european pears european pears are harvested unripe...
TRANSCRIPT
6/20/2012
1
ComiceComice Bosc d’Anjou
ForelleStarkrimson Bartlett
European PearsEuropean Pears European Pears are Harvested Unripe, but Mature
Firmness (lbs.‐force)
Soluble Solids (%)
Bartlett 19‐20 < 10
20‐21 10
20.5‐21.5 11
21‐22 12
D’Anjou 10‐15
Comice 9‐13
Bosc 11‐16
Harvest by handinto large soft-sidedpicking bags.
Empty into field bins.
Harvest by handinto large soft-sidedpicking bags.
Empty into field bins.
Dumping fruit from field bin to packingline
•Combination wet/drydump
•Dry dump
Dumping fruit from field bin to packingline
•Combination wet/drydump
•Dry dump
Immersion dump from field bin to packingline
•bin pulled under water and fruit float out•need floatation salts•gentle
Immersion dump from field bin to packingline
•bin pulled under water and fruit float out•need floatation salts•gentle
Sorting Pears into Two GradesCenter Lane for Canning and Juice
Sorting Pears into Two GradesCenter Lane for Canning and Juice
6/20/2012
2
Weight Sizer and Place Pack OperationWeight Sizer and Place Pack OperationPlace Pack Operation
Each fruit wrapped in tissue andplaced in box in a pattern
Place Pack OperationEach fruit wrapped in tissue and
placed in box in a pattern
Volume Fill Volume Fill Vibration Settling of Tight-Fill BoxVibration Settling of Tight-Fill Box
Strapping the Telescoping Box ClosedStrapping the Telescoping Box Closed
6/20/2012
3
Tray-Pack BoxCan Also Display in Box
Tray-Pack BoxCan Also Display in Box Clamshell Container for Pears
Packaging that Senses Pear Ripeness
16
Hammock Pack
Clamshell package or corrugated master container
Suspended tray
17
Consumer Bags Factors Affecting Pear QualityFactors Affecting Pear Quality
• Harvest maturity
• Delays before cold storage
• Speed of cooling
• Storage temperature
• Relative humidity in storage
• Length of storage
• Storage atmosphere - O2, CO2, ethylene
• Harvest maturity
• Delays before cold storage
• Speed of cooling
• Storage temperature
• Relative humidity in storage
• Length of storage
• Storage atmosphere - O2, CO2, ethylene
6/20/2012
4
Cold Storage at 1°C (33 °F)
DAYS DELAY
0 1 2
3 4 5
Effect of Delays in Cold Storageon Pear Quality
Effect of Delays in Cold Storageon Pear Quality
Lake County 8/2310 weeks Storage
-1 -0.5 0.5 1 2°C
Effect of Storage Temperature on Pear Quality
Effect of Storage Temperature on Pear Quality
Harvested 8/2/2001Stored 3 months
Harvested 8/2/2001Stored 3 months2°C (36 F) -1°C (30 F)
0 ppm 0 ppm
1 ppm
Effects of Temperature and Ethylene on Bartlett Pears
Effects of Temperature and Ethylene on Bartlett Pears
1 ppm
Storage ScaldStorage Scald
Methods of Control•Ethoxyquin•CA Storage
Methods of Control•Ethoxyquin•CA Storage
Botrytis Rot Benefits of CA StorageBenefits of CA Storage
• Delays fruit ripening and senescence
softening
yellowing
scald development
• Extends storage life
• Delays fruit ripening and senescence
softening
yellowing
scald development
• Extends storage life
6/20/2012
5
Benefits of Controlled Atmosphere Storage
Benefits of Controlled Atmosphere Storage
6 months in Air 6 months in 2% O2
Ripening Pears are Preferred 3 to 1 over Un-Ripe Pears
Bartlett PearsHarvested and Immediately Ripened
8d air 20°C (68°F)
1d C2H4
7d air 20°C (68°F)
Firm
ness
(lb
s)
0
4
8
12
16
20
Firm
ness
(N
)
0
20
40
60
80
Days @ 68°F (20°C)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Eth
ylen
e pr
odu
ctio
n(µ
l•kg
-1h-1
)
0
20
40
Air
100 ppm ethylene 24 hrF
irmne
ss (
lbs)
0
4
8
12
16
20
Firm
ness
(N
)
0
20
40
60
80
Days @ 68°F (20°C)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Eth
ylen
e pr
odu
ctio
n(µ
l•kg
-1h-1
)
0
20
40
Air
100 ppm ethylene 24 hr
Why do Pears Need Conditioning?
Why do Pears Need Conditioning?
• Pears have insufficient capacity to produce ethylene at harvest– lack of precursor, ACC
• ACC accumulates during cold storage
• Ethylene treatment stimulates production of ACC and ethylene
• Pears have insufficient capacity to produce ethylene at harvest– lack of precursor, ACC
• ACC accumulates during cold storage
• Ethylene treatment stimulates production of ACC and ethylene
Ethylene Production during RipeningEthylene Production during Ripening
• More uniform softening
• Enhanced production of flavor and aroma volatiles
• Improved texture of fruit– buttery, not gritty
– juicy
• More uniform softening
• Enhanced production of flavor and aroma volatiles
• Improved texture of fruit– buttery, not gritty
– juicy
6/20/2012
6
Conditioning Pears for Ripening
Comice Bartlett Bosc Anjou
Cold Storage @ 30-32°F 4 2-3 2 8 wks
100ppm Ethylene @ 68°F 3 1-2 1 3 days
100ppm Ethylene @ 45-50º ? 2-3 ? ? days
Cold storage requirements may be longer when fruit are stored in CA
Effect of Temperature During Pear Conditioning on Length of Conditioning Treatment Required
Anjou Pear
Conditioning Pears for Ripening
Comice Bartlett Bosc Anjou
Cold Storage @ 30-32°F 4 2-3 2 8 wks
Cold Storage @ 40-50°F 2-3 1 1 3-6wks
100ppm Ethylene @ 68°F 3 1-2 1 3 days
100ppm Ethylene @ 45-50º ? 2-3 ? ? days
Cold storage requirements may be longer when fruit are stored in CA
APPLES
Goal
Maximize
• Storage life
• Blush
• Sensory quality– Crispness
– Flavor
– Sweetness
• Size
Minimize
• Softening and mealiness
• Disorders– Bitter pit
– Scald
– Internal browning
– Checking
Indicators of Harvest Maturity
• # Days from full bloom• Time/temp (heat units) from anthesis• Days from harvest to onset of ethylene
production• Ground color• Soluble solids content• Flesh firmness and SSC• Starch disappearance pattern• Internal ethylene concentration• Changes in firmness or starch content
6/20/2012
7
Starch Content is a Common Indicator of Harvest Maturity
Hand Harvest into Small Padded Picking BagsHighly Susceptible to Bruising
Carefully transferto field bin!!
Avoid bruising!
Apple Bruising Incidence during Harvest and Postharvest Handling
Bruises/
Fruit
% Bruised Fruit
Picking/dumping 2.6 18.8
Hauling 2.2 15.9
Packing Line 5.5 61.6
Transportation 0.5 3.7
Total 13.8 100
Drenching bins ofapples prior tostorage
•Diphenylamine-antioxidant to controlscald
•Fungicide•Calcium to controlbitter pit
6/20/2012
8
Immersion of bins
Apples naturally float
•Very gentle!!
Washing of Apples with Brushes and DetergentWashing of Apples with Brushes and Detergent
Wax ApplicationWax ApplicationOptical Sorting for Color, Size and DefectsOptical Sorting for Color, Size and Defects
Hand Sorting Remains NecessaryEven with Electronic Sorting
Hand Sorting Remains NecessaryEven with Electronic Sorting
Tray Packing after Sizing
6/20/2012
9
Controlled Atmosphere StorageControlled Atmosphere Storage
• Store 1.5 to 12+ months
• 0.7 to 3% oxygen
• 0.5 to 4% carbon dioxide
• Maintains firmness, ground color and acidity by reducing respiration and the effects of ethylene
• Reduces storage scald and bitter pit
• May induce disorders such as internal browning
• Store 1.5 to 12+ months
• 0.7 to 3% oxygen
• 0.5 to 4% carbon dioxide
• Maintains firmness, ground color and acidity by reducing respiration and the effects of ethylene
• Reduces storage scald and bitter pit
• May induce disorders such as internal browning
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Internal Browning
0.4% CO2
2% O2
1.5% CO2
2% O2
3% CO2
2% O2
Air
Fuji ApplesHarvest 10/17/92
4 months @ 0.5ºC
Penicillium expansum on Apple
•Wound pathogen•Controlled by Low-Temperature Storage
Botrytis Rot on Apple
Side, stem or blossom infectionsGrowth is reduced at 0°C (32°F)
6/20/2012
10
Storage Scald on Granny Smith Apples•Oxidative damage to upper cell layers•Cultivars vary in susceptibility•Hot and dry climates increase susceptibility•Diphenylamine used for control•SmartFresh (1-MCP) also reduces scald
•Low calcium/high N2
•High vigor trees•Young trees
•Large fruit•Develops on the tree or during first 4 - 6 weeksof storage
An accumulation of sorbitol in the intercellular spaces
Mealiness
• Soft texture causing a dry feeling in the mouth during chewing– Low adhesion between cells– Retain strong cell walls
• Cells pull apart instead of breaking when you bite – no juicy sensation
• Cultivars vary in their susceptibility• Develops after extended cold storage
Use of SmartFresh on Apples1-methylcyclopropane
Use of SmartFresh on Apples1-methylcyclopropane
• Applied at harvest in storage room
• Prevents/reduces the action of ethylene on the apples
• Use alone or together with CA
• Maintains firmness and titratable acidity
• No effect on starch conversion to sugars
• Reduces storage scald and mealiness
• Applied at harvest in storage room
• Prevents/reduces the action of ethylene on the apples
• Use alone or together with CA
• Maintains firmness and titratable acidity
• No effect on starch conversion to sugars
• Reduces storage scald and mealiness
Initial Fruit Quality
Determines the Ripened Quality!!
6/20/2012
11
Questions?