european politics and government

8/18/2019 European Politics and Government

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PSCI112D


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The Modern StateWhat is a country?

What is a nation?What is a state?


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A country is not a term used in politicalscience because the meaning is too ague!


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A nation re"ers to a group o" people #hoperceie themseles as sharing a sense o"belonging$ o"ten including connotations o"tradition$ language$ or culture!

A state$ does not re"er directly to a group o"people or their sense o" #ho they are!

It is possible to hae a stateless nation %suchas Israel prior to 1&'()


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In concrete term$ ho# do #e de*ne a state?

A State is a set o" ongoing institutions that

deelops and administers la#s and generatesand implements public policies in a speci*cterritory!


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What is the di+erence bet#een a state andgoernment?

,oernment is transient because it onlyma-es use o" the apparatus o" the State!


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Characteristics o" the

Modern State1! Territory

Territories ary enormously! It could be as big

as .ussia or as small as /u0emburg! The number o" states and their borders

continue to change "reuently! %e!g! osoo3sindependence "rom Serbia!)


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2! 40ternal and Internal Soereignty

5A state must be able to de"end its territory

and must not be oerly dependent on theresources or decisions o" other po#er!

540ample #as the collaborationist 6ichygoernment in the unoccupied Southern 7"ree

8one9 o" :rance during World War II$ and allcolonial States!


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Modern States also strie "or internalsoereignty$ that is$ to be the sole authority#ithin a territory capable o" ma-ing anden"orcing la#s and policies!

States try to en"orce soereignty by claiming$in the #ords o" "amous ,erman sociologist

Ma0 Weber$ a 7monopoly on the legitimateuse o" physical "orce %1&;


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=! /egitimacy

/egitimacy is the recogni8ed right to rule!

It has t#o sides> the claims as to #hy theyhae a right to rule and that the population

accept or at least tolerate this claimed right!

Traditional legitimacy is the right to rule basedon a society3s long5standing patterns and

practices! 40ample is the 4uropean 7diineright o" -ings9!


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Charismatic legitimacy is the right to rulebased on personal irtue$ heroism$ sanctity$ orother e0traordinary characteristics!

.ational5legal legitimacy is the right o"leaders #ho are selected according to anaccepted set o" la#s!

Modern state o"ten control an oer#elmingamount o" coercie po#er$ but it is e0pensieand dicult!


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'! @ureaucracy

A large set o" appointed ocials #hose

"unction is to implement the la#s o" the stateas directed by the e0ecutie!


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o# did the modern states

come about? The modern state arose *rst in 4urope

bet#een the *"teenth and eighteenthcenturies!

Prior to appro0imately 1B


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And ta0 the people liing in the *e" in e0change"or political and military loyalty!

A assal could shi"t loyalty "rom one lord to the

other!

The loyalty o" the peasants #ho had no assalsand had irtually no rights5"ollo#ed that o" their/ord!

In addition$ the catholic church claimed aseparate and uniersal religious soereignty oerall and gie religious legitimacy to the -ings andlords!


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@y the *"teenth century$ "eudalism #as giing#ay to absolutism$ rule by a single monarch#ho claimed complete$ e0clusie soereigntyoer a territory and its people!

Absolutist state included at least rudimentary"orms o" a standing army and diplomatic

serice centrali8ed bureaucracy systematicta0ation and policies to encourage economicdeelopment!


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/egitimacy remained based on tradition andheredity!

The State #as not conceied o" as a set o"ongoing institutions separate "rom themonarch! .ather$ as /ouis I6 o" :rancedeclared 7/3etat$ c3est moi %I am the state)

In 1E'($ the Peace o" Westphalia codi*ed theidea o" states being legal euals thatrecogni8ed each other3s soereignty iadiplomacy or #ar i" possible!


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The states that suried #ere those that haddeeloped more e+ectie systems o" ta0ation$more ecient bureaucracies$ and strongermilitaries! This long process ultimately helpedcreate modern nations!

Modern states may hae deeloped be"ore or

simultaneously #ith 4urope!


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4urope e0ported the modern state through

colonial transplantation!

The 4nglish5or common la# tradition ischaracteri8ed by the relatie independence o"

Fudges$ the importance o" Furies$ and the reliance

on broad legal principles such as *duciary dutyto resole disputes!

4ngland transplanted its la#s to the GnitedStates$ Canada$ Australia$ He# ealand$ as #ell

as South Asia$ 4ast A"rica$ and other areas it

coloni8ed!


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The ciil la# tradition is deried "rom .oman la#$#as eentually adopted by most Continental

4uropean states!It is characteri8ed by state5employed Fudges$

relatie unimportance o" Furies and e0tensiecontrol and oersight o" lo#er leel Fudicial

decisions through superior reie#!:rench ciil la# #as transplanted to the parts o" the

#orld controlled by the Portuguese$ the Spaniards$the Dutch$$ and the :rench themseles$ and todayremains in /atin America$ Horth and West A"rica$ as#ell as parts o" Asia!


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The Gnited States$ Canada$ and Australia didnot hae to inent their la#s "rom scratch5

they inherited them "rom 4ngland!

Transplantation increased bene*ts "or thesecurity o" property rights and economicdeelopment "or the settlers!

When the colonists did not settle$transplantation may account "or institutionalineciency!


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The elements o" the State discussed #ere#hat Weber called an Ideal Type! In reality$nothing matches the ideal type! Ho stateindisputably enFoys complete e0ternal orinternal soereignty$ absolute legitimacy anda monopoly on the use o" "orce$ and acompletely e+ectie and ecient

bureaucracy!


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A #ea- state is one that cannot proideadeuate political goods to its population!

A state that is so #ea- that it loses e+ectiesoereignty oer part or all o" its territory is-no#n as a "ailed state!

I" a state lac- resources$ it may mean that it

goes to corruption then "urther decline in theuality o" serices! The icious cycle #ouldnot end!


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Juasi5states according to .obert Kac-son arestates that hae legal soereignty andinternational recognition but lac- almost allthe domestic attributes o" a "unctioning state!


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Gnited ingdom> A Strong$

Modern State@ureaucracy> Industriali8ation in nineteenth

and t#entieth century e0panded democracyand modern bureaucracy #el"are state sinceWorld War II

State Strength> Lne o" the strongest #ea-eston 7uneen economic deelopment alonggroup lines9 and 7threat o" group iolence9%terrorism)


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Modern StateGnder ing enry 6I$ the "ull union o" 4ngland

and Scotland establish the ingdom o" ,reat@ritain and mar-ed the start o" the modernstate!

Centuries later$ #ith the addition o" Ireland$the ingdom o" ,reat @ritain #as called theGnited ingdom! With the independence o"Ireland in 1&2;$ the name #as ociallychanged to the Gnited ingdom o" ,reat@ritain and Horthern Ireland!


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Modern State4en be"ore that$ the origin o" the state

started #ith the Horman inasion that includedpart o" #hat is no# Horthern :rance! The

Hormans constituted the bul- o" the nobility o"the ne# -ingdom! Ler the centuries$ inter5e0change in the culture led to the "usion and ane# language called 4nglish appeared!

Gpon ascension o" enry 6II$ 4ngland andWales united and the Scottish and Welshparliaments #ere dissoled!


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Modern State The greatest threat to the monarch is the

religious #ars bet#een the Catholics and theProtestants! When enry 6III ascended to the

throne$ he bro-e #ith the Catholic church andestablished the Anglican Church persecutingthe Catholics!

/ater #hen Mary Jueen o" Scots assumedpo#er$ she persecuted the Protestants! Thisled to a ciil #ar and brought to po#er a non5royal$ Llier Crom#ell!


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Modern State The monarchy #as restored but #as remoed

a"ter the glorious reolution!

@y the mid51(th century$ @ritain became one o"the *rst countries to begin industriali8ing!

A"ter the #ar it became a distant po#er to theGS and nationalist moement in its colonies

"orced it to "ree most o" its colonies!In the 1&E


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,ermany> The :irst Modern

Wel"are State Territory> Widespread sense o" national

identity among ,erman5spea-ing people$ butmany states until 1(;1 boundaries changed

#ith #ars until 1&&


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Wel"are State/egitimacy> @ased on nationalism *rst "ailed

liberal democracy a"ter World War I led to Ha8i

rule diided state #ith liberal democratic and

communist components until united underdemocratic constitution in 1&&<

@ureaucracy> :irst modern #el"are state startingin late nineteenth century e0tensie since World

War IIState Strength> Lne o" the strongest #ea-est on

7engeance5see-ing group grieance9 %terrorism

threat)


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Wel"are State,ermany used to be diided into principalities$

duchies and the li-e!

Adding to the "ragmentation is the rise o"

protestantism by Martin /uther!

When Hapoleon @onaparte de"eated :ran8$ he

"ormed the 7Con"ederation o" the .hine9 under

@onaparte3s protection! When Hapoleon #as

de"eated$ the Con"ederation o" the .hinedisintegrated and "ormed loose associations!

Prussia$ located in the City o" @erlin rose to

po#er under @ismar-!


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Wel"are State@y #ar"are$ he #as able to regain german5

spea-ing states o" Denmar-$ Austria5ungaryand :rance!

Lpposition to @ismarc- came #ith the SocialDemocratic Party! This #as success"ullyrepulsed by @ismarc-!

.apid industriali8ation o" ,ermany and itsambition to catch up #ith G!! led it to Foin theWorld War I #here it has been de"eated!


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Wel"are State The aiser ed and the SDP gained po#er! This #as only shortlied because #arconditions led to the rise o" Communism and

the Ha8is!

Hational Socialist itler came to po#er andled to World War II! When ,ermany #asde"eated$ the ictorious allies returnedoccupied territories e0cept .ussian occupiedterritories! It became the Communist 4ast,ermany %,erman Democratic .epublic)


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.ussia> Strong 40ternal

Soereignty #ith Wea- .uleo" /a#When Ian the terror came to po#er$ it

initiated military campaigns and signi*cantlyincreased its territory!

The tsar has huge po#er and controlled alllands in .ussia!

The tsar "aced pressure and eentually "reedthe ser"s! .apid industriali8ation led to the

migration o" the ser"s to the cities!What .ussia Foined the World War$ it had poor

military and by the end o" the #ar$ the@olshei-s$ a communist group under /enin


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.ussia> Strong 40ternal

Soereignty #ith Wea- .uleo" /a# The tsar and his "amily #as assassinated and

the GSS. #as "ormed!

/enin3s successor Stalin industriali8ed GSS.ma-ing it as the serious rial to GS po#er!

A"ter his death$ his successor ,orbacheinitiated re"orms that resulted to the collapse

o" Soiet State! Neltsin rose to po#er and claim democratic

rule although the ma*as and the oligarchs stillhas huge control in the state!


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States and Citi8ens To #hat e0tent should a state regulate many

areas o" the citi8en3s lies?

There are arious models o" the relationshipbet#een a state and its people and ho# statelegitimi8e these models! The models areembodied in a regime5a set o" "undamentalrules and institutions that goern politicalactiity!


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States and Citi8ens,ermany Current .egime> /iberal Democracy

Near 4stablished> :ederal .epublic o" ,ermany$

established 1&'B reunited #ith ,erman Democratic.epublic in 1&&1!

.ussia

Current .egime> Semi5authoritarianism

Near 4stablished> Constitution promulgated$ 1&&=


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States and Citi8ensGnited ingdom Current .egime> /iberal Democracy

Near 4stablished> ,lorious .eolution$ 1E((


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States and IdentityAre you #illing to die "or your country?

I" the Philippines #ill go to #ar and enlistmentis optional$ are you #illing to enlist "or militaryserice?


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Primordialism is atheory that sees identitygroups as being in somesense 7natural9 or ,od5

gien$ as haing e0istedsince 7timeimmemorial$9 and asde*ned unambiguously

by such clear criteria as-inship$ language$culture or phenotype!


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An inuentialprimordialist #or-is that o" Samuel

untington$ 7Clasho" Ciili8ations%1&&EO1&&;)9!


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Instrumentalismargues that rationaland sel"5interested

elites manipulatesymbols and "eelingso" identity to mobili8ea political "ollo#ing!


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Constructiism arguesthat identities arecreated through a

comple0 process usuallyre"erred to as socialconstruction!


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What is the di+erence bet#een a nation andan ethnic group?


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Cultural nationalism! Lnly

those people #ho sharethat characteristic can beincluded in the nation!

Ciic nationalism! A sense

o" national unity andpurpose based on a set o"commonly held politicalbelie"s!


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States and Mar-ets To #hat e0tent should states

interene in the mar-et?

eynesianism argued thatgoernments can reduce the7boom and bust9 cycles o"

capitalism ia actie *scal policy$including de*cit spending #hennecessary!

Monetarist Theory states that onlymonetary policy can a+ect the

#ell5being in capitalist economiesreFects eynesian policy$ arguinginstead "or a reduced role "orgoernment in the economy!


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.ole o" State in the

Mar-et4ssential :unctions o" the State5Proiding national and personal security!

5Protecting property and contract rights!5Proiding a currency!


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@ene*cial :unctions o" the State

5Proiding public goods

5Mitigating mar-et "ailures

Politically ,enerated :unctions o" the State

5Improing #or-ing conditions

5.edistributing income

5Protecting the enironment


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Do certain institutional arrangements achiee

greater political accountability?Political accountability5the ability o" the

citi8enry$ directly or indirectly$ to controlpolitical leaders and institutions!


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,uillermo L3Donnell used the terms erticaland hori8ontal accountability!

6ertical accountability

The ability o" indiiduals and groups in asociety to hold state institutions accountable!

ori8ontal accountability

The ability o" state institutions to hold one

another accountable!


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President or

Unelected

monarchPM Cabinet /a#s

/ocal

goernment

ParliamentProincial

/egislature %in

:ederal systems)

Citi8ens


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In @ritain a ote o" no con*dence is e0tremely

rare!@ritain has bicameral legislature> ouse o"

Commons and ouse o" /ords!

Parliament also seres an important #atchdog

"unction!


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.ussia>

Semipresidentialism

Citi8ens

Local

GovernmentProvincial governments

(in Federal System)

Parliament

PM Cabinet

President Laws


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.ussia has constitution #ith ery po#er"ulpresidency

The president is directly elected to a "our5yearterm$ #ith a ma0imum o" t#o terms possible!

e must be elected by an absolute maFority> i"no candidate #ins a maFority in the *rst

election$ a second is held bet#een the top t#ocandidates!


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Gnitary systems arepolitical systems in#hich the central

goernment has soleconstitutionalsoereignty andpo#er in contrast to

a "ederal system!


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:ederal systems arepolitical systems in#hich a states po#er

is legally andconstitutionallydiided among morethan one leel o"

goernment!


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The once sharp division between nitary

and !ederal systems has been blrring"


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The .ussian constitution o" 1&&=created an asymmetrical "ederalsystem!

The status o" republic is gien to areas

deemed ethnically non5.ussian$ but theboundaries are arbitrary and the ethnicgroup constituted a maFority in only ; o"the 21 republics!


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Party SystemsDominant5party system> Party systemin #hich multiple parties e0ist but thesame one #ins eery election and

goerns continuously!


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T#o5party system> Party system in #hichonly t#o parties are able to garner enoughotes to #in an election$ though more may

compete!


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T#o5and5a hal"5party system> Party system

in #hich t#o large parties #in the mostotes but typically neither gains a maForitya third part %the 7hal"9 party must Foin oneo" the maFor parties to "orm a legislatie

maFority!


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Multiparty systems> Party systems in

#hich more than t#o parties couldpotentially #in a national election andgoern!


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:rance and the Shi"t

to#ard a T#o5PartySystemPrior to the *"th republic$ :rance had a

proportional representation5an electoralsystem in #hich seats in a legislature are

apportioned on a purely proportionalbasis$ giing each party the share o" seatsthat matches its share o" the total ote!


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During the *"th republic$ the constitutioncreated a strong presidency and a

maForitarian electoral system! This created the shi"t to t#o5party system

consistent #ith Duerger3s /a#5aninstitutionalist argument by :rench

political scientist Maurice Duerger that:PTP electoral system #ill produce t#omaFor parties$ eliminating smaller parties!


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T#o5and5a5al"5Party System

and Heocorporatism under ThreatHeocorporatism pea- associations bring

together numerous local groups torepresent the maFor interests in society

and goernment #or-s closely #ith themto deelop policy but no legal restrictionse0ist to preent other groups "romarising!


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Why do some states remain democratic #hileothers do not?


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Seymour Martin /ipset argued that democracies ariseonly in countries #ith reasonably #ealthy economiesand a large middle class that is educated and has itsbasic needs securely met!

Almond and 6erba$ in The Ciic Culture$ argued that

democracy can thrie only in countries that haedemocratic political cultures that alue participationand #hose citi8ens are #illing to de"er to electedleaders so that these leaders can goern #hile inoce!

Lthers argue that state and sense o" national identitymust emerge be"ore a democracy can do so!


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yperglobali8ation> Thesis that globali8ation is sopo#er"ul$ it #ill oer#helm the po#er o" nation5

states$ "orcing conergence o" economic policies!6arieties o" capitalism> School o" thought analy8ing

#ealthy mar-et economies that "ocuses primarily onbusiness *rms and ho# they are goerned!

/iberal mar-et economies %/M4s)> In the arieties o"capitalism approach$ countries that rely heaily on

mar-et relationships to goern economic actiity!

Coordinated mar-et economies %CM4s)> Capitalist

economies in #hich *rms$ *nanciers$ unions$ andgoernment consciously coordinate their actions iainterloc-ing o#nership and participation!


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Social PolicyIs it practical to uphold the right to "reeaccess to education?


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Wel"are states are classi*ed into>

Social democratic #el"are states5 States #hose

social policies strongly emphasi8e uniersalentitlements to achiee greater social euality

and promote eual citi8enship!

Christian democratic #el"are states5States #hose

social policies are based on the nuclear "amily

#ith a male bread#inner$ designed primarily to

achiee income stabili8ation to mitigate the

e+ects o" mar-et induced income insecurity!


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#eligion and State

$t is my hypothesis that the !ndamental sorce o!

con!lict in this new world will not be primarily

ideological or primarily economic" The great divisionsamong hman%ind and the dominating sorce o!

con!lict will be cltral" &ation states will remain the

most power!l actors in world a!!airs' bt the principal

con!licts o! global politics will occr between nations

and grops o! di!!erent civiliations" The clash o!

civiliations will dominate global politics" The !alt

lines between civiliations will be the battle lines o!

the !tre"


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european politics and government

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