European Nations 1848-European Nations 1848-19001900

FRANCEFRANCEThe Second Republic of France emerged from the The Second Republic of France emerged from the bitter political turmoil of the revolution of 1848 bitter political turmoil of the revolution of 1848

The new government placed legislative authority in The new government placed legislative authority in a a National AssemblyNational Assembly..

Executive authority was in a Executive authority was in a PresidentPresident, to be elected , to be elected to a 4-year term by universal manhood suffrage.to a 4-year term by universal manhood suffrage.

A presidential election gave A presidential election gave Louis NapoleonLouis Napoleon, nephew , nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, an overwhelming victory. of Napoleon Bonaparte, an overwhelming victory.

He blamed the National Assembly for the He blamed the National Assembly for the misdeeds of the government and convinced misdeeds of the government and convinced the people that the republic was a failure. the people that the republic was a failure.

On Dec 2, 1851, the anniversary of the On Dec 2, 1851, the anniversary of the coronation of Napoleon I, Louis Napoleon coronation of Napoleon I, Louis Napoleon directed a coup d’etat -- later became Napoleon directed a coup d’etat -- later became Napoleon III, III, Emperor of the FrenchEmperor of the French..

The The SecondSecond Empire Empire

Then he involved France in the Then he involved France in the Franco-Prussian Franco-Prussian WarWar in 1870. Napoleon III was taken prisoner and in 1870. Napoleon III was taken prisoner and France fell into turmoil again. France fell into turmoil again.

Napoleon III’s first years were authoritarian since Napoleon III’s first years were authoritarian since his rule rested on the illegal seizure of power.his rule rested on the illegal seizure of power.

His insecurity led to the strict control of the His insecurity led to the strict control of the press and the limiting of other civil liberties. press and the limiting of other civil liberties. However, after a number of economic and However, after a number of economic and foreign successes, he became more liberal.foreign successes, he became more liberal.

The Third French RepublicThe Third French Republic Delegates in the new National Assembly Delegates in the new National Assembly

ranged from various monarchists to ranged from various monarchists to radical republicans. radical republicans.

Because of the dissension between Because of the dissension between different factions of monarchists, the different factions of monarchists, the Republicans passed a series of laws which Republicans passed a series of laws which collectively became the Constitution of collectively became the Constitution of the Third French Republic.the Third French Republic. The republic began in 1871 and ended in The republic began in 1871 and ended in

1940.1940.

Problems of the Third Problems of the Third French RepublicFrench Republic

Paris Commune: Heroic efforts in Paris Commune: Heroic efforts in F-P war. Paris for Parisians. F-P war. Paris for Parisians. Crushed by French. French v. Crushed by French. French v. French. Provinces v. Paris. French. Provinces v. Paris.

Dreyfus AffairDreyfus Affair

Dreyfus Affair: a Jewish Republican army captain was Dreyfus Affair: a Jewish Republican army captain was framed by monarchist army officers for treason. His framed by monarchist army officers for treason. His unfair trial discredited the monarchist faction of the unfair trial discredited the monarchist faction of the government. government. Dreyfus is finally cleared (1906) Dreyfus is finally cleared (1906)

Zola wrote “J’accuse” in his defenseZola wrote “J’accuse” in his defense

• Major Outcomes: Major Outcomes: • Divided France Divided France

• Anti-semitism (vitriolic, violent)Anti-semitism (vitriolic, violent)

• Conservative lose ground. Libs, rads, repub and socs develop Conservative lose ground. Libs, rads, repub and socs develop informal allianceinformal alliance

•Anti-Semitism rising in Europe (started heaviest Anti-Semitism rising in Europe (started heaviest in Russia, leading to movement to W Europe… in Russia, leading to movement to W Europe… then anti-Jewish feeling picks up there as well)then anti-Jewish feeling picks up there as well)

•1896, 1896, Theodor HerzlTheodor Herzl starts starts Zionist Zionist movement (call movement (call for independent Jewish country… find land of for independent Jewish country… find land of Zion)Zion)

•Guarantee safety for Jews & end anti-semitismGuarantee safety for Jews & end anti-semitism

•Pre-cursor to modern day IsraelPre-cursor to modern day Israel

ENGLANDENGLAND

The British government generally moved The British government generally moved toward greater democracy through a process toward greater democracy through a process of of evolutionevolution rather than rather than revolutionrevolution..

Prosperity mitigated Prosperity mitigated social conflict of 1830s social conflict of 1830s and 1840sand 1840sDisraeli and Gladstone expand suffrage

Legislative authority was held by Legislative authority was held by ParliamentParliament, , consisting of the consisting of the House of LordsHouse of Lords and the and the House of CommonsHouse of Commons. .

MonarchsMonarchs were under a constitution and no were under a constitution and no longer governed. They were ceremonial heads longer governed. They were ceremonial heads of state.of state.

Executive power belonged to a cabinet led by Executive power belonged to a cabinet led by the the Prime MinisterPrime Minister..

PARLIAMENTPARLIAMENT• Members of the Lords inherited or were Members of the Lords inherited or were appointed to their positions. appointed to their positions.

• Representatives to the House of Commons Representatives to the House of Commons were elected by qualified voters (Only 6 were elected by qualified voters (Only 6 percent of British men actually had voting percent of British men actually had voting rights). rights).

•Together both houses passed laws and Together both houses passed laws and selected the prime minister. selected the prime minister.

The Struggle for The Struggle for DemocracyDemocracy

Reform Act of 1832Reform Act of 1832 increased total electorate increased total electorate from 400,000 to 800,000 by extending the from 400,000 to 800,000 by extending the franchise to almost all middle-class men. franchise to almost all middle-class men.

Reform Act of 1867Reform Act of 1867 increased the electorate increased the electorate from roughly one million to two million, from roughly one million to two million, reducing most property qualifications to vote.reducing most property qualifications to vote.

(However, it left out industrial workers, artisans, (However, it left out industrial workers, artisans, and farmers.) and farmers.)  

Reform Act of 1867 (a bit Reform Act of 1867 (a bit more)more)

Disraeli allows expansion of suffrage. Why? Disraeli allows expansion of suffrage. Why? Seems inconsistent as he’s Seems inconsistent as he’s conservative . . . Leap in the dark… conservative . . . Leap in the dark… broaden the basebroaden the base

Effect of the expansion?Effect of the expansion?

Gladstone elected!

Gladstone’s ministryGladstone’s ministry Culmination of liberalism in Gr. Brit in Culmination of liberalism in Gr. Brit in

1868-18741868-1874 Evolution of a liberal: How?Evolution of a liberal: How? Aristocratic Institutions opened to all now:Aristocratic Institutions opened to all now:

Competitive civil service exams. Replaced?Competitive civil service exams. Replaced? Ended purchase of officer’s commissionEnded purchase of officer’s commission End to Anglican requisites at Ox-BridgeEnd to Anglican requisites at Ox-Bridge Secret ballotSecret ballot Ed Act of 1870: gov’t takes over elem ed.Ed Act of 1870: gov’t takes over elem ed. Why are these typically liberal?Why are these typically liberal?

The Status of WomenThe Status of Women

Alfred, Lord Tennyson summed up many 19Alfred, Lord Tennyson summed up many 19thth century British attitudes toward women in his century British attitudes toward women in his poem, “The Princess”:poem, “The Princess”:

Man for the field and woman for the hearth:Man for the field and woman for the hearth:

Man for the sword and for the needle she:Man for the sword and for the needle she:

Man with the head and woman with the heart:Man with the head and woman with the heart:

Man to command and woman to obey.Man to command and woman to obey.

• In 1903 the In 1903 the WSPUWSPU (Women’s Social and (Women’s Social and

Political Union) was founded to fight for Political Union) was founded to fight for

women’s rights.women’s rights.

• In 1918, after the World War, Parliament In 1918, after the World War, Parliament

granted women over 30 the right to vote.granted women over 30 the right to vote.

A decade later, it gave the vote to all women A decade later, it gave the vote to all women

over 21.over 21.

Mrs. Banks:

We're clearly soldiers in petticoatsAnd dauntless crusaders for woman's votes

Though we adore men individuallyWe agree that as a group they're rather stupid!

Cast off the shackles of yesterday!Shoulder to shoulder into the fray!

Our daughters' daughters will adore usAnd they'll sign in grateful chorus"Well done, Sister Suffragette!"

From Kensington to Billingsgate One hears the restless cries!From ev'ry corner of the land:

"Womankind, arise!"Political equality and equal rights with men!

Take heart! For Missus Pankhurst has been clapped in irons again!

The Irish QuestionThe Irish Question

• Irish Catholics contributed to the Church of England. Irish Catholics contributed to the Church of England.

Treated as a colony, the Irish were forced to observe Treated as a colony, the Irish were forced to observe English laws.English laws.

The Irish objected to the control of Irish land by British The Irish objected to the control of Irish land by British landowners.landowners.

When the British government failed to aid Ireland after When the British government failed to aid Ireland after the disastrous famine of the 1840s, Irish hatred of British the disastrous famine of the 1840s, Irish hatred of British rule intensified. Many Irish immigrated to the United rule intensified. Many Irish immigrated to the United States.States.

Irish nationalists demanded “Irish nationalists demanded “home rulehome rule”. Ulster ”. Ulster provinces in North don’t want it. Why? Protestant provinces in North don’t want it. Why? Protestant and property owners!and property owners!

New Nations and New Nations and Democracy in Europe in Democracy in Europe in 1800s 1800s

Norway and SwedenNorway and Sweden were united under one monarchy were united under one monarchy for most of the 1800s until Norway broke the union in for most of the 1800s until Norway broke the union in 1905. 1905.

The people of The people of BelgiumBelgium gained their independence gained their independence from the Dutch in 1830 and established a from the Dutch in 1830 and established a constitutional monarchy under Leopold I. constitutional monarchy under Leopold I.

In 1907 it became the first sovereign state to give the In 1907 it became the first sovereign state to give the vote to women. Sweden followed their example in 1909.vote to women. Sweden followed their example in 1909.

The NetherlandsThe Netherlands progressed toward democracy with their progressed toward democracy with their first constitution in 1849.first constitution in 1849.

  

SwitzerlandSwitzerland used the principle of direct democracy in their used the principle of direct democracy in their 1874 constitution.1874 constitution.

  

DenmarkDenmark gained significant democratic reforms in the early gained significant democratic reforms in the early 1900s.1900s.

Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal, unlike the rest of the nations of western , unlike the rest of the nations of western Europe, made little progress toward democracy. Europe, made little progress toward democracy.

German GovernmentGerman Government

25 states handled local matters25 states handled local matters The federal government handled national The federal government handled national

matters, such as defense and banking.matters, such as defense and banking. Constitution: bicameral legislatureConstitution: bicameral legislature

Bundesrat: 58 reps from member statesBundesrat: 58 reps from member states Reichstag: 397 members elected by universal Reichstag: 397 members elected by universal

manhood suffrage.manhood suffrage. Bundesrat could only introduce legislation, Bundesrat could only introduce legislation,

and Reichstag could only reject it.and Reichstag could only reject it.

German GovernmentGerman Government

The executive power rested in the The executive power rested in the hand of the emperor who hand of the emperor who commanded the army & navy, & commanded the army & navy, & appointed gov’t ministers.appointed gov’t ministers.

Chancellor: as chief minister, the Chancellor: as chief minister, the chancellor was the prime advisor to chancellor was the prime advisor to the emperor and held a huge the emperor and held a huge amount of governing power.amount of governing power.

William IWilliam I (King of Prussia 1861-1888) (King of Prussia 1861-1888) had grandiose plans of a united had grandiose plans of a united Germany, but it was his prime minister, Germany, but it was his prime minister,

Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck (1815-98), who was (1815-98), who was really responsible for the expansion of really responsible for the expansion of the Kingdom of Prussia into the the Kingdom of Prussia into the German Empire.German Empire.

UnificationUnification• On Jan. 18, 1871 William I became the On Jan. 18, 1871 William I became the emperor of Germany (or emperor of Germany (or KaiserKaiser). The new ). The new empire united 25 German states into one empire united 25 German states into one federal union. federal union.

• However, unification did not make However, unification did not make Germany a democratic state; it favored King Germany a democratic state; it favored King of Prussia and its aristocracy.of Prussia and its aristocracy.

Accomplishments of Accomplishments of BismarckBismarck

Consolidation of the German Empire: Consolidation of the German Empire: created a uniform currency, and legal code.created a uniform currency, and legal code.

Tried to suppress the Catholics in the SouthTried to suppress the Catholics in the South Catholics organized the Center Party to oppose Catholics organized the Center Party to oppose

certain policies of the central gov’t, & Bismarck certain policies of the central gov’t, & Bismarck resented them because of their ties to the Catholic resented them because of their ties to the Catholic ChurchChurch

Bismarck passed a series of laws to restrict the Bismarck passed a series of laws to restrict the church (restricting education & clergy) and the church (restricting education & clergy) and the KULTURKAMPF resulted.KULTURKAMPF resulted.

Eventually, Bismarck backed down.Eventually, Bismarck backed down.

Other Actions of BismarckOther Actions of Bismarck

Tried to suppress the socialists:Tried to suppress the socialists: Socialists appealed to urban workers who resented Socialists appealed to urban workers who resented

low pay and bad working conditions.low pay and bad working conditions. Bismarck tried to suppress them forcibly in 1878 with Bismarck tried to suppress them forcibly in 1878 with

anti-socialist laws, but this failed.anti-socialist laws, but this failed. By the 1880’s, Bismarck began to undermine them By the 1880’s, Bismarck began to undermine them

by supporting social legislation to gain the support of by supporting social legislation to gain the support of the workers.the workers.

These programs included unemployment insurance & These programs included unemployment insurance & workers’ comp., and social security payments for workers’ comp., and social security payments for retired Germans.retired Germans.

German PoliciesGerman Policies

1888: William II (defender of divine 1888: William II (defender of divine right) became king and Bismarck right) became king and Bismarck remained the chancellor, until he remained the chancellor, until he was dismissed by William.was dismissed by William.

William II did the following:William II did the following: Built up a strong army & navyBuilt up a strong army & navy Encouraged industry & commerceEncouraged industry & commerce Encouraged imperialism and Encouraged imperialism and

annexationannexation

The Fall of BismarckThe Fall of Bismarck

With the support of Kaiser William I, With the support of Kaiser William I, Bismarck took charge of policy in the Bismarck took charge of policy in the German Empire. German Empire.

William IIWilliam II was a man of great energy and was a man of great energy and strong opinions. William II favored a powerful strong opinions. William II favored a powerful military. Because of William’s belief in a strong military. Because of William’s belief in a strong monarchy, he came into conflict with Bismarck. monarchy, he came into conflict with Bismarck. Bismarck wanted the Kaiser to stay out of Bismarck wanted the Kaiser to stay out of political affairs. political affairs.

Under William I, Bismarck was able to get his Under William I, Bismarck was able to get his way by threatening to resign. But when way by threatening to resign. But when Bismarck offered his resignation to William II Bismarck offered his resignation to William II in 1890, the Kaiser accepted it. William began in 1890, the Kaiser accepted it. William began his own personal rule of the German Empire. his own personal rule of the German Empire.

During his reign, William II encouraged During his reign, William II encouraged development in two key areas—the development in two key areas—the military and military and industryindustry. He insisted that a strong army was the . He insisted that a strong army was the best support for royal authority. best support for royal authority.

By 1914, Germany had become one of the world’s By 1914, Germany had become one of the world’s major industrial powersmajor industrial powers

Russia in the 19th CenturyRussia in the 19th Century Russian society remained semi-feudal and Russian society remained semi-feudal and

backward, with much popular discontent.backward, with much popular discontent. Russia remained isolated from Western culture Russia remained isolated from Western culture

and did not modernize.and did not modernize. Oppression & censorship increased and the Oppression & censorship increased and the

government was inefficient.government was inefficient. Czars were anti-liberalCzars were anti-liberal Russia was weak internationally & began to lose Russia was weak internationally & began to lose

foreign wars (Crimean, Russo-Japanese)foreign wars (Crimean, Russo-Japanese)

Nicholas I (1825-55)Nicholas I (1825-55) Dictatorial ruler who stood for strong Dictatorial ruler who stood for strong

nationalism, autocracy, and religious orthodoxy.nationalism, autocracy, and religious orthodoxy. He did the following:He did the following:

Expanded the royal bureaucracy Expanded the royal bureaucracy Published a new legal codePublished a new legal code Fostered industry and RailroadsFostered industry and Railroads Enforced strict censorship with secret policeEnforced strict censorship with secret police Had strong control over the militaryHad strong control over the military Lost the Crimean WarLost the Crimean War Put down a Polish revoltPut down a Polish revolt

Alexander II (1855-81)Alexander II (1855-81) A conservative reformer, who abolished A conservative reformer, who abolished

serfdom in 1861.serfdom in 1861. Zemstvo Laws: created local assemblies Zemstvo Laws: created local assemblies

to solve local problems in 1864.to solve local problems in 1864. As reform led to radical demands, many As reform led to radical demands, many

groups began to plot and carry out groups began to plot and carry out terrorist acts.terrorist acts.

1881: Alexander was assassinated. 1881: Alexander was assassinated. Today!Today!

RussiaCrimean War exposes Russia’s weakness

–Economically backward

–Technologically behind

Czar Alexander II decides to abolish serfdom in 1861

–But freed serfs had to pay back the landlords and fell into debt

–Some reforms made in the government but no fundamental changes in limiting Czar’s power

–Alexander II assassinated by revolutionaries in 1881

Nicholas II (1881-1917)Nicholas II (1881-1917) Industrial progress occurred during his reign, Industrial progress occurred during his reign,

but urban & rural conditions remained miserable but urban & rural conditions remained miserable and the population was on the verge of and the population was on the verge of revolution. revolution.

1905: Russia lost the Russo-Japanese war.1905: Russia lost the Russo-Japanese war. 1905: Revolution occurred which included the 1905: Revolution occurred which included the

Bloody Sunday massacre.Bloody Sunday massacre. The czar was forced to accept the October Manifesto The czar was forced to accept the October Manifesto

which created the Duma (estab Russian constitutional which created the Duma (estab Russian constitutional gov’t). Some Land reforms. No one satisfied.gov’t). Some Land reforms. No one satisfied.

Nicholas, continuedNicholas, continued Nicholas failed to uphold his promises Nicholas failed to uphold his promises

made in the Oct. Manifesto and instead made in the Oct. Manifesto and instead promoted more conservative policies under promoted more conservative policies under his chief agricultural advisor, Stolypin.his chief agricultural advisor, Stolypin. Stolypin was assassinated by rebelsStolypin was assassinated by rebels

Three major groups of revolutionaries Three major groups of revolutionaries existed in Russia at the turn of the century: existed in Russia at the turn of the century: Social Democrats (Marxists), Cadets, and Social Democrats (Marxists), Cadets, and Social RevolutionariesSocial Revolutionaries