european metropolitan region rhein-ruhr within the …comprehensive urban studies no.71 2000...
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Comprehensive Urban Studies NO.71 2000
“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" within the German and Europ切nCity System: Structures and Hierarchies in Context of Globalization
Wmfried Fluchter*
219
As a cultural entity -unity by variety -Europe geographically represents a nearly mosaic-Iike
spatial structure which is reflected on the city level, too (Fig. 1). With regard to European decision making processes the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is represented as a new con-
cept of regional policy framework in Germany introduced by the “Ministerkonferenz fur
Raumordnung" (Inter-Federal States' Ministers' Conference) 1995 and used in the
“Landesentwicklungsplan" (Federal State Development Plan) of the Bundesland Nordrhein-
Westfalen (Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia) in 1995.官山 conceptreflects the academic
discussion on me1ropolises, large町 bancenters and“European Me1ropolitan Regions" -against the
background of the German unification, the e百'ectsof the contin凶ngEuropean integration, the advancing globalization as well掛ー viceversa -the processes of regionalization and the crisis of
the traditional governance of the s阻te.
In context with these challenges this paper focusses on the significance and possibilities of
multicentric agglomeration areas tαk仰 αsα whole.It is argued that in a federalistic country like
Germany a multicentric agglomeration area challenged by transnationalization and globalization is
not per se handicapped but possibly could have be抗erchances if its specific cities are not under-
stood出 S加gleunits rather than部 acity-region complex characterized by hierarchization, sec-
toral-functional specialization, and sustainability (Blotevogel 1998).
1. Delimitation, Structure and Recent Development of the “European Metropolitan
Region Rhein・Ruhr"
“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is understood as a nearly contiguous urban
agglomeration situated between Bonn in the South, Monchengladbach in the West, and Hamm in
出eNortheast (Fig. 2 and 3). The area部 awhole includes 11.1 million inhabitants in 20 cities1l and
10 neighboured counties. Among the five cities which have more than 500,000 inhabitants are Cologne/Koln (966,000), Essen (615,000), Dortmund (599,000), Dusseldorf (571,000), and Duisburg
(535,000). As for仕lespatial settlement and負mctionalstructure, the whole area can be subdivided into
three parts:
*Professor, Gerhard-Mercator University Duisburg, Germany, Institute of Geography
220 Comprehensive Urban Studies NO.71 2000
1. the Ruhr region (5.4 million inhabitants), 2. the DusseldOIfregion (3.0 million inhabitants),加d
3. the Cologne-Bonn region (2.7 million inhabitants).
百ledeveloprnent of出e“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rheiu品Ihr"between 1980組 d1995
was positive (in tenns of nurnber of population) or stagnative (nurnber of employees), respectively
(Fig. 4). However, within the three parts regions the developmentproved to be quite different.百le
Ruhr Region showed relative stagnation (in tenns of population) if not decrease (ernployees) as
against positive perforrnance of the Dusseldorf and particularly the Cologne-Bonn region.官出 is
also true with regard to sectoral changes. As for rn担ingand industry in the same period the R耐
lost around a third, the other two parts regions a qu紅 terof jobs. On the other hand, the service sector, especially producer services, increased remarkably in all parts regions. However, these results could compensate the loss of jobs only in the Dusseldorf and Cologne-Bonn regions, but not in the Ruhr.
A more sensible delimitation of the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is based on
the concept ofthejunctional city region' which includes the commuters' umland, taken together a
population of 11.7 million people in an area of 11,500 km2• With reg訂 dto these figures the Rhein-
R叫lf訂 earanks frrst not only in Gerrnany but just a little in企onteven of Paris and London whose
metropolitan regions based on a comparable delimitation each cover approximately 11.4 million
inhabitants, respectively (Fig. 5‘system of conurbations'; however, cf. Fig. 6‘system of single
cities'). Also in tenns of domestic national product, employment and unemployment the Rhein-Ruhr area shows similarly strong outcomes. However, concerning employees' sectoral perfor-rnance there are clear differences‘Despite of its impressive deindustrialisation, the Rhein-Ruhr area clearly shows a much higher share of people employed in the manufacturing industry (26.5 %,
1993) in relation to cornparable figures for London (14.9 %) and Paris (18.3 %) let alone the
Randstad Holland (13.7 %) and Brussels (13.4 %). Additionally, the significance of market services in the Rhein-Ruhr area is, though its remarkable increase, clear1y low when compared with 、
European top city regions. Though the sheer size of Rhein-Ruhr does not tell much of its metropoli司
tan functions, it has a surprisingly strong significance not only for the city system of Gerrna
2. The Status of the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein・Ruhr"within the Metropolitan
System of Germany
Regarding only those services which are most typical for metropolitan functions -like banks
and insurances, wholesale trade, producer services, science, research and development, mass media -the“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" proves to be by far由emost important
agglomeration area in Gerrnany (Fig. 7). Of course, this would not be位uewhen focussing on the
cities as single units. Then, Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne (Koln), Munich (Munchen), and Frankfurt would perforrn most prorninently. A quite similar ranking can be found with regard to the head-
quarter location of the 100 rnost irnportant global players in Gerrnany (Fig. 8). However, taking into
account the Rhein-Ruhr and other irnportant agglomerations and cities as“rnetropolitan regions"ー
日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-R由 r"wi由民社leGerrrtan and European City System 221
including their functionally connected uITUand -the metropolitan system in Germany is lead by the
two multicentバcagglomeration areas 1. Rhein-Ruhr and 2. Rhein-Main -the latter国clud担gcities
like Frankfurt, Mainz, Wiesbaden -, followed by the monocentric metropolitan regions 3. Berlin, 4.
Hamburg, 5. Munich. This top group is followed by 6. the metropolitan region Stuttgart, which
again ranks quite ahead infront of the agglomeration areas of Hannover, Nuremberg (Numberg), Leipzig-Halle, and Rhein-Neckar (Fig. 7η).
Both the cities as single units鎚 wella儲sthe whole metropolitan regions are cha町ra舵.ct胞er凶izedby a
di江ff,おer陀en凶1此ti泊at胞edj伊ob
iza瓜刷tiωon0ぱfthe Gemτ官na釘nmetropolitan regions it makes sense to focus not only on those services
which are typical for metropolitan functions but also on the quαlity of services, i.e. on those ser-
vices which represent a surplus of significance (“Bedeutungsuberschuss" a la ChristalleI""'. As a
result, this surplus of significance can be understood as a good indicator for higheγcentral-metro-
politan functions. With regard to this qualitative differentiation the functional focal points as well
as the functional deficits of each of the city regions become more clear. Fig. 7 shows that Berlinis
ve町 weakin terms of wholesale trade, banks, insurances and publishing business, but strong in
science and education錨 well槌加 artsand media. Similar functional gaps are typical for the two
East German city regions Leipzig幽Halleand Dresden. On the other hand, one can notice certain functional focal points of the metropolitan region Hamburg (in terms of wholesale trade, publish-
ing), Rhein-Main (banking business), Munich (technical advice,訂tsand media, publishing). As for
出e“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" the functional focal points are obvious: wholesale
trade ωぽ tic叫arly血 Dusseldorf), insurance business (especially in Cologne, leg31 and economic
advisoryω訂tic叫訂Iyin Dusseldorf) -出 againstless represented functions like science and educa-
tion, technical advisory, and banking business. Despite the latter deficits, the “European
Metropolitan Region RheirトRuhr"proves to have a leading position among all metropolitan regions
inGermany.
3. The Status of the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein・Ruhr"within the Metropolitan
System of Europe
With regard to operating in and from Europe headquarters of仰 ternαtionαl0ゅαnizatio仰
(Palom紘i1997: 193) the role of the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is relatively
unirnportant. However, as far踊 theheadquarter location of the large compαnies ofthe mαnufiαc-
turing industries is concemed, it ranks third within the European top group after 1. London and 2.
Paris (Fig. 9, 10). This is true threefold in terms of number of enterprises, cumulated sales, or num-
ber of employees of the respective companies. Consequently, the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" is, industrial-economically speaking, not only by far the largest focal point of Germany but also one uf the most important industrial帽economiccenters of Europe. However, with regard to
foγ'eign sales the degree of intemationalization of the‘global cities' London and Paris is significant-
ly higher than that of Rhe国-R叫rr(Fig. 11).
On the other hand, the distribution of headquarter locations of the 凶 gesttrade companies
shows -in terms of cumulated sales -a surprisingly outstanding significance of the Rhein-Ruhr
222 Comprehensive Urban Studies No.71 2000
region not only for Gennany, but also for Europe (Fig. 12). Both department-store and supennarket
business as well as trade enterprises -the latter partly developed 企omfonner mining companies -
are represented by large finns such as Aldi, Karstadt, Kaufhof, Metro, Rewe, Tengelmann,官tyssen
Handelsunion. It is really asto凶shing-and not yet enough reflected by the public, the mass media,
and even by the academic community -that the Rhein-Ruhr region known for its mining and manu-
facturing not only has a low industrial share which is less than the average of Gennany, but is pぽー
ticularly also the most important trade center of Europe -部 sucheven exceeding London and
Paris.
With regard to仰的nαtionalfiαirsαnd exhibitions (日g.13) the hierarchy is not so much
clear. In this respect Rhein-R吐lris the most important city region in Gennany, but less so much in
Europe when comparing competitors such as Paris, MilanolMailand,加dR加 ds阻.dHoll加 d.
The bαnk business renders the city region Frankfurt which overtook the historical heritage
from Berlin as the clearly leading center in Gennany. However,担theEuropean context it ranks by
far only second after the leading center London (日g.14). A5 for stock-exchange sales and stock
capital, Frankf・Urt,the absolute number One in Gennany, succeeded in ranking only slightly second
after London (Fig. 15). Within Gennany concentration processes, due to globalization effects, made
regional stock-exchange centers loose th位 significanceto Frankfu此
To sum up, the relationship between bank business and citys system can be generaliz付加
trends: the globalization of the economy improves the chances of the development of those city
regions which held already before a leading position in a specific functional sector. On the COn-
trary, cities and city regions ranking next profited less or not at all from globalization. Strategically
speaking, the cities of the European metropolitan regions are supposed to have a real chance for
development in the age of globalization by focussing on intra-urban strong networking rather th加
by acting exclusively as individuals (Blotevogel 1998: 52).
4. The Hierarchy of the European City System against the Background of the Global City
Approach and the Theory of Regulation
According to scholars like Manuel Castells et al., typical for the spatical s位ucturein the post-
fordistic era are less and less the industrial agglomerations and the (national-) state related te凶 to-
ries rather than (global) cities and agglomerations being strongly interconnected with each other.
According to scholars like Stefan Kratke who did intensive research On the role of the city sys-
tem in Gennany from the point of view of the theory of regulation, in the era of post綱fordismnew
types of hierarchisation in the city system are obvious and can be characterized particularly by two
factors (Kratke 1995: 140ff.よ
1. the varying“control capαcity" of cities affiliated with headquarters of companies -such as multi-
location industrial enterprises, banks, insurances, high-ranking producer services like legal and
economic advisory,
2. the varying“pγ'Oduction structuγ'e" whose inter-sectoral netwoγ'king is, according to Kratke, more important than the sectoral structure itself.
When using the two varying factors as axe of a diagram, the result is a two明 dimensionalcity
日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi仕unthe German and European City System 223
systemhier訂 chy(Fig. 16). Within the diagram three arrows mark the change ofposition of cities in
the era of post-fordism:
-the “rise" of city regions characterized by innovative production structures (e.g. Munchen)
-the“descent" of city regions related to fordistic production structures (e.g. Liverpool)
-the“marginalization" of cities affIliated with fordistic production structures -due to由edestruc-
tion of the former industrial basis (e.g. Bitterfeld, East Germany).
The theory of regulation may be criticized by good arguments. However, it opens new perspec-
tives for overcoming problems based on the traditional system of city and regional planning during
the era of fordism.
5. Evaluation of the ‘Pros' and ‘Contras' of European Monocentric Metropolises and
Multicentric Metropolitan Regions with Regard to 80th Functional Effectiveness and
Sustainability
‘Visions' of the spatial development of Europe were or are the “blue banana"(1980s) and the
“European champignon" (1990s), respectively (Fig. 17)ーwhichboth can be regarded部 represen胞-
tive for a polarization model related to center-periphery disparities -veγ'Sus the “European grape"
(Fig. 18) -which is characterized by cityγ'egions and can be seen回 amodel for overcoming cen-
ter-periphery disparities. City regions are by some scholars declared as directive for the白turespa-
tial development of Europe both in terms of monocentric agglomerations -such as Paris, London, Warszaw仕掛 well田 ofmulticentric ones ・likeRhein-Ruhr, Rhein-Main, Randstad Holland, Lyon-Grenoble, Milano・Torino,Kopenhagen-Malmo, Wien-Bratislawa. These city regions are mutually to
be connected by a dense network of airlines and high speed tracks which are supposed to be very
important as economic impulses for the regions (Kunzmann and Wegener 1991: 291).
How much these suggestions stimulate the European discussion show the following state-
ments of the European Committee for Spatial Development which favours a leitbild characterized
by three parts interwoven wi出 eachother:
-a multicentric and,剖muchas possible, a bαlαnced system of city regions both for evoiding a too
heavy concentration on a few centers as well as for overcoming the marginalization of the periph-
ery, -a network of sustainable and efficient infrastructure for strengthening the keeping-together of the
EU,
・, a European 0叩pe印n-s叩pa配cesystem ('‘ F昨reiraumsy;拘st舵emぜ叫1γり')related to a v;訂tおet勿yoぱfprotection areas which
serve as a shelter for the naturalliving-base ('円‘τLeb加ens隠sgrun凶叫dlag酢eぜめ')
In仕由 contextand with respect to the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" as a multi-
centric city region the following question appears to be not yet enough reflected by the scientific
community and worthwhile to be discussed:
h仕lemulticentric structure of a multicentric city region a la “European Metropolitan Region
Rhein-Ruhr" a serious handicap or, possibly, a particularly strong potential for development?
With regard to a multicentric structure the following points can be regarded as disαdvαntages
(Blotevogel 1998: 85):
224 Comprehensive Urban Studies No.71 2000
-deficits in making full use of urbanization economies -synergy effects -due to the intraregional
spread of functions, this is p訂 tic叫町lytruefor
-a lack of top-level political decision幽makingbodies -in contra町 tonational capitals which can
provide better agglomeration economies related to personal (“face-to-face") relationship in the
sphere of business life, banking and other organizations of ve町 varyingcharacter, -deficits affiliated羽 ththe perception of a region部 aunity -be抗aself-perception or a perception
from outside, -deficits with regard to politico-administrative steering -because of politico-administrative split-
ting and strong inter-community competition, ーdeficitsrelated to a regional political public -due to a lack of regional mass media (radio, TV,
printing), -deficits with regard to top achievements -because of splitting of ressources (e.g. many middle-
class theater rather ir凶teadofal町 gevariety of theaters阻dudingthose offering intemational top
niveau),
ーaless strong potential for creating innovative milieus -because the professionals involved are
scattered over the whole region.
On the other hand, the following points are supposed to be strong strategicalαdvαntages for a
multicentric structure (Blotevogel1998: 85):
-less disadvantages with regard to crowding -when compared with monocentric agglomerations of
similar size,
時 lessbottle-necks related to infrastructure -such出 traffic,司 ashorter time for commuting as well as a spatially more satisちringcommuters' network -instead
of a radial pa抗embeing the reason for long distance commuting, -less bottle-necks with respect to demand for space -like that for industry and housing, 喧 lesshigh land prices and rents particularly in the center of the cities and, consequent1y, a less
strong pressure related to the displacement of the inner-urban residential population,
ーlowercosts for living‘ particularly when compared with cities like London, Paris, or Munich, 司 lessenvironmental pollution in comparison with a too strongagglomeration,
-a more favourable intra-regional mix of land use -with special regard to housing and open space,
-a combination of both -the fact that one's own city (‘Heimatstadt') is easily comprehensible and, consequent1y, offers good chances for local identification -as well as the large variety of opportu-
nities provided by the city region as a whole.
When evaluating the ‘pros' and ‘co
日首chter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein品Ihr"within the Gennan and European City System 225
efficient use even of spatially scattered potentials.
Notes
1)‘Kreisfreie' Stadte, i.e. cities not attached with a county.
2) According to Blotevogel (1998: 73) this su:rplus is calculated by the multiplication of the total population
of the concemed city region wi出組interregionalconstant factor which represenお thebasic endowment
of centrality of a middle hierarchy.
References
Blotevogel, Hans Heinrich : Europaische Metropolregion Rhe泊-R吐rr;Theoretische, empirische田 ldpolitische
Perspektiven eines neuen raumordnungspolitischen Konzepts. Dortmund., in Institut fur Landes-und
Stadtentwicklungsforschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen: ILS-Schriften 135, 1998. Bundesministerium fur Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Stadtebau: Raumordnung in Deutschland.
Siedlungssysteme, Umwelt, Raumentwicklung, Verkehr. Bonn: Bundesanstalt fur Landeskunde und Raumor也lung,1996.
Ehlers,日ckart: Zentren und Peripherien -Strukturen einer Geographie der Europaischen Integration., in
Ehlers, Eckart (ed.): Deutschland und Europa; Historische, politische und geographische Aspekte, Bonn: Ferd. Dummler: , in Festschri抗 zum51. Deutschen Geographentag Bonn : 1997149・171,“Europain einer
Welt im Wandel", 1997. Kratke, Stefan : Stadt, Raum, Okonomie; Einfuhrung in aktuelle Problemfelder der Stadtokonomie und Wirtschaftsgeographie. Basel, Boston, Berlin., in Birkhauser: Stadiforschung aktuell53, 1995.
Kunzmann, Klaus R. and Michael Wegener: The Pattem of Urbanization in Westem Europe., in Ekistics 58, 282-291, 1991.
Palomaki, Mauri : The System of European Decision幽MakingCentres Revisited., in Ehlers, Eckart (edよDeutschland und Europa; Historische, politische und geographische Aspekte, Bonn: Ferd. Dummler, in Festschrift zum 51. Deutschen Geographentag Bonn 1997:“Europa in einer Welt im Wandel", 189-207, 1997.
Rebitzer, Dieter W. : Intemationale Steuerungszentralen; Die fuhrenden Stadte im System der Weltwirtschaft.
Numberg,加 Wirtschafts-und Sozialgeographisches Institut der Universitat: Nurnberger附 rtschafts-und
Sozialgeographische Aγbeiten 49, 1995.
226
Stadtesysteme im Vergleich
S釘ie吋dlωungss坑trul紋ct:ur1汀r
Bev白lkerungsdichte
口仙 nb凶凶e白町5
m羽刊lit仕tI抱e町r陀eVer叫di托chtung
E輯覇 瑚蜘r帆知kver町r枇d由批帥lC出h凶
仁harakterisierungder Stadtregionen
Metropolregionen von internationaler Bedeutung
Metropolen und grose Stadte von nationaleγBedeutung
1-2.000 50口-1.000 200-500
Stadte von reョ;0間 lerBedeutung
。絞殺100-200 50-100 < 50
1.000 Einwohner
Quette: laufende Raurnbeobachtung der B札R
Comprehensive Urban Studies NO.71 2000
Source: Bundesministerium fur Raumor出mng,Bauwesen und Stadtebau 1996: 14
Fig.1 City Systems in Europe: Germany, France, United Kingdom
Fluchter:“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi由inthe Gennan and European City System 227
Europ品ischeMetropolregior¥
Poter¥tielle Europaische Metropolregion
Uberregional bedeutsame Verkehrskorridore
I?ie ausere Umgrenzung der Symbole stellt keine raumliche ~bgrenzung der Metropolregionen dar. Eine Zuordnung von Oberzent陪 nzu Metropolreoionen ist aus der stark schema-tisierten Darstellung nicht ableitbar.
盤 Oberzentrum
ロロ Oberzer¥trumin Funktionsteilung
Quelle: Bundesforschungs-anstalt fur Landeskunde und Raumplanung 1997
Entwurf der Arbeitsgruppe Europaische Metropolregionen derMfくRO
01OOkm
Flughafen (Zahlen von 1994):
国 Wenigerals 1 Mio. Fluggaste
困 1bis 5 Mio. Fluggaste
国 5bis 10 Mio. Flu鮒 ste
圃Mehrals 10 Mio問 a蜘
Kaltographie: H. Krahe
Source: Bunde渇forschungsstellefur Landeskunde und R加 mplanung1997, taken from Blotevogell998: 28
Fig.2“European Metropofitan Regions" in Germany according to“Ministerkonferenz fur Raumordnung" 1997
228 Comprehensive Urban Studies No.71 2000
Source: Blotevogel 1998: 58
Siedlungskerne
抽出田詔= Autobahn
聞.田骨ー IC-/lR-Bahnhof
場⑧ Flugh掛 n
⑮ Ha俗nDuis同
E 附 sse
富山iv側 i出 /GHS
Kartographie: H. Krahe
Fig.3 Overview Map“European Metropolitan Region RheirトRuhr"
同首chter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-R吐lf"wi吐血仕leGerman and European City System 229
30km
Entwicklung der Einwohnerzahlen bis 1995 ()980 = 100)
(5-fach uberhoht) 110
105
100
Einwohner 1980 (1000) 5403
2917 529
95 1000 90 500
200 100 0
8ea巾eitung:H.H. 810t.倒 ogelQuelle: LDS Du田 eldorfKartographie、H.Krahe
Source: Landesamt fur Daten und Statistik Dusseldorf, taken from Blotevogel 1998: 59
Fig.4 Population Change in the “European Metropolitan Region Rhein・Ruhr"1980・95
230 Comprehensive Urban Studies NO.71 2000
D Source: Williams, T.R. 1984: 210
Urban areas
10 mill. inhabitants
ESmill. inhabitan箇
. ~ ,mi,lI: inhabitants .2 mill. inhabitants ・1mill. inhabitants
• 750,α)()-1 mill. inhabitants .竺Axisof major
--cities
o ~~ti.onal , centres OT growth
Fig.5 Conurbations and Growth Regions in the European Union
日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi血in出eGerman and European City System 231
む
IIG臼仙倣叫10励胸0油伽b加 叩a
• Eu町1首lfO叩p脳 ch削 net紅加ro叩'polit伽a加neS削 t悦r陀e噌g伊仰Oωn即l惚en
d⑤砂 Nati杭副tiona叫la
• St悩語d批tena舵chg伊eoωrd也n児et舵erR乱加ngka:抗te暗gorien(Auswa1吐の〕
Source: Kratke 1995: 143
Fig.6 The City System in Europe
⑤
.50.0 時間
232 Comprehensive Urban Studies NO.71 2000
100 km -
Sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschaトtigte in unlernehrn号nsorientiertenDienstleistungen (Uberschu日)150000 一一一一一一一一つ~一、\
100000一一一一ヂー?ー¥ ¥
50000ー←一一-+,ムーフFー¥ 1
250口 D 一一一ーーギ十チゥ~ ¥ 11 15000ー{一一寸ヤ十プケ「¥I1/
。一一一一一一一三.......,.
8eschäftígten~Überschuß = Beschaftigte gesamt abzuglトcheines gesct:Jatzten Beschaftigtenanteifs fur die mittelzentrale Selbstverso唱ung
Anteile der Brョnchen(12 Agglomerationen ge,回 mり
Vertagswesen
Kunst,
Share of selected economic sectors:
DieD回g阻mmfl晶cl1~n en恒prechendem Beschaftigten-Uberschus In unternehmensorientierten Diensトleistungen、
Die Winkel der Kreissektoren zeiosn den Anteit der Branchen an der Ge.
1 zeigen die Radien der Sekioren die uber-bz:w. unterproportionafe Aus-pragung ~.er einzelnen Branchen in den-jeweiligen Agglomer副ionen
Bea巾eitung:H.H. Blotevogel; Kartogげ"aphie:H. Krahe
Groshandel=wholesale trade, Kreditinstitute=banks, Versicherungen=insurances, Rechts守
und Wirtschaftsberatung=legal and economic advisory, Technische Beratung=technical
advice, Sonstige=other, Wissenschaft und Bildung=Science and education, Kunst, Medien=fine arts, media, VerIagswesen=publishing
Source: BIotevogel1998: 75
Fig.7 City/Metropolitan Regions in Germany 1995・Employeesin Selected Economic Sectors as an
Indicator for higher-central Metropolitan Functions
日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-R凶官"wi仕linthe German and European City System 233
FミegionalerAnteil der Besch議爽igtenan
allen Beschゑ筏igtender grosten Global Player in % • Hauptsitz eines Global Player
bis unter 0.5
機 0.5 bis訓 er 2.5
騒 2.5 und 州 1r
Quelle:Vero宵'entlichungaus・DieZeit'
Source: Bundesamt fur Bauwesen und Raumordnung: Informationen aus der Forschung des BBR, Nr. 3/Juli 1999:5
Fig.8 Headquarter Locations of the 100 Most Important Global Players in Germany
234 Comprehensive Urban Studies No.71 2000
• Sitz einer Firma der .,Global Fortune 500".Produktionsunlernehmen im Jahre 1993 Untemehmen m託zweiFirmensitzen werden beiden Standorten je zur Halfte zuge聞 chnet
Source: Rebitzer 1995: 137, taken企omBlotevogel1998: 77
QueUe: D.W. Rebitzer: Intemationale Steuerungszentrafen. Oie 1uhrenden Stadte im Svstem der Weltwirtschaft Nurnber百1995,S. 137
Kartographie: H. Krahe
Fig.9 Headquarter Locations of the “Global Fortune 500" Companies of the Manufacturing Industries in
Western Europe 1993・Numberof Enterprises
日uchter:“EuropeanMetropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" within the Genn3l¥ and European City System 235
05OOkm ""
わ刷
wJ
A. Amhe材nE. Eindhoven F. Friedrichshafen H. Heerlen O. Oberkochen
%
Kumulier!e 347 Umsatzsumme
UI93 200
(Mrd. US$) 1∞ 50 20
nz1553
Untemehmen mit zwei Firmensitzen werden beiden Standorten je zurH晶Iftezugerechnet
Quelle: D.W. Rebitzer: In抱mationale!?t~uerung~担ntralen. Die fuhrenden Stadte im Svs¥酎nder Weltwirtschaft Nurnberg 1995, S. 141
Kartographie: H. Krahe
Source: Rebitzer 1995: 141, taken from Blotevogell998: 78
Fig.10 Headquarter Locations of the “Global Fortune 500" Companies of the Manufacturing Industries in
Western Europe 1993・ CumulatedSales
Anteil an den kumulierten Umsatzen 1993 (%)
20
10
• Falun
.Rhein・Ruhr
• Munchen
Frankfurt・Randstad
Stuttgart .・Holland
Wolfsburg・Basel. ・・Turin ・Stockholm Zurich
.Vevey
• Eindhoven
• Mailand
• Clermont-Ferrand
0,3 10
Anmerkung: logarithmische Skalierung n(x) = 50, n(y) = 155
20
Anteil an den kumulierten Auslandsumsatzen 1993
(%)
Quelle: D. W. Rebitzer: Internationale Steuerungszentralen. Die !uhrenden Stadte im System der Weltwirtschaft. Nurnberg 1995, S. 140
Source: Rebitzer 1995: 140, taken from Blotevogell99S: 79
Fig.11 Share of Cumulated Sales (y-axis) and of Cumulated Foreign Sales (x-axis) of the “Global Fortune 500" Manufacturing Companies
in the City Regions in Western Europe 1993
Nω
。
。。ョ官。ZE守巾早
σggagz。・4H
NCCC
Fluchter:“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi血inthe German and European City System 237
0 5OOkm 伊。
ku 耐
WJ
o <) co
lくumulier!e 166 Bilanzsumme
1993 89 (Mrd. US$) 50
20 8
@ … r汗市判F円附i川一mmehr als e酎1削nerF円ir附昨1閣aamj戸ewe剖iI自igenStandor仕t
Quelle: O.w. Reb担 er:InternationaJe Steuerungszentralen. pi.e tuhrende!1 S惜dteim-Svstem der Weltwirtschaft Nurnberg 1995, S. 168
Ka同09阻 ph階、 H.Kr晶he
n = 33
Source: Rebitzer 1995: 168, taken from Blotevogel1998: 80
Fig.12 Headquarter Locations of the Largest Trade Companies -Cumulated Sales
238 Cornprehensive Urban Studies No.71 2000
05OOk川 ""
丸U
。awg
ず
。も
Anzahl der 79 Veranstaltunaen
1993 40 20 10
n = 705 0
QυeUe: O.W, Rebitzer: Internationale Steu官 ungszentralen.Die fuhrenden S給品eim Svstem der Wel加 irtschaftNumberg 1995, S. 177
Ka門ographie:H. Krahe
Source: Rebitzer 1995: 177, taken from Blotevogel1998: 81
Fig.13 International Fairs and Exhibitions in the City/Metropolitan Regions in Western Europe 1993
Fluchter:“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" within出eGennan and European City System 239
Anzahl der 183 Auslandsoanken
(1992)
"" 0 5∞相官
ι一)
械、電
0 . 。、
、
50
鱒 Finan官l晶tze,fOr die keine Daten vorliegen
Quelle: D.w, Rebitz町、 InternationaleSteuerung~zent悶len. Die tuhrender市S泊dteim-Svstem der Weltwirtschaft Numberg 1995, S, 150
Ka同ographie:H, Krahe 20 Zweigstellen _議総 Tochterbankenn ~280 唖圃量日韓欝襲撃 n =203
KJU45《》。doo
m仏B
2 n
Source: Rebitzer 1995: 1切, taken from Blotevogell998: 82
Fig.14 Subsidiary Companies and Branch Offices of the Non-European Bank Business in Western Europe
1992
240 Comprehensive Urban Studies NO.71 2000
05OOkm 。。
ιvu ~.
eMad'id
。0""
q、Umsatze mit Aktien 572
1993 (Mrd. E)
10
0
Herkunft der Wertpapiere
Ausland輪Inland
Quelle: D.W. Rebitzer: Intemationale Steuerungszentralen. Die tuhrenden 81邑d悼 imSystem der Weltwir悟chaftNurnberg 1995, S. 159
Kartographie: H. Krahe
250
100
Source: Rebitzer 1995: 159, taken from Blotevogel1998: 83
Fig.15 Stock-exchange Sales and Origin of Securities at Leading Stock Exchanges
F1uchter:“European Metropolitan Region Rhein-Ruhr" wi出intheGerman and European City System 241
¥C叩仰¥山叫間円 ¥S市。町伽¥¥tdun目e、Concentration of Concentration of Lackof
innovative traditional industrial
production prl口duction 伺 pacities
structures structures
Concentr百tionof Type 1 international >>global cities{(
∞ntrol and官nance
capacities
Concentration of Type 2a Type 2b
Europe-wide European European
∞ntrol and finance metropolitan metropolitan
capacities city regions city regions
1 Con飽 ntrationof Type 3a Type 3b Metropolises
∞ntrol and finanω Cities of Cities of m
capacities of national national national developing
importance importance importan僧 ∞untries
Lack of Type4 Type6
concentration of Citieswith Citieswith 寸..Marginalized
important ∞ntrol and innovative Fordist cities
百nancecapacities production production
structures structures
Source: Kratke 1995: 141, re吐sedby and taken from Blotevogell998: 47
Fig.16 Two-dimensional Hierarchy of City Systems
感機Europaisches Wirtschaftszenlrum
Blaue Banane = industrielles Kernland vor der Offnung Osteuropas
Europ盆ischerChampignon = zentrale Wachstumsgebiete nach Wegfall des "Eisernen Vorhangs"
。_____!5pOi<m
Source: Hauff and Kreft-Kettermann 1996
Fig.17 Visions' of the Spatial Structure and Spatial Development in Europe: the “Blue Banana" (1980s) and
the “European Champignon" (1990s)
242 Comprehensive Urban Studies No.71 2000
The European grape
is仕leappropriate fruity image ofthe European Urban System,
not the (blue) banana
Source: Kunzmann and Wegener 1991, taken from Ehlers 1997: 165
Fig.18 The “European grape": City Regions as a Vision for the Spatial Development of the Future of Europe