european perspectives on neutron science facilities · 2017. 4. 17. · neutrons for research,...

Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)

International Perspectives on Neutron

Science Facilities

European Perspectives on Neutron

Science Facilities


Neutrons as a probe

l  Electrically neutral l  Isotopically sensitive l  Sensitive to atomic structures l  Motion sensitive l  Magnetically sensitive l  Create Isotopes l  Penetrate each kind of bulk material

l  Neutrons give information on l  where atoms sit l  how they move l  magnetic properties in materials l  creation of radio- and stable isotopes l  in-situ, in-operando


European Neutron Landscape

FRM II / MLZ Germany

ESS Schweden

ISIS UK

JHR France

SINQ Schweiz

ORPHÉE France

RPI Protugal

ESS Bilbao Spain

Reactor Delft Netherlands

TRIGA Mainz Germany

BER II Germany

PIK Russia

JINR Russia

MARIA Poland

BNC Ungarn

Atominstitut Wien Austria

NPI Czech Republic

Demokritos Greece

TRIGA, RIC Slowenia

ILL France

BR 2 Belgium

HFR Netherlands

RIAR Russia

→ Huge diversity of neutron sources, from high performance continuous and pulsed to small university facilities


High Performance Sources ESS Schweden

ISIS UK

JHR France

PIK Russia

JINR Russia

ILL France

BR 2 Belgium

RIAR Russia

FRM II / MLZ Germany

pulsed

MTR+ isostope

science


Needs for high performance neutron sources l  Intensity = n/(cm2 s)

l  Brillance = n/(cm2 s sterad2 Δλ/λ)

l  Point like source (small power!)

l  Multiple purpose sources?

l  Pulsed?

Comparison Opera'on

since Thermal Power Cycle lengthDensitygU/cm3 HEU Thermal flux

HFIR Oakridge, USA 1965 100 MW 23 days 18 - 10 kg ~ 1015 neutrons/cm2ILL Grenoble, France 1972 58 MW 44 days 1

FRM II Munich 2004 20 MW 60 days 3

Comparison of compact core RRs


Aging research reactors !

Well maintained RRs are always at state-of-the-art !

This is mandatory for a safe and secure operation and asked for by any nuclear regulator . Example: High flux reator at ILL ● Continous exchange of all mechanical and elctronic devices exposed to aging ● Complete new vessel, 1990 – 1993 ● Increase earthquake security by reinforsing and separation of all buildings, 2005 – 2010 ● Fukushima upgrade, protection against earthquake,f looding, terrorist attacks at the same time, 2011 - 2017


Source

First year of

operation

Thermal power [MW]

Nominal

integrated flux

[m-2s-1]

Nominal peak flux [m-2s-1]

Nominal op. time

[days p.a.]

No. of user instruments

Potential no.

of instruments

No of User-Visits p.a.

Indicative Operating

budget p.a.

Investment

ILL 2019 100 1.5 1019 HFIR 100 1.5 1019

ILL 1971 (1995)

58

1.3 ⋅ 1019 200 27 + 10 CRG >40 1400

90 M€ +5 CRG

FRM II 2005 20 8 ⋅ 1018 240

26 operational

6 under construction

35 1000 60 M€

435 M€ (2003)

LLB 1985 14 3 ⋅ 1018 200

22 external use 3 internal use

25 600 25 M€

OPAL 2007 20 2-3 1018

SINQ 1996 1 MW cont 1.5 ⋅ 1018 200

15

20 800 30 M€

ISIS/ISIS-II

1985/2009 200 µA SP 4.5 ⋅ 1019 180 27 35 1500 60 M€

ESS

under construction

5 MW LP 4 ⋅ 1020 200 20 after 2025 >20 140 M€ 2025

1 900 M€ (2021)

SNS 1 MW SP

J-PARC 0.8 MW

Neutron fluxes and money


Research with neutrons gives answers to the grand societal challenges !

§  Energy §  Key Technologies §  Information & Communication §  Life Sciences & Health §  Earth, Environment & Cultural Heritage §  … §  Curiosity/Discovery


Societal impact

Beam-time divided according to ‘societal impact’ averaged over ILL, ISIS and LLB (2010)

Report from the ILL Associates‘ Working Group on Neutrons in Europe 2025, (2012)


Classification of FRM II Journal Articles according to Topics

MorethanonethirdoftheresearchperformedattheMLZaddressesthe

GrandChallengesofourtoday’ssociety.

BasicResearch&Methodsarerequiredtotacklethe

KeyTechnologies.

MLZ publication archive iMPULSE, 2016-04-30


Scientific usage of neutrons in Europe

• 6000 frequent neutron users p. a. in Europe, (1000 in USA, 800 in Japan) •  23454 peer reviewed articles over 10 years (2000 – 2009),1/3 in connection with ILL • 3010 experiments = 19820 beam days p.a.

Europe 2000 - 2009

Report from the ILL Associates‘ Working Group on Neutrons in Europe 2025, (2012)

UK

France

Germany

neutron users p. a. in Europe

Switzerland


Scientific Visitors at FRM II (2011-2015)

Germany48.9%

France7.5%

Switzerland4.2%

UnitedKingdom5.0%

EUcountries19.0%

OtherEuropeancountries4.6%

Africa0.2%

America4.0%

AsiaPacific6.7%

MLZusersta+s+cs,2016-


Neutrons for Health Radio-isotpes for diagnostics and therapy l  Production of neutron rich isotopes by RRs:

l  He-3 l  Sr-89 l  Tc-99m l  I-131 l  Xe-131 l  Sm-153 l  Tb-161 l  Yb-169 l  Lu-177 l  Ho-166, l  Re-188 l  …..


Mo-99/Tc-99m most common used isotope for diagnostics:

l  Most efficient method to produce of Mo-99 is by irradiation of U-235 targets

Beta irradiation

Gamma irradiation

l  Sustainable supply with Mo-99 is mandatory for millions of patients worldwide → 30 mio examinations per year

l  Investigation of thyroid function l  Diagnosis of diseases of

l  lungs l  heart l  liver, l  skeletal apparatus, etc.

(n,f)

→  Intensity is needed →  Cannot be compensated by time →  Intensity minimizes nuclear waste

Bone scintigraphy of an ankle joint by means of Tc-99m → bright areas abnormally increased bone metabolism indicating an inflammation


Intense neutron sources for the production of Mo-99/Tc-99m

Reactor (Fuel) Current targets8 Normal operating days/year

Anticipated 99Mo production weeks/year

Expected available capacity per week (6-day Ci 99Mo)

Expected first full year of 99Mo production9

Expected available capacity per year (6-day Ci 99Mo) by 2021

Estimated end of operation

BR-21 (HEU) HEU 190 27 7 800 NA 210 600 2026

HFR2 (LEU) HEU 275 39 6 200 NA 241 800 2024

LVR-15 (LEU) HEU/LEU 210 30 2 400 NA 72 000 2028

MARIA (LEU) HEU 200 36 2 700 NA 95 000 2030

OPAL (LEU) LEU 300 43 1 750 NA 75 250 2055

RA-3 (LEU) LEU 230 46 400 NA 18 400 2027

SAFARI-13 (LEU) HEU/LEU 305 44 3 000 NA 130 700 2030

NRU4 (HEU) HEU 280 40 4 680 NA 187 200 Late 2016

RIAR5 (HEU) HEU 350 50 1 000 NA 50 000 At least until 2025

KARPOV5 (HEU) HEU 336 48 350 NA 16 800 At least until 2025

OPAL6 (LEU) LEU 300 43 +1 750 2017 75 250 2055

FRM-II7 (HEU) LEU 240 32 2 100 2018 67 200 2054

2016 Medical Isotope Supply Review: 99Mo/99mTc Market Demand and Production Capacity Projection 2016-2021 NEA HLG MR report 2017


Diagnostics: Reliable Mo-99 supply in future ?

© Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals

l  Tomorrow: mainly 8 reactors worldwide (with 3 brand new)

l  Challenges due to decay of Mo-99: l  No storage of Mo-99 possible l  Transport logistics within supply chain needs to be well coordinated

l  Outlook: Routine operation of Mo-99 l  at FRM II in 2019, l  at Jules Horowitz in 2021


Continous versus pulsed Reactor versus Spallation

Spallation Reactor technical challenge cavities, heat evaporation fuel density, heat evaporation

dismanteling more remote needed more active volume

no remote needed

radioactive waste spent targets and Fe-shielding >> volume

high number of spent fuel

proliferation none depends on your view point peak intensity 10 – 30 times higher delivers intensity for medicine and industry

integral intensity equal > for medicine & industry reliability accelerators fluctuate, fail regularly very reliable

capability delivers > capability for basic research > UCN intensity hot neutrons more

capacity for basic research >> higher

capacity for industry and medicine

>> higher

money 3 x more expensive in investment & operation

→ Basic research needs both → Industry and medicine needs reactors


Neutrons for Research, Industry and Medicine Research with neutrons seeks answers to major challenges of the society such as:

l  Energy l  Key technologies l  Information & Communication l  Life Sciences & Health l  Earth, Environment & Cultural Heritage l  … l  Curiosity


Schillinger, B. and Schulz, M. (ANTARES, FRM II)

Make the Invisible Visible

l  High resolution radiography of an engine

→ High spatial resolution → Complex work piece

decomposed in its components

?


Residual Stresses during the Casting Process

l  Measurement of residual stresses in cast part up to now only in the finite state without knowledge how they develop

l  Knowledge on residual stresses important for design of cast parts (e.g. engine blocks)

l  Behaviour during casting needed as input for FEM simulations

Source: KS Aluminium-Technologie AG

Aluminum

Steel liner

Aluminium (cast part)

Steel liner

Mock-up sample for neutron diffraction experiment at STRESS-SPEC

Cooperation between Chair of Metal Forming and Casting Department of Mechanical Engineering, TUM, M. Hofmann, STRESS-SPEC (FRM II)


Residual Stresses during the Casting Process l  In-situ measurement l  Ex-situ measurement

Cooperation between Chair of Metal Forming and Casting Department of Mechanical Engineering, TUM, M. Hofmann, STRESS-SPEC (FRM II)


Build-up of internal strain during cooling of the cast

M. Reihle, Entstehung und Ausprägung von Eigenspannungen in Verbundgussteilen, Doktorarbeit, TUM utg (2015) U. Wasmuth et al., CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technology 57, 579 (2008), M. Reihle et al., Materials Science Forum 768-769, 484 (2014)

→  Variables: alloy composition, strain in Al, strain in liner, different moulds, cooling speed, → Drastically improved Finite-Element-Simulation of the casting process

Build-up of residual stress in the steel liner during cooling of the cast

Aluminium cast

Steel-liner

strain


Energy: Storage

l  In-situ neutron diffraction

neutron beam

Primary slit Detector

neutron beam


Energy: Storage l  Typical diffraction measurement of a 18650 Li ion battery

A.  Senyshyn et al., J. Power Sources 203, 126 (2012); B.  More publications of the group: O. Dolotko et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2159, A2082 (2012), A. Senyshyn et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A3198 (2013), O. Dolotko et al., J. of Power Sources

255, 197 (2014), A. Senyshyn et al., J. of Power Sources 245, 678 (2014), A. Senyshyn et al., J. of Power Sources 282, 235 (2015)

2θ (degree)

Inte

nsity

nor

mal

ized

(%)

Weitere Literatur zu Li-Ionen Batterien der Gruppe: O. Dolotko et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2159, A2082 (2012) , A. Senyshyn et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A3198 (2013), O. Dolotko et al., J. of Power Sources 255,

197-203 (2014), A. Senyshyn et al., J. of Power Sources 245, 678 (2014), A. Senyshyn et al., J. of Power Sources 282, 235 (2015)

cathode

anode

„fresh“ Li-Ion Battery (charged to 4.10 V)


Energy: Storage

Charging of a Li ion cell / Li plating

incorporation of lithium into graphite via

graphite ↓

Li1-xC18

↓ LiC12

↓ LiC6

→ can be followed

by in-situ neutron diffraction! Measurement at STRESS-SPEC

V. Zinth et al, J. Power Sources, 271, 152 (2014); Weitere Literatur zu Li-Ionen Batterien der Gruppe: S. Seidlmayer et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (2), A1 (2015), I. Buchberger et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (14), A2737 (2015)


Energy: Storage l  Charging of a Li ion cell

•  after too fast

charging: Li plating = deposition of metallic

lithium at the anode

•  increased at low temperatures (-40 ˚C to -10 ˚C)

→ Risk: Li plating lowers the capacity and can lead to cell failure

V. Zinth et al, J. Power Sources, 271, 152 (2014); Weitere Literatur zu Li-Ionen Batterien der Gruppe: S. Seidlmayer et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (2), A1 (2015), I. Buchberger et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (14), A2737 (2015)


l  Destructive effects do not appear during isolated investigation l  In-situ / in-operando studies reveal mechanisms of degradation

Tesla: Burning after internal short circuit (http://www.cnet.com

Screenshot by Wayne Cunningham/CNET)

Boeing Dreamliner after internal short circuit

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki)

Also cause for the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 ? (Quelle: Tham Hua)

Energy: Storage


§  New magnetic ordering phenomenon §  Storage of Information on atomic scale?

S. Mühlbauer, B. Binz, F. Jonietz, C. Pfleiderer, A. Rosch, A. Neugebauer, R. Georgii, P. Böni: Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet, Science 323 (2009), pp. 915-919

Skirmion-lattice in MnSi


Skyrmions beyond MnSi

Ingredients for Skyrmions: No inversion symmetry (DMI) + strong spin-orbit coupling

Thin films support Skyrmions FePd bilayer on Ir(110) surface, spin polarized

STM

S. Heinze et al., Nature Physics 7, 713-718 (2011)

N. Romming et al., Science 341, 6146 (2013)

Write / delete single Skyrmions (270 atoms )

Skyrmions : general phenomenon

non-B20

B20 family (MnSi type)

Pt/Co/MgO nanosctrutcures (RT) 1)

GaV4S8 multiferroic, Tc=12K

Β-Mn type CoZnMn Tc~300K

N. Nagaosa et al., Nature Nano. vol. 8, 889 (2013)

O. Boulle et al., Nature Nano. vol. 11, 449 (2016)

I. Zezsmarki et al., Nature Mat. 14, 1116 (2015)

Y. Tokunaga et al., Nature Com. 6, 7638 (2015)


l  Bipolar disorder (manic depression) is a relatively common disease with an overall lifetime incidence of 1%

l  Lithium is an effective antimanic agent. l  Still it is not clear how Lithium works in the brain. l  Generate a Lithium map of the human brain!

Special detector setup

Material Testing from an Alternative Point of View: Lithium Traces in Human Brain Samples

J. Lichtinger, Quantitative Untersuchung der lokalen Lithiumkonzentration im menschlichen Gehirn und ihr Bezug zu affektiven Störungen, PhD thesis, TUM (2015), J. Lichtinger, R. Gernhäuser, A. Bauer, M. Bendel, L. Canella, M. Graw, R. Krücken, P. Kudejova, E. Mützel, S. Ring, D. Seiler, S. Winkler, K. Zeitelhack, J. Schöpfer, Medical Physics. 40, 023501 (2013);

Collaboration: Physik Department E12/ZTL, Institut für Rechtsmedizin der LMU, FRM II (DFG project GE 2296/1-1)

2D Lithium sample

y in

mm

x in mm

counts

Sensitivity: 0.2 ppb Spatial resolution: 0.2 mm

→ Li does work, in contrast to other psychotropic drugs, within the nerve tracts themselves

Victim of suicide Person with Li-treatment

→ Li accumulation in white matter observed in a number of depressive patients treated with Li


Life Sciences and Health l  Therapy of a patient with prostate cancer with Lu-177 n.c.a.

and Prof. Dr. med. Richard P. Baum, Klinik für Nuklearmedizin/PET-Zentrum der Zentralklinik Bad Berka

l  Diagnosis (PET/CT) with Ga-68 linked with

l  Bisphosphonate → Imaging Bone metastases

l  Specific molecule for the prostate specific membrane antigene (PSMA) → Imaging Metastases of tissue

Before therapy (05/2015) after Therapy with Lu-177 n.c.a. (11/2015)

l  2 Treatments with Lu-177 n.c.a. with 4 – 5 GBq/Dos each

→ Lu-177-PSMA as a new option for therapy with huge success


Neutrons in the heart of the campus of Garching

Thank you for your attention!

european perspectives on neutron science facilities · 2017. 4. 17. · neutrons for research,...

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