/ECFTU in 1969 and initially in-cluded only member associations from the 6 EECcountries (the ERO-ICFTU was dissolved in1969).

The material of the European Trade UnionConfederation/ETUC covers the reports of ac-tivities from 1973 to the present day, Congressand Financial reports together with press re-ports or e.g. “Forum facts: ETUC newsletter;Forum for cooperation and integration”.

The statutes are available from the founda-tion date in 1973 up to 1999. Many publicationsare available from technical conferences: “Inthe public interest: public services for thepeople of Europe” (Brüssel, 1998), “Industrialrelations in the information society”: Brussels,2 February 1998, workshop documentation”(1998) or “A time for working, a time for living”(Düsseldorf/Neuss, 1994).

The work of the European works councilsprovides one central theme: Willy Buschak „DieUmsetzung der EBR-Richtlinie in nationalesRecht“, 1998 [The Implementation of the Di-rective on European Works Councils into natio-nal law]; „Europäische Betriebsräte: Erfahrun-gen und Ausblick Brussels, 28, 29 & 30.04.1999 [European Works Councils: Experienceand Prospects“ (Conference “European WorksCouncils)]“ (Brussels, 1999) or „European workscouncils and the europeanisation of industrialrelations: report of a conference organised bythe European Trade Union Confederation andthe European Trade Union Institute“ (Brüssel,1997).

Additional programme statements are to befound in works including: “Unsere Prioritäten:Resolutionen des EGB 1998”,1998 [Our priori-

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ties: ETUC resolutions 1998]; “European TradeUnion Confederation: Aktionsziele des EGB1976-1979” [ETUC Action Plan 1976-1979]:adopted by the 2nd statutory Congress in Lon-don, 22nd, 23rd, 24th April 1976“ (Brussels,1976); „European Trade Union Confederation:action programme/Europäischer Gewerkschafts-bund: general resolution and individual reso-lutions 1979-1982; adopted by the 3rd statutoryCongress, Munich, 14th-18th May 1979 (Brus-sels 1979) or “Die europäische Gewerkschafts-bewegung inmitten einer sich veränderndenWelt: allgemeine Entschließung”; adopted bythe 7th. regular Congress of the ETUC, Luxem-bourg 13th -17th May 1991 (Brussels 1991) andthere are naturally titles on the developmentof the European Union such as: “The future ofthe European Union: the trade unions’ demandsand expectations for the IntergovernmentalConference 1996; documentation of the jointconference of the European Trade Union Con-federation (ETUC) and the European TradeUnion Institute (ETUI) (November 1995)” (Brus-sels, 1996) or “For a Europe of civil and socialrights : a joint call by the citizens and workersof Europe on the eve of the IGC”, European con-ference, 3rd-4th June 1997, European Parlia-ment, Brussels, organised by ETUC …” (Brus-sels, 1997).

There are also several publications aboutthe ETUC, inc. among others “Der EuropäischeGewerkschaftsbund (EGB): Geschichte, Struk-tur, Politik/Europäisches Gewerkschaftsinstitut(EGI)” (pub. by Günter Köpke, 1991) [The Eu-ropean Trade Union Confederation (ETUC): his-tory, structure, politics/European Trade UnionInstitute]; “European Trade Union Confedera-tion: profile of the ETUC”, (1987); Silvia Dür-meier, Alfons Grundheber-Pilgram “Der Euro-päische Gewerkschaftsbund (EGB) und dieEuropäisierung der industriellen Beziehun-gen”, (1998) [The European Trade UnionConfederation (ETUC) and the europeanisationof industrial relations]; Bouwe Hijma “Inventoryof the archives of the European Trade UnionConfederation (ETUC) and its predecessors:(1939-) 1950-1992” (Amsterdam, 1996); UlrichMückenberger and others. (Pub.) “Die Moder-

nisierung der Gewerkschaften in Europa” (1996)[The Modernisation of Trade Unions in Europe].

The stock includes only a few publicationsfrom the European Confederation of FreeTrade Unions/ECFTU and the European TradeUnion Secretariat, among others the Congressreports from 1969 to 1972, press releases from1969 to 1972, “Wirtschaftliche und industrielleKonzentrationen: Antwort der Gewerkschaften;Jahresversammlung 1970, Düsseldorf, 14 and15 October 1970” [Economic and industrialconcentration: the trade union answer; annualmeeting], European Association of Free TradeUnions within the Community, Brussels, 1970,as well as action reports from 1966 to 1969 “In-ternational Confederation of Free Trade Unions/European Trade Union Secretariat: report onactivities/European Trade Union Secretariat:general assembly”, Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)in the European Community, Brussels, or “DieBeziehungen zwischen Arbeitgeber- und Ar-beitnehmerorganisationen auf europäischerEbene” [Relations between Employers’ andEmployees’ organisations at European level],European Trades Union Secretariat (ICFTU),Luxembourg 1967.

The Library has a large quantity of the publi-cations of the European Regional Organisationsof the ICFTU/ERO-ICFTU including statutes(1950, 1956); reports on activities (1966-68)and other conference reports such as the “Be-richt über die Europäische Gewerkschafts-Kon-ferenz für die Wiederbelebung der Europaidee:Brüssel, 25.-27. August 1955”; “Report on theEuropean Trade Union Conference for the Re-vival of the European Idea”, Brussels 25-27August 1955 or “Die Demokratie im Wirtschafts-leben und im Betrieb: gekürzter Bericht überVorträge und Diskussionen der europäischenGewerkschaftsschule, durchgeführt in der däni-schen Gewerkschaftsschule Esbjerg von 12. bis24. September 1955“ [“Democracy in econo-mic life and business: shortened report of thelectures and discussions at the European tradesunion school, conducted by the Danish tradesunion school at Esbjerg from 12 to 24 Sep-tember 1955”] European Regional Organisationof the I.C.F.T.U., Brussels, 1956.

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European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)

The European Trade Union Institute/ETUIwas founded in 1978 on the initiative of theETUC to form a bridge between the trade unionmovement and the world of research in Europe.The work focuses on the areas of the Euro-peanisation of conditions of work, the labourmarket, employment and social policy as wellas economic and industrial policies.

A large quantity of publications was takenover or obtained from the European Trade UnionInstitute/ETUI, they range from “EuropeanTrade Union Confederation: The institutes of theETUC: [ETUI, research; ETUCO/AFETT, educa-tion and training; TUTB, health and safety]”(Brussels, 1999); press releases and reports of

activities (1.1978 until the present day) throughthe periodical “Transfer: European review oflabour and research; quarterly of the EuropeanTrade Union Institute” (1.1995 until the pre-sent) through other subjects relevant to theInstitute’s work.

On the topic of unions, works which shouldbe mentioned include Jeremy Waddington“Trade unions in Europe: facing challenges andsearching for solutions”, 2000; Heikki Aintila“Trade union membership in western Europe”,1993 or the series of individual descriptions ofthe unions in European countries such as thosefrom John Evans, David Foden “The trade unionmovement in Great Britain”, 1986 or MartinHutsebaut “The trade union movement in theNetherlands”, 1992.

Additional titles are “Strike and structuralchange: the future of the trade unions’ mobilisa-tion capacity in Europe”, prepared for a meet-ing by Klaus Pumberger (1992); Giuseppe Fajer-tag (pub.) “Social pacts in Europe” (1997); Da-vid Foden (pub.) “Globalisation and the socialcontract” (2001) or “European works councilsand the europeanisation of industrial relations:report of a conference organised by the Euro-pean Trade Union Confederation and the Euro-pean Trade Union Institute, Brussels, October2-4, 1996” (Brussels, 1997).

Naturally considerable space is devoted toEurope and the European Union, mention canbe made for example of “Arbeitsbedingungenin den Ländern des europäischen Wirtschafts-raumes, Sozialvergleich in der EuropäischenUnion”, 1997 [Working conditions in the coun-tries of the European Economic Area, a socialcomparison in the European Union]; “Die so-ziale Architektur Europas auf dem Prüfstand:gewerkschaftliche Ideen zum europäischen Ent-wicklungsmodell” [Europe’s social archtecturetested: union ideas on the European model ofdevelopment]/working documents, Brussels,1993; Brian Bercusson (pub.) “A manifesto forsocial Europe” (1996).

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The European Trade Union College/ETUCOwas founded in 1990 as a training institutionfor the ETUC, to more actively promote Euro-pean topics and questions within the sphere oftrade union training.

(In 1995 the ETUC decided to merge the As-sociation for European Training of Workers onthe Impact of New Technology; Association pourla formation européene des travailleurs auxtechnologies/AFETT, founded in 1986, with theETUCO.)

Besides publications such as the “EuropeanTrade Union College (ETUCO): work programme1994-2000” (held as online publication) or JeffBridgford (pub.) “Trade union education in Eu-rope” (2000), emphasis is placed on publica-tions available on such key programme topicsas language courses, trade union organisationsand the representation of interests as well asEuropean political issues.

As examples from a long list of titles the fol-lowing should also be mentioned: Jacky Barry“Language tutors’ manual: for tutors involvedin language training for European trade unio-nists/ETUCO” (1995); “Making it work: effectivelanguage training strategies for European tradeunionists; proceedings of ETUCO seminar, Uni-versity of Northumbria, Newcastle 1994” (Brus-sels, 1995), tuition material for language courses,German or English for trade unionists forexample, or also “The European works councildirective: explanatory guide to the EU directiveof 22 September 1994”, (1995). Renate Lange-wiesche, Agnes Kende, Jacky Barry “EuropeUnited! Trade unions and the enlargement ofthe European Union” (2001) and the Germanedition Renate Langewiesche, Agnes Kende, Ja-

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European Trade Union College (ETUCO)

European Trade Union Education Network“Resource pack: Network: introduction to the Internet –publishing on the World Wide Web”, 1996

cky Barry “Europa gemeinsam!: Gewerkschaf-ten und die Erweiterung der EuropäischenUnion”, (Further education material, Brussels,2001).

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European Trade Union Technical Bureau for Health and Safety(TUTB)

Council of European professional and managerial staff(EUROCADRES)

The European Trade Union Technical Bureaufor Health and Safety /TUTB was founded onthe initiative of the European Trade Union Con-federation/ETUC in 1989 to promote a high de-gree of health protection and a high level of worksafety both in Europe and at the workplace.

So far the material from the European TradeUnion Technical Bureau for Health and Sa-fety/TUTB has been somewhat sparsely repre-sented: “European Trade Union Technical Bu-reau for Health and Safety: TUTB newsletter:

The Council of European professional andmanagerial staff/EUROCADRES was foundedin 1993 at the instigation of the European TradeUnion Confederation/ETUC in order to improvethe representation of leading employees in theETUC affiliates at European level.

The Council of European professional andmanagerial staff/EUROCADRES is representedby several titles: “Eurocadres: Eurocadres flash”;reports of activities (1993-2000) as well as ma-ny subject-related publications such as fromJean-Eves Boulin, Robert Plasman “Die Arbeits-zeit von Fach- und Führungskräften in Europa:

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newsletter of the European Trade Union Tech-nical Bureau for Health and Safety” (from2.1996); Ringelberg, J. A., P. Voskamp “Inte-grating ergonomic principles into C-standardsfor machinery design: TUTB proposals for gui-delines” (1996) or „Verbesserung von Gesund-heitsschutz und Sicherheit in der EuropäischenGemeinschaft: grundlegende Informationen fürGewerkschaften“, 1991 [Improving health andsafety protection in the European Community:basic information for unions].

Eurocadres-Symposium, 2nd and 3rd December1997”, (introductory report, 1997); Jean-YvesBoulin, Robert Plasman “Professional employees’working hours in Europe: Eurocadres Sympo-sium 2nd and 3rd December, 1997” (introductoryreport, 1997); “Professional and managerialstaff in the labour force: issues and opportun-ities from trade unions /Trades Union Con-gress…” (London, 1998) or “Symposium Careerand Family Life – How Can Professional and Ma-nagerial Staff Strike the Right Balance? 1995,Brussels.

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The European Industry Federations (ofwhich there are currently 11) have been full

members of the ETUC since 1991, until 1991they had an advisory role on the ETUC.

The European Federation of Building andWoodworkers/EFBWW came into existence in1983 with the renaming of the Europäische Fö-deration der Bau- und Holzarbeiter in der Ge-meinschaft/EFBHG [European Federation ofBuilding and Woodworkers in the Community]which was founded in 1974, and had its rootsin the Gemeinschaftlichen Europäischen Aus-schuss für die Bau- und Holzsektoren [Joint Eu-ropean Committee for the Building and Wood-working Sector] which was set up in 1958.

(The supplementary regional organisation,the Nordic Federation of Building and Wood-workers is a special case among the Europeanindustrial federations. It was founded in 1952and today includes 23 member unions from thenorthern European countries.)

Publications of the European Federation ofBuilding and Woodworkers/EFBWW whichshould be mentioned include “Euro-Betriebs-räte Austellung – Exposition of European workscouncils/EFBH” (Frankfurt 2001); Jan Cremers“The free movement of workers in Europe: out-standing problems” (1999); “Eurosite: Informa-tions- und Konsultationsverfahren auf großeneuropäischen Baustellen; ein Leitfaden für gutePraktiken” (1999); “Eurosite: information andconsultation procedures on large Europeanconstruction sites; a guide book of good prac-tice” (1999) or “Das ist die EFBH: Ursprung,Geschichte, Wirkung” (1997) [This is the EFBW:origin, history impact].

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European Industry Federations

European Federation of Building and Woodworkers (EFBWW)

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European Federation of Food, Agriculture and Tourism TradeUnions (EFFAT)

The European Federation of Food, Agri-culture and Tourism Trade Unions/EFFAT wasformed in 2000 through the merger of theEuropean Federation of Food, Catering and Al-lied Workers’ Unions /ECF-IUF, which was itselfestablished in 1981 with the merger of the Eu-ropäischer Gewerkschaftausschuss Nahrung-Genuss-Gaststätten/EG NGG [European TradeUnion Committee Food and Catering] (foundedin 1959) and the European regional organisa-tion of the International Union of Food, Agri-cultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobaccoand Allied Workers Associations /Euro-IUF(founded in 1975) as well as the European Fe-deration of Agricultural Workers’ Unions /EFAfounded in 1958.

The European Landworkers’ Federation/ELF was dissolved in 1971 and its mandate wastaken over by the International Federation ofPlantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers/IFPAAW. The material is presented in the con-text of the merger of the IFPLAW and the Inter-national Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Res-taurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied WorkersAssociations/IUF.

As far as the new regional organisation Eu-ropean Federation of Food, Agriculture andTourism Trade Unions/EFFAT is concerned,mention should be made of the “Newsletter”(both the German and English versions areavailable as online publications).

From the European Federation of Food, Ca-tering and Allied Workers’ Unions (ECF-IUF)one should mention the “Newsletter” (the Ger-

man and English editions) or the “Report Mittel-und Osteuropa: Nachrichten der Internationa-len Union der Lebensmittel-, Landwirtschafts-,Hotels, Restaurant-, Café- und Genussmittel-arbeiter-Gewerkschaften und deren Europäi-schen regionalen Organisation EAL-IUL in Mit-tel und Osteuropa” [report Central and EasternEurope: news of the International Federationof Food, Agriculture, Hotels and Catering Unionsand their European regional organisations inCentral and Eastern Europe] and from the Eu-ropäischer Gewerkschaftsausschuss Nah-rung-Genuss-Gaststätten/EG NGG [EuropeanTrade Union Committee Food and Catering] the“Euro-Bulletin” (European committee of theFood and Caterig Unions together with the Eu-ropean Federation of Agricultural Workers’Unions/EFA, Brussels (1.1974-31.1990) and“International Confectionery Industry Workers’Meeting: Internationale Konferenz der Arbeit-nehmer in der Süsswarenindustrie: Unterlagend. Konferenz, Protokoll/Internationale Union d.Lebens- u. Genußmittelarbeiter-Gewerkschaf-ten; European Committee of Food, Catering andAllied Workers’ Unions within the IUF (ECF-IUF)” (1981).

The European Landworkers’ Federation/ELF is represented by the “ELF-Bulletin/Eu-ropean Landworkers’ Federation” (21.1965-35.1969), reports of the Secretariat or by the“Constitution of the International Federationof Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers.Rules of the European Landworkers’ Federa-tion”, Utrecht, 1960.

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The European Federation of Journalists/EFJwas founded in 1989 (or, if you include pre-decessor organisations in 1985). It has memberunions in 31 countries and is thus the largestjournalists’ organisation in Europe.

Examples of the European Federation ofJournalists/EFJ publications which should bementioned: “Euronews” (both printed and on-line versions, 1995 and 1998 respectively untilthe present day); “Freelance newsletter: Bulle-tin of the European Federation of Journalists,Freelance Expert Group” (1.1998 until the pre-sent); activity reports as well as “Reuters HoldingPLC: training for European works council:seminar report; Brussels January 16-17, 1996”,“The information society and authors’ rightsof media employees and freelances” (1996) or“Moral rights in the information society: a needfor harmonisation in the EU, seminar report,Rome, October 9-10, 1998”.

The European Mine, Chemical and EnergyWorkers’ Federation/EMCEF was founded in1996 emerging from the Europäische Föderationder Chemiegewerkschaften/ EFCG [EuropeanFederation of Chemical and General Workers’Unions] founded in 1988, and its predecessor,founded in 1958, the Europäischer Koordinie-rungsausschuss der Internationalen Föderationvon Industriegewerkschaften und Fabrikarbei-

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European Federation of Journalists (EFJ)

European Mine, Chemical and Energy Workers’ Federation(EMCEF)

terverbänden [European coordinating commit-tee of the International federation of industrialunions and factory workers’ federations], aswell as the Miners’ European Federation/MEFfounded in 1991.

The European Mine, Chemical and EnergyWorkers’ Federation/EMCEF is representedby material including Congress reports andprotocols (2000-2002).

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European Metalworkers’ Federation (EMF)

The European Metalworkers’ Federation/EMF was established in 1995 and dates backto the European Metalworkers’ Federation inthe Community/EMF founded 1971 and to theEuropäischer Ausschuss der Metallgewerkschaf-ten/Metallausschuss [European Committee ofMetalworking Unions /Metal Committee] formedin 1963.

The EMF includes 60 member unions from26 European countries.

A large number of European Metalworkers’Federation/EMF titles can be mentioned in-cluding among others: “Collective bargainingpolicy in the European metal industry: annualreport/European Collective Bargaining Infor-mation Network”; activity reports (1971-1999);“EMF Collective Bargaining conference” (Ger-man and English editions, 1998 and 2001); Diesozialverträgliche Gestaltung der Umstrukturie-rung: (managing restructuring report)” (1998);“Working time survey 1997: initial evaluation;

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finding of the EMF’s 1997 survey on workingtime policy in the European metalworking in-dustry” (1998) as well as about the history ofthe EMF “European Metalworkers’ Federation:Geschichte des EMB: zwischen Kontinuität undTransformaton” (1995) or “European Metal-workers’ Federation: History of the EMF: thekey concerns: continuity and change” (1995).

Publications from the European Metal-workers’ Federation in the Community/EMFwhich could be mentioned: “European Metal-workers’ Federation in the Community: Euro-päischer Metallgewerkschaftsbund in der Ge-meinschaft” (1978-85); Secretariat reports(1991-1998) or “Ergebnisse der Untersuchungdes E.M.B. über Löhne, die Arbeitszeit und dieZusatzsysteme zur sozialen Sicherheit in eini-gen europäischen Werften: September 1979”[“Results of a EMF survey concerning wages,working hours and social security supplementsin some European shipyards”].

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The European Federation of Public ServiceUnions/EPSU was founded in 1978 and groups180 member unions in more than 30 Europeancountries. A predecessor organisation was setup in 1974, the European Public Service Com-mittee/EPSC.

The European Federation of Public ServiceUnions/EPSU is well represented with a largenumber of publications, including reports ofactivities, statutes, as well as titles relating totechnical or representative topics such as e.g“Economic and monetary union and its conse-quences for public services: the EPSU position”(1998); “Basic points of the EPSU for an EUenergy Policy” (2000); “The municipal wastemanagement industry in Europe, issues, trendsand multinationals” (1997); “Privatisation inhealth services in Western Europe: an interimresearch report by the Public Sector Privatisa-tion Research Unit, UK” (1996) or on Jane Pil-linger’s trade union education work, “Promot-ing quality public services for Europe’s citizens: education modules” (2000).

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European Federation of Public Service Unions (EPSU)

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European Trade Union Committee for Education (ETUCE)

European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF)

The European Transport Workers’ Federa-tion/ETF founded in 1999 combines the mem-ber organisations of the now dissolved Federa-tion of Transport Workers’ Unions in the Eu-ropean Union/FST founded in 1958 with theEuropean member unions of the InternationalTransport Workers’ Federation/ITF.

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The only printed material available from theEuropean Transport Workers’ Federation/ETFis the founding statutes. Since the ETF onlypublishes online, the Friedrich-Ebert-Founda-tion will in future obtain and store these onlinepublications. Currently they are only availableon a local basis.

The European Trade Union Committee forEducation/ETUCE was founded in 1975.

Material available from the European TradeUnion Committee for Education/ETUCE in-cludes a few publications besides the electronicedition of the “Constitution and standing ordersof the European Trade Union Committee for Edu-cation (ETUCE)” (1996): the Conference report“Report of the ETUCE Colloquium on Teachers’Salaries and Working Conditions in the ECCountries: Dorint Hotel, Offenburg, Federal Re-public of Germany, May 17-20, 1988”; “Studyon stress: the cause of stress for teachers, itseffects, and suggested approaches to reduce it”(1999) or the Conference report “ETUCE roundtable, Berlin, March 12-13, 2001: a challengeto education in the new economy – indicators,new skills and lifelong learning in Europe;report” (2001).

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International/PTTI] founded in 1965, the Eu-ropean Graphical Federation/EGF founded in1985, the European regional organisation of theMedia and Entertainment International/MEI,which traced itself back to the Europäischer Ge-werkschaftsausschuss Kunst und Unterhaltung/EGAKU [European Trade Union Committee Artand Entertainment] founded in 1973.

Besides the founding statutes (2000) themain focus of the UNI-Europa publications ison technical subjects covering the differentareas with which it is involved, almost all of themin both German and English – some examples:Andrew Bibby “Organising in financial callcentres“ (Geneva, 2000, German edition entitled:“Organisierung in Finanz-Call Centern”); LionelFulton, “Ausweitung der europäischen Betriebs-räte im graphischen Sektor auf Mittel- und Ost-europa: eine einführende Studie” [ExtendingEuropean Works Councils in the graphics sector

ta der europäischen Sozialpartner für den Schuh-sektor” [child labour: a charter of the Europeansocial partners for the shoe sector] (publishedby the Europäischen Verband für die Schuhin-dustrie [European Federation of the shoe in-dustry], the Europäischer Gewerkschaftsaus-schuss Textil, Bekleidung und Leder/EGA-TBL[European Trade Union Committee TCL])/Brus-sels, 1997; and “Verhaltenskodex: eine Chartader europäischen Sozialpartner des Textil- undBekleidungssektors” [Code of conduct: a charterof the European social partners] (1997).

The European Trade Union Federation forTextiles Clothing and Leather/ETUF-TCL wasformed between 1993/97, dating back to theEuropäische Regionalorganisation der Interna-tionalen Textil-, Bekleidungs- und Lederarbei-ter-Vereinigung [European Regional Organi-sation of the International Textile, Clothing andLeather workers’ Federation] formed in 1975.

Two of the few publications of the EuropeanTrade Union Federation for Textiles Clothingand Leather/ETUF-TCL in the Library’s stocksshould be mentioned: “Kinderarbeit: eine Char-

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European Trade Union Federation for Textiles Clothing andLeather (ETUF-TCL)

UNI-Europa / Union Network International

UNI-Europa came into existence in the year2000 as part of the merger of the internationalTrade Secretariats of private-sector employees,in the post and communications branch, the gra-phic branch and the branch covering the arts,media and entertainment as a European regio-nal organisation, whose member unions repre-sent 7 million union members in Europe.

The main predecessor organisations were theInternational Federation of Commercial, Clerical,Professional and Technical Employees/EuropeanRegional Organisation/EURO-FIET founded in1972, together with the different brauch groups,the Europäischer Ausschuss der Kommunika-tions-Internationale/KI [European Committee ofthe Communications International/CI]␣ , whichdates back to the Europäischer Ausschuss derInternationale des Personals der Post-, Telegra-phen- und Telefonbetriebe/IPTT [European Com-mittee of the Postal, Telegraph and Telephone

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to central and eastern Europe] /2001; “The im-pact of mergers and acquisitions in bankingand insurance” (Nyon, 2000, German edition en-titled: “Auswirkungen von Fusionen und Über-nahmen in Banken und Versicherungen”); EricLee, “Online-Rechte für Online-Beschäftigte inden Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union:Bericht über ein Forschungsprojekt für UNI Eu-ropa” (Nyon, 2000, English edition entitled:“Online rights for online workers in memberstates of the European Union”) or the title “DerMensch im Mittelpunkt in eEuropa: eine Ant-wort von UNI-Europa auf eEuropa: eine Infor-mationsgesellschaft für alle” (Nyon, 2000, Eng-lish edition entitled: “People first in Europe).

There is a very large quantity of material fromthe International Federation of Commercial,Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees/

European Regional Organisation/EURO-FIETin the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation Library, ofwhich only a few publications will be mentionedto give some indication of the range. In additionto a large number of Congress reports, progressreports and reports of technical group confe-rences, the main topics covered are those deal-ing with the specific relevant subjects. Mentionshould be made of “Collective bargaining trendsin European banking 1987-1988” (1989, Ger-man edition entitled: “Tarifverhandlungsten-denzen im europäischen Bankensektor 1987-1988)”; “Equality of opportunity in insurance”(1991, German edition entitled: “Chancengleich-heit im Versicherungswesen”); “The need for asocial clause in the second EEC bank directive: submission by EURO-FIET to Jacques Delors”(1989, German edition entitled: “Die Notwendig-keit einer Sozialklausel in der 2. EG-Banken-richtlinie”).

Titles from less specialised organisations oftrades union significance include “Europeanworks councils: a user’s guide” (1995); “Gewerk-schaftliche Organisation junger Angestellter:EURO-FIET Jugendseminar und -konferenz,Malta 3-7 May 1982” [Union organisation ofyoung employees] (1983); “Die Herausforde-rung der Organisierung in Europa: Euro-FIET-Strategien” (1998, English version entitled:“The organising challenge in Europe”) or “Eu-ropäischer Arbeitsmarkt und Entwicklung vonHuman Resources, Brüssel, 30 November-1 De-zember 1992” (1994, English edition entitled:“European labour market and human resourcesdevelopment”).

The European Graphical Federation/EGFis represented with extensive material. Besidesreports of activities and Congress reports aswell as descriptions of publishing houses suchas the “Axel Springer Verlag AG: Dokumenta-tion” (produced by FAST, Forschungsgemein-schaft für Aussenwirtschaft, Struktur- undTechnologiepolitik e.V., Berlin, 1993) or Raffa-ele Bruni “Die Gruppe Fininvest-Mondadori”(1992) there are publications on different topicssuch as “Auf dem Weg zu europäischen Be-triebsräten: “die europäische Koordinierung der

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gewerkschaftlichen Konzernbetreuung 1992 inder Medienindustrie, Druckindustrie und Papier-industrie” [Approaching the European workscouncils: European coordination of union acti-vities in large-scale companies in the mediaindustry] /1993; Kjell Christoffersen (Pub.) “DieAuswirkung des Europäischen Binnenmarktsauf die Erwerbstätigkeit innerhalb der europäi-schen Druck- und Grafikindustrie” [The effectof the European Single Market on employmentin Europe’s printing and graphics industry] /1990; “Erklärung zu den Rechten, Grundsätzenund empfohlenen Verfahren hinsichtlich einge-wanderter Arbeitnehmer in den grafischen undverwandten Medienindustrien Europas” [Decla-ration on rights, principles and recommendedprocedures concerning immigrant employeesin the graphics and allied media industries inEurope]: issued at the time of the InternationalTrade Union Conference on the subject of “Im-migration in Europe”, on 23 and 24 Novemberin Rome, Italy (IGF, EGF, 1992); “Gesundheit, Ar-beitssicherheit und Umwelt: europäisches Hand-buch für Arbeitnehmervertreter in multinatio-nalen Unternehmen; Medienindustrie, Druck-industrie, Papierindustrie” [Health, occupatio-nal safety and the environment: European ma-nual for trade union representatives in multi-national companies; the media, printing andpaper industry] /1993 or Matthias Otto “A brief

history of the International Graphical Federa-tion and its forerunners.

Besides the statutes (1996) included in thesmall stock of material from the EURO-MEI,the following titles should be mentioned “12Stunden: Mindestruhezeit zwischen zwei Ar-beitstagen; für alle Techniker und Arbeiter inder Kino- und Fernsehproduktion; in ganzEuropa” (English edition entitled “12 hours:minimum rest period between two workingdays; for all cinema and television productionworkers and technicians, throughout Europe”)(1998); Nicola Frank, “European cinema andtv feature film co-productions and their effectson the labour market: report” (1998, Germanedition entitled: “Europäische Co-Produktionenvon Kino- und Fernsehspielfilmen und ihre Aus-wirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt”); Zoë Lanara,“The red book: trade union views on public broad-casting = Le livre rouge” (Athen, 1997, ein EURO-MEI Papier) or “Working conditions of casual andfreelance directors and technicians in docu-mentary and magazine programme productionin Europe: a survey in 9 European countries”(1996, German edition entitled: “Arbeitsbedin-gungen von zeitweise beschäftigten und selbstän-digen Regisseuren und Technikern bei der Pro-duktion von Dokumentarfilmen und Magazin-sendungen in Europa”).

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Stocks of various European trade unions in the

Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

Rainer Gries

The purpose of this publication is to describethe stocks of publications on the European tradeunion organisations held by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Readers interested in trade union mat-ters and European politics would certainly beinterested to know that the inventory also in-cludes a very large number of publications fromand about the trades unions in different Euro-pean countries, with the emphasis on Westernand Southern Europe. Together with the publi-

cations of the European trade union organisa-tions, this “Europe” stock section in the Libraryof the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung provides an ex-tremely valuable source of information both forspecialists and the interested public.

In this context one should also mention thelarge number of publications of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung which are available in full in theFoundation’s digital library.

A selection of titles should be mentioned toprovide an illustration of both the size and theextent of the inventory.

On the subject of the deregulation and pri-vatisation strategies in EU countries referred toearlier, one should cite the following titles amongothers:

Alan Tuffin “Privatisation of British Telecom:A response from the Union of CommunicationWorkers to the Government’s white paper ‘thefuture of telecommunications in Britain’” pub-lished by the Union of Communication Workers(London, 1982); “Privatisation by order: The go-vernment plan for local services”, published bythe Trades Union Congress/TUC (London, 1985);Wilgart Schuchardt “European long-distanceroad haulage policy: between deregulation andecological requirements”, published by the Fried-rich-Ebert-Foundation (Bonn 1993); “Privatisa-tion in visegrád countries: old principles and newmethods; proceedings of the international con-ference” published by the Miklós Szanyi, Insti-tute for World Economics (Budapest, ca. 1993);Frank Dobson “Deregulating disaster: the Torythreat to airport security and passenger safety;a report” (Labour Party, London 1993); SergeGaillard “Deregulierung ist keine Antwort aufArbeitslosigkeit: 10 Thesen zur aktuellen Ar-beitsmarktlage”, published by the Schweizeri-scher Gewerkschaftsbund/SGB (Bern, 1994);

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“Gesetz über kleine Aktiengesellschaften undzur Deregulierung des Aktienrechts”, publishedby the IG Metall, company participation depart-ment (Frankfurt am Main 1994); “Deregulie-rung, EU und Gesundheitsdienstleistungen: dieStruktur der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherungim Wande” published by Günter Flemmich(Verl. des Österreichischen Gewerkschaftsbun-des, Wien 1996); Berthold Busch „Deregulie-rung der Postmärkte in Deutschland und Eu-ropa” (Cologne, 2001).

The national unions are also attaching greaterimportance to the European works councils. DirkBuda “Auf dem Weg zum europäischen Betriebs-rat”, published by the Friedrich-Ebert-Foun-dation (Bonn, 1991); “Betriebsräte in Europa :eine Handlungshilfe”, published by the Indus-triegewerkschaft Metall, Edit.: Michael Blank-Abel (Frankfurt am Main, 1992); Paz CamposPonce “De Europese ondernemingsraad: eenkorte toelichting op de richtlijn voor Europeseondernemingsraden” published by the Indus-triebond FNV/Federatie Nederlandse Vakbewe-ging (Amsterdam, 1996); Jutta Esser “Euro-pean works councils and their significance forchanging industrial relations in Britain”, pub-lished by the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation (Lon-don,1996); Wolfgang Lecher “Gewerkschaftenund industrielle Beziehungen in Frankreich,Italien, Großbritannnien und Deutschland: Rah-menbedingungen für die EBR” (Düsseldorf, 1997);“What will the Opt-in mean? European workscouncils; implications for British trade unionsand companies”, published by the Trades UnionCongress/TUC (London, 1997); “European workscouncils”, published by the Amalgamated Engi-neering and Electrical UnionAEEU (Hayes,1998); Wolfgang Lecher; Bernhard Nagel;Hans-Wolfgang Platzer “Die KonstituierungEuropäischer Betriebsräte – vom Informations-forum zum Akteur? Eine vergleichende Studievon acht Konzernen in Deutschland, Frank-reich, Großbritannien und Italien”. (Baden-Ba-den, 1998).

The Development of the European Union, itspredecessors and European politics have takena permanent place for decades within the spec-trum of trade union publications in Europe: Otto

Brenner “Die Aufgaben der Gewerkschaftsbe-wegung in einem integrierten Europa” (Referat,Paris,1964); “Die Gewerkschaften und die wirt-schaftliche Zusammenarbeit Europas” (Öster-reichischer Gewerkschaftsbund/ÖGB, Wien, ca.1958); “Britain and the E.E.C.: a review of theprincipal economic and social issues”, publishedby the Trades Union Congress/TUC (London,ca. 1967); “Europa y los trabajadores” (UniónGeneral de Trabajadores/UGT, Madrid,1989);“Die Charta der Grundrechte der EuropäischenUnion” published by the Deutsche Gewerk-schaftsbund, Bundesvorstand, Abteilung Ar-beitsmarktpolitik und Internationale Sozialpoli-tik (Berlin, 2001); Sophie G. Alf “Arbeitnehmer-beteiligung und Mitbestimmung in der BRD undin Italien = Partecipazione dei lavoratori ecodecisione nelle RFT e in Italia” (Rome, 1991);“Que es el tratado de Maastricht?” (Confede-ración Sindical de Comisiones Obreras/CC.OO,

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Madrid, 1992); “L’Europa e il sindacato” (For-mazione Sindacale, Confederazione ItalianaSindacati Lavoratori/CISL, Rom, 1993); OttoJacobi “The case for social democracy as thetrade union perspective in Europe”, publishedby the Friedrich-Ebert Foundation (Bonn, 1993);“The European Union: trade union goals” pub-lished by the Trades Union Congress/TUC (Lon-don, 1996); Peter Jacob “20 Jahre Interregio-naler Gewerkschaftsrat Europaregion Saar-land, Lothringen, Luxemburg, Trier/Westpfalz:[1976-1996] = 20 ans Conseil InterrégionalRégion d’Europe Sarre, Lorraine, Luxembourg,Trèves/Palatinat Occidental” (Saarbrücken,1996); “L’Euro en poche, l’Europe en marche”(Confédération Française Démocratique duTravail/CFDT, Paris, ca. 1997); Céderic Guinand“Die Beziehungen der deutschen und franzö-

sischen Gewerkschaften seit der Gründung desEuropäischen Gewerkschaftsbundes (1973) imRahmen der Europäischen Integration” (Mar-burg, 1997); „Europapolitische Forderungender IG Metall“ Industriegewerkschaft Metall(Frankfurt am Main, 1999); Andrea Ciampani“La Cisl tra integrazione europea e mondializza-zione: profilo storico del ‘sindacato nuo-vo’nellerelazioni internazionali: dalla conferenza diLondra al trattato di Amsterdam” (Rome, 2000).

The non-conventional trades union publi-cations, the “Grey Literature”, from different Eu-ropean countries are important not just for pur-poses of historical research. The continuing col-lection of the newer publications also makes itpossible to take a look at current debates withinthe trade unions on trade union relevant topicsin Europe today.

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Appendix

Selected bibliography

Willy Buschak

Auf der Suche nach Solidarität. Eine Geschichte der internationalen Bau- und Holzarbeiterbewe-gung. Hrsg. von Konrad Carl und Bruno Köbele. Autorenteam: Dieter Fricke, Arno Klönne,Reinhard Krämer und Bernd Schütt. Köln 1993.

Bendyxen, Jytte: EFFAT (European Federation of Food, Agriculture and Tourism Workers’ Unions)merger congress, Luxembourg 11-12 December 2000. In: Transfer. European Review ofLabour and Research, 1/2001, pp. 161-163.

Botella, Louis: Les syndicalismes en Europe (1 continent, 47 pays et territoires). Paris 1999.Breitenfellner, Andreas: European transport workers move closer together: FST conference, Lu-

xembourg, 10-11 November 1997. In: Transfer. European Review of Labour and Research,4/1997, pp. 841-845.

Buschak, Willy: Der Europäische Gewerkschaftsbund oder wie weckt man einen schlafenden Rie-sen? In: Grebing,Helga/Meyer,Thomas: Linksparteien und Gewerkschaften in Europa. DieZukunft einer Partnerschaft. Köln 1992, S. 223-246.Ders.: Von Menschen, die wie Menschen leben wollten. Die Geschichte der GewerkschaftNahrung-Genuss-Gaststätten und ihrer Vorläufer. Köln 1985.

Dolvik, Jon Erik: Building European regional structures: ETUC and the European Industry Fede-rations. In: Transfer. European Review of Labour and Research, 1/2000, pp. 58-77.Ders.: Die Spitze des Eisbergs? Der EGB und die Entwicklung eines Euro-Korporatismus.Münster 1999.

Dürmeier, Silvia/Grundheber-Pilgram, Alfons: Der Europäische Gewerkschaftsbund (EGB ) unddie Europäisierung der industriellen Beziehungen. Handbuch der Gewerkschaften in Euro-pa. Brüssel 1998.

Gobin, Corinne: Construction européenne et syndicalisme européen␣ : un aperçu de trente-quatreans d’histoire (1958-1991). In␣ : La revue de l’IRES, 21/1996, pp. 119-151.Dies.: L’Europe syndicale. Entre désir et réalité. Essai sur le syndicalisme à l’aube du XXIsiècle. Préface de Georges Debunne. Postface de René Mouriaux. Bruxelles 1997.

Gollbach, Jochen␣ : New horizons for collective bargaining in Europe. 4th EMF collective bargainingconference, Oslo, 20-21 June 2001. In: Transfer. European Review of Labour and Research,7/2001, pp. 569-573.

Groux, Guy/Mouriaux, René/Pernot, Jean-Marie: Die Europäisierung der Gewerkschaftsbewegung– der Europäische Gewerkschaftsbund. In: Hoffmann, Reiner/Gabaglio, Emilio (Hrsg.): Einoffener Prozess. Elf Versuche über den Europäischen Gewerkschaftsbund. Münster 1998,S. 61-87.

Gumbrell-McCormick, Rebecca: The European Trade Union Committee for Education: Openingthe door to social dialogue. In: Industrielle Beziehungen. Zeitschrift für Arbeit, Organisationund Management. The German Journal of Industrial Relations, 1/1996, pp. 80-101.

Hoffmann, Reiner/Jacobi, Otto: EPSU: On course to become a competence and coordination cen-tre. Results of a survey of monetary union and collective bargaining. With the support ofGiuseppe Fajertag, Stéphane Le Queux and Jeremy Waddington. Brussels 1999.

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Koch-Baumgarten, Sigrid: Gewerkschaftsinternationalismus und die Herausforderung der Glo-balisierung. Das Beispiel der Internationalen Transportarbeiter-Föderation (ITF). Quellenund Studien zur Sozialgeschichte. Hrsg. vom Internationalen Institut für Sozialgeschichte,Amsterdam Bd.17. Frankfurt a.M. 1999.

Kruse, Wolfgang/Reutter, Werner: Internationale Gewerkschaftsbewegung. In: Gewerkschafts-jahrbuch 1993. Daten-Fakten-Analysen. Hsrg. von Michael Kittner. Köln 1993, S.649-675.

Martin, Andrew/Ross, George: In the line of fire. The Europeanization of Labor Representation.In: The brave new world of European labor. European Trade Unions at the millennium.Andrew Martin, George Ross, Lucio Baccaro u.a. New York – Oxford 1999, pp. 312-367.

Mermet, Emmanuel: Third Congress of the Textile-Clothing-Leather European trade union federa-tion (ETUF-TCL), Toledo, 1-4 April 2001. In: Transfer. European Review of Labour and Re-search, 2/2001, pp. 278-279.

Moreno Preciados, Juan: Sindicatos sin fronteras. La Confederación Europea de Sindicatos (1973-1999) y la afiliación de CC.OO. Madrid 1999.

Oesterheld, Werner/Olle, Werner: Gewerkschaftliche Internationalisierung in Westeuropa – ZurEntwicklung des Europäischen Gewerkschaftsbundes (EGB). In: Hoffmann, Reiner/Gabaglio,Emilio (Hrsg.): Ein offener Prozess. Elf Versuche über den Europäischen Gewerkschafts-bund. Münster 1998, S. 9-27.

Pasture, Patrick: The flight of the Robins. European Trade Unionism at the beginnings of the Eu-ropean Integration process. In: Bart de Wilde (Hrsg.):The past and future of internationaltrade unionism. International conference Ghent, May 19-20, 2000. Ghent 2001, pp.80-103.

Platzer, Hans Wolfgang: Gewerkschaftspolitik ohne Grenzen? Die transnationale Zusammenarbeitder Gewerkschaften im Europa der 90er Jahre. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Reihe PraktischeDemokratie. Bonn 1991.

Rütters, Peter: Chancen internationaler Gewerkschaftspolitik. Struktur und Einfluss der Interna-tionalen Union der Lebens- und Genussmittelarbeiter-Gewerkschaften (1945-1985). Köln1985.

Rütters, Peter/Tudyka, Kurt: Internationale Gewerkschaftsbewegung – Vorbereitung auf den euro-päischen Binnenmarkt. In: Gewerkschaftsjahrbuch 1990. Daten-Fakten-Analysen. Hrsg. vonMichael Kittner. Köln 1990, S.566-606.

Tóth, András: Development towards a genuine European branch federation: the 2nd congress ofETUC-TCL. In: Transfer. European Review of Labour and Research, 3/1997, pp. 664-668.

Windmuller, J.P./Pursey, S.: The international trade union movement. In: Blanpain, R./Engels, C.(Hrsg.): Comparative labour law and industrial relations in industrialized market economies.The Hague-London-Boston 2001, pp. 73-100.

Zühlke-Robinet, Klaus: The European Federation of Building and Woodworkers (EFBWW) actionprogramme for the period 2000 to 2003. In: Transfer. European Review of Labour and Re-search, 6/2000, S. 160-162.

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ADGB Allgemeiner Deutscher GewerkschaftsbundAEEU Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union

AFETT Association for European Training of Workers on the Impactof New Technology (Association pour la formation européennedes travailleurs aux technologies)

CCOO Confederación Sindical de Comisiones ObrerasCEEP Centre Européen des entreprises à participation publique

et des entreprises d’intérêts économique géneralCEEFA Centre Européen d’études et de formation dans le

secteur agricoleCFDT Confédération Française Démocratique du TravailCGIL Confederazione Generale Italiana di Lavoro

CGSLB Confédération Générale des Syndicats Libéraux de la BelgiqueCGT Confédération Générale du Travail

CGT-FO Confédération Générale du Travail – Force OuvrièreCGT-L Confédération Générale du Travail – Luxembourg

CI Communications InternationalCISL Confederazione Italiana Sindacati LavoratoriCMB Centrale des Métallurgistes de Belgique

COPA Comité Professionnel Agricole

DAG Deutsche Angestellten-GewerkschaftDGB Deutscher GewerkschaftsbundDPG Deutsche Postgewerkschaft

EAEA European Arts and Entertainment AllianceEC European Community

ECF-IUF European Federation of Food, Catering and Allied Workers’Unions within the IUF

ECFTU European Confederation of Free Trade UnionsECSC European Coal and Steel CommunityEEA European Entertainment AllianceEEC European Economic CommunityEFA European Federation of Agricultural Workers’ Unions

EFBH Europäische Föderation der Bau- und HolzarbeiterEFBHG Europäische Föderation der Bau- und Holzarbeiter in der

GemeinschaftEFBWW European Federation of Building and Woodworkers

EFCG Europäischen Föderation der ChemiegewerkschaftenEFCGU European Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ UnionsEFFAT European Federation of Food, Agriculture and Tourism Trade

Unions

List of Abbreviations

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EFJ European Federation of JournalistsEFREP European Federation of Retired and Elderly Persons

EFTA European Free Trade AreaEGAKU Europäischer Gewerkschaftsausschuss Kunst und Unterhaltung

EGF European Graphical FederationELF European Landworkers’ Federation

EMCEF European Mine, Chemical and Energy Workers’ FederationEMF European Metalworkers’ FederationEPSC European Public Service CommitteeEPSU European Federation of Public Service Unions

ERO-ICFTU European Regional Organisation – International Confederation ofFree Trade Unions

ESC Economic and Social CommitteeETF European Transport Workers’ Federation

ETUC European Trade Union ConfederationETUCE European Trade Union Committee for EducationETUCF European Trade Union Committee of Food and Allied Workers

in the CommunityETUCO European Trade Union College

ETUF-TCL European Trade Union Federation for Textiles, Clothing and LeatherETUI European Trade Union InstituteETUS European Trade Union Secretariat

EU European UnionEURATOM Europäische Atomgemeinschaft

EUROCADRES Council of European professional and managerial staffEURO-FIET International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and

Technical Employees – European Regional Organisation (Organisationrégionale européenne – Fédération Internationale des Employés,Techniciens et Cadres)

EURO-IUF European Regional Organisation – International Union of Food,Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’Associations

EURO-MEI European Regional Organisation – Media and EntertainmentInternational

EVC Eenheids Vak CentraleEWC European Works Council

FGM-CFDT Fédération Générale de la Métallurgie – CFDTFGTB Fédération Générale du Travail de la Belgique

FIA International Federation of Actors (Fédération Internationale desActeurs)

FIET International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional andTechnical Employees (Fédération Internationale des Employés,Techniciens et Cadres)

FILTEA Federazione Italiano Lavoratori Tessili e AbbigliamentoFIM International Federation of Musicians (Fédération Internationale des

Musiciens)FIM-CISL Federazione Italiana Metalmeccanici – CISL

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FOM Fédération Confédérée Force Ouvrière de la MétallurgieFNV Federatie Nederlandse VakbewegingFST Federation of Transport Workers’ Unions in the European

Union (Fédération des Syndicats des Transports dans l’UnionEuropéenne)

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGVEG Gewerkschaftlicher Verkehrsausschuss in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft

HBV Gewerkschaft Handel, Banken und Versicherungen

IALHI International Association of Labour History InstitutionsICA International Council on Archives

ICEM International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and GeneralWorkers’ Unions)

ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade UnionsIFBWW International Federation of Building and Woodworkers

IFCTU International Federation of Christian Trade UnionsIFIF International Federation of Industrial Organisations and General

Workers’ Unions (Internationale Föderation von Industriegewerkschaftenund Fabrikarbeiterverbänden)

IFPAAW International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied WorkersIFTU International Federation of Trade Unions

IG BAU Industriegewerkschaft Bauen, Agrar, UmweltIG CPK Industriegewerkschaft Chemie, Papier, Keramik

IGM Industriegewerkschaft MetallILF International Landworkers’ FederationIMF International Metalworkers’ Federation

IRO-FIET Interamerican Regional Organisation – FIETITF International Transport Workers’ Federation

ITGLWF International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ FederationITH International Conference of Labour and Social HistoryITS International Trade Secretariat

ITUC Interregional Trade Union CouncilIUF International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering,

Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations

LAV Letzeburger Arbechter Verband

MEF Miners’ European FederationMEI Media and Entertainment International

Metaal-NVV Metaalbedrijfsbond NVVMIF Miners’ International Federation

NFBWW Nordic Federation of Building an WoodworkersNGG Gewerkschaft Nahrung-Genuss-GaststättenNVV Nederlandse Verbond van Vakverenigingen

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ÖGB Österreichischer GewerkschaftsbundOPZZ Ogólnopolskie Porozomienic Zwiazków Zawadowych/All-Poland

Alliance of Trade Unions

PTTI Postal, Telegraph and Telephon InternationalPWIF Plantation Workers International Federation

SE European Company (Societas Europaea)SGB Schweizerischer Gewerkschaftsbund

SI Socialist International

TUC Trades Union CongressTUTB European Trade Union Technical Bureau for Health and Safety

UGT Unión General de TrabajadoresUIL Unione Italiana del Lavoro

UILM Unione Italiana Lavoratori MetallurgiciUNI Union Network International

UNICE Union of Industrial and Employers Confederations of EuropeUNI-Europa Union Network International – Europäische Regionalorganisation

WCL World Confederation of LabourWFTU World Federation of Trade Unions