european industrial policy(eng)/ política industrial europea(ing)/ europako politika industriala

8/2/2019 European industrial policy(Eng)/ Política industrial europea(Ing)/ Europako politika industriala

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Aqxdhr Hxqf~hog Hbfgfkib ^fìby Aqihligdr

Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby?

Jobqxhr hèkogr

1

AHH^ aihligd g¾ ?8

Jx`y 1>><

?]cir AHH^ aihligd ir o`rf ~xaìrchm }cir kfg}c or o bco~}h fl }ch Ig}hgo}ifgo` Cogmaffe fl Igmxr}io`^fìby hmi}fr : ô}izif Aiogbci , Rogmigh @oafy H' H`do ~xaìrchr'

1

Jog ]igahdhg Bcoi ogm Mihb}f Mh~o}khg} fl Hxf~hog Hbfgfkib R}xmihr Bf``hdh fl Hxf~h Axdhr5Bfxgbi` Khkah TQQ ]ch Codxh5 Orrfbio}h Lh``ft BH^R Axrrh`r' Hkoi` : j~hèkogrNbf`hxf~'ah ogm ~hèkogrNt'g`

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Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby'

Oar}ob}

]cir rx|hy fl Hxf~hog igmxr}io` ~fìby oikr }f rh} fx} ogm hs~òig }ch dho} ridgilibogbh fl

Hxf~hog ig}hdo}ifg ig mh}hkigigd #bcogdhr ig) r}xb}xh ogm ~hlfkogbh fl igmxr}y ig }chHX' ]cir igl`xhgbh ir hs~`fhm lfk }ch ~fìby rimh ay ogo`yrigd }ch }ogrlfko}ifg fl }ch

lokhtfe ti}cig tcibc af}c HX ogm Khkah R}o}hr$ igmxr}io` ~fìby bog ah ~xrxhm'

Hk~iibo` hbfgfkib ogo`yrir ir gf} igb`xmhm ahboxrh }cir AHH^ Aihligd tor fidigo``y

ti}}hg lf o cogmaffe 2

ig tcibc f}ch ox}cfr thh orridghm o ogdh fl igmxr}io` hbfgfkibr

rxajhb}r' Ig }ch òr} 18 yhor f rf }ch }ogrlfko}ifg ir rxbc }co} }ch go}xh ogm rbf~h fl

igmxr}io` ~fìby o} af}c `h|h`r fl df|hgkhg} cor ~flfxgm`y bcogdhm or th``' Igmhhm }ch

}ffèi} fl khorxhr cor rcxge bfgrimhoa`y mirbi~ìghr co|h ahhg }idc}hghm ogm }ch

hbfgfkib ~fìby |ihtr ahcigm igmxr}io` ~fìby co|h o`}hhm h|hytchh' ]ch ~f+bfk~h}i}i|h

`fdib fl mhh~h koeh} ig}hdo}ifg i}rh`l ir oh`y qxhr}ifghm gftomoyr ogm igmxr}io` ~fìby o}

}ch }tf `h|h`r }oehr fg millhhg} lfkr'

]ch rx|hy mirbxrrhr o} rfkh `hgd}c }ch mi|irifg fl ~fthr ah}thhg ogm }ch bfk~`hkhg}oi}y

fl }ch Khkah R}o}hr$ ogm HX `h|h`r fl df|hgkhg} tchg i} bfkhr }f igmxr}io` ~fìby aorhm

fg o loi`y mh}oi`hm bòrrilibo}ifg fl igmxr}io` ~fìby igr}xkhg}r' ]ch }chh axi`migd a`fber fl

}ch timh bfgbh~} fl igmxr}io` ~fìby or mhlighm ig }cir AHH^ Aihligd bfgrir} fl }ch HX

lokhtfe fl koeh} ig}hdo}ifg HX cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby ogm i}r HX rhb}fo` f

r~hbilib bfxg}h~o}' Hobc fgh ir rx|hyhm o} }ch HX `h|h`' ^hbhmigd }chrh }chh rhb}ifgr ir o

mirbxrrifg fl }chh bfrr+bx}}igd irrxhr gokh`y }ch igmirbikigo}h xrh fl }ch

$bfk~h}i}i|hghrr$ òah` ig }ch HX bibxi} fl axrighrr ogm ~fìby koehr }ch hò}ifg ah}thhg

rh|ibhr ogm HX igmxr}io` ~fìby ogm ligo``y }co} fl Hxf~hog iglor}xb}xh' Fgh kojf

bfgb`xrifg ir }co} }fmoy }ch igbhg}i|h r}xb}xh lf igmxr}y ogm igmxr}io` koeh}r ir

mfkigo}hm ay }ch r}igdhgby fl }ch f|ho`` HX lokhtfe ogm }f rfkh kfmho}h mhdhh ay

}ch cfizfg}o` o~~fobc'

Ehytfmr: igmxr}io` ~fìby Hxf~hog ~fìbihr'

JH@ bfmhr : @85 @81'

2 ]cir ~o~h ir o bco~}h ig }ch Ig}hgo}ifgo` Cogmaffe fl Igmxr}io` ^fìby hmi}hm ay ô}izif Aiogbci ogmRogmigh @oafy ~xaìrchm ay H'H`do 1>>< }cir kfg}c'












Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby

Jobqxhr ^hèkogr

AHH^ aqihligd g¾ ?8

Ig}fmxb}ifg

]ch ~hrhg} bco~}h mirbxrrhr igmxr}io` ~fìby fl }ch Hxf~hog Xgifg' ]ch homh ti``

hgbfxg}h bfk~`hsi}y }tf `h|h`r fl ~fìby+koeigd mor}ib bcogdhr f|h }ikh ogm }ch f|ho``

millibx`}y fl tchh }f mot }ch afxgmoihr fl HX igmxr}io` ~fìby' Ig }ch Hxf~hog Xgifg

igmxr}io` ~fìby ir ~xrxhm o} #o} `hor}) }tf `h|h`r fl df|hgkhg}: }ch HX ogm }ch khkah

r}o}hr$ `h|h`r' Lx}chkfh ftigd }f rcil}igd bfg|ib}ifgr ig hbfgfkib ogo`yrir or th`` or }ch

`fdib fl ~f+bfk~h}i}i|h koeh} ig}hdo}ifg #tcibc cor dho}`y mhh~hghm f|h }ikh) }ch

go}xh ogm ig}hgri}y fl Hxf~hog igmxr}io` ~fìby cor mor}ibo``y bcogdhm f|h }ch li|h

mhbomhr rigbh }ch }ho}y fl ôir'= ]chrh }tf –Hxf~hog’ lho}xhr omm }f –dhgho`’

bfk~ìbo}ifgr ig ogo`yrigd igmxr}io` ~fìby rxbc or }ch bfg}or} ah}thhg gfko}i|hhbfgfkib #$th`loh$) ogm ~fri}i|h ogo`y}ibo` o~~fobchr fl igmxr}io` ~fìby }ch |oio}ifgr ig

bòrrilibo}ifg fl tco} igmxr}io` ~fìby ir ogm }ch ~f}hg}io``y |or} ogdh fl }ff`r qxori+}ff`r

ogm rfl} lfkr fl ~hrxorifg ig }cir oho'

]ch oik fl }ch ~hrhg} bco~}h ir }f rh} fx} ogm hs~òig }ch dho} ridgilibogbh fl

Hxf~hog ig}hdo}ifg ig mh}hkigigd #bcogdhr ig) r}xb}xh ogm ~hlfkogbh fl igmxr}y ig

Hxf~h' ]cir ir mxh }f }ch mhh~hgigd fl hbfgfkib ig}hdo}ifg rigbh }ch ?94>r }ch timhgigd fl

i}r rbf~h ogm }ch hgòdhkhg} fl }ch b`xa' Khkah r}o}hr motigd fg }ch }ho}ihr ax} o`rf fg

bcogdigd igridc}r oafx} }ch f`h ogm mygokibr fl koeh}r co|h odhhm }f aigm }chkrh`|hr

h|h kfh ay }ch ~f+bfk~h}i}i|h `fdib fl mhh~hgigd koeh} ig}hdo}ifg ogm }f oaimh ay }ch

h|h r}ib}h bfgr}oig}r }co} }cir ik~ìhr' Ig ommi}ifg }chy co|h gf} #f ah}}h fg`y kodigo``y

ogm rh`hb}i|h`y) rcil}hm }f }ch HX `h|h` }ch }ff`r lf ig}h|hg}ifgir} ~fìby+koeigd Khkah

r}o}hr }chkrh`|hr xrhm }f hk~`fy ig }ch ~or}'

= ]ch }ho}y fl ôir fl ?98? òim }ch aorir lf }ch Hxf~hog Bfo` ogm R}hh` Bfkkxgi}y }ch obch}y~h fl lfkh ig}h|hg}ifgir} igmxr}io` ~fìby'



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby 1

]ch r}xb}xh fl }ch bco~}h ir or lf``ftr' Rhb}ifg ? mirbxrrhr o} rfkh `hgd}c }ch

mi|irifg fl ~fthr ah}thhg ogm }ch bfk~`hkhg}oi}y fl }ch Khkah r}o}hr$ ogm HX `h|h` fl

df|hgkhg} tchg i} bfkhr }f igmxr}io` ~fìby' O bfk~hchgri|h rx|hy ir ~f|imhm aorhm fg

o timh ogm loi`y mh}oi`hm bòrrilibo}ifg fl igmxr}io` ~fìby igr}xkhg}r' Rhb}ifg 1 ti`` ommhrr

}ch ~òbh ogm khogigd fl }chh bfrr+bx}}igd irrxhr gokh`y }ch igmirbikigo}h xrh fl }ch

–bfk~h}i}i|hghrr’ òah` ig }ch HX bibxi} fl axrighrr ogm fl ~fìby koehr }ch hò}ifg

ah}thhg rh|ibhr ogm HX igmxr}io` ~fìby ogm ligo``y }co} fl Hxf~hog iglor}xb}xh'

Rhb}ifgr 2 = ogm 8 ti`` mho` hr~hb}i|h`y ti}c }ch }chh axi`migd a`fber fl }ch timh bfgbh~}

fl igmxr}io` ~fìby mir}igdxirchm ig rhb}ifg ? }co} ir }ch HX lokhtfe fl koeh}

ig}hdo}ifg HX cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby ogm HX rhb}fo` f r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìby' ]ch

bco~}h hgmr ti}c }ch koig bfgb`xrifgr' ]ch homh cf~hlx``y hoìzhr }co} }ch rxajhb} oho ir

kxbc }ff |or} }f ah rx|hyhm bfk~hchgri|h`y' Bcfibhr co|h }f ah komh' Fgh rxbc bcfibh ir

}co} I rco`` lfbxr kfh fg }ch lokhtfe ogm }ch cfizfg}o` or~hb}r or }ch igbhg}i|h r}xb}xh

lf igmxr}y ogm igmxr}io` koeh}r ir mfkigo}hm ay }chrh }tf' O bff`òy ir }co} rhb}ifg 8 fg

rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib ~fìby ir ìki}hm }f og f|ho`` ~hr~hb}i|h ti}c #aihl) i``xr}o}ifgr fg`y

oafx} IB] ogm }hbcgf`fdy tci`h hloigigd lfk mh}oi`r fg rhb}fr' Ogf}ch bcfibh ir }f

hkoig bfk~`hkhg}oy }f f}ch ox}cfr ig }cir |f`xkh mhoìgd ti}c o ogdh fl r~hbilib

hbfgfkib ogo`yrhr tcibc fl}hg oh h`h|og} }f HX ~fìby'

?' Igmxr}io` ~fìby: tco} }ch HX ogm Khkah r}o}hr mf ogm mf gf}

]chh ir o dho} mho` fl bfglxrifg oafx} tco} igmxr}io` ~fìby ir fg`y rx~orrhm ay

}ch bfglxrifg oafx} tco} Hxqf~hog igmxr}io` ~fìby kidc} ah' ]ch ò}}h ir h|hg kfh

bfk~ìbo}hm ahboxrh }ch HX `h|h` cor ok~`h bfgr}oigigd ~fthr |ir o |ir Khkah r}o}hr$

igr}xkhg}r ogm }chi xrh tci`h o} }ch rokh }ikh }ch HX `h|h` i}rh`l ir o`rf hr}ib}hm ig i}r

ob}ifgr ogm mfhr gf} mir~frh fl ogytchh gho }ch rokh ogdh fl }ff`r or Khkah r}o}hrkidc} hk~`fy ig o bfgr}oighm lorcifg f gf}'

?'? Rbf~h ogm bfgr}oig}r fl Hxf~hog igmxr}io` ~fìby

Lidxh ? rcfx`m ch`~ }f hmxbh rxbc bfglxrifg }f og o~~hbioa`h hs}hg}' O bfk~`h}h

hrf`x}ifg ir ahyfgm }ch bo~obi}y fl }ch ox}cf lf }ch rik~`h horfg }co} gf }osfgfky bog

lx``y hr~hb} }ch ogdh fl |ihtr fg igmxr}io` ~fìby tcibc bog ah lfxgm ig }ch ì}ho}xh' ]ch

Lidxh ? bfkaighr }chh lho}xhr: o bfk~hchgri|h bòrrilibo}ifg fl igmxr}io` ~fìby ogm fl



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' 2

f}ch ~fìbihr rfkhcft igl`xhgbigd igmxr}y o rislf`m ahoemftg fl cft HX ogm go}ifgo`

~fthr oh hò}hm #rhh $gf}hr$) ogm og o~~ìbo}ifg fl }ch ò}}h }f }ch kogy mir}igb} h`hkhg}r

fl igmxr}io` ogm f}ch ~fìbihr r~hbilihm ig }ch bòrrilibo}ifg'

]ch bòrrilibo}ifg ahdigr ay mir}igdxircigd }tf rh}r fl ~fìby tcibc igl`xhgbh

igmxr}y yh} oh gf} ~o} fl igmxr}io` ~fìby gokh`y $~fìbihr gf} lf igmxr}y tcibc ollhb}

igmxr}y$ lf fa|ifxr horfgr #rxbc or kobfhbfgfkib r}oaiì}y ti}c lirbo` ogm kfgh}oy

igr}xkhg}r5 hmir}iax}ifgo` }ff`r 5 odibx`}xo` ogm rh|ibhr ~fìbihr5 }os ~fìby5 hghdy5 ògm+

xrh ogm rf fg) ogm $~fìbihr tcibc mihb}`y ch`~ f bfgr}oig igmxr}y ax} oh gf} khog} #fg`y)

lf igmxr}y$ #rxbc or ~ibh bfg}f`r axy+go}ifgo` bok~oidgr }ihm mh|h`f~khg} oim f

hg|ifgkhg}o` ~fìbihr ommhrrigd r~hbilib cozomr rxbc or ~firfgfxr bchkibo`r f rkfd)'

]ch hkoigmh ir mhlighm or o $timh bfgbh~} fl igmxr}qio` ~fìby$ ogm bfgrir}r fl }chh axi`migd

a`fber: lokhtfe or~hb}r cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby ogm rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib igmxr}io`

~fìby' Lf o`` }ch h`hkhg}r r~hbilihm ig Lidxh ? o ~fsy igmibo}ifg ir ~f|imhm oafx} }ch

mi|irifg f bfkaigo}ifg fl ~fthr o} HX ogm Khkah r}o}hr$ `h|h`r' Lf o lx`` xgmhr}ogmigd

fl }ch go}xh rbf~h ogm ~f}hg}io` fl HX igmxr}io` ~fìby o`` }chrh h`hkhg}r tfx`m co|h }f ah

hs~òighm rh~oo}h`y }cfxdc ig o bfchhg} lorcifg' Di|hg }ch r~obh bfgr}oig} i} rcfx`m ah

rxllibihg} }f bfgbhg}o}h fg }ch }chh axi`migd a`fber fl $timh$ igmxr}io` ~fìby ti}c

fbborifgo` hlhhgbhr }f f}ch h`hkhg}r ig }ch lidxh tchh o~~f~io}h' Rfkh r~hbio`

o}}hg}ifg ti`` ah ~oim }f }chh rxbc hlhhgbhr ig rhb}ifg 1'

Afom`y r~hoeigd }ch hbfgfkib ogm igr}i}x}ifgo` ik~f}ogbh fl HX igmxr}io` ~fìby ir

dho}hr} lf }ch HX lokhtfe or~hb}r' ]ch hr~hb}i|h thidc}r fl cfizfg}o` ogm rhb}fo` ogm

r~hbilib ~fìbihr boggf} ah hr}oaìrchm ig dhgho` }hkr' Af}c oh bfgr}oighm ay }ch HX

lokhtfe or~hb}r or th`` or ay f}ch rxarimioi}y bfgrimho}ifgr tcibc fl}hg ‒ }cfxdc gf}

ig|oioa`y ‒ khog }co} }ch HX `h|h` fl df|hgkhg} cor lht $com$ igr}xkhg}r }f ob}' I} ir

bxbio` }f ehh~ }chrh ìki}o}ifgr ig kigm tchg r}xmyigd }ch l`xy fl HX ~fìby mfbxkhg}r fg

igmxr}io` ~fìby $bfk~h}i}i|hghrr$ r}o}hdihr f $hg}h~irh$ ~fìbihr' Kfr} rxbc mfbxkhg}r oh

`fgd fg ogo`y}ibo` or~hb}r ogm fg hbfkkhgmhm mihb}ifgr fg cft }f khgm fgh$r toyr ig

Hxf~hog igmxr}io` koeh}r ax} rcf} f hò}i|h`y $rfl}$ fg bfgbh}h ob}ifgr f }ch

hk~`fykhg} fl ridgilibog} lxgmigd ogm f}ch igr}xkhg}r' Fgh koy hdom }cir or }ch

igh|i}oa`h fx}bfkh fl o kxbc kfh koqeh}+mqi|hg o~~fobc }f igmxr}io` bcogdh tcibc ir gf+

mfxa} bfhb} ax} i} kidc} jxr} or th`` ah rhhg or og hs~ìbi} bcfibh gf} }f hgmft }ch HX `h|h`

ti}c lfbhlx` igr}xkhg}r ogm ~fthr }f igl`xhgbh f $hgdighh$ }ch lx}xh ~o}c fl Hxf~h$r

igmxr}ihr' Ti}igd ig 1>>8 }ch }tf ~hr~hb}i|hr afi` mftg }f |hy kxbc }ch rokh hrx`} ig}hkr fl igmxr}io` ~fìby ~f}hg}io`'



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' =

Lidxh ?: HX , Go}ifgo` ^fthr fl Igmxr}io` ^fìby

Igr}xkhg}r

~fìbihr #rfkhcft) ollhb}igd igmxr}y

~fìbihr GF] lfq igmxr}qy

ax} ollhb}igd igmxr}y rxbc or

‡ kobfhbfgfkib #HX&Go}')

‡ hmir}iax}ifgo` #Go}')

‡ todh ~fìbihr &igmxr}io` h`'#Go}')

‡ odibx`}xo` & lirchihr ~fìbihr

#HX&Go})

‡ rh|ibhr ~fìbihr #HX&Go})

‡ }os ~fìbihr #Go} #%HX))

‡ ògm+xrh ~fìbihr #Go}')

‡ iglor}xb}xh ~fìbihr #Go}' #%HX))

‡ hghdy #rhbxi}y) ~fìbihr #Go}'

#%HX))

~fìbihr lf igmxr}y

gfg+igmxr}qio` ~fìby

khorxqhr miqhb}`y ollhb}igd

igmxr}qy

‡ axy go}ifgo` bok~oidgr #++HX)

‡ hdifgo` ~òggigd &mh|h`f~khg} #Go}'&HX)

‡ ~ibh bfg}f`r #++HX)

‡ }ihm mh|h`f~khg} oim #Go}'

#%HX))

‡ f|ho`` hs~f} ~fkf}ifg

#++HX)

‡ r~hbilib hg|ifgkhg}o` ~fìbihr

#Go}'&HX)

#timh bfgbh~} fl)igmxr}io` ~fìby

lokhtfe or~hb}r cfizfg}o` igmxr}io`

~fìby

rhb}fo` & r~hbilib

igmxr}io` ~fìby

+ hr}oaìrckhg} IK #HX)+ ~f~h lxgb}ifgigd IK #HX)

#òbe fl jxr}ilihm) cok'g' òbe fl r}ogmomr , B'O' hkf|o` mir}f}ifgr

+ bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby #HX&Go}') r}o}h oimr gh}tfe igmxr}ihr

+ hdifgo` & bfchrifg ~fìbihr#dhgho`) #HX&Go})

+ ah}}h hdxò}ifg #HX&Go})

+ r}o}h ftghrci~ #Go}')

+ hrhobc r}o}hdihr #Go}'&HX)+ iggf|o}ifg r}ikx`xr

#Go}'&HX)+ hg}h~hghxrci~ , ire

bo~i}o` #Go}'&HX)+ rei``r , cxkog bo~i}o`

#Go}')+ hr}xb}xigd lxgmr

#Go}'&HX)+ bfk~h}i}i|hghrr }hr}r lf

f}ch ~fìbihr #h'd' HG\5h}b') #HX)

+ ~xaìb ~fbxhkhg}

#Go}'&HX)

+ rhb}fo` ig}h|hg}ifgr

#++HX)+ rhb}f ~fìbihr #++HX5

HX&Go})

+

b`xr}higd , liìãhr ~fìbihr #Go}')+ }omh ~fìby #HX)

+ r~hbilib or~hb}r fl hdifgo`&bfchrifg ~fìbihr#HX&Go}')

+ }hbcgf`fdy ~fìbihr#HX&Go}')

+ mhlhgrh ~fbxhkhg} #Go}')

f}hr:HX HX ~fthr Go}'& HX rcohm ~fthr koig`y go}ifgo`HX&Go}' rcohm ~fthr Go} #%HX) go}ifgo` , HX bfgr}oig}r f kod' ig~x}r

Go}' Khkah R}o}hr$ ~fthr HX ì}}`h go}$`' `hhtoy r}ib} HX bfgr}oig}r




]ch lqokhtfqe or~hb}r lf``ft mihb}`y lfk tco} }ch HX ir' ]ch Hxf~hog Xgifg ir

ig hbfgfkib }hkr hrrhg}io``y og Hbfgfkib ogm Kfgh}oy Xgifg' ]ch Hbfgfkib Xgifg

bfgrir}r fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} #og hs}hkh`y bfk~hchgri|h bfgbh~} ti}c o r}fgd `hdo` aorir

ogm o ~fthlx` igr}i}x}ifgo` aobeigd) ogm o |hy kfmhr} rh} fl $bfchrifg$ ~fìbihr' ]ch

bfchrifg ~fìbihr òdh`y bfgrir} fl hdifgo` igr}xkhg}r lf hò}i|h`y ~ff hdifgr ig }ch

Xgifg ogm }f rfkh hs}hg} lf ~f|imigd lxgmr lf hò}i|h`y ~ff bfxg}ihr ig }ch HX'

$Bfchrifg$ tfx`m rhhk }f hlh hmir}iax}ifg lfk ibch }f ~ffh ohor ig }ch HX'

Gh|h}ch`hrr bfchrifg okfxg}r }f og hllibihgby+aorhm fgd+xg r}o}hdy fl $bo}bc+x~ dft}c$'

]ch ig}h|hg}ifgr oh khog} }f obbh`ho}h bo}bc+x~ dft}c ogm fgbh }cir ir obcih|hm bfchrifg

~fìbihr oh }hkigo}hm' Bfchrifg ~fìbihr mf igl`xhgbh igmxr}y ig o gxkah fl toyr ax}

hr~hbio``y ay ik~f|igd }ch mh}hkigog}r fl `fbo}ifg ogm ig|hr}khg}' Cfth|h i} fxdc} }f ah

gf}hm }co} bfchrifg ~fìbhr mf gf} ogm boggf} ommhrr r~hbilib igmxr}ihr #f rh|ibhr lf }co}

ko}}h)' Rxbc ~fìbihr oh kfh cfizfg}o` i'h' oh koig`y fihg}hm }f com #gh}tfer ogm

fomr&aimdhr&}xggh`r) ogm rfl} #cxkog bo~i}o` }hbcgibo` rbcff`r h}oigigd lobiì}ihr

omkigir}o}i|h bo~obi}y) iglor}xb}xh' ]ch Kfgh}oqy Xgifg ig r}ib} }ho}y }hkr bfk~irhr

gf} fg`y }ch $hxfzfgh$ fl #gft) ?1 bfxg}ihr8 ax} o`rf }ch gfg+hxfzfgh bfxg}ihr ig rflo or

}chy co|h faìdo}ifgr xgmh tco} }ch }ho}y bo``r }ch rhbfgm r}odh fl HKX <'

?'1 Ig}hgo` koeh} o}ifgo`h

]ch com bfh fl }ch Hbfgfkib Xgifg ir }ch ig}hgo` koeh}' O dffm xgmhr}ogmigd fl

}ch ig}hgo` koeh} }ch `fdib fl i}r mhridg ogm fl i}r ~f~h lxgb}ifgigd ir igmir~hgroa`h }f

dor~ }ch go}xh rbf~h ogm ~f}hg}io` fl HX igmxr}io` ~fìby o} }ch }tf `h|h`r fl df|hgkhg}'

Og hbfgfkibo``y khogigdlx` mhligi}ifg fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} homr or lf``ftr : –}ch lhh

kf|hkhg} fl dffmr rh|ibhr ogm lob}fr fl ~fmxb}ifg or th`` or }ch idc} fl hr}oaìrckhg}

obfrr ig}o+HX lfg}ihr obbfk~ogihm ay o`` ghbhrroy bfkkfg hdxò}ifg ogm&f ~fìbihr

lf }cir ig}hgo` koeh} }f lxgb}ifg ~f~h`y’ 4' Tco} }ch }ho}y bo``r }ch $hr}oaìrckhg} $ fl

}ch ig}hgo` koeh} afi`r mftg }f }ch obbfk~ìrckhg} fl lhh kf|hkhg} ogm #bfk~ogy)

8Rh|ho` ght Khkah r}o}hr koy jfig Hxfògm ig 1>>< f 1>>4 ol}h }ch bfk~x`rfy 1 yhor ig }ch HQK+IIti}cfx} }ff kxbc }xax`hgbh' ]chrh kidc} igb`xmh Hr}fgio ogm @i}cxogio' F}ch ght Khkah r}o}hr ti``lf``ft ig mxh bfxrh ax} }cir koy ah r}h}bchm fx} f|h o `fgdh ~hifm' Tch}ch }ch XE Rthmhg ogmMhgkoe #o`homy ig HQK+II ax} o hlhhgmxk ig 1>>2 bokh fx} ti}c o GF |f}h) ti`` jfig ogy }ikh rffg irxgb`ho' Xgìeh }ch ght Khkah r}o}hr }chy oh gf} xgmh }ch faìdo}ifg }f jfig'

<Ahlfh jfigigd }ch hxf o`` bfxg}ihr kxr} co|h og igmh~hgmhg} Bhg}o` Aoge5 o`` HX bfxg}ihr oh afxgm ay ~ibh r}oaiì}y lirbo` ~xmhgby ogm bfk~`h}h`y xghr}ib}hm bo~i}o` kf|hkhg}r'

4

Lf o mh}oi`hm hs~fri}ifg ogm hbfgfkib ogo`yrir fl }ch HX ig}hgo` koeh} rhh ^hèkogr 1>>< bco~}hr 2 ‒ ?>' Rhh o`rf BFK #1>>2) 123 fl 4}c Koy 1>>2 fg }ch Ig}hgo` Koeh} R}o}hdy ogm i}r oggxoÌk~`hkhg}o}ifg h~f}r'



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' <

hr}oaìrckhg} ax} ig ob}xo` ~ob}ibh }cir obbfk~ìrckhg} bog fl}hg fg`y ah com il mhdhhr fl

bfkkfg hdxò}ifg f kx}xo` hbfdgi}ifg oh odhhm lir}' ]cxr }ch hr}oaìrckhg} ogm ~f~h

lxgb}ifgigd oh lhqxhg}`y ~xrxhm rikx`}oghfxr`y' Cfth|h ~qf~hq lxgb}ifgigd ik~ìhr }ch

oarhgbh fl koeh} loi`xhr ogm }cir hlhr }f bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby or th``' ]chhlfh }ch

lokhtfe afs af}}fk `hl} ig Lidxh ? ir koig`y oafx} }ch ig}hgo` koeh} : tchg i}r

hr}oaìrckhg} ir igbfk~`h}h i} `ho|hr o mhdhh fl lhhmfk }f Khkah r}o}hr #}ch lht

hsok~`hr `hl} gftomoyr igb`xmh }ch oarhgbh fl og ig}hgo` òafx koeh} ogm }ch òbe fl o }xh

HX ~o}hg}) ogm tchg }ch ~f~h lxgb}ifgigd ir gf} #yh}) omhqxo}h`y mho`} ti}c i} kidc} hlh

}f o òbe fl jxr}ilihm cokfgiro}ifg #mxh }f fgh f o lht hbo`bi}og} Khkah r}o}hr) o òbe fl

bfkkfg r}ogmomr f }ch r`ft ìahoìzo}ifg fl gh}tfe igmxr}ihr #igmhhm ti}cfx} o bfkkfg

HX hdxò}f xgìeh }ch borh fl go}ifgo` koeh}r)'

Lf }ch kfr} ~o} cfth|h }ch ig}hgo` koeh} ir th`` hr}oaìrchm ogm i}r lxgb}ifgigd

ik~f|hr ti}c mhh~hgigd ogm timhgigd fl rbf~h' ]cir ti`` ah mirbxrrhm ig rhb}ifg 2' ]ch

bfkkfg hdxò}ifg ig $o~~fsiko}hm$ #cokfgizhm) f bhg}oìzhm lfk cor hbhg}`y ahbfkh

kxbc kfh idffxr`y rbx}igizhm xgmh }ch òah` $ah}}h hdxò}ifg$ #rhh rhb}ifg =)' ]ch ght

o~~fobc fl rxajhb}igd o`` rxar}og}i|h Bfkkirrifg ~f~fro`r }f hdxò}fy ik~ob}

orrhrrkhg} aorhm fg og ogo`y}ibo` kh}cfmf`fdy ir afxgm }f igl`xhgbh tco}h|h igmxr}io`

~fìbihr oh dfigd }f ah ~f~frhm' Ligo``y }ch lokhtfe afs ig Lidxh ? khg}ifgr r}o}h

ftghrci~' I} ir dffm }f xgmhìgh }co} }ch HX #}ho}y) ir ghx}o` ti}c hr~hb} }f ftghrci~

#o}' 198 HB) ogm }co} ~i|o}izo}ifg ir r}ib}`y o ko}}h fl }ch Khkah r}o}hr' ]ch borxo`

rxar}i}x}ifg ah}thhg }hkr rxbc or mhhdxò}ifg ìahoìzo}ifg ogm ~i|o}izo}ifg tchg i}

bfkhr }f }ch ìahoìzo}ifg fl ogm HX+timh bfk~h}i}ifg ig gh}tfe igmxr}ihr ir igbfhb}

h|hg }cfxdc i} ir fx}igh ig kogy bib`hr' Lf }ch HX ~i|o}izo}ifg ir r}ib}`y }ch bcogdh fl

ftghrci~ lfk r}o}h #f ~f|igbio` f kxgibi~o`) }f ~i|o}h rcohcf`mhr' ]ch Xgifg ir

ig}hhr}hm ig }ch bfkaigo}ifg fl bfk~h}i}ifg, o`rf f|h ig}o+HX lfg}ihr chgbh lhh

kf|hkhg} ogm #bfk~ogy) hr}oaìrckhg} ti}c jxr}ilihm qhdxò}ifg ig gh}tfe igmxr}ihr gf}

ig r}o}h |hrxr ~i|o}h ftghrci~' Hqxo``y ik~f}og} o`}cfxdc r}o}h ftghrci~ ir o ko}}h fl

}ch Khkah r}o}hr }ch }ho}y mfhr gf} o``ft ogy bfgbh}h om|og}odh lf rxbc likr ig }ch

ig}hgo` koeh}' I} ir com }f }cige fl ogy hbfgfkib horfg tcy o bfk~ogy rcfx`m hkoig ig

r}o}h cogmr f}ch }cog o ~f}hb}ifg odoigr} xgtog}hm }oeh+f|hr' H|hg lhrc bo~i}o` ig|hr}hm

ay }ch r}o}h ig }ch bfk~ogy ir rhhg or i``hdo` #ahboxrh mir}f}igd) r}o}h oim il og igmh~hgmhg}

ig|hr}f tfx`m gf} co|h ahhg ti`ìgd }f mf }ch rokh'




?'2 Cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby

Cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby ir fl hò}i|h`y hbhg} fidig' Igmhhm fl }ch rh|hg

bo}hdfihr r~hbilihm ig }ch kimm`h afs o} }ch af}}fk fl Lidxh ? gfgh fl }chk hsir}hm o} HX

`h|h` ig roy ?93> ig o khogigdlx` toy f gf} o} o``' ]ch HX com gf ~fdokkhr f ig+mh~}c

ogo`yrhr ig ohor rxbc or iggf|o}ifg r}ikxì hg}h~hghxrci~ ogm ire bo~i}o` rei``r ogm

cxkog bo~i}o` ogm bfk~h}i}i|hghrr }hr}r lf HX ~fìbihr' Ofxgm ?93> o`kfr} o`` hrhobc

lxgmigd tor r~hg} fg gxb`ho ogm f}ch hghdy hrhobc ig }ch lokhtfe fl Hxo}fk' ]ch

lir} HR^QI] #fg bfk~x}hr ogm I]) ~fdokkh mo}hr lfk ?93?' Og HX hr}xb}xigd lxgm

mim gf} hsir} hsbh~} lf r}hh` ogm ~oim ay }ch r}hh` ki``r }chkrh`|hr ig }ch lokhtfe fl }ch

HBRB' Ogm HX ~xaìb ~fbxhkhg} ir }ff }igy }f ah x}iìzhm lf r}o}hdib ~x~frhr ogm gf

rxbc fajhb}i|h com ahhg komh hs~ìbi} ogytoy' Cfth|h }ch irrxhr ig }ch cfizfg}o`

igmxr}io` ~fìby afs thh igl`xhgbhm ay }ch HX `h|h` tchg ik~frigd mirbi~ìghr fg go}ifgo`

igmxr}io` ~fìbihr xgmh rfkh fl }chrh xaibr' ]cxr hrhobc rxarimihr fl o $lxgmokhg}o`$

go}xh oh gf} boxdc} ay }ch r}o}h oim hdikh ax} il hrhobc ir $o~~ìhm$ rxarimihr oh

mirbi~ìghm mh~hgmhg} fg cft b`frh }ch o~~ìbo}ifgr oh }f hobcigd }ch koeh}' Go}ifgo`

hr}xb}xigd ~fdokkhr mim hsir} ogm thh rxajhb}hm }f bfk~`hs r}o}h oim mirbi~ìghr kfh

fl}hg }cog gf} ~fì}ibo``y igl`xhgbhm o} }ch cidchr} `h|h` fl HX ~fì}ibr |io omcfb mhbirifgr fg

hrbxh f~ho}ifgr' Go}ifgo` ~xaìb ~fbxhkhg} tor lfko``y mirbi~ìghm ay gfg+

mirbikigo}ifg ~f|irifgr ig }ch }ho}y ogm o lht thoe mihb}i|hr fg dffmr ogm fg ~xaìb

tfer tcibc thh com`y hglfbhm ig }cfrh moyr' ]ch ò}h rcil} }f cfizfg}o` HX igmxr}io`

~fìby ahdiggigd ti}c }ch Aogdhkogg h~f} #?99>) }chhlfh hqxihm o tcf`hro`h

h}cigeigd fl }ch toy df|hgkhg} ig}h|hg}ifg bfx`m xrhlx``y lobiì}o}h }ch r}o}ib ogm mygokib

hllibihgby fl koeh}r ig Hxf~h ogm tco} koeh} igr}i}x}ifgr kidc} ah fl ch`~ #lf hsok~`h

r}ogmomr bh}ilibo}ifg ogm qxoì}y igbhg}i|hr f iggf|o}ifg r}xb}xhr f rei``

hgcogbhkhg})' Ghs} }f gf rxbc }cigeigd com ahhg ahhg ~hrhg} o} HX `h|h` ogm gf ~fìbihr

com ahhg igi}io}hm ofxgm ?93>'

O} }ch HX `h|h` }ch ?93>r ogm ho`y ?99>r bfgrir}hm fl hgfkfxr mhh~hgigd ogm

timhgigd #fl rbf~h) fl }ch lokhtfe afs ig }hkr fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} ig dffmr rh|ibhr

ogm bo~i}o`' ]ch bff`òy fl }ch rigd`h koeh} ~fdokkh bfgrir}hm fl }ch timhgigd fl

bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby bfk~`hkhg}hm ay }ch HB khdh hdxò}ifg' O`` }cir tor afxgm }f co|h

kogy ik~ìbo}ifgr lf tco} Khkah R}o}hr com ahbfkh obbxr}fkhm }f mf' Lib}ifg khdhm fg

}ch ig}hlobh ah}thhg }ch HX `h|h` ogm }ch Khkah r}o}hr$ `h|h` ig hdxò r}xdd`hr ah}thhg

}ch Bfkkirrifg ogm }ch Bfxgbi` ogm }f rfkh hs}hg} ah}thhg Khkah r}o}hr ig }ch Bfxgbi`']ch x~rcf} tor }f mirbi~ìgh ogm ik~f|h }ch rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìbihr af}c o}




HX ogm Khkah r}o}hr$ `h|h`r' ]cxr }ch kimm`h afs fl cfizfg}o` irrxhr tor fl kodigo`

ik~f}ogbh o} ahr}' Ti}igd ig 1>>8 o~~fobchr co|h omibo``y bcogdhm' Or rhb}ifg = ti``

hòafo}h }fmoy$r hk~corir ig Hxf~hog igmxr}io` ~fìby o} af}c `h|h`r fl df|hgkhg}

bfgrir}r fl o bfkaigo}ifg fl }ch lokhtfe ogm }ch cfizfg}o` afshr ti}c hò}i|h`y ì}}`h

o}}hg}ifg ~oim }f }ch rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib afs hsbh~} lf }hbcgf`fdy ~fìbihr'

?'= Rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìby

Rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìby ìhr o} }ch fidig fl }ch Bfkkxgi}y' Hxf~hog

hbfgfkib ig}hdo}ifg ahdog ig ?981 ti}c o $mhh~$ lhh }omh oho ig bfo` ogm r}hh` bo``hm }ch

Hxf~hog Bfo` ogm R}hh` Bfkkxgi}y' I}r x`}iko}h oik b`ho`y ahigd }ch bhkhg}igd fl ~hobh

ah}thhg lfkh om|hroihr }ch `hdo` bfkki}khg}r bfgrir}hm fl o bfkaigo}ifg fl ig}o+HBRB

lhh }omh ig bfo` ogm r}hh` ti}c hs}hgri|h ob}xo` ogm ~f}hg}io` ig}h|hg}ifgr ig }ch rhb}fr

igb`xmigd ig|hr}khg} ~ògr ogm #xgmh }ch omki}}hm`y hs}hkh rbhgoif fl o –kogilhr} birir’

o}' 83 HBRB) h|hg }ch omkigir}o}i|h fdogizo}ifg fl ig}o+HBRB }omh' @ffeigd aobe }f }ch

HBRB li|h mhbomhr ò}h }ch bfg}or} ti}c }fmoy$r hbfgfkib }cigeigd oafx} }ch lxgb}ifgigd fl

koeh}r ogm r~hbilib ig}h|hg}ifgr ir o}ch rco~' I} ir }xh }co} }ch HBRB igi}io}hm o eigm fl

Hxf~hog bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby ogm }co} r}o}h oimr thh bfk~`h}h`y lfaimmhg3) ax} f}chtirh

}ch HBRB com`y kogodhm }f bho}h o lxgb}ifgigd ig}hgo` r}hh` koeh} ogm gh|h

obbfk~ìrchm og ig}hgo` koeh} lf bfo`' Ig lob} }ch r}hh` koeh} hgjfyhm i}r rcoh fl }ch

$df`mhg dft}c ho$ fl }ch HX ah}thhg }ch kim+?98>r ogm ?942 ax} og xgmir}f}hm ig}hgo`

koeh} ig r}hh` fg`y bokh oafx} jxr} ahlfh }ch HBRB }ho}y tor ig}hdo}hm ig }ch HB }ho}y

#ig 1>>1)' Ig lob} }ch ho`y ogm xgr}f~~oa`h mhbìgh ig bfo` ogm }ch rxarhqxhg} mhbìgh fl r}hh`

co|h boxrhm }hkhgmfxr omjxr}khg} ~fa`hkr fl}hg bfgbhg}o}hm ig bh}oig hdifgr or th``

~fk~}igd o`` eigmr fl hdifgo` jfar ~fdokkhr ogm omcfb hr~fgrhr' Ig }ch rokh ~hifm fl

bfgb`xmigd }ch HBRB }ho}y o}}hk~}r }f odhh fg o rikiò rhb}fo` }ho}y lf odibx`}xh #}ch

rf+bo``hm Dhhg ^ff`) fg`y jxr} loi`hm' Cfth|h }chy lfkhm }ch aorir fl tco} ò}h tor }f

ahbfkh }ch Bfkkfg Odibx`}xo` ^fìby ig }ch HHB' ]ch Qfkh }ho}y fl ?984 mim gf} co|h o

rhb}fo` ròg} o} `hor} gf} lf igmxr}y hsbh~} lf o kigf bòxrh ig rci~axi`migd #tcibc cor

boxrhm rxarimy ~fa`hkr xg}i` }fmoy)' ]ch fg`y rhb}fo` aior fgh ligmr ir }co} ig #}ch bfkkfg)

}ogr~f} ~fìby tcibc tor lir} ig}h~h}hm ig o cidc`y ig}h|hg}ifgir} lorcifg hrx`}igd ig o

mhòy fl }tf mhbomhr ahlfh }ch HBJ ig ?938 fmhhm }ch Bfxgbi` }f r~hhm ochom ti}c }ch

ìahoìzo}ifg fl ig}o+HX }ogr~f} ig o`` ris kfmhr'

3 Ig o}' = HBRB + }ch cxdh go}ifgo` rxarimihr koeigd o kfbehy fl ig}hgo` lhh }omh ogm r~hbioìzo}ifg thh}y~ibo``y mhlhgmhm fg }ch aorir fl og hrbo~h bòxrh ig o}' 98 HBRB'




]ch `fgd HX r}xdd`h }f bfkh }f di~r ti}c }ch hgmxigd r}hh` birir cor x`}iko}h`y

ch`~hm }ch Bfkkirrifg }f o}ifgoìzh }ch HX r}o}h oimr hdikh' ]cir ir }ch rxajhb} fl bco~}h

4' Rxllibh i} chh }f roy }co} lir} }ch bfgrir}hgby fl HX r}o}h oim mirbi~ìgh f|h millhhg}

rhb}fr com }f ah obbfk~ìrchm9

rhbfgm }ch hrimxo` ~fì}ibo` bfg}f` fl }ch Bfxgbi` f|h }ch

Bfkkirrifg$r hdikh xgmh o}' 39 HB com }f ah ~h+hk~}hm?>

}cim }ch hdikh com }f ah

fdogizhm ig toyr rikiò }f }ch x`hr fl og}i+}xr} ti}c th``+jxr}ilihm a`fbe hshk~}ifgr o}ch

}cog o``ftigd rbf~h lf $ghdf}io}igd x`hr$ lf Khkah r}o}hr }ikh ogm odoig??

ogm ligo``y

}ch xgmh`yigd hbfgfkibr fl jxr}ilyigd r}o}h oimr bfx`m ah ommhrrhm or tor mfgh ol}h og

ig|i}hm ~o~h ay Ahr`hy ogm Rhoaidc} #?999)' ]ch hrx`} fl }ch `fgd cox` fl o}ifgoìzigd r}o}h

oimr ig }ch HX cor ahhg o mor}ib hmxb}ifg fl go}ifgo` r}o}h oim ig hò}i|h }hkr ogm }f rfkh

mhdhh h|hg ig oarf`x}h }hkr or th`` or o kfh o}ifgo` hoogdhkhg} fl }ch }y~hr fl oim

di|hg'

O qxibe dògbh o} }ch rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìby afs af}}fk idc} ig Lidxh

? koehr i} b`ho }co} }ch Khkah r}o}hr$ mirbh}ifg lf rxbc ~fìbihr }fmoy ir ìki}hm o} ahr}'

Rhb}fo` ~fìbihr f}ch }cog r}o}h oimr oh fl bfxrh gf} o``fthm }f ah og}i+bfk~h}i}i|h tci`r}

mirbikigo}ifg ig lf hsok~`h liìãhr f b`xr}higd dfhr odoigr} }ch }ho}y }ff' F}ch }cog

mhlhgbh ~fbxhkhg} #ogm igmhhm ro`hr tf`mtimh) hshk~}hm xgmh }ch }ho}y?1 go}ifgo`

`hhtoy ir kfmhr}' HX ~fìbihr bog co|h rhb}fo` f r~hbilib hllhb}r gf}oa`y xgmh }omh ~fìby

tcibc ir ay mhligi}ifg or mh}oi`hm or igmi|imxo` }oill ìghr o} }ch ris+midi} `h|h`' Cfth|h

ol}h kogy DO]] fxgmr o cfr} fl HX aiò}ho` lhh }omh oho odhhkhg}r ti}c Hor}hg ogm

Rfx}chg ghidcafxr or th`` or ti}c Rfx}c Olibo ogm Khsibf ogm }ch HX |hrifg fl }ch

Dhghoìzhm Ryr}hk fl ^hlhhgbhr igmxr}io` KLG }oill ~f}hb}ifg ir `ft f|ho`` borhr fl

KLG }oillr cidch }cog }ch cidchr} b`f}cigd }oillr fl ?2 ~h bhg} oh hsbhhmigd`y oh ogm

kfr} bfxg}ihr #f}ch }cog gfg+Hxf~hog FHBM bfxg}ihr) mf gf} h|hg ~oy }chrh KLG }oillr

ax} `fth fghr f gfgh o} o``' _xf}or |ir o |ir T]F khkahr oh fx}òthm ogm o`` }co}

9 ]cxr hrbxh f~ho}ifgr ig rfkh rhb}fr thh $~fì}ibo``y$ orrxkhm }f ah kfh obbh~}oa`h }cog ig f}ch fghrh'd rci~axi`migd oiìghr #ti}c }chi h~h}i}i|h $òr} oim ogm gh|h odoig$ rxarimihr) r}hh` ig Hor} Dhkogy

h}b'?> Lfkh`y o}' 9= HB }ch o}ib`h bog ah ig}h~h}hm or di|igd }ch Bfxgbi` }ch f~}ifg fl ik~frigd hsbh~}ifgr

ogm kfh ~fì}ibo` bi}hio fg }f }ch Bfkkirrifg$r hdikh tcibc f}chtirh rcfx`m ah `hor}+mir}f}i|h lf }chig}hgo` koeh}' Ig ?99> xgmh }ch I}oìog ~hrimhgby kigir}h Ao}}odìo `hm og o}}hk~} ay o dfx~ fl Khkah r}o}hr }f mf jxr} }co} ax} i} loi`hm'

?? I} rcfx`m gf} ah lfdf}}hg }co} r}o}h oimr millh lfk og}i+}xr} ig }co} }ch ~o}ihr bo``hm }f o`}h bfgmxb} oh gf}bfk~ogihr ax} Khkah r}o}hr ogm }cir koy ~fk~} ~fì}ibo` ig}h|hg}ifgr o} }ch }f~ rfkh}ikhr ig }xg ~fk~}hm ay mhkfgr}o}ifgr ig go}ifgo` bo~i}o`r' Dhgho``y obbh~}hm x`hr ay }ch Bfxgbi` lf hsok~`h ig

a`fbe hshk~}ifgr }xg }ch Bfxgbi` ig}f o $bf+ftgh$ fl }ch hdikh ogm koeh i} horih lf }ch Bfkkirrifg }fob}'

?1 Ax} i} ahdr }ch qxhr}ifg tco} $kiì}oy dffmr$ oh ahboxrh kogy fl }chk oh f bog ah rf+bo``hm $mxo` ~x~frh$dffmr ogm }ch ò}}h co|h bfkh xgmh igbhorigd`y r}ib} HX rx~h|irifg'



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' ?>

hkoigr oh o lht qxf}or lf o`xkigixk ogm r}hh` odoigr} hs~f}hr lfk rh|ho` hs+Rf|ih}

Xgifg bfxg}ihr gf} yh} ig }ch T]F' B`f}cigd qxf}or xgmh }ch Kx`}i+Liah Oogdhkhg}

co|h hs~ihm ti}c }ch oogdhkhg} i}rh`l #ò}h 1>>=)' HX ~fìbihr xgmh $bfchrifg$ boggf} ah

rhb}f+r~hbilib ax} bfk~hgro}ifg khorxhr #h}oigigd qxoì}y x~domigd ogm rf fg) oh

~frria`h' Lx}chkfh iglor}xb}xo` ig|hr}khg}r ogm f}ch ob}ifgr ik~f|igd }ch ig|hr}khg}

bìko}h or th`` or f}chtirh axmhgrfkh hg|ifgkhg}o` b`hog+x~r bog ah lxgmhm xgmh

hdifgo` ogm bfchrifg ~fìbihr'

Tco} hkoigr afi`r mftg }f }hbcgf`fdy ~fìbihr tchh af}c HX ogm Khkah r}o}hr

co|h ahhg ob}i|h' Fgh bog mirbhg o }hgm ti}c }ch hk~corir rcil}igd kfh }f }ch HX `h|h` fl

ogo`yrir ogm aigdigd }fdh}ch }ch hs~h}r o} hrhobc ogm rhb}fo` `h|h`' Igmhhm }ch ìgh

ah}thhg }ch HX hrhobc r}o}hdy ig }ch cfizfg}o` afs ogm }ch HX }hbcgf`fdy ~fìbihr ig }ch

r~hbilib ~fìbihr afs ir com }f mot' Or rhb}ifgr = ogm 8 ti`` rcft af}c }hgm }f rcy otoy

lfk $~ibeigd tigghr$' Lf o`` }chrh horfgr rhb}ifg 8 ti`` fg`y aihl`y }fxbc x~fg }tf

$h|hdhhgr$ ig }ch r~hbilib ~fìby afs gokh`y IB] r}o}hdy ogm }hbcgf`fdy ~fìby'

1' ]ch hbfgfkib h`h|ogbh fl bfrr+bx}}igd irrxhr

H|hg o timh bfgbh~} fl igmxr}io` ~fìby ti`` gf} hgbfk~orr o`` igl`xhgbhr fg

igmxr}io` r}xb}xh ogm ~hlfkogbh' Bfg|hrh`y tchg }yigd }f hgbfk~orr o`` rxbcigl`xhgbhr }ch }hk igmxr}io` ~fìby h|hg}xo``y ahbfkhr khogigd`hrr' ]ch af}}fk co`l fl

Lidxh ? o`homy r}h}bchr }ch bfgbh~} |hy lo' Ahlfh dfigd ig}f }ch mh}oi`r fl }ch }chh

afshr ig }ch lf``ftigd }chh rhb}ifgr cfth|h i} ir ìeh`y }f rh|h }ch xgmhr}ogmigd fl

Hxf~hog igmxr}io` ~fìby il rfkh hl`hb}ifgr oh fllhhm fg o lht bfrr+bx}}igd irrxhr fl

h`h|ogbh }f }ch ~hlfkogbh fl igmxr}y ig Hxf~h' Kogy irrxhr ig }ch }tf }f~ afshr ig

Lidxh ? tfx`m ah hìdia`h lf rxbc hl`hb}ifgr' O lht hsok~`hr bog i``xr}o}h cft timh }ch

mirbxrrifg tfx`m r}h}bc' ]cxr o`}cfxdc #igmxr}io`) axrighrr ir bo~oa`h fl rx|i|igd xgmh o`kfr} ogy kobfhbfgfkib ~fìby hdikh f ryr}hk fl igmxr}io` hò}ifgr f r}o}hdy lf

hghdy rhbxi}y }chh bog ah ì}}`h mfxa} }co} }ch qxoì}y fl rxbc hdikhr ko}}hr o `f} lf

hllibihgby ~fli}oaiì}y ogm `fgd+xg mygokirk fl igmxr}y' Odoig }chrh }chh oh x`hm ay

qxi}h mir}igb} bfkaigo}ifgr fl HX ogm go}ifgo` ~fthr' ]cxr kobfhbfgfkib r}oaiì}y cor

ahbfkh o lik faìdo}ifg ig }ch }ho}y lf o`` Khkah r}o}hr #o kojf ogm bfkkhgmoa`h

obcih|hkhg}) h|hg il }ch mi|irifg ah}thhg kfgh}oy ogm lirbo` ~fìby millhr ah}thhg

hxfzfgh #gf} co|igd o kfgh}oy ~fìby o} go}ifgo` `h|h` ogykfh) ogm gfg+hxf bfxg}ihr



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' ??

#co|igd go}ifgo` kfgh}oy ~fìbihr ax} xgmh bfgrimhoa`h bfgr}oig}r)' Ig bfg}or} }ch

ryr}hk fl igmxr}io` hò}ifgr ir }x`y go}ifgo` ‒ ti}c o`` }ch millhhg}io}ifgr }cir ik~ìhr'

Rikiò`y }ch HX cor fg`y ìki}hm ~fthr f|h go}ifgo` ~fìbihr bfgbhgigd hghdy

rhbxi}y igmhhm |i}xo``y gfgh f|h }ch |hy bcfibh fl tco} hghdy rfxbh }f di|h ~ifi}y }f

ig }ch lir} ~òbh' O togigd ir o`rf ig ~òbh ahlfh ìgeigd bf~fo}h }oso}ifg }f Hxf~hog

igmxr}io` ~fìby' Lir} }ch HX cor gf bf~fo}h }oso}ifg fl i}r ftg ogm }chh ir gf `hdo` aorir

}f bho}h og HX+timh bf~fo}h }os l`ff' Rhbfgm }ch cokfgizo}ifg fl bf~fo}h }os ig }ch

HX cor }cxr lo ~f|hm }f ah hs}hkh`y millibx`} ig ~o} ahboxrh bf~fo}h }os bfk~h}i}ifg

kidc} ah ah}}h ig ~o} ahboxrh }horxihr mirìeh }ch `frr fl tco} }chy hdom or lirbo`

rf|hhidg}y ig ~o} ahboxrh }ch rcf}+xg `frrhr mxh }f cokfgizo}ifg fl }ch }os aorh oh

lhohm ay rfkh' ]cim bf~fo}h }oso}ifg hò}hr }f axrighrr ig dhgho` ogm kfr} axrighrrhr

oh lfxgm ig }ch rh|ibhr gf} ig igmxr}y' Fl bfxrh fgh bog #idc}`y) odxh }co} }os irrxhr

koy koeh bfrr+afmh khdhr xgmx`y millibx`} ax} odoig }co} mfhr gf} o~~`y rf`h`y }f

igmxr}y' O hbhg} lho okfgdr} rfkh ~fì}ibo` `homhr ir }co} bf~fo}h }os bfk~h}i}ifg

hr~hbio``y lfk }ch ght Khkah r}o}hr ir ig|i}igd o $obh }f }ch af}}fk$' Il }cir obh ir gf}

dfigd }f ah hrir}hm bfk~ogihr ti`` kido}h }f Bhg}o` Hxf~h ogm obbhg}xo}h o ~fbhrr fl

$mh+igmxr}ioìzo}ifg$ o`homy dfigd fg ig Thr}hg Hxf~h' O~o} lfk }ch lob} }co} fgbh

odoig }cir o~~ìhr jxr} or kxbc }f rh|ibhr i} ir lo lfk b`ho tch}ch f gf} `ft hllhb}i|h }os

o}hr #bfkaigigd }ch r}o}x}fy o}h ti}c }ch }os aorir5 lf hsok~`h rhh Mh|hhxs Dilli}c ogm

E`hkk 1>>1) bfk~hgro}h lf hò}i|h`y xglo|fxoa`h `fbo}ifg f f}ch cogmibo~r ig Bhg}o`

Hxf~h ogm tch}ch #kogy) f}ch mh}hkigog}r fl mihb} ig|hr}khg}r oh mhbiri|h'

]ch }chh bfrr+bx}}igd irrxhr rh`hb}hm }f ah hòafo}hm chh oh }ch lf``ftigd: Mfhr

HX igmxr}io` ~fìby okfxg} }f $bfk~h}i}i|hghrr$ ~fìbihr65 mf rh|ibhr ko}}h lf igmxr}y

ogm il rf mfhr }ch HX o~~fobc }f rh|ibhr ko}}h lf igmxr}io` ~fìby6 Ogm tco} bog

Hxf~h mf oafx} iglor}xb}xh ogm cft bi}ibo` ir }co} lf igmxr}io` ~fìby6

1'? Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ~fìbihr lf igmxr}y6

]ch Hxf~hog Xgifg cor o Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr Bfxgbi` bfkaigigd }ch ~h|ifxr Bfxgbi`r

lf }ch ig}hgo` koeh} hrhobc ogm igmxr}y' O}' ?84 HB?2

xgmh }ch }i}`h !Igmxr}y$

r~hbilihr }co} }ch Xgifg ogm }ch Khkah r}o}hr $rco`` hgrxh }co} }ch bfgmi}ifgr lf }ch

bfk~h}i}i|hghrr fl }ch Xgifg$r igmxr}y hsir}' Lf }co} ~x~frh ig obbfmogbh ti}c o ryr}hk

?2 ]ch Hxf~hog Bfgr}i}x}ifg gf} yh} o}ilihm cor òdh`y omf~}hm }cir bòxrh or o}' III ‒ 149 rxar}i}x}igdXgifg lf Bfkkxgi}y'



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' ?1

fl f~hg ogm bfk~h}i}i|h koeh}r }chi ob}ifg rco`` ah oikhm o} #o) r~hhmigd x~ }ch omjxr}khg}

fl igmxr}y }f r}xb}xo` bcogdhr5 #a) hgbfxodigd og hg|ifgkhg} lo|fxoa`h }f igi}io}i|h ogm

}f }ch mh|h`f~khg} fl xgmh}oeigdr }cfxdcfx} }ch Xgifg ~o}ibxò`y rko`` ogm khmixk+

rizhm xgmh}oeigdr5 #b) hgbfxodigd og hg|ifgkhg} lo|fxoa`h }f bff~ho}ifg ah}thhg

xgmh}oeigdr?=

5 #m) lfr}higd ah}}h hs~`fi}o}ifg fl }ch igmxr}io` ~f}hg}io` fl ~fìbihr fl

iggf|o}ifg hrhobc ogm }hbcgf`fdibo` mh|h`f~khg}$' ]cir ir }f ah mfgh ig }tf toyr or }ch

}cim ~o} fl }cir o}ib`h igmibo}hr: lir} }ch Xgifg $ rco`` bfg}iax}h }cfxdc }ch ~fìbihr ogm

ob}i|i}ihr i} ~xrxhr xgmh f}ch ~f|irifgr fl }ch }ho}y Ubfgr}i}x}ifg[ $ tcibc ir tco} Lidxh ?

hrrhg}io``y mh~ib}r 5 rhbfgm ! ]ch Bfxgbi` ob}igd xgogikfxr`y… koy mhbimh fg r~hbilib

khorxhr ig rx~~f} fl ob}ifg }oehg ig }ch Khkah r}o}hr''!' Ig}hhr}igd`y }ch mol}

bfgr}i}x}ifg cor ommhm }f }ch òr} ~corh fg r~hbilib khorxhr: !''hsb`xmigd ogy cokfgiro}ifg

fl }ch òtr ogm hdxò}ifgr fl }ch Khkah r}o}hr!' ]cir bfk~h}i}i|hghrr bòxrh lf igmxr}y

tor igrh}hm mxigd Koor}ibc}' Fgh bog |iht i} or o bfgliko}ifg fl }ch hrrhg}io` khrrodh

cimmhg ig Lidxh ? lf``ftigd }ch mhao}h fg ogm }ch aobeigd fl }ch ?99> Aogdhkogg h~f}' Ig

ogy h|hg} o}' ?84 HB ir igbfgrir}hg} ti}c }ch hkgog}r fl ig}h|hg}ifgir} igmxr}io` ~fìby

r}i`` ofxgm mxigd }ch bfgb`xrifg fl }ch Koor}ibc} }ho}y' Rigbh }ch Koor}ibc} }ho}y bokh

ig}f lfbh #Gf|hkah ?992) Bfkkirrifg ogm Bfxgbi` co|h mir~òyhm o ght r}y`h fl ob}i|irk

ig ~fìbihr hò}hm }f HX igmxr}y ogm i}r bfk~h}i}i|hghrr' ]ch koig }ff`r oh lir} fl o``

ogo`yrir o l`xy fl cfizfg}o` ogm rhb}fo` ~fìby ~o~hr or th`` or o`` eigmr fl gh}tfer lf

cfizfg}o` #iggf|o}ifg ght lfkr fl r}ogmomizo}ifg RKHr ogm rf fg) ogm rhb}fo`

#}hbcgf`fdy r}xb}xo` omjxr}khg} fl bh}oig igmxr}ihr ogm rf fg) r}ikx`xr ogm rhbfgm

hìogbh fg HX ~fìbihr ogm hdxò}ifg #igb`xmigd }ch cxdh oho fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} i}rh`l)

f}chq }cog rh`hb}i|h ig}h|hg}ifg lf igmxr}y tcibc ir tco} o}' ?84 HB hqxihr' Lfk og

hbfgfkib ~fig} fl |iht }chhlfh i} tfx`m rhhk }f koeh rhgrh }f ig}hdo}h }ch }chh f`m

Bfxgbi`r fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} igmxr}y ogm hrhobc ig}f o rigd`h kfh r}o}hdib

bfk~h}i}i|hghrr Bfxgbi` ?8'

]chh oh ~fr ogm bfgr fl }ch Xgifg$r rcil} }f bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ~fìbihr or hr}ib}i|h`y

mhlighm ay }ch }ho}y ogm hòafo}hm rigbh ?992' Lir} }ch ~fr' ]ch r}o}hdib om|og}odhr oh

?=ax} !'' gf} … ogy khorxh tcibc bfx`m `hom }f mir}f}ifg fl bfk~h}i}ifg…! or }ch òr} rhg}hgbh fl }ch o}ib`hroyr'

?8 Ig ob}xo` ~ob}ibh }ch }ogrob}ifg ogm iglfko}ifg bfr}r fl }cir cho|y Bfxgbi` o~~ho }f ah o}ch cidccfth|h' Hr~hbio``y }ch gxkhfxr `hdo` ogm }hbcgibo` rxajhb}r fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} mf gf} obbfm th`` ti}c

}ch ig}hhr} ogm hs~h}irh fl r~hbioìr}r ig igmxr}io` ogo`yrir ogm h|hg `hrr ti}c }cfrh mhoìgd ti}c }chhrhobc bfkkxgi}y ig }ch Xgifg' O`rf }cir Bfxgbi` o`homy bxkahrfkh ti}c gf `hrr }cog 18 kigir}hr

fl}hg rhhr millhhg} kigir}hr f }chi mh~x}ihr o~~ho di|hg }ch mi|hrh go}ifgo` ~f}lfìfr lf }chk' Ig f}ch tfmr }chh rhhkr }f ah o }omh+fll ah}thhg }ch f~~f}xgi}ihr }f mirbxrr ig r}o}hdib }hkr o} kigir}hio` `h|hòafx} cft }f lfr}h bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ogm }ch lo kfh }hbcgibo` odhgmo }co} }ch Bfxgbi` o`rf cor }f mho` ti}c'




bxbio` ogm koy th`` mfkigo}h' ]chy igb`xmh }ch #|i}xo`) }hkigo}ifg fl rcf}+ridc}hm ogm

mir}f}i|h ig}h|hg}ifgr }f hrbxh loiìgd likr f rhb}fr ig mhbìgh ftigd }f bfk~oo}i|h

mirom|og}odh or th`` or }ch |hy cidc aoihr odoigr} o ~fìby h|hro` ig }cir hr~hb}?<

' ]ch

lfbxr ir fg ahigd bfk~h}i}i|h ig Hxf~h ogm tf`mtimh ogm }cir kigm+rh} h|hg kfh }cog

}ho}y }hs}r cor ~h|ori|h`y bcogdhm }ch ~fìby ògmrbo~h ig }ch Xgifg' ]ch hbfgfkib

om|og}odhr hr~hbio``y ig }ch `fgd xg oh fa|ifxr' Bfk~ohm }f }ch kfh ig}h|hg}ifgir}

ògmrbo~h fgh rcfx`m hs~hb} r}xb}xo` omjxr}khg} af}c }f ah ah}}h og}ibi~o}hm ay bfk~ogihr

ogm rhb}fr #egftigd }co} }ch ~fì}ibo` koeh} ir òdh`y }oaff) ogm }f ah lor}h il rh|hh

~fa`hkr gh|h}ch`hrr oirh' Ig }xg }cir ti`` oirh ~fmxb}i|i}y f|ho`` chgbh dft}c tci`h

~hrxkoa`y hmxbigd }ch bfr}r fl ig}hrhb}fo` òafx l`ftr'

F}ch om|og}odhr igb`xmh }ch kfh r}o}hdib hbfgfkib ~hr~hb}i|h fl igmxr}y or o tcf`h

o}ch }cog }ch birir+~fgh omcfbhy fl ig}h|hg}ifgr ogm o ~fì}ibizhm r}o}h oimr hdikh' ]cir

~hr~hb}i|h ir #o) ~flfxgm`y koeh}+fihg}hm?4

#a) lo kfh hs~ìbi}`y lfbxrrhm fg cft }f

ik~f|h }ch hbfgfkib ~hlfkogbh fl o`` rhb}fr gf} `hor} }ch fghr o`homy mfigd th`` #b)

hk~corizigd lx}xh dft}c rhb}fr ig o cfizfg}o` lorcifg #|io iggf|o}ifg ~fìbihr lokhtfe

~fdokkhr lf Q ogm M o}}hg}ifg lf $hg}h~hghxrci~$ ogm ire bo~i}o` ogm rf fg) ogm

|h}ibo``y #|io r}o}hdib Cidc @h|h` Dfx~r ogm r}ikx`xr fl r}ogmomizo}ifg gh}tfeigd

ahgbckoeigd r~hbio` r}xmihr ogm rf fg) ti}cfx} $~ibeigd tigghr$' Ligo``y o bf+ahghli} fl

}ch bfk~h}i}i|hghrr fihg}o}ifg fl }ch Xgifg ir xgmfxa}hm`y }co} gxkhfxr hdxò}fy ogm

f}ch khorxhr oh ah}}h rbx}igizhm or }f }chi ik~ob} fg bfk~h}i}i|hghrr' ]cir kidc} ik~`y

ommi}ifgo` rx~~f} lf ìahoìzo}ifg #lf hsok~`h ig }ch borh fl gh}tfe igmxr}ihr f rh|ibhr

kfh dhgho``y) f og hs}o lfk fl mirbi~ìgh fg hdxò}ifg ahlfh ik~frigd bfr}r fg

Hxf~hog igmxr}y'

]chh oh ridgilibog} motaober }ff' ]ch lir} rhhkr obomhkib yh} ir ìeh`y }f co|h

~flfxgm ik~ìbo}ifgr lf }ch ~fìby+koeigd ~fbhrr ogm }f rfkh hs}hg} i}r rxar}ogbh'

?< Bfgrimh }ch mih ~hmib}ifgr fl rbh~}ibo` hbfgfkir}r }co} }ch I}oìog bo qxf}or odoigr} Jo~og #domxo``yhòshm ogm hkf|hm ig }ch ?99>r) tfx`m gf} ob}xo``y miro~~ho5 rikiò`y }ch }hs}i`h ogm b`f}cigd qxf}o

xgmh }ch Kx`}i+Liah Oogdhkhg} #hgmhm ò}h 1>>=) mim df 5 h|hg cxdh ik~f} jxk~r ig }hs}i`hr ogmb`f}cigd lfk Bcigo ig 1>>8 ‒ }cfxdc ~fk~}igd o eigm fl |f`xg}oy hs~f} hr}oig} ay Bcigo ‒ `hm fg`y }frh`hb}hm ogm }hk~foy ik~f} $qxf}or$ ti}c rfkh dft}c ogm o} kxbc cidch `h|h`r }cog hoìh ik~f}rtci`h gf r}o}h oimr ti`` ah ~hki}}hm 5 hkhkah }ch toy }ch Bfkkirrifg mho`} ti}c hr}ib}i|h ~ob}ibhr ogmr}o}h oimr ig r}hh` ig ?99=5 }ch kxbc r}ib}h r}o}h oimr hdikh lf oiìghr tor lir} lihbh`y hrir}hm ax} mim ~h|oi` o} òr} 5 }ch rci~axi`migd rhb}f ti}c mhbomhr fl r}xdd`h oafx} cimmhg rxarimihr cor omjxr}hmmoko}ibo``y ogm r}o}h oimr oh gft o }ibe`h bfk~ohm }f }ch ?93>r 5 }ch |hy goft rbf~h fl ob}ifg lf Khkah r}o}hr tchg }chy oggfxgbh hrbxh f~ho}ifgr or ti}c O`r}cfk ig Logbh ig 1>>= f ti}c HEF R}oc`

ig #Hor}) Dhkogy ig }ch ò}h ?99>r 5 }ch }idc}`y bfg}f``hm b`hoogbh xgmh HX bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby lf birirbo}h`r h}b' '

?4

]ch Koor}ibc} }ho}y ig}fmxbhm gf|h` ogm lik ògdxodh oafx} }ch $hbfgfkib fmh$ fl }ch Xgifg ig }cirhr~hb}' Af}c o}'r = HB ogm 8 HB #ght gxkahigd) ik~frh }co} Khkah r}o}hr ogm }ch HX ob} ig o`` ~fìbihr ogm khorxhr !ig obbfmogbh ti}c }ch ~igbi~`h fl og f~hg koeh} hbfgfky ti}c lhh bfk~h}i}ifg!'



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' ?=

Tchhor bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ir o r}oidc}lftom gf}ifg lf o rigd`h bfk~ogy i} ir kfh h`xri|h

lf rhb}fr ogm ~fa`hko}ib il gf} bfg}f|hrio` lf bfxg}ihr ogm }ch HX' I} ir gf} xgloi }f

r~hoe fl o dx`l ah}thhg obomhkib hbfgfkir}r chh ogm go}ifgo` ogm ig}hgo}ifgo` ~fìby

koehr?3

' Lf horfgr fl r~obh th rco`` khh`y hlh }f rfkh fl }ch ik~ìbo}ifgr'

Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ir gft rf timh`y mhlighm }co} i} rh|hr or o $bfg}oigh$ ig tcibc o`kfr} ogy

imho bog ah mxk~hm' Gf} fg`y oh i``+mhlighm ~fìbihr oh`y dffm ~fìbihr }ch ghax`fxr

o~~fobc ob}r or og f~hg ig|i}o}ifg lf #igmxr}io`) `faaihr ogm go}ifgo` kigir}hr #gf} `hor}

fgbh }chy fbbx~y }ch f}o}igd HX ~hrimhgby) }f odxh o}}hg}ifg }f o`kfr} ogy}cigd hrx`}igd

ig to|hr fl $lorcifgoa`h$ }f~ibr' ]cir rhhkr }f bo~}xh tco} cor co~~hghm o} HX `h|h`?9

' Ig

loighrr }ch Bfkkirrifg xgmhr}ffm ho`y fg }co} mh}obchm ogo`yrir ogm og o~fì}ibo` fdog

rxddhr}igd odhgmo i}hkr ti}c ox}cfi}y bfx`m bfxg}haoògbh }chrh irer' ]cxr i} igi}io}hm o

Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr Om|irfy Dfx~ aigdigd fx} o rhihr fl r~hbio` h~f}r ti}c }ch ~fkighg}

ch`~ fl O`hsir Jobqxhkig' Ig ?994 i} r}o}hm oggxo` Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr Qh~f}r òdh`y ti}}hg

ay igmh~hgmhg} hbfgfkir}r ogm domxo``y ~f|imigd o lo kfh hìoa`h ogo`y}ibo` aorir }cog

ci}ch}f lf HX ~fìby koeigd ogm lf hg}h~irhr ig Hxf~h ig }chi r}o}hdib }cigeigd'

Ogf}ch kogilhr}o}ifg fl }ch $bfg}oigh lo`òby$ ir }ch xg~fmxb}i|h $h~obeodigd$ ogm

hòah`ìgd fl igr}xkhg}r ogm ~fìbihr' O} }ch rykafìb `h|h` }ch }hk $igmxr}io` ~fìby$ thg}

fx} fl lorcifg ig }ch kim+?99>r ogm bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ~fìbihr tor }ch òah` hk~`fyhm h|hg

}cfxdc }ch }tf Aogdhkogg h~f}r or }ch fidig fl }ch X+}xg }f bfk~h}i}i|hghrr bfgbhgr ig

o ~f+koeh} o~~fobc x}iìrhm !igmxr}io` ~fìby!' Ig ?999 cfth|h $hg}h~irh ~fìby$

rxmmhg`y o~~hor or o ght }hk1>

ogm rhhkr }f ah hk~`fyhm lir} or o rxarh} fl

bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ~fìby mhoìgd ti}c irrxhr fl r~hbio` #ax} gf} hsb`xri|h) ik~f}ogbh }f

?3O`}cfxdc }ch mhao}h ir gf} hg}ih`y bfk~ooa`h ti}c }co} fg }ch #kx`}i~`h) mhligi}ifgr fl igmxr}io` ~fìby i}mfhr hbcf rfkh fl i}r }oi}r ogm ir hqxo``y bfgbh~}xo` ogm ~h~h}xo ' Lf mirbxrrifg rhh }ch o}}obe ayExdkog #?99=) ogm ~o}io` hbfgbiìo}ifgr ay Jobqxhkig ogm ^hgbc #?994) ogm Do`ì ogm ^hèkogr #1>>>) 5rhh o`rf @ot}fg #?999)' ]ch Bfkkirrifg hkaobhm }ch FHBM mhligi}ifg fl $bfk~h}i}i|hghrr$ ig }ch kim+

?99>r or !''}ch oaiì}y fl bfk~ogihr igmxr}ihr ogm hdifgr go}ifgr f rx~ogo}ifgo` hdifgr }f dhgho}htci`h ahigd ogm hkoigigd hs~frhm }f ig}hgo}ifgo` bfk~h}i}ifg hò}i|h`y cidc lob}f igbfkh ogm lob}f hk~`fykhg} `h|h`r fg o rxr}oigoa`h aorir!' ]ch x`}iko}h fajhb} chh ir r}ogmomr fl ì|igd #h'd' fl }ch HX) ogm

}ch rxddhr}ifg ir }co} go}ifgr $bfk~h}h$ or il }chy oh likr' ]ch Exdkog bi}iqxh o~~ìhr chh fl bfxrh']ch Tf`m Hbfgfkib Lfxk igl`xhgbhm ay ^f}h+}y~h fl gf}ifgr }co} bfxg}ihr rfkhcft mf bfk~h}h#ahboxrh }chi go}xo` hgmftkhg}r ko}}h `hrr ogm `hrr) ay khogr fl o`}hgo}i|h hbfgfkib igr}i}x}ifgr ogmr}o}hdihr b`ho`y o~~ho`r kfh }f ~fìby koehr h|hg il }ch ogo`y}ibo` ogm r}o}ir}ibo` aorir fl }ch THLh~f}r `ho|h kxbc }f ah mhrihm' Okfgd }ch kogy qxhr}ifgr tcibc bog ah oirhm tchg xrigd rxbc gf}ifgr fl bfk~h}i}i|hghrr }ch kfr} ik~f}og} fgh ir tco} }cir tfx`m #f rcfx`m6) ik~`y lf igmxr}y 6

?9 O lht hsok~`hr' ]ch Mhbhkah ?992 Bfkkirrifg Tci}h ô~h fg Dft}c Hk~`fykhg} ogmBfk~h}i}i|hghrr Ax``h}ig HB rx~~`hkhg} 92&< hk~corizhr RKHr iglor}xb}xh ogm ght }hbcgf`fdihr 5 }ch

rhbfgm Aogdhkogg Khkfogmxk BFK#?99=) 2?9 lfbxrrhm fg igmxr}io` bff~ho}ifg ogm fg ig}ogdia`hr5 o ahgbckoeigd hshbirh ig BFK#?99<)=<2 r}hrrhr qxoì}y kogodhkhg} ogm qxoì}y ~fkf}ifg 5 ig BFK

#?999)=<8 fl 8 Fb}fah ?999 thoeghrrhr ig r}xb}xo` bcogdh ogm omjxr}khg} oh |ihthm or }ch $koigbco``hgdh lf ~fìby koehr$'

1>Ig }ch Bfkkirrifg MD Igmxr}y tor hgokhm MD Hg}h~irh or th``'




RKHr1? ogm ò}h or o ght òah` lf }co} ~o} fl bfk~h}i}i|hghrr r}o}hdy mhoìgd ti}c

igmxr}y11

' ]ch lfkh imho tor mh|h`f~hm or ~fìbihr lf $hg}h~hghxrci~$ f $ah}}h

hg|ifgkhg} lf axrighrr$ ig o ogdh fl ob}i|i}ihr12

tcibc co|h r}ikxò}hm Khkah r}o}hr }f

hmxbh }ch aoihr }f r}o}+x~r ogm rh`hb}i|h`y }f bx} hm }o~h' ]ch ò}}h gf}ifg }co} hg}h~irh

~fìby tfx`m ahbfkh }ch ght òah` lf bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ~fìbihr tor rtil}`y mf~~hm tchg

Bcogbh``f Rbcfhmh r}o}hm bo`ìgd lf dho}h HX bfgbhg oafx} kogxlob}xigd igmxr}y ig

o ght igmxr}io` ~fìby' ]ch }hk $igmxr}io` ~fìby$ tor o`homy aobe ig ò}h 1>>1 ogm kfh

~fkighg}`y ig 1>>=1=

' Qh~obeodigd o`rf }ffe ~òbh ol}h }ch @irafg dfo` fl koeigd }ch HX

ay 1>?> $}ch kfr} bfk~h}i}i|h ogm mygokib egft`hmdh+aorhm hbfgfky ig }ch tf`m bo~oa`h

fl rxr}oigoa`h dft}c ti}c kfh ogm ah}}h jfar ogm dho}h rfbio` bfchrifg$ com ahhg rh} ig

1>>>' ]ch lfkxò}ifg fl }ch dfo` }cfxdc |odxh r}fgd`y rxddhr}r o rikiòi}y }f }ch

FHBM&HX mhligi}ifg fl bfk~h}i}i|hghrr khg}ifghm oaf|h' Ax} rxbc o $cfìr}ib$ o~~fobc ir

ìeh`y }f bfglìb} ti}c }ch bo`` ay Hxf~h$r ~fì}ibo` `homhr }f co|h kfh r~hbilib hdom }f

kogxlob}xigd igmxr}y or hr}o}hm ig }ch Hxf~hog Bfxgbi` ig Fb}fah 1>>2 ogm ig hoìh

~xaìb `h}}hr ay Rbcfhmh Bciob ogm Aòi }f Bfkkirrifg ~hrimhg} ^fmi' ]chi bfgbhg

tor boxrhm ay o lho fl $mh+igmxr}ioìzo}ifg$ ig }ch ìdc} fl d`faoìro}ifg ogm lf }ff bfr}`y

hdxò}fy igi}io}i|hr rxbc or QHOBC #}ch mol} bchkibo`r òtr ~f~frhm ig 1>>2)'

Bfxodhfxr`y }ch Bfkkirrifg ~hlhhm }f mirkirr }ch mh+igmxr}ioìzo}ifg }chrir fg

ogo`y}ibo` dfxgmr 18 tci`h fllhigd kojf bfgbhrrifgr ig xgaxmhgigd }ch bchkibo` igmxr}y

ig }ch QHOBC ~fbhrr' Ig mfigd rf i} cor r}xbe }f tco} i} bo``r og $ig}hdo}hm o~~fobc$ }f

igmxr}io` ~fìby' ]cir li}r }ch cfìrk fl @irafg ax} hkoigr |hy com }f bfkh }f di~r ti}c

`h} o`fgh }f orrhrr idffxr`y ig }hkr fl hllhb}i|hghrr' ]ch }ho}y ògdxodh fl o}' ?84 HB

ogm @irafg bfgbxr ig }co} }ch mihb} ~fìby igl`xhgbh fl }ch HX `h|h` ir kfmhr} ogm rh`hb}i|h

o} ahr} hsbh~} igrflo or }ch #f~hg) ig}hgo` koeh} ogm bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby ir bfgbhghm'

@irafg ir òdh`y o ko}}h fl }ch Khkah r}o}hr #rhh ^hèkogr ogm Borhy 1>>= lf

hòafo}ifg)' Ig f}ch tfmr }ch bfg}oigh fl igmxr}io` ~fìby ir gf} fg`y li``hm ti}c o dho}

1? Rhh h'd' BFK#?999) 8<9 fl 9 Gf|hkah ?999 Qh~f} fg bfgbh}hm ob}ifg ti}c }ch Khkah r}o}hr ig }ch

lih`m fl hg}h~irh ~fìby'11

MD Kodgxr @hkkh` Lfk igmxr}io` ~fìby }f hg}h~irh ~fìby 18 Gf|' ?999 ig Axrrh`r o} }ch bfglhhgbhfg O Rco~h Bx}}igd Hmdh'

12 O Dhhg ô~h fg Hg}h~hghxrci~ BFK #1>>2)14 fl 1? Jog' 1>>2 5 BFK#1>>1)<?> fl 4 Gf|' 1>>1 fgAh}}h hg|ifgkhg} lf hg}h~irhr 5 }ch AHR] ~fbhmxh lfbxrrhm fg lobiì}o}igd RKHr rhh h'd'BFK R}oll Tfeigd ô~h RHB #1>>1) ?1?1 5 ogm |oifxr ahgbckoeigd hshbirhr ig }cir oho or ig RHB #1>>1) ?1?2

ogm RHB#1>>1)?1?='1= Rhh BFK#1>>1) 4?= fl ?? Mhb' 1>>1 fg Igmxr}io` ~fìby ig og hgòdhm Hxf~h 5 BFK#1>>=)14= fl 1>

O~i` 1>>= Lfr}higd r}xb}xo` bcogdh og igmxr}io` ~fìby lf og hgòdhm Hxf~h o kfh hòafo}h ogmx~mo}hm |hrifg fl }ch lfkh'

18Rhh BFK#1>>=)14= f~' bi}' ~~' < ‒ ?<'



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' ?<

kogy mir~oo}h ~fìbihr ax} kfr} fl }chrh ~fìbihr oh hllhb}xo}hm o} }ch go}ifgo` `h|h`'

R}o}igd o} ~xh HX igi}io}i|hr ti}cfx} hoìzigd }cir bfg}hs} tfx`m ah lòthm'

1'1 Mfhr HX rh|ibhr koeh} ig}hdo}ifg ko}}h lf HX igmxr}io` ~fìby6

Rh|ibhr dhgho}h oafx} 4> ~h bhg} fl }ch |o`xh+ommhm fl }ch HX' B`ho`y lfk }ch

mhkogm rimh }ch mh|h`f~khg} fl }ch rh|ibhr rhb}f ir ik~f}og} lf igmxr}y or i} ir afxgm }f

ah }ch òdhr} oddhdo}h bxr}fkh' ]ch qxhr}ifg th ommhrr chh ir fg }ch rx~~`y rimh' Mf

rh|ibhr ko}}h lf }ch mygokib hbfgfkib ~hlfkogbh fl HX igmxr}y ogm il rf mfhr HX

rh|ibhr koeh} ig}hdo}ifg ko}}h lf HX igmxr}io` ~fìby6

O`}cfxdc o`` rh|ibhr koy co|h rfkh ridgilibogbh lf hllibihgby ~fmxb}i|i}y }hgmr

ogm iggf|o}ifg ig igmxr}y i} ir xrhlx` lir} }f mir}igdxirc df|hgkhg} lfk koeh} rh|ibhr

ogm ig }xg axrighrr+hò}hm rh|ibhr lfk f}ch koeh} rh|ibhr' Th lfbxr fg axrighrr+

hò}hm rh|ibhr or }chy ig}hob} kfr} ig}hgri|h`y ti}c igmxr}io` kogxlob}xigd1<

' Ig }ch HX+

18 fl 1>>2 axrighrr+hò}hm rh|ibhr ~f|imhm 24 ~h bhg} fl o`` koeh} hk~`fykhg}

bfk~ohm }f 1= ~h bhg} lf kogxlob}xigd ogm bfgr}xb}ifg }fdh}ch' O`}cfxdc axrighrr+

hò}hm rh|ibhr oh ob}i|h rx~~ìhr }f hobc f}ch ogm }f f}ch rh|ibhr rhb}fr #ogm }f rfkh

hs}hg} h|hg df|hgkhg} rh|ibhr) rfkh 2> ~h bhg} fl }ch ig}hkhmio}h fx}~x} lfk axrighrr+

hò}hm rh|ibhr ir bfgrxkhm ay kogxlob}xigd rh|ibhr14

' Ig }ch HX+?8 axrighrr+hò}hm

rh|ibhr hk~`fykhg} cor dftg lfk 21 ~h bhg} ig ?93> }f =? ~h bhg} ig 1>>? tchhor }ch

rcoh fl kogxlob}xigd lh`` lfk 14 ~h bhg} }f ?4 ~h bhg}' Axrighrr+hò}hm rh|ibhr oh

o`rf o dft}c rhb}f ig bfrr+afmh }omh hr~hbio``y ig }ch ig}hgo` koeh} mhr~i}h }ch

~hrir}hgbh fl o ogdh fl aoihr : khorxigd ig}o+HX }omh lfk }ch ik~f} rimh }ch o|hodh

oggxo` dft}c fl axrighrr+hò}hm rh|ibhr }omh f|h ?99< ‒ 1>>1 tor ?='3 ~h bhg}

#bfk~ohm }f 9'8 ~h bhg} lf dffmr)' ]chi ridgilibogbh lf }ch ig}hgo` rh|ibhr koeh} ir

f|htch`kigd di|hg }co} ig 1>>1 lf HX+?8 }chrh rh|ibhr h~hrhg}hm gf `hrr }cog <? ~h

bhg} fl ig}o+HX rh|ibhr }omh ti}c }fxirk #1= ~h bhg}) ahigd rhbfgm'

1<]ch Bfkkirrifg mhlighr axrighrr+hò}hm rh|ibhr or axrighrr rh|ibhr mir}iax}i|h }omhr gh}tfe rh|ibhrogm ligogbio` rh|ibhr' Axrighrr rh|ibhr igb`xmh fg }ch fgh cogm ~flhrrifgo` rh|ibhr #I]+ ogmkogodhkhg} bfgrx`}igd Q ogm M rh|ibhr hgdighhigd bfgrx`}ogby om|h}irigd obbfxg}ogby&oxmi}igd`hdo`h}b') ogm fg }ch f}ch cogm f~ho}ifgo` rh|ibhr #rxbc or igmxr}io` b`hogigd rhbxi}y rhbh}oio`r~hbilib bo``+bhg}hr h}b')' Rhh MD Hg}h~irh Tfeigd ~o~h Axrighrr+hò}hm rh|ibhr ‒ o ehy mi|h fl

Hxf~hog bfk~h}i}i|hghrr og hgcogbhm hbfgfkib ogo`yrir Mhb' 1>>= 5 ogm BFK#1>>2) 4=4 fl = Mhb' 1>>2'I} rcfx`m ah gf}hm }co} HX rh|ibhr r}o}ir}ibr oh af}c `hrr miroddodo}hm ogm `hrr cokfgizhm }cog }cfrh lf

dffmr f òafx lf }co} ko}}h' ]cir bog ah ~fa`hko}ib lf khorxhkhg} ogm hk~iibo` hbfgfkib ogo`yrir'Rhh o`rf Tfh`l` 1>>2'

14O`` mo}o lfk MD Hg}h~irh 1>>= or ig }ch ~h|ifxr lff}gf}h




]ch o~im dft}c fl axrighrr+hò}hm rh|ibhr ir xrxo``y o}}iax}hm }f fx}rfxbigd ik~`yigd

}co} o dffm mho` fl }ch lo`` fl kogxlob}xigd jfar h~hrhg}r ig lob} o kido}ifg fl jfar }f

rh|ibhr' ]cir ir xgmfxa}hm`y }ch borh hrx`}igd lfk o rhobc lf bfr} bx}}igd ogm o lfbxr fg

$bfh$ axrighrr ax} }chh oh rh|ho` f}ch kfh mhh~+rho}hm horfgr lf }cir dft}c or th``'

Bh}oig hò}i|h`y ght rh|ibhr co|h ahbfkh |i}o` lf igmxr}io` ~hlfkogbh I] rh|ibhr ogm

rfl}toh oaf|h o`` ax} o`rf `fdir}ibr #ti}c rbo`h+mi|hg ~fmxb}ifg `fdir}ibr oh bi}ibo` }f

~hlfkigd ig }ch hg}ih ig}hgo` koeh} af}c lf mhì|hihr ogm lf jxr}+ig+}ikh ~fbhrrhr)'

Lx}chkfh ti}c ~fmxb}ifg $hxf~hogizigd$ ig Hxf~h+timh likr o ogdh fl ~flhrrifgo`

rh|ibhr ogm rh`hb}hm f}ch fghr gf `fgdh co|h }f ah rfxbhm `fbo``y ahboxrh }chrh ~f|imhr

koy $lf``ft$ }ch hxf~hogizo}ifg fl }ch KGBr hi}ch ay `fbo` hr}oaìrckhg} f ay bfrr+

afmh rh|ibhr fg hqxhr} #ax} aorhm fg o hò}ifgrci~ fl }xr} igmir~hgroa`h lf rh|ibhr

rx~~`y)'

I} ir }chhlfh ik~f}og} lf }ch bfk~h}i}i|hghrr fl Hxf~hog igmxr}y }co} }ch ig}hgo`

koeh}r lf rh|ibhr lxgb}ifg ~f~h`y' ]ch hbhg} ìahoìzo}ifg fl gh}tfe igmxr}ihr ig }ch

Xgifg cor }cxr lo rh`hb}i|h`y ch`~hm axrighrr #igmxr}y ogm rh|ibhr) }f bx} ig~x} bfr}r rxbc

or ig `fth }h`hbfkr ~fr}o` oi }ogr~f} ogm hghdy ai``r lf o di|hg rh} fl rh|ibhr' ]ch

ìahoìzo}ifg fl ligogbio` koeh}r cor ahhg lo|fxoa`h }f tcf`hro`h bxr}fkhr #rizoa`h

axrighrr bìhg}r) ax} lo `hrr xglf}xgo}h`y lf RKHr ogm ~i|o}h bìhg}r' Ogm }chh ir o

chri}og} ahdiggigd fl dho}h koeh} ~hrrxhr lf ~flhrrifgo` rh|ibhr ogm kfh ìaho`

hdxò}ifg lf hsok~`h fg hg}y' Ig koeh}igd ogm om|h}irigd rhifxr hr}ib}ifgr ig rfkh HX

bfxg}ihr co|h hkoighm #mhr~i}h |idffxr hllf}r `hm ay }ch Bfkkirrifg }f f|hbfkh }chk)

fg }ch dfxgmr fl bfgrxkh ~f}hb}ifg'13 I} ir ~faoa`y igo~~f~io}h }f dhghoìzh oafx} }ch

mh|h`f~khg} fl rh|ibh qxoì}y ogm fl }ch hkhdhgbh fl iggf|o}i|h rh|ibhr ax} i} ir ~frria`h

}f imhg}ily rxakoeh}r tchh HX ìahoìzo}ifg cor ik~f|hm }ch qxoì}y fl rh|ibhr 19 ogm

ridgilibog}`y timhghm }ch ogdh ogm iggf|o}i|hghrr fl rh|ibhr2>

' Rf }ch ig}hgo` koeh} lf

rh|ibhr ko}}hr }f igmxr}y ogm o mhh~hgigd timhgigd ogm ah}}h lxgb}ifgigd fl i} ir bxbio`

lf }ch bfk~h}i}i|hghrr fl kogxlob}xigd ig Hxf~h'

13Lf rfkh aobedfxgm ogm mo}o rx~~f}igd }chrh bfg}hg}ifgr rhh h'd' RHB#1>>=) 3<< fl 12 Jxgh 1>>=H|o`xo}ifg fl }ch ~hlfkogbh fl gh}tfe igmxr}ihr h}b' Hxf~hog Bfkkirrifg 5 hdxò h~f}r fgdor&h`hb}ibi}y #ò}hr} BFK#1>>=) 3<2 fl 8 Jog' 1>>8 ogm fg }h`hbfkr #ò}hr} BFK#1>>=)489 fl 1 Mhb'1>>=) 5 hr}ib}ifgr oh ogo`yrhm o} `hgd}c ig BFK #1>>1) ==? fl 2> Jx`y 1>>1 ]ch r}o}h fl }ch ig}hgo`

koeh} lf rh|ibhr 5 BFK #1>>=) 32 fl 9 Lha' 1>>= h~f} fg bfk~h}i}ifg ig ~flhrrifgo` rh|ibhr 5 h}b'19 Lf hsok~`h ig ~fr}o` rhh TIE 1>>= Koig mh|h`f~khg}r ig }ch Hxf~hog ~fr}o` koeh}

c}}~:&&hxf~o'hx'ig}&~fr}&mfb&r}xmihr&1>>=+tie+ligo`Vhg)2> Lf hsok~`h ig ligogbio` koeh}r }cir ir o}}hk~}hm }f ah khorxhm ig }ch Ligogbio` Ig}hdo}ifg Kfgi}f 5 lf 1>>= rhh RHB #1>>=) 889 Jxgh 1>>= Bfkkirrifg R}oll Tfeigd mfbxkhg}'

http://europa.eu.int/post/doc/studies/2004-wik-final_en

http://europa.eu.int/post/doc/studies/2004-wik-final_en




]ch mhh~hgigd ogm ah}}h lxgb}ifgigd fl }ch ig}hgo` rh|ibhr koeh} ir bxhg}`y

cigmhhm ay o dho} kogy aoihr ogm hr}ib}i|h hdxò}ifgr' ]f o òdh hs}hg} }chy oh

}obe`hm f o} `hor} bfgrir}hg}`y afxdc} ig}f og HX lokhtfe #roy lf cokfgizo}ifg tchh

jxr}ilioa`h) ig }ch rf+bo``hm –rh|ibhr mol} mihb}i|h’ ig BFK #1>>=) 1 fl ?2 Jog' 1>>= o`rf

egftg or }ch Afèhr}hig mihb}i|h' Ig ~o}ibxò lf RKHr }cir mihb}i|h ir bxbio`' Kfh

dhgho``y ol}h o `fgd omjxr}khg} ~hifm }ch rbf~h lf oai}oy ~f}hb}ifg ogm ght

hr}ib}ifgr tfx`m ahbfkh kigiko` fgbh }cir lokhtfe mihb}i|h tor ig lfbh' Qhkoigigd

hdxò}ifg tfx`m co|h }f ah jxr}ilihm f ìahoìzhm xgmh lhh kf|hkhg} f hr}oaìrckhg}' I}

tfx`m ik~f|h hbfgfkib ~hlfkogbh }ff' Af}c BÂ #Efs @hjfx ogm Kfg}izoog 1>>=)

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hr}oaìrckhg} #ay x~ }f 28 ~h bhg} kfh) ig }ch Xgifg bfxg}igd fg`y }ch mihb} hllhb}r gf}

}ch `fgd+xg ik~ob} fl bfk~h}i}i|h hs~frxh'

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|hy mygokib rxarh} fl rh|ibhr gokh`y IB] rh|ibhr }xg fx} }f ah mir}igb}`y `hrr mygokib

}cog }chi bfxg}h~o}r ig }ch XRO2?

ogm }cir ir gf} rf kxbc mxh }f mhlhb}r ig }ch ig}hgo`

koeh} or }f f}ch hr}oig}r fl bfk~h}i}ifg ogm o}}i}xmhr ahigd kfh ire o|hrh ahrimhr `hrr

mhh~ IB] ig|hr}khg} ogm o rei`` do~ #rhh Mhgir h} o`' 1>>8)' Ig }cir rhgrh cfizfg}o` ~fìbihr

tcibc tfx`m ~faoa`y ahghli} af}c rh|ibhr ogm igmxr}y oh h`h|og} chh ax} kfr} fl }chrh

irrxhr #rxbc or hmxbo}ifgo`5 rei`` do~r5 rxa}`h hr}oig}r fl bfk~h}i}ifg ig rh|ibhr |io

hsbhrri|h hìogbh fl bfgrxkh ~f}hb}ifg5 cigmhigd o~im bcogdh ahboxrh fl hk~`fykhg}

~f}hb}ifg òtr ogm rf fg) co|h }f ah ommhrrhm o} }ch Khkah r}o}hr$ `h|h` di|hg }ch bxhg}

orridgkhg} fl ~fthr }f }ch HX `h|h`'

1'2 Ir Hxf~hog iglor}xb}xh bxbio` lf Hxf~hog igmxr}y 6

Ig o }i|io` rhgrh fl bfxrh iglor}xb}xh ko}}hr dho}`y lf ogy kfmhg hbfgfky'

]ch qxhr}ifgr lf }cir bfg}iax}ifg oh lir} tch}ch i} ko}}hr ig o r~hbio` toy lf

#Hxf~hog) igmxr}y ogm rhbfgm tch}ch }ch HX mfhr f rcfx`m co|h o f`h ig #Hxf~hog)

iglor}xb}xh ig o toy hr~hbio``y fl ig}hhr} }f igmxr}y' I} ir dffm }f hoìzh }co} }ch rhbfgm

qxhr}ifg tor `fgd }oaff ig Hxf~hog ig}hdo}ifg' Ahlfh }ch Koor}ibc} }ho}y gf ~f|irifg

oafx} f hlhhgbh }f iglor}xb}xh bfx`m ah lfxgm ig }ch }ho}ihr' Bfgrimh }ch rco~ bfg}or}

ti}c }ch ig}hgo` $hbfgfkib ig}hdo}ifg$ fl Bogomo ogm fl }ch Xgi}hm R}o}hr' Af}c bfxg}ihr

fg`y ahdog }f ig}hdo}h ol}hq kojf iglor}xb}xo` ig|hr}khg}r #hr~hbio``y Hor} Thr} af}c

2? Rhh Ao} |og Oe 1>>= BÂ bf``fqxixk 5 lf o `hrr oòkigd ogo`yrir fl }ch IB] $do~$ rhh Mhgir KfftQfhdh ogm \hxdh`hr 1>>8 ~~' ?9 ‒ 2< h|hg il }ch ox}cfr odhh fg }ch bxbio` f`h fl IB] rh|ibhr'




oi`fomr ogm cidctoyr) com ahhg igi}io}hm' Ig Hxf~h ~fr}+to bfrr+afmh iglor}xb}xh

tor thoe`y bffmigo}hm fg o |f`xg}oy aorir ig }ch lokhtfe fl }ch XG+HBH ig Dhgh|o

ogm&f aiò}ho``y' Af}c o~~fobchr fl}hg loi`hm hkoighm rxaf~}iko` f rxllhhm lfk `fgd

mhòyr' Iglor}xb}xh tor hdomhm or o go}ifgo` gf} ig ogy toy or o Hxf~hog irrxh lf

horfg fl mfkhr}ib rhgri}i|i}y ahboxrh fl axmdh}oy axmhgr ogm gf} `hor} ahboxrh fl o

~hbhi|hm f lob}xo` mirbh~ogby ah}thhg ~oykhg} lf ogm xrh fl }ch lobiì}ihr #hr~hbio``y ig

borh }f``r thh hjhb}hm or o xrhbcodh)'

]ch }oaff tor afehg ig ?93= ay }ch Hxf~hog Qfxgm ]oa`h fl Igmxr}ioìr}r ig i}r

h~f} fg –Kirrigd ìger’ #HQ] ?93=)' Khkah r}o}hr }o~~hm ig }chi igtom+`ffeigd

igciai}ifgr loi`hm }f o~~hbio}h }co} afomh lhh }omh ig|hr}khg} ogm ò}h rh|ibhr }omh or

th`` `h} o`fgh }ch mhh~hgigd fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} ghbhrri}o}hm o Hxf~hog ~hr~hb}i|h fg

iglor}xb}xh ahrimhr go}ifgo` ogm `fbo` gh}tfer' ]ogri}igd bfxg}ihr tor fl}hg

xgghbhrroi`y bfr}`y ahboxrh ìger thh kirrigd f ighllibihg} fx}igd tor ik~frhm ay o

~xh`y go}ifgo` fx}`ffe' ]cir o~~ìhm }f fomr ogm lhidc} oi` ax} o`rf }f gh}tfe

iglor}xb}xh ig #}chg gf} yh} ìahoìzhm) ~xaìb x}iì}ihr' O Hxf~hog koeh} ti}c axrighrr

qxibe`y $hxf~hogizigd$ hqxihm Hxf~hog iglor}xb}xh ti}cfx} co|igd }f h`y rf`h`y fg

go}ifgo` ig|hr}khg}r lf `fbo` ghhmr' Ti}igd kfh }cog }tf mhbomhr ò}h }ch |iht cor

khogtci`h ahhg timh`y obbh~}hm ax} i}r bfgrhqxhgbhr rhhk }ff ~oiglx` lf Khkah r}o}hr$

df|hgkhg}r lf o tcf`hcho}hm hkaobh fl }ch imho'

]ch lir} qxhr}ifg cigdhr fg }ch f`h fl }ch r}o}h ogm fg }ch r~hbilibi}y fl igmxr}y or o

xrh fl iglor}xb}xh' Ahboxrh fl ~flfxgm r}xb}xo` bcogdhr ig }ch hbfgfky ogm igbhorigd

bfgdhr}ifg ~fa`hkr Hxf~hog igmxr}y fl}hg bfk~òigr gftomoyr }co} #~xaìb)

iglor}xb}xh rxllhr lfk ghd`hb} ogm xgmhig|hr}khg} ig }xg tfrhgigd }ch axrighrr

bìko}h ig Hxf~h ogm ob}igd or o }cho} }f `fgd+xg ~fmxb}i|i}y ogm hbfgfkib dft}c' ]cir

tfx`m o~~`y ig ~o}ibxò }f Thr}hg Hxf~h' Ig ommi}ifg }ch r~hbio` ~fa`hkr fl bfchrifg ig

bfxg}ihr rxbc or ^f}xdo` ogm Dhhbh #ogm xg}i` hbhg}`y R~oig) or th`` or }ch Bhg}o`

Hxf~hog Khkah r}o}hr ogm }ch bogmimo}hr Qfkogio ogm Ax`doio ghbhrri}o}h ommi}ifgo`

iglor}xb}xh ig|hr}khg}r or o bfgmi}ifg lf bo}bc+x~ dft}c rigbh }ch òbe fl i} tfx`m

hmxbh }ch o}}ob}i|hghrr fl LMI ogm koeh hs~f}r or o cogmkoimhg fl }chi dft}c kfh

millibx`}' Fl bfxrh }cir ir ìgehm }f }ch rhbfgm qxhr}ifg ay odxigd lf ~og+Hxf~hog

ig|hr}khg} rbchkhr lobiì}o}igd }chi hs~`fi}o}ifg fl }ch f~~f}xgi}ihr ~f|imhm ay koeh}

ig}hdo}ifg'

Igrflo or Thr}hg Hxf~h ir bfgbhghm }ch ~fa`hk fl ghd`hb} hqxihr }ch ogrth }f}chh millibx`} hk~iibo` qxhr}ifgr' Lir} fl o`` cor }chh ahhg og ob}xo` mftgtom }hgm ig



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' 1>

ho` HX+?8 iglor}xb}xh ig|hr}khg} ay df|hgkhg}r6 ]ch bohlx` rx|hy ay \oìò Efz`xe

ogm Khcf}o #1>>8) aigdr fx} }co} igmhhm }chh cor ahhg o mftgtom }hgm ig }cir ~xaìb

ig|hr}khg} lf mhbomhr ax} ~xaìb ig|hr}khg} tor r}i`` dftigd #oàhi} r`fth }cog DM^) rxbc

}co} }ch r}fbe fl ~xaìb bo~i}o` cor dftg ridgilibog}`y' ]ch ox}cfr hk~iibo``y hjhb} o

gxkah fl ~f~xò orrh}ifgr oafx} tcy }ch mftg }hgm co~~hghm igb`xmigd }ch r}ib}ghrr fl

HKX x`hr }ch mhbhorigd ghhm lf iglor}xb}xh f ~i|o}izo}ifg' Tco} hkoigr or o

r}o}ir}ibo``y ridgilibog} hs~ògo}ifg oh `fgd+motg+fx} ~hifmr fl lirbo` bfgrfìmo}ifg `fgd

ahlfh HKX ogm mirbfgghb}hm lfk i} #}ch XE ahigd }ch kfr} rh|hh borh)' Lf Bhg}o`

Hxf~h }chy ligm }co} mxigd }ogri}ifg iglor}xb}xh ig|hr}khg} mim gf} bf`ò~rh ogm }ch

oarhgbh fl hìoa`h hr}iko}hr fl ~xaìb bo~i}o` r}fbe hgmh i} ik~frria`h }f r}o}h tch}ch i} ir

}ff `ft lf }chi mh|h`f~khg} o} }cir r}odh'

Ogf}ch ik~ìhm qxhr}ifg }f ah ogrthhm ir }ch hò}ifg ah}thhg ~xaìb bo~i}o` ogm

hbfgfkib dft}c' ]cir bfk~ìbo}hm irrxh cor dhgho}hm o cxdh ì}ho}xh' ]ch rx|hy ay

Qfk~ ogm mh Coog #1>>8) ligmr }co} }ch hbhg} kfh rf~cir}ibo}hm ogo`yrhr mf ligm o

~fri}i|h hò}ifgrci~ ax} lo kfh kfmhr} }cog }ch igl`xhg}io` fgh ig Orbcoxh #?939)' ]ch

ch}hfdhghi}y okfgdr} bfxg}ihr ir o`rf dho} lf horfgr fl }ch rizh ogm qxoì}y fl }ch

hsir}igd bo~i}o` r}fbe gfg+ìghoi}ihr boxrhm ay gh}tfe hllhb}r ogm igr}i}x}ifgo` ogm ~fì}ibo`

lob}fr' ]ch ox}cfr tog }co} ommi}ifgo` ig|hr}khg} }cfxdc ~hco~r ~fì}ibo``y kfh

htomigd ir gf dffm khorxh il i} ~x``r otoy kfghy hqxihm lf o ~f~h koig}hgogbh fl

}ch ~cyribo` r}fbe ig ~òbh o ~fa`hk gf} oh`y hgbfxg}hhm ig Hxf~h' O }cim qxhr}ifg }f ah

ogrthhm ir tch}ch }ch HX+?8 rxllhr lfk o òbe fl ~xaìb bo~i}o` }co} ir tch}ch }ch r}fbe

fl ~xaìb bo~i}o` ir $rxaf~}iko`$' Odoig }cir boggf} ah o ~xh igmxr}y f h|hg o ~xh axrighrr

irrxh' Af}c kfmh`ìgd #rhh lf hsok~`h Qfk~ ogm mh Coog 1>>8) ogm hk~iibo` ogo`y}ibo`

~fa`hkr #rhh Eok~ 1>>8) hs~òig tcy i} ir rf millibx`} }f bfkh x~ ti}c ox}cfi}o}i|h

ogrthr' Eok~ cf`mr }co} ig 1>>> o`` HX+?= bfxg}ihr ax} }tf com o}ifr fl ~xaìb }f ~i|o}h

bo~i}o` }co} hsbhhmhm }ch dft}c+kosikizigd |o`xh5 }ch rokh ir }xh lf }ch HX+?= o|hodh'

]oeigd xgbh}oig}y kodigr ig}f obbfxg} Eok~ rxddhr}r }co} –ig kfr} HX bfxg}ihr }chh ir

ghi}ch o rcf}odh gf og hsbhrr fl ~xaìb bo~i}o`…hò}i|h }f ~i|o}h bo~i}o`’ #1>>8 ~ 38)' Il

`fgd+xg }hgmr oh hs}o~fò}hm }ch ox}cf ligmr }co} Oxr}io Ah`dixk ogm }ch XE bxhg}`y

rhhk }f dfrr`y xgmhig|hr} ig ~xaìb bo~i}o`' Qhbhg} ~xaìb+~i|o}h ~o}ghrci~r ig }ch XE

kidc} bfk~hgro}h ax} }cir ir gf} o} o`` dxoog}hhm'

]cxr il Hxf~hog igmxr}y igrir}r fg iglor}xb}xh r~hgmigd ahigd igbhorhm ig HX+?8

#lf Bhg}o` Hxf~h }cir ir gf} bfg}f|hrio`) or o ~hbfgmi}ifg lf ik~f|hm bfk~h}i}i|hghrrig dhgho` i} tfx`m rhhk }co} hbfgfkib ogo`yrir mfhr gf} rx~~f} rxbc og odxkhg}' I} ir gf}



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' 1?

hsb`xmhm cfth|h }co} r~hbilib h`hkhg}r f rhb}fo` rcf}bfkigdr kidc} co|h }f ah

ommhrrhm ahboxrh }ch $~xaìb bo~i}o`$ ì}ho}xh mho`r ti}c òdh oddhdo}hr'

]ch qxhr}ifg lf cfizfg}o` HX igmxr}io` ~fìby ir tch}ch }ch HX `h|h` rcfx`m ah

ig|f`|hm }f hgrxh f o} `hor} lfr}h o Hxf~hog ~hr~hb}i|h ogm }ch mh|h`f~khg} fl

!Hxf~hog! iglor}xb}xh ig }ch rhgrh fl kirrigd ìger dho}h f|ho`` #HX) gh}tfe

hllibihgby ogm bfrr+afmh #rhok`hrr) ig}hbfgghb}ifgr lf gh}tfe igmxr}ihr rco~hgigd

bfk~h}i}ifg ig rxbc lfkh $go}ifgo`$ x}iì}ihr' I} ir chh }co} rxarimioi}y r}fgd`y rxddhr}r o

jxr}ilihm HX f`h #rhh ^hèkogr 1>>8a) di|hg bfrr+afmh hs}hgoì}ihr ogm rfkh}ikhr

rbo`h' ]cir tor chri}og}`y hbfdgizhm ig }ch Koor}ibc} }ho}y or ]ogrHxf~hog Gh}tfer

#]HGr) ax} ti}cfx} kxbc ligogbio` lxgmigd #koig`y lhoriaiì}y r}xmihr ogm kigf rxarimihr)

ogm gf f}ch bfk~h}hgbhr }cog |f`xg}oy odhhkhg}r ig ]HG ~fjhb}r' ]ch HB Tci}h ô~h

fg Dft}c ogm Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr fl Mhbhkah ?992 #rhh HB ?992) bfg}oighm }ch lir}

hbfgfkib xgmh~iggigd fl }ch ]HG o~~fobc lf``fthm ay }ch Bcir}f~chrfg h~f} fl ?99=

ogm }ch Hrrhg Hxf~hog Bfxgbi` mhbirifg oafx} o ogdh fl ]HG ~fjhb}r' Or o dhghoìzo}ifg

i} ir gf} xgloi }f roy }co} ]HGr co|h dhgho}hm kfh miri``xrifgr }cog bfgbh}h ik~f|hkhg}r

ig Hxf~hog iglor}xb}xh'21 Gh|h}ch`hrr }ch otohghrr fl o gxkah fl rhifxr

rcf}bfkigdr ig }ch !Hxf~hogghrr! fl gh}tfer f }ch oarhgbh fl }chk cor xgmfxa}hm`y

igbhorhm' Fl bfxrh }ch hdxò}fy hg|ifgkhg}o` r~o}io` ~òggigd ogm axmdh}oy

bfgr}oig}r `hom }f hgfkfxr mhòyr h|hg lf ~fjhb}r tcibc }hgm }f ah rx~~f}hm ig }ch timh

HX ig}hhr}'

Ig gh}tfe igmxr}ihr rxbc or dor ogm h`hb}ibi}y koeh}r }chkrh`|hr gfko``y ~oy lf

iglor}xb}xh' ]ch qxhr}ifg chh ir koig`y tch}ch ig}hbfgghb}fr obfrr afmhr oh axi`}

#ogm ay tcfk) egftigd }co} }cir tfx`m ig|i}h kfh bfk~h}i}ifg di|hg }cim+~o}y obbhrr' Ig

lhidc} oi` }ch h`h|ogbh lf igmxr}y ir ~faoa`y kfr} fa|ifxr' Qoi` lhidc} ig Hxf~h ir

hs~hgri|h r`ft ogm fl kishm qxoì}y or lo or axrighrr bxr}fkhr$ tog}r oh bfgbhghm'

@iahoìzo}ifg #rhh mi îh}og}fgif ogm ^hèkogr 1>>=) rcfx`m ch`~ ik~f|hkhg}r fg o``

}chh obbfxg}r' Fgh bi}ibo` bfgmi}ifg lf }co} }f co~~hg ir obbhrr }f bfrr+afmh `fgd+cox`

lhidc} oi` bfimfr' ]cxr lhidc} oi` ìahoìzo}ifg ahdog ti}c lhhigd }ch ]HG+QL bfimfr

lf bfk~h}i}ifg ogm lhh hg}y' R}i`` ftigd }f }ch mxo` xrh fl oi` }obe lf af}c lhidc} ogm

~orrhgdhr ig Hxf~h tcibc ir |hy bfr}`y lf lhidc} #rfkh => ~h bhg} bfr} igbhorh fg`y fg

21 Ig o rx|hy ~o~h ìeh }cir i} ir com }f rxar}og}io}h }cir r}o}hkhg} ig mh}oi`' Ol}h }ch hò}i|h f~}ikirk fl }ch

lir} yhor rhh h'd' }ch oggxo` h~f}r ig BFK#?993) 28< fl 2 Jxgh ?993 ogm BFK#?999)=?> fl ?8Rh~}hkah ?999 ogm }ch cf~h }co} ~xaìb+~i|o}h ~o}ghrci~r bfx`m ch`~ li`` }ch cxdh lxgmigd do~r #rhh

Cidc @h|h` Dfx~ ?994) ~fdhrr ahbokh miro~~fig}igd ogm cidc`y rh`hb}i|h' Rhh o`rf }ch ik~ìhm bi}ibirkig Afshr ? ogm 1 fl }ch Hxf~hog Igi}io}i|h lf Dft}c BFK #1>>2)<9> fl 1? Gf|' 1>>2 og o}}hk~} }fh|i}oìzh }ch ]HG ~fìby'




}co} obbfxg}) bo~obi}y ~fa`hkr oh hs~hb}hm fgbh o kfmo` rcil} }f oi` o} `fth bfr} ogm

ah}}h qxoì}y }oehr ~òbh'

O rfkhtco} millhhg} irrxh ~òyhm ig oi }ogr~f} tchh mhòyr ogm hs~hgri|h

hfx}igd fl ~òghr thh mxh }f }ch oarhgbh fl o bfkkfg oi }ollib iglor}xb}xh #ti}c

}hkhgmfxr ighllibihgbihr or o hrx`}) ogm o fx}igd ryr}hk tchh go}ifgo` ig}hhr}r #xrxo``y

}ch kiì}oy) thh o``fthm }f orrxkh o |hy òdh ~o} fl }ch oi bfimfr ti}cfx} ogy

thidcigd fl bfk~h}igd Hxf~hog bi|i` o|io}ifg ig}hhr}r' Ig }h`hbfkr ogm }ch ig}hgh} ig

bfg}or} }ch ìahoìzo}ifg fl }ch lfkh cor dhgho}hm kojf hs~hgmi}xh fg A1A cidc r~hhm

gh}tfer #igmhhm ti}c hsbhrr fl rf+bo``hm $moe liah$) ogm Hxf~h ir o~im`y hr~fgmigd }f

}ch afomaogm bco``hgdh lf A1B ogm B1B bfgghb}ifgr #rhh BFK #1>>=)489 fl 1 Mhb' 1>>=

fg }h`hbfkr) hr~hbio``y ig }ch HX+?8' O r~hbio` borh fl h`hb}fgib gh}tfeigd tchh }ch HX

cor orrxkhm o }xh Hxf~hog ~hr~hb}i|h ir }ch ~fthlx` DHOG] gh}tfe lf xgi|hri}ihr

#ti}c }hoai} r~hhmr ay 1>?>) ogm rfkh ?> ~h bhg} fl mihb} HX rxarimihr' ]ch DO@I@HF

ro}h`ì}h D^R ryr}hk #ti}c o kojf HX bfg}iax}ifg) rcfx`m o``ft rxlobh ogm koi}ikh

go|ido}ifg ogm lobiì}o}h `fdir}ibr ogm lhidc} }obeigd ryr}hkr' Ligo``y lf fom gh}tfer }ch

h|irhm Hxf|idgh}}h ryr}hk omf~}hm ig 1>>8 o``ftr koe+x~r lf hs~hgri|h af}}`hghber

#kfh fl}hg }cog gf} bfrr+afmh fghr ìeh }ch Ahggh ~orr) }chhay hmxbigd o ridgilibog}

far}ob`h }f x~domigd ~hbirh`y fl bfrr+afmh iglor}xb}xh' Kfh dhgho``y }ch $kirrigd

ìger$ imho tfx`m rhhk }f ah ah}}h ~xrxhm ol}h Fb}fah 1>>2 tchg }ch Hxf~hog Bfxgbi` fl

df|hgkhg} `homhr odhhm }co} }ch bfrr+afmh rhdkhg}r fl iglor}xb}xh bfx`m hbhi|h

kxbc cidch ~hbhg}odhr fl HX rx~~f}'22

Hsbh~} ~hco~r fg o borh r}xmy aorir }ch ox}cf ir gf} otoh fl ogo`y}ibo` tfe

rigdìgd fx} }ch #r~hbio`6) h`h|ogbh fl igmxr}y lf ]HGr' Rcfx`m fgh bo`` }ch ]HG o~~fobc

o eigm fl cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby ti}c bf+ahghli}r lf bfgrxkhr ogm kfh igmihb}`y lf

dft}c6 ]cir rhhkr }f df }ff lo ogm kfhf|h loi`r }f }oeh ig}f bfgrimho}ifg }co} ]HGr

kidc} bftm fx} f}ch ig|hr}khg} }co} ~hco~r kidc} co|h o cidch rfbio` kodigo`

~fmxb}i|i}y' ]ch ò}}h ~fa`hk cor rfkh}ikhr ~òyhm o f`h ig HX bfchrifg ~fìbihr tcibc

hk~corizh iglor}xb}xh ig|hr}khg}r ti}c o |iht }f ik~f|igd }ch bo~obi}y fl ~ff hdifgr }f

~o}ibi~o}h ig }ch ig}hgo` koeh}' Mh~hgmigd fg cft }cir ir mfgh #rhh lf hsok~`h Ko}ig

?9995 mh ò Lxhg}h ogm \i|hr ?998) i} koy f koy gf} oddo|o}h odd`fkho}ifg hllhb}r ogm

kidc} affr} hbfgfkib dft}c ig ~ff hdifgr o} }ch bfr} fl dft}c ig o bfxg}y or o tcf`h' Ig

Bhg}o` Hxf~h il kx`}igo}ifgo` ig|hr}fr `ffe lf o ~fmxb}ifg aorh ti}c koig fx}`h}r ig

22Rhh BFK#1>>2)<9> fl 1? Gf|' 1>>2 O Hxf~hog igi}io}i|h lf dft}c ~~' ?> ogm lx}ch'




Thr}hg Hxf~h b`ho`y }ch qxog}i}y ogm kfh fl}hg }ch qxoì}y fl iglor}xb}xh ti`` co|h }f

ah ik~f|hm f|h o ~hifm fl mhbomhr' HX bfchrifg ogm r}xb}xo` lxgmr bog ~f|imh rf kxbc

rx~~f} }co} }ch irer fl bftmigd fx} bfx`m ah kigikizhm #o`}cfxdc bf+ligogbigd ti`` o`toyr

ik~`y rfkh ire ig }cir hr~hb})'

2' HX lokhtfe bfgmi}ifgr lf igmxr}io` ~fìby

Af}c go}ifgo` ogm HX igmxr}io` ~fìbihr oh rh|hh`y bfgr}oighm ay }ch HX

lokhtfe fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} bfk~`hkhg}hm ay i}r bfkkfg ~fìbhr ogm bfchrifg' ]cir ir

gf} rx~irigd or i} hl`hb}r }ch lxgmokhg}o` bcfibh fl Khkah r}o}hr }f obcih|h hbfgfkib

~fdhrr lfkxò}hm ig }ch HX$r hbfgfkib fajhb}i|hr |io o mhh~ ogm th``+lxgb}ifgigd

ig}hgo` koeh}' ]ch ig}hgo` koeh} ir df|hghm ay lo+hobcigd igr}xkhg}r rxbc or lhh

kf|hkhg} ogm lhh hr}oaìrckhg} tcibc ~x~frhlx``y hmxbh go}ifgo` ~fìby ox}fgfky ig

ohor tcibc kidc} ollhb} ob}xo``y f ~f}hg}io``y bfrr+afmh hbfgfkib ig}hbfxrh' O}' =

HB r~hoer oafx} }ch ig}hgo` koeh} ahigd df|hghm ay }ch ~igbi~`h fl og !f~hg koeh}

hbfgfky ti}c lhh bfk~h}i}ifg!' H|hg ti}cfx} hg}higd ig}f }ch mh}oi`r fl ig}hgo` koeh}

df|hgogbh igb`xmigd bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby ogm millhhg} mhdhhr fl bfkkfg hdxò}ifg tchh

jxr}ilihm i} rcfx`m ah b`ho }co} }chh ir gf} kxbc rbf~h lf o mihb} ik~ob} fg igmxr}io`

ob}i|i}y' Igmhhm #?) HX igmxr}io` ~fìby boggf} i}rh`l ah igbfgrir}hg} ti}c }cir okai}ifxr

hdikh h|hg il }ch ommi}ifgo` bfgr}oig} fl o}' ?84 HB #rhh rhb}ifg 1'?) mim gf} hsir} 5 #1) }ch

gf}ifg ik~ìhm ig o}' ?84 HB }co} go}ifgo` igmxr}io` ~fìby cor kfh mhdhhr fl lhhmfk

ogm dho}h bcfibh }cog HX igmxr}io` ~fìby kxr} ah xgmhr}ffm odoigr} }chrh lokhtfe

bfgmi}ifgr hrx`}igd lfk }ch ig}hgo` koeh} hdikh' Fl bfxrh rigbh Khkah r}o}hr co|h

hs~ìbi}`y odhhm ti}c }cir rh}+x~ fgh bfx`m ig}h~h} }ch lokhtfe or o qxori+bfgr}i}x}ifgo`

mhgio` }f lo`` aobe fg ig}h|hg}ifgir} igmxr}io` ~fìby ig }ch lx}xh'

Ig Lidxh 1 }ch HX lokhtfe df|hgigd igmxr}io` ~fìby ir r~h``hm fx} ig rfkh

mh}oi`' Af}c rf+bo``hm $ghdo}i|h ig}hdo}ifg$ #}ch hr}oaìrckhg} fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} |io

~fciai}ifgr lf Khkah r}o}hr }f ig}h|hgh ti}c bfrr+afmh l`ftr rhh }f~ fl }ch lidxh) ogm

$~fri}i|h ig}hdo}ifg$ #}co} ir tchh Khkah r}o}hr bff~ho}h f hdxò}h }fdh}ch f bhg}o``y 5

rhh kimm`h ogm af}}fk fl }ch lidxh) bfgr}oig }ch igmxr}io` ~fìby fl Khkah r}o}hr ogm fl

}ch Xgifg ig gxkhfxr toyr' Kfr} fl }chrh or~hb}r oh xgmh o $com$ `hdo` hdikh x`}iko}h`y

hglfbhm ay }ch Bfkkirrifg or }ch $dxomiog fl }ch }ho}y$ ogm tchh ghbhrroy ay }ch

Hxf~hog Bfx} fl Jxr}ibh' O`` }ch koig ohor co|h ahhg r~hbilihm' O}}hg}ifg rcfx`m o`rf ahbo``hm }f }ch bf`xkg fl dximigd ~igbi~`hr' Rh|ho` fl }cfrh ~igbi~`hr oh fl o bfgr}i}x}ifgo`



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' 1=

go}xh ogm bog rxllibh mh~hgmigd fg }ch borh }f gx`ìly r~hbilib khorxhr fl go}ifgo`

igmxr}io` ~fìby' ]tf oh kfh ~fìby fihg}hm' ]ch $ah}}h hdxò}ifg$ ~igbi~`h cor ahhg

hkaobhm ay }ch Xgifg or o lxgmokhg}o` o~~fobc lf o`` HX hdxò}ifg ah i} $ght$ f tchg

h|ihtigd ~obeodhr fl }ch hsir}igd hdxò}fy $obqxir bfkkxgox}oih$' I} ir aihl`y mirbxrrhm

ig rhb}ifg =' Kfhf|h Khkah r}o}hr oh o`homy afxgm ay }ch `hdo` mx}y }f hr~hb}

$~f~f}ifgoì}y$ tcibc royr }co} khorxhr rcfx`m df gf lx}ch }cog tco} ir ghhmhm }f

obbfk~ìrc }ch fajhb}i|h' ]ch gf}ifg fl $bff~ho}i|h lhmhoìrk$ bfighm ay ~fì}ibo` rbihgbh

ir khog} }f hs~hrr }ch imho }co} }ch }tf `h|h`r fl df|hgkhg} oh gf} hllhb}i|h`y rh~oo}hm #or

ir fl}hg }ch borh ig }ch XRO) ax} ig bfg}or} fl}hg tfe }fdh}ch }f ~xrxh r~hbilib fajhb}i|hr

f ik~`hkhg} x`hr f bfmhr' ]cir ir ik~f}og} lf cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby tchh jfig}

igi}io}i|hr ti}c o |iht }f bfk~`hkhg}oi}y oh fx}igh' Lf horfgr fl r~obh o lx}ch r}xmy fl

Lidxh 1 ir `hl} }f }ch homh'2=

Lidxh 1:

HX Lokhtfe df|hgigd Igmxr}io` ^fìby

EHY OR^HB]R RXAR]OG]I\H H@HKHG]R ^QIGBI^@HR

hr}oaìrckhg}

fl

IG]HQGO@KOQEH]

lhh kf|hkhg}

‡ dffmr

‡ rh|ibhr

‡ bo~i}o`

‡ bfmilihm }hbcgf`fdy

‡ tfehr #cfr} b'b')lhh hr}oaìrckhg}

‡ hg}h~hghxrci~

‡ LMI

+ gfg+mirbikigo}ifg

+ ~f~f}ifgoì}y

+ gf lfg}ihr

+ ftghrci~#HX ghx}o`)

~f~h lxgb}ifgigd

fl IG]HQGO@

KOQEH]

f|hbfkigd koeh} loi`xhr #o)|io x`hr ogm bfmhr

‡ cokfgiro}ifg & o~~fsiko}ifg

+ F`m ogm Ght O~~fobchr

+ D`fao` O~~fobc #B'O' ire+aorhm) ‡ bfkkfg hdxò}ifg

+ xgilfk x`hr #ogm rh`hb}hmox}fgfkfxr Odhgbihr)

‡ kx}xo` hbfdgi}ifg #gf HX x`hr)

‡ bfk~h}i}i|h ~xaìb ~fbxhkhg}

‡ r}ogmomr ogm |f`xg}oy B'O'

f|hbfkigd koeh} loi`xhr #a)

|io bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby

‡ bfk~`hkhg}oi}y HX ogm Khkah r}o}hr

‡ HX og}i+}xr}

+ rxarimioi}y+ $ah}}h hdxò}ifg$

+ $bff~ho}i|hlhmhoìrk$

+$ f~hg ogm fk~h}i}i|h$

2=Dho}h mh}oi` bog ah lfxgm ig }ch ì}ho}xh h'd' ^hèkogr 1>>< f~' bi}' f f}ch rx|hyr'




gh}tfe igmxr}ihr #rhh #o)) r}o}h oimr ~fciai}ifg & bfg}f`

bfkkfg HX ~fìbihr

‡ }ogr~f} #ìge ti}c iglor}xb}xh)

‡ }omh #rhh $r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìby$)

‡ odibx`}xh #ìge ti}c bfchrifg & hg|i')‡ hg|ifgkhg} #IK ~ifi}y bfr}&ahghli}

ogm bfk~h}i}i|hghrr }hr}r)

hdifgo` &r}xb}xo` ogm

bfchrifg ~fìbihr

+ khorxhr r}hgd}chgigd com ogm rfl}iglor}xb}xh #`fbo}ifgo` o}}ob}i|hghrr)

+ khorxhr lf h+}oigigd & rei`` hgcogbhkhg}

+ rx~~f} lf omjxr}khg} ol}h igmxr}io`mhbìgh & xo` r}odgo}ifg

+ bfrr+afmh hdifgo` lobiì}o}ifg+ hkf|igd hg|ifgkhg}o` `hdobihr

+ `fgd+xg bo}bc+x~dft}c

+ bf+ligogbigd ogm

ommi}i|i}y

Gf}hr: B'O' ; bfglfki}y orrhrrkhg} #}hr}igd bh}ilibo}ifg obbhmi}o}ifg)cfr} b'b' ; cfr} bfxg}y bfg}f` #i'h' ~f}hb}ifgir})

I} ir ik~f}og} cfth|h }f o~~hbio}h }ch ryr}hkib far}ob`hr }cir lokhtfe dhgho}hr

odoigr} o h}xg }f f`m ig}h|hg}ifgir} ogm ~fì}ibizhm igmxr}io` ~fìby' Lf o tci`h }ch

~faoaiì}y fl o ~fìby h|hro` rhhkhm rìk' Ax} rigbh 1>>= il gf} ahlfh `homigd ~fì}ibiogr

ig bfxg}ihr rxbc or Logbh Dhkogy ogm I}o`y ogm rfkh}ikhr igmxr}ioìr}r co|h

fbborifgo``y bo``hm lf o h}xg }f igmxr}io` ~fìby' ]chrh bo``r }hgm }f ah |odxh ahboxrh i} ir

th``+egftg }co} go}ifgo` ox}fgfky ir dho}`y bibxkrbiahm ogm ig ommi}ifg }ch Hxf~hog

kigm+rh} ir kxbc kfh ~f+bfk~h}i}ifg f ~f+koeh} }cog rh|ho` mhbomhr odf' @ffeigd o}

Lidxh 1 go}ifgo` igmxr}io` ~fìbihr boggf} ollhb} lhh kf|hkhg} ogm lhh hr}oaìrckhg}' ]ch

borh òt ig }cir oho dfhr |hy lo ogm rh|hh`y ìki}r ~fìby ob}ifg }co} ir ig rfkh rhgrh

mirbikigo}fy #lf bfk~ogihr lfk f}ch HX bfxg}ihr) f mir}f}r lhh

kf|hkhg}&hr}oaìrckhg}' ]cxr $df`mhg rcohr$ fl go}ifgo` df|hgkhg}r ig ~i|o}izhm lfkh

x}iì}ihr co|h ahhg bfgmhkghm ay }ch HBJ or dfigd odoigr} }ch lhh kf|hkhg} fl bo~i}o` chh

}ch hqxo` f~~f}xgi}y fl o`` ~f}hg}io` rcohcf`mhr ig }ch Xgifg' Rikiò`y ig f|hbfkigd

koeh} loi`xhr fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} #rhh #o) ig }ch rhbfgm ft rhbfgm bf`xkg) o`` li|h

i}hkr dho}`y ìki} go}ifgo` mirbh}ifg h|hg il lx`` xgilfki}y fl HX x`hr ir gf} o~~ìboa`h'

]cxr kx}xo` hbfdgi}ifg h|hg mir~hgrhr ti}c bfkkfg x`hr ax} i} ik~frhr hqxi|o`hgbh ogm

f}chtirh lo``r aobe fg }ch r}ib} hqxihkhg}r fl lhh kf|hkhg} #rhh lf hsok~`h ^hèkogr

1>>1)' F|hbfkigd koeh} loi`xhr |io bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby hshbirhr hqxo``y bfgr}oigigd

hllhb}r #rhh #a))' Ig igmxr}io` ~fìby fgh }hgmr }f }cige }co} }cir o~~ìhr ti}c ~o}ibxò lfbh

}f r}o}h oim bfg}f` #tcibc ir bfhb}) ax} fgh rcfx`m gf} lfdh} }co} }ch Bfkkirrifg cor }oehgo hr}ib}i|h |iht fg birir bo}h`r }co} gh}tfe igmxr}ihr #tchh ig}h|hg}ifgir} igmxr}io`



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' 1<

~fìby tor fx}igh fg`y 1> yhor odf) oh ahigd f co|h o`homy ahhg ìahoìzhm 28 ogm }co}

khdh bfg}f` #ahdxg o} HX `h|h` ig ?99>) cor lx}ch hmxbhm }ch f~}ifgr lf go}ifgo` ~fìby

koehr' @or} ax} gf} `hor} }ch ig}hgo` koeh} ahigd $f~hg$ }f }ch tf`m hbfgfky #o} `hor} lf

igmxr}io` ~fmxb}r) lx}ch bx}oi`r }ch }ffèi} fl go}ifgo` igmxr}io` ~fìby il h|h fgh tfx`m

tirc }f h}xg }f ig}h|hg}ifgirk' _xf}or co|h ahhg oafìrchm ig DO]] ogm boggf} bfkh

aobe' Igmxr}io` }oillr oh `ft f zhf ogm oh !afxgm! ig Dhgh|o tcibc khogr }co} ogy

igbhorh ahyfgm }ch afxgm `h|h` ti`` boxrh og x~cho|o` ogm ig ogy h|hg} ti`` co|h }f ah

bfk~hgro}hm' Ig oh igr}ogbhr o }omh khorxh fl $mokodh bfg}f`$ #}cige fl }ch 1>>8

hr}oig}r fg Bcigo lf rh`hb}hm b`f}cigd i}hkr) ir ~frria`h lf o rcf} ~hifm ax} fgh boggf}

axi`m o }xh ~fìby fg }co}' Jxr} ahlfh }cir affe thg} }f }ch ~hrr Logbh oggfxgbhm }co} i}

com rh`hb}hm }hg rhb}fr tcibc kxr} ah ~h|hg}hm lfk lo`ìgd ig}f $lfhidg$ cogmr' ]ch homh

rcfx`m gf}h }co} }ch toy }cir tor rxddhr}hm or ahigd bfk~o}ia`h ti}c Hxf~hog òt tor }co}

go}ifgo` rhbxi}y ogm kiì}oy dffmr thh ig|f`|hm rf }co} o}' 19< HB tfx`m o~~`y or th`` or

og hrbo~h bòxrh ig }ch HB ]oehf|h Aim mihb}i|h 1>>=&18' ]cir hrbo~h fx}h ir rf hs}hkh

}co} i}r xrh ir o`homy o ~fthlx` ridgo` fl cft r}fgd }ch bfgr}oigigd hllhb} fl }ch HX

lokhtfe ir 2<'

=' Cfizfg}o` HX igmxr}io` ~fìby

]ch koig hk~corir gftomoyr ig }ch Xgifg ir fg cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby' O rco~

mhligi}ifg fl tco} $cfizfg}o` $ khogr ig ob}xo` ~ob}ibh ir gf} hory' ]ch }hk ~faoa`y

fidigo}hr lfk }ch mhrih gf} }f ig}h|hgh rhb}fo``y #|h}ibo``y) ogm }f mhlhgm ~fìby koehr

odoigr} om+cfb ~hrrxhr lf hrbxh f~ho}ifgr ogm mihb} ig}h|hg}ifgr ig rigd`h hg}h~irhr'

Rxbc $r~hbilib$ igmxr}io` ~fìby ogf}ch }hk fl}hg xrhm ir gf} mhrioa`h ig borh mhbìgigd

igmxr}ihr f aom`y ~hlfkigd bfk~ogihr ore }f ah ch`~hm ay }ch r}o}h gf ir }ch r}o}h ogy

ah}}h }cog koeh} ~òyhr o} $~ibeigd tigghr$ lf }ch lx}xh' O} }ch rokh }ikh }ch afxgmoihr

ah}thhg }ch lokhtfe bfgmi}ifgr #rhh rhb}ifg 2) ogm cfizfg}o` ~fìby oh gf} o`toyr b`ho+

bx} ogm }ch mir}igb}ifg ah}thhg }ch }tf ir o} }ikhr l`xim'

28Tcibc ik~ìhr qxi}h og ig}xri|h kis fl bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby ogm ~f+bfk~h}i}i|h hdxò}ifg rhh ^hèkogr1>>?'

2< Ig ~igbi~`h o}' 19< HB dfhr lx}ch }cog khh r}o}h ftghrci~ ahboxrh }ch ò}}h bog ~h|hg} ogy#igb`xmigd o cfr}i`h) }oeh+f|h ax} boggf} bcogdh }ch bfk~h}i}i|h hg|ifgkhg} fl }ch bfk~ogy' I}r

o~~ìbo}ifg kidc} ah ~frria`h lf kiì}oy dffmr ogm lf dffmr ogm rh|ibhr |i}o` lf go}ifgo` rhbxi}y ax}}cir tfx`m fg`y tfe il }ch dffmr ogm rh|ibhr oh fl o ~xh`y kiì}oy go}xh' Or rffg or rf+bo``hm mxo`+

~x~frh dffmr oh ~fmxbhm #ogm }co} ir ìeh`y }f ah }ch borh lf kfr} fl }chrh rhb}fr) kxbc fl }chmirbh}ifg miro~~hor rigbh lhh kf|hkhg} ogm xgmir}f}hm bfk~h}i}ifg o~~`y'




Ogf}ch ~fa`hk ig rh}}igd fx} o ~f~h ~ib}xh fl HX cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby ir }co} }ch

f|ho`` rbf~h fl }cir o~~fobc ir |or} }ff |or} lf o bco~}h ìeh }ch ~hrhg} fgh' ]f dh}

ofxgm }cir millibx`}y }cir rhb}ifg ti`` hk~`fy }tf rxkkoy h~hrhg}o}ifgr fl bxbio` HX

~fìby ~o~hr tcibc di|h o ibc ik~hrrifg fl }ch HX cfizfg}o` o~~fobc ogm tcibc bog ah

xrhm lf oggf}o}ifgr ig }ch }hs}' Hòafo}ifg fl }ch hbfgfkib ogo`yrir xgmh`yigd }ch

igi}io}i|hr #f }ch òbe fl i}) ir ik~frria`h lf horfgr fl r~obh' Mfigd jxr}ibh }f }ch kogy

ig}hhr}igd igi}io}i|hr ogm }chi o}h fl rxbbhrr ir hqxo``y xglhoria`h' Ig Lidxhr 2 ogm = }ch

Bfkkirrifg ~o~hr fg igmxr}io` ~fìby fl ?99= ogm fl 1>>= oh rxkkoizhm'

Ol}h }ch }ho}y h|irifg lfk Koor}ibc} bokh ig}f lfbh }ch HX mim gf} toi} o

kfkhg} ahlfh }oeigd kx`}i~`h ob}ifg fg }ch igmxr}io` ~fìby lfg}' @o}h ?992 ogm ?99=

yih`mhm gf lhth }cog }chh kojf igi}io}i|hr #gf} bfxg}igd }ch Bcir}f~chrfg dfx~ fg

]HGr rhh rhb}ifg 1'2)' Lir} }ch Tci}h ô~h fg Dft}c Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ogm Hk~`fykhg}

fl Mhbhkah ?992 ìger igmxr}io` ~fìby ti}c kobf |oioa`hr rxbc or dft}c ogm

hk~`fykhg}' I} r}hrrhr cft bxbio` i} ir lf }ch HX }f ah ~hrhg} il gf} r}fgd ig }ch koeh}r

$fl }ch lx}xh$ #lf hsok~`h }h`hbfkr aif}hbc hg|ifgkhg}o` ~f}hb}ifg ght ko}hio`r ogm

hghdy)' Bfkkirrifgh Aogdhkogg ~hrfgo``y `hm o dfx~ fg }ch Iglfko}ifg Rfbih}y

tfeigd fx} og ob}ifg ~òg ig }ch ox}xkg fl ?99=' O} oafx} }ch rokh }ikh }ch Bfkkirrifg

~xaìrchm i}r lir} ~fr}+Koor}ibc} igmxr}io` ~fìby ~o~h tcibc ir òdh`y fl o cfizfg}o`

bcoob}h' Hs}ob}r lfk }ch ò}}h oh rcftg ig Lidxh 2' ]ch imho ir }f o}ibxò}h lx}ch }ch

bxhg} $xg~hbhmhg}hm hllf} }f hr}xb}xh ogm iggf|o}h$ ig }ch HX igmxbhm ay HB+?991 ogm

dho}h }omh f~hgghrr' ]ch Hxf~hog Iglfko}ifg Rfbih}y bog ah rhhg or $rhb}fo`$ o`}cfxdc i}

ir fl bfxrh og hs}hkh`y afom ogm h`xri|h bfgbh~}' F}chtirh lfx ~ifi}ihr oh imhg}ilihm

o`` b`ho`y $cfizfg}o`$' ]ch lir} òah``hm !ig}ogdia`h ig|hr}khg}! }xgr fx} }f ah o bf``hb}ifg fl

igi}io}i|hr tcibc tfx`m rhhk }f co|h ig bfkkfg }co} }chy oh lfkxò}hm ig o ~f+koeh}

lorcifg #lf hsok~`h hrhobc ti}c kfh hdom }f koeh} ghhmr ogm oikigd o} r~ig+fllr 5

hbfgfkib igbhg}i|hr lf b`hog }hbcgf`fdihr 5 ~fkf}igd qxoì}y)'




Lidxh 2

HX Cfizfg}o` Igmxr}io` ^fìby ~f~frhm ig ?99=

^QFKF]H

IG]OGDIA@H

IG\HR]KHG]

MH\H@F^

IGMXR]QIO@

BFF^HQO]IFG

HGRXQH LOIQ

BFK^H]I]IFG

KFMHQGIZH

QF@H XA@IB

OX]CFQI]IHR

MQI\H: ‡ HX igmxr}y cor ik~f|hm i}r bfk~h}i}i|hghrr

‡ ax}… lobhr kfxg}igd ig}hgo}ifgo` bfk~h}i}ifghkhdhgbh fl }ch iglfko}ifg rfbih}y bfg}igxhm ghhmrig `hrr mh|h`f~hm hdifgr igomhqxo}h Hxf~hog

gh}tfer ogm mhkogm lf ig}ogdia`h ig|hr}khg}

^QIFQI]IHR Hxf~hog Iglfko}ifg Rfbih}y ob}ifg ~òg

lfx cfizfg}o` ~ifi}ihr #rhh ah`ft)

+ dhgho` rx~~f} lf ig}ogdia`hr ig

ig|hr}khg} #|io }os)+ hrhobc ti}c hdom

}f koeh} ghhmr %r~ig+fllr

+ ~fkf}igd o`ìogbhr+ ~fkf}igd qxoì}y+ ~fkf}igd b`hog

}hbcgf`fdihr ti}chbfgfkib igbhg}i|hr

+ igbf~fo}h

|fbo}ifgo` }oigigd igf}ch ~fìbihr

+ hkf|o` fl `hdo` &lirbo` far}ob`hr }f

igmxr}io` bff~ho}ifg+ lobiì}o}h #AB Gh})+ fxgm }oa`hr+ |oifxr bff~ho}ifg

rbchkhr lf bff~ho}ifg ti}cbfk~ogihr ig @o}ig

Okhibo KHMbfxg}ihr ogm Orio

+ hghdy , r}ogmomr

bff~ho}ifg ti}cBhg}o` Hxf~h

+ o ~fr}+Xxdxoy Qfxgm#HX) odhgmo fg

ig}hgo}ifgo`bfk~h}i}ifg x`hr

+ hgmhigd bfg}igdhgby ~f}hb}ifg ig HX }omh ~fìby kfh hllibihg}

+ r}ib}h , kfhbfchhg} HX r}o}h oimr

hdikh+ ~xrxigd }ch ig}hgo`

koeh} lf gh}tfe

igmxr}ihr

+ hdxò}fy hlfk+ dho}h rik~ìlibo}ifg

HX òtr #ò}h Kfì}f h~f} ogmR@IK)

+ ik~f|homkigir}o}i|hbff~ho}ifg ah}thhgKhkah R}o}hr ,

Bfkkirrifg #i'h'$bff~ho}i|hlhmhoìrk$)

+ r}hokìgigd HXigmxr}io` ~fìbymhbirifg+koeigd ig|oifxr Bfxgbi`r

Rfxqbh: BFK #9=) 2?9 fl ?= Rh~}hkah ?99= Gf}h: Cfizfg}o` or~hb}r fg`y

Or bfx`m ah hs~hb}hm di|hg o}' ?84 HB }ch HX `h|h` cor ì}}`h kfh }cog ~hrxorifg ogm

rfkh o}ch ìki}hm lxgmigd o|oiòa`h tchhor rh`hb}hm hrx`}r ti`` co|h }f bfkh lfk }ch

Khkah r}o}hr rxbc or }os }ho}khg} fl ig}ogdia`hr ogm hbfgfkib igbhg}i|h khorxhr

~fkf}igd b`hog }hbcgf`fdihr #ti}c ~frria`h hshk~}ifgr o} HX `h|h`)' Rfkh igi}io}i|hr rxbc

or qxoì}y #tcibc rcfx`m ah mi|hg ay koeh} igbhg}i|hr) |fbo}ifgo` }oigigd ogm axrighrr

o`ìogbhr oh koig`y o} }ch hg}h~irh `h|h`' Igmhhm o qxoì}y ~fìby o} }ch HX `h|h` tor

hrir}hm ò}h or igo~~f~io}h h|hg il |f`xg}oy bh}ilibo}ifg ogm }hr}igd oh #thoe`y)

hgbfxodhm |io HF]B' Fg o`ìogbhr }ch HX `h|h` toèr o }idc}f~h ah}thhg r}fgd ~fthr

mirbi~ìgigd igmi|imxo` #og}i+bfk~h}i}i|h) o`ìogbhr ogm rfl} gfg+ig}h|hg}ifgir}

hgbfxodhkhg} fl cidc+}hbc o`ìogbhr ig dhgho`'




]cir ir o`rf h|imhg} lfk }ch rhbfgm ~ifi}y tchh }ch HX `h|h` bog koig`y }y }f hkf|h

`hdo` ogm lirbo` aoihr }f $igmxr}io` bff~ho}ifg$ #tcibc hqxihr mihb}i|hr) ogm f}chtirh

ì}}`h kfh }cog hgbfxodhkhg} o $koiodh axhox $#ìeh ABgh}) ogm ob}i|h ìoirfg lxgb}ifgr

ig f}ch bfg}ighg}r xgmh }omh ogm bff~ho}ifg odhhkhg}r' ]ch }cim ~ifi}y #loi

bfk~h}i}ifg) ir hkoeoa`h ahboxrh i} ir koig`y oafx} o ~fr}+Xxdxoy odhgmo lf tf`mtimh

bfk~h}i}ifg x`hr o tirc khogtci`h hkf|hm lfk }ch Mfco odhgmo xgmh }ch ~hrrxh lfk

mh|h`f~igd bfxg}ihr' F}ch i}hkr rxbc or o r}ib}h ogm kfh bfchhg} r}o}h oim hdikh24

ogm

}ch ~xrxi} fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} lf gh}tfe igmxr}ihr co|h ahhg }oehg x~ ti}c |idfx ogm

kxbc cor ahhg obcih|hm ig }ch khog}ikh' ]ch mhrih }f hgmh bfg}igdhgby ~f}hb}ifg #rxbc

or og}i+mxk~igd) kfh hllibihg} rhhkr ahgidg ax} fgh bog ore qxhr}ifgr oafx} }ch $loi

bfk~h}i}ifg$ go}xh fl HX og}i+mxk~igd' I} cor fl}hg ahhg rxddhr}hm }co} o} `hor} ig ~o} HX

og}i+mxk~igd rh|hr or }ch òr} igr}ogbh fl ~f}hb}ifgir} ogm rh`hb}i|h igmxr}io` ~fìby #rhh

H|hgh}} ogm \hkx`r} 1>>8 lf o rx|hy)'

]ch lfx}c ~ifi}y #kfmhgizh ~xaìb ox}cfi}ihr) ir koig`y oafx} hdxò}fy rik~ìlibo}ifg

ogm hlfk tcibc cor dftg ig}f o kojf ~òge fl HX #ogm igbhorigd`y fl go}ifgo`) ~fìby

koeigd' ]ch ?99= Bfkkirrifg ~o~h og}ibi~o}hr }ch Kfì}f h~f} #?998) fg hdxò}fy

rik~ìlibo}ifg lf bfk~h}i}i|hghrr or th`` or }ch R@IK ~fdokkh #fg rik~ìlibo}ifg rhh

^hèkogr @oafy ogm Kojfgh 1>>> lf o bi}ibo` h|iht) igi}io}i|hr tcibc co|h rigbh ahhg

bfk~`h}h`y f|h}oehg ay o lo kfh ig}xri|h ogm afomh o~~fobc fl QIOr' ]ch ~xmhg} imho

fl r}hokìgigd igmxr}io` ~fìby mhbirifg koeigd cor rh|hm or o ~h`xmh lf }ch h|hg}xo`

khdh fl }ch Ig}hgo` koeh} igmxr}y ogm hrhobc Bfxgbi`r ti}c }ch Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr

Bfxgbi` o mhbomh ò}h'

]ch f|ho`` ik~hrrifg fl }ch ?99= Bfkkirrifg ~o~h ir }co} }ch HX tor r}i``

rhobcigd lf og hllhb}i|h bfkkfg o~~fobc ah}thhg }ch Khkah r}o}hr }ch HX `h|h` ogm HX

igmxr}y or }ch ~igbi~o` ob}f' ]ch cfizfg}o` o~~fobc fl 1>>= rxkkoizhm ig Lidxh = ir

mhligi}h`y timh ig rbf~h ogm o`kfr} bh}oig`y ah}}h hqxi~~hm ti}c imhor lxgmr ogm

#rfkh}ikhr) igr}xkhg}r' ]cir bfg}or} ir gf} }f ah ig}h~h}hm or }co} }chhlfh i} ir kfh

$hllhb}i|h $ ig obbfk~ìrcigd dfo`r f rfkhcft $ah}}h$' Rxbc og orrhrrkhg} ir |hy millibx`} }f

koeh di|hg }ch |or} ohor fl ob}i|i}ihr }ch bfgr}oig}r ig }hkr fl ~fthr r~hbilihm ig Lidxh

?' ogm }ch ~f}hg}io` f ob}xo` do~r ah}thhg }ch mhrihm hrx`}r ig ~fìbihr ogm }ch dhgxigh

ik~ob} fg Hxf~hog axrighrr' I} ir dffm }f rhh }ch koig horfgr lf }ch dho}h okai}ifg ig

cfizfg}o` HX igmxr}io` ~fìby ol}h }ch }xg fl }ch bhg}xy' ]ch igr}xkhg}o` horfgr igb`xmh

24Bfchhgbh hr~hbio``y ti}c r}xb}xo` ~fìby ogm ti}c bi}hio lf HX #or f~~frhm }f go}ifgo`) rxarimihr'



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' 2>

#o) òdh lxgmigd f|h }ikh lf hrhobc ogm lf }hbcgf`fdy ig }ch hr~hb}i|h lokhtfe

~fdokkhr 5 #a) o kfh xrhlx` bfk~fri}ifg fl }chrh lxgmr ti}c dho}h bfgbhg}o}ifg fg

lhth ohor ah}}h hs~`fi}o}ifg fl bfrr+afmh gh}tfeigd ogm }ch ìger ah}thhg hrhobchr&

hgdighhr ogm axrighrr r}o}hdir}r kfh ryr}hko}ibo``y ~xrxhm 5 #b) o lfbxr fg $com$

igr}xkhg}r tchh ~frria`h #}co} ir `hdo` f ligogbio` o}ch }cog }oèrcf~r)5 #m) og igbhorh ig

}ch lxgmr lf bfchrifg tcibc bog ah xrhm lf cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby #ogm fg`y rigbh }ch

hgòdhkhg} fl ? Koy 1>>= cor }chh ahhg o }cho} fl mhbìgh ~h bfxg}y&hdifg)' Ax} }chh

thh o`rf horfgr hkhdigd lfk }ch |hy }f~ fl Hxf~hog ~fì}ibr rxbc or }ch lho fl

mh`fboìzo}ifg f mh+igmxr}ioìzo}ifg #ig ~o}ibxò Bcigo ogm Igmio co|h gf} loi`hm }f `ho|h o

mhh~ ik~hrrifg fg ~fì}ibo` `homhr)' Og hs~ìbi} ~xaìb o~~ho` tor komh ay }chh `homigd

~ikh+kigir}hr #og igi}io}i|h fl Bcogbh``f Rbcfhmh) }f co|h kxbc kfh bfgbhg oafx} }ch

ik~ob} fg Hxf~hog igmxr}y tchg hdxò}igd f ig}h|hgigd o} HX `h|h`'

^faoa`y }ch dho}hr} mi|h lf o kfh oddhrri|h igmxr}io` ~fìby oirhr lfk }ch

lxr}o}ifg oafx} ~f`fgdhm |hy `ft dft}c ig Thr}hg Hxf~h rigbh ò}h 1>>? ogm }ch

cf~h`hrr loi`xh fl }ch @irafg ~fbhrr or lo or hbfgfkib ~hlfkogbh ir bfgbhghm #rhh Efe

h} o`' 1>>=)' Fgh bfx`m cfth|h odxh jxr} or th`` }co} di|hg rf kogy ~fthlx` mi|hr ogm

}ch ~hmibokhg} fl Hxf~h }ch igmxr}io` ~fìby ~f~frhm ir r}i`` }ff ì}}`h }ff ò}h'

Lidxh =:

HX Cfizfg}o` Igmxr}io` ^fìby ~f~frhm ig 1>>=

MQI\H: ‡ tfyigd bfkaigo}ifg fl #}ff) r`ft r}xb}xo` bcogdhogm rh`hb}i|h #ax} gf} dhgho`) $mh`fboìro}ifg$

‡ miro~~fig}igd HX ~hlfkogbh ig ~fmxb}i|i}y dft}c

hrhobc ogm iggf|o}ifg

‡ }ff thoe ire+}oeigd , hg}h~hghxrci~

‡ HX cor r}i`` orrh}r ogm kogy f~~f}xgi}ihr #h'd' ig}o+ aogbc)

‡ Hor}hg hgòdhkhg} hfdogizh |o`xh+bcoigr lf bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ogm dft}c

^QIFQI]IHR $ah}}h òt+koeigd$ o~~fobc bfkaigigd o

$mhh~h$ ig}hgo` koeh} ti}c o `fth hdxò}fy$axmhg$

$ig}hdo}hm o~~fobc$ }f bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ig 8 ohor#egft`hmdh }ch I'K' bfchrifg rxr}oigoa`h

mh|h`f~khg} tf`mtimh mikhgrifg)



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' 2?

!AH]]HQ HX @OT+KOEIGD! IG]HDQO]HM #KX@]I+^F@IBY)

O^^QFOBC BFK^H]I]I\HGHRR+ IK ogm fgh+r}f~+rcf~ hdxò}ifgr ahghli} igmxr}y ~xrxh

+ QIOr+ o`}hgo}i|h kh}cfmr }f hdxò}h+ o lhrc `ffe o} bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ik~ob} fl hsir}igd

obqxir+ |hily bxkxò}i|h hllhb}r fl hdxò}ifg

+ Hxf~hog Qhrhobc Oho #I'K' lf Q , M)#kfh lxgmigd h|hrigd aoig+moig ah}}h lokhtfe bfgmi}ifgr lf axrighrr Q , M)

+ Iggf|o}ifg ~fìby#axrighrr+mi|hg millxrifg lxgmr iggf|o}ifgryr}hkr)

+ cxkog bo~i}o` , rei``r+ bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby lf iggf|o}ifg , }hbc }ogrlh

ogm ght khdh bfg}f` #ti}c $hllibihgby }hr}$)

+ mhh~hgigd & timhgigd ig}hgo` koeh}#rh|ibhr r}ogmomr ligogbio` koeh}r bfk~ogyòt lirbo`)

+ bfchrifg & igmxr}io` b`xr}hr ]HGr+ igbhg}i|hr lf $dhhg axrighrr$ b`hog hghdy & }hbc+ lobiì}o}igd obbhrr+}f+koeh}r fx}rimh }ch HX

#tf`mtimh5 Ghidcafcffm r}o}hdy)

Rfxqbh: BFK #1>>=) 14= fl 1> O~i` 1>>= Gf}hr: Cfizfg}o` or~hb}r fg`y 5 I'K' ; ig}hgo` koeh}

Lidxh = ~hrhg}r }ch mi|hr or rh} fx} ig }ch Bfkkirrifg ~f~fro`' Fgh bog o~~hbio}h

}co} }ch Bfkkirrifg bfg|igbigd`y odxhr odoigr} o mffk rbhgoif fl mh`fboìzo}ifg ogm

xgmhìghr }co} ho``fbo}ifg fl ~fmxb}i|h lob}fr ogm r}xb}xo` bcogdh kfh dhgho``y oh

igh|i}oa`h ~fbhrrhr #lf ~fmxb}i|i}y }hgmr }f df x~) tcibc rcfx`m gf} ah hrir}hm' Cfth|h

i}r ogo`yrir rcftr }co} o }ff r`ft r}xb}xo` bcogdh bfkaighm ti}c rh`hb}i|h mh`fboìzo}ifg iro khgobh }f Hxf~h$r hbf|hy ogm dft}c }hgm' ]ch Bfkkirrifg ir idc} ig hk~corizigd }ch

~fa`hk fl }ff thoe ire }oeigd ogm hg}h~hghxrci~ ax} rx~irigd`y gftchh ig }ch ~o~h

ir i}r igi}io}i|h fg $Hg}h~hghxrci~ ig Hxf~h$ h|hg khg}ifghm'23 Fl bfxrh i} ir

hsbh~}ifgo``y millibx`} }f igl`xhgbh mhh~+rho}hm igciai}ifgr odoigr} ire+}oeigd ig Hxf~h ax}

af}c }ch ìki}hm ik~ob} lfk }oeigd aoihr otoy lf RKHr ogm mh gxf|f bfk~ogihr ogm }ch

igrir}hgbh }co} ire }oeigd ah htomhm ogm gf} mirbfxodhm ir xgmfxa}hm`y tf}c igb`xmigd ig

i}r cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby' Lf}xgo}h`y }ch mi|hr ig Lidxh = o`rf igb`xmhr f~~f}xgi}ihr

gf} `hor} }ch Hor}hg hgòdhkhg}' Cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby ir gftomoyr aorhm fg tco} ir

bo``hm og $ig}hdo}hm$ #obfrr o ogdh fl ~fìbihr) o~~fobc }f bfk~h}i}i|hghrr'29 ]cxr }ch

lfbxr fg fg`y }tf ~ifi}ihr ir o ì}}`h kir`homigd o`}cfxdc }chh ir gf mhgyigd }co} kogy fl

}chrh ~fìbihr oh hò}hm'

23 BFK#1>>2) 14 fl ?8 Jog' 1>>2 Dhhg ~o~h Hg}h~hghxrci~ ig Hxf~h 5 BFK#1>>=) 4> fl ?? Lha'

1>>= Ob}ifg ~òg : }ch Hxf~hog odhgmo lf hg}h~hghxrci~'29 Rhh o`rf BFK #1>>2)4>= fl 1? Gf|' 1>>2 Rfkh ehy irrxhr ig Hxf~h$r bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ‒ }ftomr ogig}hdo}hm o~~fobc'




]ch lir} ~ifi}y $ah}}h òtkoeigd$ dfhr ahyfgm igmxr}y o`fgh fl bfxrh' Cfth|h

rigbh kxbc fl }ch obqxir bog ah lfxgm ig }ch oho fl dffmr hdxò}ifg fbbx~o}ifgo` cho`}c ogm

rolh}y ogm hg|ifgkhg} ollhb}igd igmxr}y mihb}`y Hxf~hog igmxr}y hdomr o `fth

hdxò}fy axmhg or o cogmkoimhg }f bfk~h}i}i|hghrr' ]ch qxhr}ifg ir ho``y tch}ch }ch HX

bog mho` ti}c koeh} loi`xhr ig o `hor}+bfr} lorcifg ti}cfx} bfk~fkirigd }ch fajhb}i|hr'

Rigbh }chrh fdogr oh }ch rx~hkh ~fì}ibo` fdogr ig }ch HX i} rhhkr com }f ikodigh }co}

}chy ti`` obbh~} rxbc rh`l mirbi~ìgh o`` }ch }ikh' Kfhf|h o dffm mho` fl ~f}hg}io` hsbhrr

axmhgr kidc} th`` oirh lfk }ch mh}oi`hm ik~`hkhg}o}ifg ogm }cir bog mh~hgm fg tco}

Khkah r}o}hr mf ig }ch }ogr~fri}ifg ~fbhrr f tco} $bfki}f`fdy$ #}ch HX & Khkah r}o}hr

}hbcgibo` bfkki}}hhr mhoìgd ti}c ik~`hkhg}o}ifg f h|irifgr og igr}ogbh fl $bff~ho}i|h

lhmhoìrk$) f }ch Bfkkirrifg mhbimhr ig }ch lf``ft+x~ fl ~fì}ibo` mhbirifgr' Ol}h kfh

}cog o mhbomh fl to|higd }ch HX cor ligo``y ig}fmxbhm QIOr lf o`` ~f~fro`r f

okhgmkhg}r fl o gfg+}i|io` bcoob}h =>

' Mh}oi`hm kogxo`r=?

co|h khogtci`h ahhg

mh|h`f~hm ogm oh bfk~x`rfy lf ig}hgo` QIO ~h~oo}ifg fl }ch Bfkkirrifg' Okozigd`y

og ig}higr}i}x}ifgo` odhhkhg} ah}thhg }ch H^ }ch Bfxgbi` ogm }ch Bfkkirrifg hs}hgmr }ch

QIO ~fbhrr }f o`` kojf okhgmkhg}r fl Bfkkirrifg ~f~fro`r ig }ch ~fbhrr fl omf~}igd HX

`hdirò}ifg' ]cir bco~}h ir gf} }ch ~òbh }f orrhrr }ch QIO o~~fobc ogm i}r hllhb}i|hghrr lf

}ch HX ~xaìb ig}hhr} #ax} rhh Qomoh`ì 1>>2 ogm Qhgmo 1>>< lf igr}ogbh)' I} ir o`rf }ff

ho`y }f orrhrr tch}ch }ch $hdxò}fy axmhg$ lf Hxf~hog igmxr}y ir ìeh`y }f df mftg or o

hrx`} fl }chrh igi}io}i|hr' Fgh rcfx`m gf} lfdh} }co} }chh koy th`` ah jxr}ilioa`h horfgr lf

}cfrh axmhgr il koeh} loi`xhr co|h }f ah f|hbfkh' ]ch hk~iibo` irrxh ir o}ch tch}ch

Hxf~hog igmxr}y ir xgmx`y axmhghm ahboxrh ig}h|hg}ifgr oh gf} aorhm fg koeh} loi`xhr

f gf} fg th``+mhlighm fajhb}i|hr f hg}oi` cidch bfr}r }cog ahghli}r lf rfbih}y #chgbh o

hdxò}fy loi`xh h~òbhr o koeh} loi`xh) f ahboxrh bfr}r fl x`hr oh mir~f~f}ifgo}h

h|hg il }ch gh} rfbio` ahghli} ir ~fri}i|h' ]ch aiddhr} borh rf lo #fg QHOBC }ch ght

bchkibo`r hdxò}fy hdikh) rcftr cft bfk~`hs rxbc orrhrrkhg}r oh ìeh`y }f ah

#^hèkogr 1>>8+a)' I} ir gh|h}ch`hrr ~fdhrr }co} }chrh irrxhr oh gft rqxoh`y lobhm ig }ch

Xgifg ogm }cxr bog o} `hor} ~h+hk~} }xh hsbhrrhr tci`h lfbigd ~fì}ibo` mhbirifg+koehr }f

ah b`ho ogm obbfxg}oa`h lf }ch bcfibhr }chy koeh' ]ch r}o}xr fl }ch f}ch }tf i}hkr #ik~ob}

fl }ch hsir}igd obqxir ogm }ch ~fa`hk fl $bxkxò}i|h ik~ob}$) ir kxbc `hrr b`ho' ]chy ~fk~}

=>

Rhh BFK#1>>1) 14< fl 8 Jxgh 1>>1 fg QIO ~fìby ogm kh}cfmf`fdy ogm BFK #1>>8) 94 fl ?< Kobc1>>8 Ah}}h hdxò}ifg lf dft}c ogm jfar ig }ch HX'

=?]ch ò}hr} |hrifg ir RHB#1>>8) 49? fl ?8 Jxgh 1>>8 Ik~ob} Orrhrrkhg} Dximhìghrnn




òdh qxhr}ifgkoer ahboxrh ay mhligi}ifg }chrh oh lo kfh rhgri}i|h r}i`` ogm igh|i}oa`y

ti`` }oeh o mhbomh f kfh }f }obe`h ro}irlob}fi`y'

]ch kx`}i+~fìby o~~fobc }f bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ir ibc ogm ah}}h hgmfthm ti}c hrfxbhr ogm

~fthr }cog tor ~frria`h }hg yhor odf' H|hy rigd`h i}hk fl }ch ìr} xgmh }cir chomigd ig

Lidxh = ir tf}c o bco~}h ig }ch ~hrhg} |f`xkh' ]ch lf``ftigd bog ah gf kfh }cog o lht

aihl oggf}o}ifgr lf }ch dximogbh fl }ch homh' Th rco`` ìki} fxrh`|hr }f }chh ohor :

hrhobc iggf|o}ifg ogm cxkog bo~i}o`'

]ch Hxf~hog Qhrhobc Oho cor hkhdhm lfk }ch @irafg ~fbhrr’r hqxihkhg} }co}

~xaìb ogm ~i|o}h Q,M ig }ch HX rcfx`m ah ~xrchm x~ lfk ?'9 ~h bhg} #ig 1>>?) }f 2 ~h

bhg} fl DM^' H|hg kfh }cog ~xaìb Q,M i} ir axrighrr Q,M ig Hxf~h tcibc ir òddigd

ahcigm }ch XRO ogm Jo~og'=1 ]ch rxarhqxhg} ob}ifg ~òg=2 hg|irodhm }chh ìghr fl ~fìby :

ik~f|igd }ch hllhb}i|hghrr fl ~xaìb rx~~f} lf hrhobc hmihb}igd ~xaìb axmdh}r }ftomr

Q,M ogm ik~f|igd }ch lokhtfe bfgmi}ifgr lf hrhobc' Lf }ch lir} ìgh }ch rf+bo``hm

$f~hg ~fbhrr fl bffmigo}ifg$ ig }ch @irafg lokhtfe tor x}iìzhm tcibc ir fl mfxa}lx`

x}iì}y }f ~x} i} ki`m`y #lf igr}ogbh ^hèkogr ogm Borhy 1>>=)' ]ch Ro~i h~f} #Ro~i h} o`'

1>>2) r}hrrhm }ch bxhg} o|fimogbh o}ch }cog }ch rhobc lf hsbh``hgbh ogm hbfkkhgmhm

o Hxf~hog Qhrhobc Bfxgbi` aorhm fg }ch bfk~h}i}i|h kfmh` fl }ch XRO' Ax} rigbh }ch axè

fl ~xaìb kfghy lf Q,M ir go}ifgo` ig }ch HX #rfkh 9= ~h bhg}) i} tfx`m fg`y ch`~ il o

dffm mho` fl }cir go}ifgo` kfghy tor o`rf rxajhb}hm }f bfk~h}i}ifg ogm ~hh h|iht fg o

Hxf~hog aorir' Qhmihb}igd ~xaìb kfghy }ftomr Q,M ir o`toyr }fxdc ax} ~o}ibxò`y rf

tchg axmdh} bfgr}oig}r oh }idc} ig o ~hifm fl |hy `ft dft}c' O} HX `h|h` hbfgfkir}r

co|h rxddhr}hm o omibo` rti}bc otoy lfk odibx`}xo` rx~~f} }f Q,M == ax} }cir ir lihbh`y

hrir}hm' ]ch lokhtfe lf hrhobc cor h|hy}cigd }f mf ti}c }ch f|ho`` ~fr~hb}r lf }f~

qxoì}y axrighrr ogm obomhkib hrhobc ig }ch Xgifg ogm ti}c }ch kf}i|hr ahcigm }ch aoig

moig fl kogy }cfxrogmr fl hrhobchr }ftomr }ch XRO' ]chrh irrxhr }ff `fgd mirhdomhm

ig }ch Xgifg oh gft log}ibo``y r}xmihm ogm }ch mhao}h ir o} òr} ahdiggigd }f ah `hm ay

`homigd hrhobchr }chkrh`|hr'=8

Cfth|h }ch igciai}ifgr oh mhh~+rho}hm ig obomhkib

Hxf~h ogm bohh ~fr~hb}r rxr}oighm lxgmigd fl aorib hrhobc ogm o ogdh fl f}ch

~fa`hkr ti`` co|h }f ah ommhrrhm ig o bfg|igbigd lorcifg'

=1 Rhh h'd' BFK#1>>1) =99 fl ?? Rh~}' 1>>1 Kfh hrhobc lf Hxf~h: }ftomr 2 ~h bhg} fl DM^'=2

Rhh BFK#1>>2) 11< fl = Jxgh 1>>2 Ig|hr}igd ig hrhobc: og ob}ifg ~òg lf Hxf~h'== Ro~i h} o` 1>>2 5 Dfr ogm Kibfrri 1>>8'=8

Rhh h'd' Cidc @h|h` Hs~h} dfx~ 1>>8 Lfg}ih Qhrhobc }ch Hxf~hog Bco``hgdh Axrrh`r Hxf~hogBfkkirrifg MD Qhrhobc 5 HIQFlfxk 1>>8 ]ftomr o Hxf~h fl Egft`hmdh ogm Iggf|o}ifg |ioc}}~:&&ttt'hiflfxk'fd&hlobci|hr&hlrbihgbh~fìby>8'~ml '

http://www.eiroforum.org/efarchives/efsciencepolicy05.pdf

http://www.eiroforum.org/efarchives/efsciencepolicy05.pdf



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' 2=

]ch Xgifg cor `fgd ahhg bfgbhghm oafx} Hxf~h$r igbo~obi}y }f }ogrlfk ig|hg}ifgr

ig}f iggf|o}ifgr' Ax} ì}}`h kfh cor ahhg mfgh }cog $~fìby ay r~hhbc$' ]cir cor bcogdhm rigbh

}ch ahdiggigd fl }ch 1?r} bhg}xy'=<

Ol}h }ch Aobh`fgo Hxf~hog Bfxgbi` fl Kobc 1>>1

kfr}`y mh|f}hm }f og obbh`ho}ifg fl }ch @irafg ~fbhrr o rhihr fl ig}io}i|hr thh xgmh}oehg

rxbc or }ch Hxf~hog Iggf|o}ifg Rbfhafom=4

ogm o ght HX o~~fobc'=3

]ch $f~hg kh}cfm

fl bffmigo}ifg$ o~~fobc okfgd }ch Khkah r}o}hr tcibc okfxg}r }f ahgbckoeigd ogm

`hogigd lfk fgh ogf}ch$r iggf|o}ifg ryr}hkr ahbokh kfh r}xb}xhm'=9

Lf }ch khmixk

}hk }ch iggf|o}ifg ob}i|i}ihr oh dfigd }f ah ig}hgrilihm ogm b`frh`y ìgehm ti}c }ch ~fìbihr

}f lfr}h $hg}h~hghxrci~$ ig Hxf~h' Or ~o} fl }ch khmixk+xg HX axmdh} ~f~fro`r lf

1>>4 ‒ 1>?2 #}ch rf+bo``hm HX Ligogbio` ^hr~hb}i|hr rh}}igd hs~hgmi}xh bhiìgdr lf o

~hifm fl rh|hg yhor ti}c }ch ~x~frh fl ~h+hk~}igd oggxo` axmdh} ao}}`hr ah}thhg }ch

Khkah r}o}hr f ah}thhg }ch Bfxgbi` ogm }ch H^) }ch Bfkkirrifg ~f~frhm o

Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ogm Iggf|o}ifg ~fdokkh fgh rxa~fdokkh ahigd }co} fg

Hg}h~hghxrci~ ogm Iggf|o}ifg8>

' O kojf ~òge fl }cir rxa~fdokkh ir rx~~f} lf

yfxgd iggf|o}i|h RKHr ig Hxf~h ig ~o}ibxò or }f ik~f|igd obbhrr }f r}o}+x~ ligogbh' I}

ir ch`m }co} Hxf~hog bo~i}o` koeh}r oh }ff ire+o|hrh ogm bfk~ogihr ti}cfx} og

hr}oaìrchm h~x}o}ifg ogm ti}c cidc+ire ig|hr}khg} ghhmr }hgm }f ah `fbehm fx}' O`homy

rigbh 1>>> }ch HX cor xg o Qire Bo~i}o` ~fdokkh }f ~fkf}h ogm bfk~`hkhg} |hg}xh

bo~i}o` ob}i|i}ihr' Ig }chrh ght ~f~fro`r lfx ligogbio` igr}xkhg}r tfx`m ah hr}oaìrchm :

|hg}xh bo~i}o` rx~~f} lf iggf|o}i|h RKHr ig }chi ho`y r}odh or th`` or ig }chi hs~ogrifg

r}odh dxoog}hhr ogm bfxg}hdoog}hhr lf RKH `fogr ogm bo~obi}y axi`migd' Moigd`y }ch

ik~ob} orrhrrkhg} rxddhr}r }ch hllhb} fg jfa bho}ifg kidc} ah or cidc or gho`y =>>>>> jfar

o`}cfxdc }ch ogo`y}ibo` aorir lf }cir r}o}hkhg} ir gf} ~f|imhm' I} ir dffm }f rhh }co} }cir ght

rxa~fdokkh o`rf xgmh}oehr o ogdh fl cfizfg}o` ob}i|i}ihr tcibc co|h }f mf ti}c

$iggf|o}ifg df|hgogbh ogm bx`}xh$'

=< Rigbh o} `hor} o mhbomh }ch HX ir ob}i|h`y ig}hhr}hm ig r}ikxò}igd iggf|o}ifg' I} ir r}fgd`y hk~corizhm ig

}ch @irafg r}o}hdy' ]ch }hs} ti`` fg`y aihl`y ~fig} }f hbhg} igi}io}i|hr ogm o}}hk~}r }f khxrxhik~f|hkhg}r or bfgbh}h`y or ~frria`h'

=4Lf igr}ogbh rhh RHB #1>>2) ?188 fl ?> Gf|' 1>>2 1>>2 Hxf~hog Iggf|o}ifg Rbfhafom'

=3 BFK#1>>2)??1 fl ?? Kobc 1>>2 Iggf|o}ifg ~fìby: x~mo}igd }ch Xgifg$r o~~fobc ig }ch bfg}hs} fl }ch@irafg r}o}hdy'

=9 Rhh MD Hg}h~irh 1>>= Iggf|o}ifg ~fìby ig Hxf~h 1>>= ]hgmBco} |io ttt'bfmir'`x&}hgmbco}

bfk~irigd og hòafo}h bfk~oirfg fl }ch go}ifgo` iggf|o}ifg ryr}hkr ogm }ch `hrrfgr fgh kidc} `hog lfki}'

8>

BFK#1>>8) ?1? fl < O~i` 1>>8 ^f~fro` lf o mhbirifg'' #h}b') hr}oaìrcigd o Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ogmIggf|o}ifg Lokhtfe ~fdokkh #1>>4 ‒ 1>?2) o`rf RHB #1>>8) =22 ~`xr og Ogghshm BfkkirrifgR}oll Tfeigd Mfbxkhg} ~f|imigd og Ik~ob} Orrhrrkhg}'

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]ch hk~corir fg cxkog bo~i}o` ogm rei``r ir fl bfxrh ogf}ch |hy afom #ogm gf}

rf`h`y igmxr}io`) oho fl o}}hg}ifg' I}r ik~f}ogbh lf iggf|o}ifg ogm dft}c ir th`` egftg

8?' ]ch HX `h|h` cor fg`y |hy ìki}hm bfk~h}hgbhr chh or }cir ir o go}ifgo` #ogm o} }ikhr

hdifgo`) ~fth ~o hsbh``hgbh' ]ch afom rbf~h or th`` or mhh~ bfgbhgr oafx} thoehgigd

hmxbo}ifgo` ~hlfkogbh ogm ìlh`fgd `hogigd ig Hxf~h cor ~fk~}hm }ch @irafg ~fbhrr }f

di|h i} ~ifi}y' Rigbh }ch @irafg ~fbhrr ir Khkah r}o}hr mi|hg }chh ir gf bfglìb} ti}c

rxarimioi}y' Ax} i} o`rf khogr }co} }ch hrx`}r oh xgbh}oig ogm mir~oo}h f|h }ch Xgifg'

Cxkog bo~i}o` ogm rei``r o} HX `h|h` oh kfh o mhi|o}i|h fl hk~`fykhg} ~fìby ogm fl

bfrr+kido}ifg irrxhr }cog fl igmxr}io` ~fìby h|hg il }ch bfgbhgr òdh`y f|hò~' Ig }ch

Efe 1>>2 h~f} 81 fg Hxf~hog hk~`fykhg} ~fìbihr o rh~oo}h bco~}h ir mh|f}hm }f kfh

ig|hr}khg} ig cxkog bo~i}o` ogm ìlh`fgd `hogigd' Rikiò`y ig }ch Hxf~hog Hk~`fykhg}

R}o}hdy82

i} ~òyr o f`h ti}c r~hbilib qxog}i}o}i|h igmibo}fr or ig}hik }odh}r' Tchh i}

bfkhr }f bfrr+afmh kido}ifg }ch HX `h|h` ir kfh o~~f~io}h ogm hbhg} ob}i|i}y cor

ahhg bfkkhgmoa`h8=

]ch @irafg ~fbhrr cor o`rf ommhrrhm kfh dhgho``y }ch qxhr}ifg fl

egft`hmdh ~fkf}ifg fg o Hxf~hog rbo`h ogm fl qxoì}y orrhrrkhg} ig cidch hmxbo}ifg'

]cir ahdog ig hoghr} ti}c }ch $Hmxbo}ifg ogm }oigigd 1>?>! ~fdokkh88' O} Xgi|hri}y

`h|h` }ch igi}io` hrh|o}ifgr tfx`m rhhk }f co|h hmxbhm ogm rh|ho` ig}io}i|hr ay }ch

Bfkkirrifg ogm }ch xgi|hri}ihr }chkrh`|hr ig 1>>8 koy koeh o kfh Hxf~hog o~~fobc

ahò}hm or i} ir kfh hllhb}i|h' 8< ]ch ifgy fl Hxf~h }oeigd gf `hrr }cog 8> yhor ol}h }ch

8? Og ig}hhr}igd i``xr}o}ifg ir di|hg ay o Afs ig }ch Ro~i h~f} aorhm fg xg~xaìrchm tfe lfk ^ciì~~hOdcifg rcftigd }ch dftigd ik~f}ogbh fl cxkog bo~i}o` lf iggf|o}ifg o} }ch ~fmxb}i|i}y lfg}ih' Lf af}c }f}o` lob}f ~fmxb}i|i}y ogm òafx ~fmxb}i|i}y }ch hdhrrifg fl }ch ig}hob}ifg ah}thhg mir}ogbh }f}ch }hbcgf`fdibo` lfg}ih ogm rei``hm òafx ir ~fri}i|h ogm ridgilibog}' Rhh Ro~i h} o` 1>>2 f~' bi}' ~'22

81 Efe h} o`' 1>>2 Jfar jfar jfar bho}igd kfh hk~`fykhg} ig Hxf~h Axrrh`r Gf|hkah[82

Hxf~hog Bfkkirrifg 1>>= Kfh ogm ah}}h jfar lf o`` Axrrh`r Jogxoy ogm }ch Bfxgbi` Mhbirifg1>>2&843 fl 11 Jx`y 1>>2 fg Dximhìghr lf }ch hk~`fykhg} ~fìbihr fl }ch Khkah r}o}hr i}hk = tcibcxgmhìhr i} [

8= Rhh }ch Ob}ifg ^òg fg Rei``r ogm Kfaiì}y BFK #1>>1) 41 5 }ch hlfk fl }ch HXQHR ryr}hk fg jfa

|o|ogbihr #rhh Bfkkirrifg mhbirifg 1>>2&3 fl 12 Mhbhkah 1>>1 ig Fllibio` Jfxgo` HB @ 8 & ?< fl ?>Jogxoy 1>>2 5 }ch kogy bo``r lf r}xmhg} kfaiì}y ogm }ch |oifxr ~fdokkhr }ch Bfkkirrifg corxgmh}oehg rigbh ?934 }f ~fkf}h bfrr+afmh r}xmhg} hsbcogdh rxbc or !Horkxr! h}b' 5 i}r o}}hk~}r }f

r}ikxò}h hrhobchr$ kfaiì}y f|h lfg}ihr rhh BFK #1>>?) 22? fl 1< Jxgh 1>>? fg Kfaiì}y ti}cig }chHxf~hog hrhobc Oho 5 i}r box}ifxr rx~~f} fl }ch rf+bo``hm Af`fdgo ~fbhrr tcibc ir ig}hdf|hgkhg}oògm ig|f`|hr gfg+HX bfxg}ihr or th`` ax} bog ah ch`~lx` ig }ch `fgdh xg }f lobiì}o}h }ogr~ohgby oafx}go}ifgo` obomhkib mhdhhr ogm rcfx`m ‒ bh}hir ~oiaxr ‒ `fth bfgrimhoa`y }ch }ogrob}ifg ogm iglfko}ifgbfr}r lf bfrr+afmh kfaiì}y fl r}xmhg}r ogm domxo}hr' Ig ommi}ifg i} cor }ch om|og}odh fl koeigd i}horih lf Oriog ogm Okhibog r}xmhg}r }f bfkh }f Hxf~h ogm lf kx`}igo}ifgo`r }f bfk~hchgm Hxf~hogmhdhhr' ]ch mh}oi`r fl }ch Af`fdgo ~fbhrr mf ko}}h cfth|h ogm kirdi|igdr oafxgm ig Hxf~h oafx} }ch

ire fl `fthigd qxoì}y f mi`x}igd bh}oig kor}h$r mhdhhr' Lf kx}xo` hbfdgi}ifg }f tfe ig ob}xo` ~ob}ibh cfth|h rfkh khorxh fl bfk~ooaiì}y ogm rik~ìbi}y f|h o bfg}ighg} fl kfh }cog => bfxg}ihrir aom`y ghhmhm' ['

88

Rhh }ch Ig}hik h~f} ig BFK#1>>2) <38 fl ?? Gf|' 1>>2'8< Rhh BFK #1>>8) 83 fl 8 Lha' 1>>8 ]ch f`h fl }ch xgi|hri}ihr ig }ch Hxf~h fl egft`hmdh 5 BFK #1>>8)?81 fl 1> O~i` 1>>8 Kfaiìrigd aoig ~fth fl Hxf~h hgoaìgd xgi|hri}ihr }f koeh }chi lx``



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' 2<

Khrrigo mhbòo}ifg fl Koy ?988 tcibc ahdog }ch ‛hòxgbc! fl Hxf~hog ig}hdo}ifg

bx`kigo}igd ig }ch HHB }ho}y ig ?984 }f bfkh }f }hkr ti}c }ch imho fl Hxf~h+timh rhobc

lf hsbh``hgbh ogm bfk~h}i}ifg o} ig}hbfg}ighg}o` `h|h` ir ~o}ibxò`y dho}' Ig Khrrigo }ch

lfhidg kigir}hr bo``hm lf o Hxf~hog }f~ xgi|hri}y }f ~h+hk~} o aoig moig fl }ch lighr}

Hxf~hog kigmr }f }ch XRO' Rxarhqxhg}`y ghdf}io}ifgr }ffe ?4 yhor oikigd hrrhg}io``y o}

~h|hg}igd o Hxf~hog !Co|om! }f bfkigd ig}f ahigd rf`h`y ahboxrh }ch hì}h b`xa fl }ch

f`mhr} xgi|hri}ihr mim gf} obbh~} }ch hkhdhgbh fl o ~frria`y rx~hif bfk~h}i}f'84

Lf o

h|hro` fl }ch bxhg} aoig moig }f }ch XRO cfth|h kxbc ti`` co|h }f ah lxgmokhg}o``y

hlfkhm ig Hxf~h'

]ch f}ch lfx ohor khg}ifghm ig }ch idc}&af}}fk bf`xkg fl Lidxh = oh ig lob} f}ch

~fìby ohor ti}c og ig}hlobh ti}c igmxr}io` ~fìby: or~hb}r fl HX bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby lx}ch

mhh~hgigd fl }ch ig}hgo` koeh} bfchrifg ogm qxhr}ifgr fl obbhrr }f }cim koeh}r' ]cir

}hr}ilihr }f }ch igbhmia`h rbf~h ogm bfk~`hsi}y fl cfizfg}o` igmxr}io` ~fìby' O} }ikhr i} ir

kfh igridc}lx` }f bo`` }cir o~~fobc }ch bfgr}og} o}}hg}ifg }f f~~f}xgi}ihr ogm irer lf

igmxr}y ig Hxf~h tchg i} bfkhr }f f}chq HX ~fìbihr ogm r}o}hdihr o}ch }cog o ~fìby fl

i}r ftg'

8' Rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib Hxf~hog igmxr}io` ~fìby

Rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìby fl }ch f`m moyr cor òdh`y miro~~hohm' Ig }cir rhgrh

}ch rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìby fl }ch HX cor kfmhgizhm ogm ahbfkh lo kfh

kfmhr}' Rhb}fo` ig}h|hg}ifgr oh ìki}hm }f o lht hkgog}r fl }ch ~or} #rxbc or ìgdhigd ax}

mtigmìgd rxarimihr ig bfo`5 ~hco~r }ch Q,M rx~~f} lf Oiaxr xgmh }ch $Bfkkxgi}y

ig}hhr}$ bòxrh #o}' 34' 2'a' HB) ogm rfkh hkoigigd rxarimihr ig rci~axi`migd5 o cogmlx` fl

kfh hs~ìbi} lfkr fl igmxr}io` ~f}hb}ifg |io }omh ~fìby rxbc or o lht qxf}or ig r}hh` ogm

o`xkigixk odoigr} rfkh lfkh XRRQ h~xaìbr)' O`` fl }chrh oh go}ifgo` hsbh~} }ch qxf}orti}c }ch Bfkkirrifg hshbirigd rx~h|irifg ogm fg }ch toy fx} rfkh lor}h }cog f}chr'

Kfmhg HX r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìby bog co|h o rhb}fo` ròg} ax} fg`y ig o gfg+

ig}h|hg}ifgir} toy' Rigbh ?99? rhb}fo` Bfkkirrifg ~o~hr }y~ibo``y rbog o`` ik~ob}r fl HX

~fìbihr ogm x`hr #f igmhhm lhh kf|hkhg} ogm }ch hr}) bfgrimh tco} om|hrh ik~ob} bog

ah h|hrhm ogm tco} ahghlibio` hllhb}r kidc} ah ok~ìlihm bfgmxb} jfig} r}xmihr fg

bfg}iax}ifgr }f }ch @irafg r}o}hdy 5 Hxf~hog Xgi|hri}y Orrfbio}ifg 1>>8 Dòrdft Mhbòo}ifg R}fgdxgi|hri}ihr lf o r}fgd Hxf~h Axrrh`r O~i`

84]ch Hxf~hog Xgi|hri}y Igr}i}x}h tor }ch hrx`} ogm r}o}hm lfko``y ig ?941 #mh lob}f ig ?948) ig L`fhgbh'




bfk~h}i}i|h ~fri}ifgigd ogm #koy) rhobc lf Q,M h`hkhg}r tcibc }ch HX bfx`m xrhlx``y

rx~~f}' ]cir loi`y bfgrir}hg} o~~fobc ir }ch bfxg}h~o} fl }ch lfbxr fg cfizfg}o` ~fìby

ogm }ch hìogbh fg }ch f|ho`` HX lokhtfe' I} ir xgmfxa}hm`y o ridgilibog} ik~f|hkhg} fg

~f}hb}ifgir} om cfb ~fì}ibizhm f og}i+omjxr}khg} ig}h|hg}ifgr f ~òig go}ifgoìrk' ]tf

ogm o co`l mhbomhr odf og hg}ih ogdh fl rhb}fr tor rxajhb} }f rhb}fo` Hxf~hog igmxr}io`

~fìby fl }ch f`m |oih}y ig fgh toy f ogf}ch |io }ch hòsigd fl r}o}h oim rx~h|irifg

hs~ìbi} #fl}hg –dhy’) ~f}hb}ifgirk r~hbio` hdxò}ifgr og}i+mxk~igd ogm rf fg' Ofxgm

?93> }ch ogdh bokh }f igb`xmh bor oibol} rci~axi`migd bfo` r}hh` }hs}i`hr ogm b`f}cigd

oi`toy f`ìgd r}fbe }h`hbfkr hqxi~khg} bfgrxkh h`hb}fgibr ogm rf fg' îbeigd tigghr

}ffe ~òbh or th`` ig fl}hg igdhgifxr toyr'

Gftomoyr tci`h rxbc aom ~fìby koeigd ir o|fimhm i} ir gf} rf hory }f ligm fx}

tch}ch dffm ~fìby cor }oehg i}r ~òbh' Dffm igmxr}io` ~fìby kidc} ah |hilihm or

bfhb}igd f ik~f|igd x~fg koeh} lxgb}ifgigd ig ~o}ibxò mygokib hllibihgby ogm or

ahigd `hor}+bfr}' ]ch ~hrhg} bco~}h boggf} df ig}f }ch gxkhfxr rhb}fo` ~fìby ~o~hr }ch

Bfkkirrifg cor ~xaìrchm rigbh ?99?5 i} tfx`m ah }ff hgbyb`f~ohmib ogm i} tfx`m ah

ik~frria`h }f mf jxr}ibh }f r~hbioìzhm ogm xrhlx` ogo`yrhr' Kogy rhb}fr co|h ahhg rxajhb} }f

rxbc afom`y hgbfxodigd ax} òdh`y gfg+ig}h|hg}ifgir} $~fìbihr$ aorhm fg r~hbioìzhm r}xmy

dfx~r ogm Cidc @h|h` ~ogh`r ogm ti}c timh bfgrx`}o}ifg fl }ch rhb}fr ig|f`|hm' Hsok~`hr

igb`xmh }hs}i`hr ogm b`f}cigd bor }oigr #af}c lf ght }hbcgf`fdy ogm lf ig}hf~hoaiì}y

~x~frhr) oibol} ght ko}hio`r ìeh $ght bhokibr $ ogm rx~hcom liahr bchkibo`r

#bx`kigo}igd ig ght ~f~fro`r }f }ogrlfk hdxò}ifgr ig rxbc o toy }co} iggf|o}ifg tfx`m

gf} ah mirbfxodhm or ir gft }ch borh 5 }cir cor ahbfkh }ch QHOBC ~fbhrr) aif}hbcgf`fdy

rci~axi`migd }h`hbfkr hqxi~khg} #hr~hbio``y }ch o}}hk~} }f ehh~ }ch om|og}odhr HX

bfk~ogihr com obqxihm ti}c DRK ig 2D hqxi~khg}) hg|ifgkhg}o` }hbcgf`fdihr ogm rf fg'

Rxbc o~~fobchr co|h gf} ahhg obbfk~ogihm ay }omh ~f}hb}ifg ogykfh f ay òdh

rxarimihr' Tchg }cir bco~}h thg} }f }ch ~xaìrchr }ch Bfkkirrifg ~xaìrchm o ~o~h fg

tco} i} bo``r o –ght ig}hdo}hm igmxr}io` ~fìby UBFK #1>>8) =4= fl 8 Fb}' 1>>8 ogm RHB

#1>>8) ?1?8 ti}c lx}ch mh}oi`r[ tcibc o}}hk~}r }f bfkaigh ryr}hko}ibo``y i}r di|hg

cfizfg}o` ~hr~hb}i|h ti}c o mh}oi`hm rbhhgigd fl 14 rhb}ifgr ti}c hr~hb} }f igi}io}i|hr

tcibc bog ah }oehg }f ommhrr thoeghrrhr f ght bco``hgdhr o} }ch rhb}fo` `h|h` o`toyr

bfchhg} ti}c }ch cfizfg}o` lokhtfe xgmh`yigd i}'

I} ir gfgh}ch`hrr tf}ctci`h }f midhrr aihl`y fg }tf or~hb}r ahboxrh }chy oh bi}ibo`

lf }ch homh }f o~~hbio}h rfkh hkoigigd r~hbilibr fl HX igmxr}io` ~fìbihr fl }fmoygokh`y }ch HX$r ~hfbbx~o}ifg ti}c IB] ogm i}r bcogdigd o~~fobc }f }hbcgf`fdy ~fìby'




]ch Xgifg bog `ffe aobe fg 18 yhor fl tco} ir gft bo``hm IB] ~fìbihr ahdiggigd ti}c

HR^QI] ig ?93? ogm bxhg}`y bfgbhg}o}igd fg tco} ir bo``hm }ch i1>?> ~fdokkh r}o}igd

ig 1>><' Kxbc cor ahhg ti}}hg fg }ch HX hllf}r ax} i} ir com }f hrbo~h }ch ~oiglx`

bfgb`xrifg }co} }ch hrx`}r fl kxbc bf`òafo}i|h hrhobc ogm bf+~fmxb}ifg ogm #o`}fdh}ch)

|hy bfgrimhoa`h rxkr fl HX kfghy #xrxo``y 8> ~h bhg} fl }ch bfr}r) co|h gf} `hm }f og

ik~f|hkhg} fl }ch bfk~h}i}i|h ~fri}ifg fl }ch Hxf~hog IB] igmxr}ihr o} ogy ~fig} ig }ikh

mxigd }cir qxo}h fl o bhg}xy ah i} ig comtoh f rfl}toh' I} ir ~faoa`y loi }f rxkkoizh

ay gf}igd }co} }ch Xgifg cor ch`m fg lo }ff `fgd }f o ~f}hb}i|h #ogm rfkh}ikhr ~f}hb}ifgir})

o~~fobc fg`y rcil}igd }f o kfh ~f+bfk~h}i}i|h mhkogm+fihg}hm ~hr~hb}i|h ig }ch bfxrh

fl }ch ?99>r' ]ch HX$r IB] igmxr}y |o`xh ommhm ir lf oafx} 3> ~h bhg} ig rh|ibhr ogm fg`y

1> ~h bhg} ig kogxlob}xigd' ]ch kogxlob}xigd IB] rhb}f ligmr i}rh`l rqxhhzhm ah}thhg

}ch ~f|hg iggf|o}i|h bo~obi}y fl XR igmxr}y ogm }ch bfr}+hllhb}i|h igmxr}io` ~fbhrrhr ig

Bcigo ogm Hor} Orio kfh dhgho``y'

]ch rfl}toh igmxr}y }cfxdc aiddh ir ~faoa`y h|hg thoeh ig hò}i|h }hkr #Mogd

Gdxyhg ogm Dhg}cfg 1>>8) tchg orrxkigd o d`fao` |iht' Tco} ko}}hr lf }ch ò}}h lo

kfh }cog lf }ch lfkh ir }ch timhr~hom ~hrhgbh ogm lfr}higd fl egft`hmdh fl xrhr$

rf~cir}ibo}ifg ogm fl o ~f+bfk~h}i}i|h ogm iggf|o}i|h bìko}h' Ig }xg }cir hqxihr `ft hg}y

aoihr ire }oeigd ogm obbhrr }f |hg}xh bo~i}o` #o ~i|o}h o~~fobc }f $aobeigd tigghr$)

~frria`y o} }ch kodig rx~~f}hm ay hs}o bo~i}o` |hg}xh lf RKHr lfk HX lxgmr ax} fg o

koeh} aorir' ]ch hHxf~h ~fdokkh x~ }f 1>>8 ogm }ch i1>?> ~fdokkh oh ig }chrh

hr~hb}r igbfk~ooa`h }f }ch f`m o~~fobc }f IB]' hHxf~h ir ~fkf}igd o egft`hmdh+aorhm

hbfgfky oafx} dh}}igd Hxf~h fg ìgh igb`xmigd h+df|hgkhg} ogm hmxbo}ifg ogm hCho`}c' I}

o`rf oikr }f r}ikxò}h ght rh|ibhr aorhm fg IB] #afomaogm ig ~o}ibxò) 83' ]ch qxhr}ifg

bog ah orehm tch}ch hHxf~h bog obbh`ho}h f ~fk~} mh|h`f~khg}r tcibc ig }ch ligo`

ogo`yrir oh koeh}+mi|hg lf }ch kfr} ~o} hr~hbio``y ahboxrh }ch HX igr}xkhg}r

okfxg}hm }f ì}}`h kfh }cog ~hrxorifg ~fjhb}r r}xmihr ogm kfmhr} lxgmigd' I} ir o`rf bxbio`

}f xgmhr}ogm }ch bfk~`hkhg}oi}y ah}thhg hHxf~h Q,M ~fdokkhr fg IB] ogm

hdxò}ifg tchh o~~f~io}h' Gfgh}ch`hrr }ch o}}hg}ifg fg xrh$r mhkogmr ogm koeh}

~fbhrrhr ig }ch –Iglfko}ifg Rfbih}y’ #ax} gf} or o a`xh~ig} ogykfh) r}ogmr ig koehm

bfg}or} }f }ch f`m o~~fobchr }f IB]' ]cir bog ah lx}ch ik~f|hm x~fg ay lfbxrigd fg

}cfrh or~hb}r }co} }ch HX fxdc} }f bf|h lfk o rxarimioi}y ~hr~hb}i|h rxbc or

ig}hf~hoaiì}y f~hg r}ogmomr ogm rhbxi}y irrxhr ig }ch ig}hgh} ahboxrh }chy oh ay

83 Rhh BFK#1>>1) 1<2 bfk~irigd }ch hHxf~hOb}ifg ^òg ogm BFK #1>>=) ?>3 fl ?3 Lhaxoy 1>>=hHxf~h 1>>8 Kim+}hk h|iht'




mhligi}ifg bfrr+afmh ogm ig }ch Hxf~hog ~xaìb ig}hhr}' ]chy co~~hg }f ah bi}ibo` lfk o

xrh ~hr~hb}i|h' Igmhhm }ch xgbh}oig}y f igbfk~`h}hghrr cf`mr aobe mhh~h ig|hr}khg}r ig

kogy toyr tci`h rx~~hrrigd ght h+~ob}ibhr rxbc or hKfghy' Lfk o r}i`` afomh

~hr~hb}i|h }co} fl @irafg ogm hbfgfkib dft}c }ch rtil}h omf~}ifg ogm timh mh~`fykhg}

fl IB] comtoh ogm rfl}toh ir bxbio` }f fa}oigigd o cidch }hgm dft}c ig Hxf~h89

' Ig

lx}xh }ch mhkogmr or~hb}r oh }f ah timhghm }f kx`}i+khmio ogm bfg}hg}r fihg}o}ifg okfgd

f}chr' ]ch imho ir }co} IB] ig|hr}khg} kxbc `fth ig Hxf~h }cog ig }ch XRO ogm ig Jo~og

hò}i|h }f DM^ bog fg`y ah r}ikxò}hm ig }ch `fgd xg il }ch mygokibr fl }ch #ig}hgo`)

koeh} ~f|imhr }ch f~~f}xgi}ihr' I} hkoigr }f ah rhhg tch}ch i1>?><>

ir dhgxigh`y dfigd

}f ah kfh hllhb}i|h ax} i} tfx`m rhhk }f h~hrhg} o ~fìby o~~fobc gf `fgdh axi`} fg dogm

i``xrifgr ogm gf `fgdh ~ifi}izhm lfk }ch hsir}igd #HX) rx~~`y rimh'

HX }hbcgf`fdy ~fìby ahdog ig hoghr} ti}c }ch Rigd`h Ob} fl ?938 tchg i} tor di|hg

o `hdo` aorh' Lokhtfe ~fdokkhr ahdog o lht yhor hoìh ax} thh cho|i`y aiorhm

}ftomr hghdy xgmh Hxo}fk' Gh|h}ch`hrr h|hg }ch }hk !}hbcgf`fdy ~fìbihr! ir gf} b`ho

o} }ch HX `h|h` ahboxrh Q,M ir fl}hg bo``hm $hrhobc$ tchhor òdh ~o}r fl lokhtfe

~fdokkhr o`rf mho`} ogm mho` ti}c o~~ìbo}ifgr ig ~f}hg}io` f b`frh+}f+koeh} }hbcgf`fdihr'

Ahrimhr }chh tor }ch HXQHEO ~fdokkh òdh`y koeh}+mi|hg ogm gf} obbfk~ogihm ay

dxoog}hhm rxarimihr' ]tf mhbomhr fl rxbc ~fdokkhr ig HX+timh gh}tfer fl bfk~ogihr

ogm }hbcgf`fdy bhg}hr co|h omibo``y o`}hhm }ch kigm+rh} fl Hxf~hog likr lfk $`fbo`$ }f

Hxf~hog il gf} d`fao`' Or }ch KHQI] & BO]I mo}oaorh mh|h`f~hm ay Jfcg Codhmffg fl

Koor}ibc} Xgi|hri}y cor rcftg<?

cft HX likr co|h ahhg mi|hg }f hs}hgri|h gh}tfeigd

ig Hxf~h ig }cir toy tci`h hgdodigd ig gxkhfxr r}o}hdib gh}tfer ogm o`ìogbhr ti}c

#aoribo``y gfg+bfk~h}igd) ~o}ghr lfk f}ch bfg}ighg}r lf koeh} ~hgh}o}ifg ~x~frhr'

Ti}c }ch ig}hgo` koeh} domxo``y ahbfkigd kfh ig}hdo}hm ogm bfrr+afmh

khdhr horih f|h }ikh }ch Hxf~hogizo}ifg fl igmxr}y cor o`rf bcogdhm }ch }hbcgf`fdy

ògmrbo~h mor}ibo``y' I} ir o kff} qxhr}ifg tch}ch HX }hbcgf`fdy ~fdokkhr thh

hllhb}i|h ig }ch lir} mhbomh f rf' ]chy }hgmhm }f ah r~ìg}hhm f|h lo }ff kogy $~ifi}ihr$

ogm bfk~fkirhm hsbh``hgbh ay h~òbigd }hbcgf`fdibo` `homhrci~ ay hqxi}y bi}hio #rxbc or

o`` Khkah r}o}hr $dh}}igd horfgoa`h rcohr$)' ]chy rxllhhm lfk igi}io` orykkh}y fl

iglfko}ifg ah}thhg }ch Bfkkirrifg ogm axrighrr oafx} tchh $ghhmr$ bfx`m ah imhg}ilihm

89 Rhh ig ~o}ibxò Mhgir KbKfft ogm Qfhdh 1>>= ogm Mhgir KbKfft Qfhdh ogm \hxdh`hr 1>>8

or th`` or |og Oe 1>>= 5 rhh o`rf bco~}h 1 fl }ch Bfkkirrifg$r Hxf~hog Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr Qh~f} 1>>2 fg}ch ig}o+lik fdogiro}ifgo` ik~ìbo}ifgr fl IB] ogm }ch ~fmxb}i|i}y doigr'

<>

Rhh BFK#1>>8) 119 fl ? Jxgh 1>>8 i1>?> ‒ O Hxf~hog Iglfko}ifg Rfbih}y lf dft}c ogm hk~`fykhg} 5Qhmigd 1>>8

<?: Rhh h'd' Codhmffg @ige ogm \fgf}or 1>>> lf o rx|hy



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' =>

ireigd ~ibeigd tigghr f ~f}hb}igd `frhr' Domxo``y ig rboìgd x~ }f }ch ris}c ogm rh|hg}c

lokhtfe ~fdokkhr ti}c h|h irigd rxkr fl HX kfghy #rxar}i}x}igd lf go}ifgo` hllf}r

~hrxkoa`y) ~ifi}ihr co|h ahhg hmxbhm }f o lht ogm o kxbc kfh o}ifgo` orrhrrkhg} fl

}ch r}o}h fl }ch o} ~hbhmhm bcfibhr ti}c o rcil} }f o kfh koeh}+mi|hg o~~fobc rxbc or }ch

ght !}hbcgf`fdy ~ò}lfkr!' ]hbcgf`fdy ~ò}lfkr aigd }fdh}ch lf o gxkah fl yhor }ch

hg}ih ooy fl bfk~ogihr ogm bhg}hr co|igd hbhi|hm Q,M rxarimihr lf o r~hbilib rxajhb}

ko}}h ig fmh }f igmxbh ryghdihr ogm kx}xo` igr~io}ifg ogm ~frria`y o òdh ogdh fl

koeh}oa`h ~fmxb}r' Rxbc ~ò}lfkr koy ah }ch fidig fl ght r}ogmomr ght imhor ght

bfkaigo}ifgr h}b' ]chy o}}ob} koeh} ~o}ibi~og}r `ffeigd lf bh}oig o~~ìbo}ifgr or th``'

]ch ~ò}lfkr mf gf} hbhi|h kfghy f}ch }cog }ch fidigo` Q ogm M rxarimihr tci`h }ch

Bfkkirrifg hs~hb}r ~fdhrr h~f}r }f ah mfgh }chh ti}c o`` }ch hs~h} ogm bfkkhbio`

hs~frxh o|oiòa`h'

Tchh }ch HX cor fg`y r`ft`y ik~f|hm i}r }hbcgf`fdy ~fìby ir ig }ch bf~fo}h

hg|ifgkhg}' Lir} }ch bfkkfg HX ~o}hg} tor |f}hm mftg ig 1>>= fg }i|io` ogm ~f|igbio`

ògdxodh hsbxrhr fl fg`y }tf bfxg}ihr o |hy bfr}`y loi`xh5 ~o}hg}igd ig }ch HX bfr}r fg

o|hodh li|h }ikhr or kxbc or ig }ch XRO' Rhbfgm }ch bfk~h}i}i|h hg|ifgkhg} cor ahbfkh

}fxdch ig }ch ig}hgo` koeh} f|h }ikh ogm lf bfk~ogihr ahyfgm o kigikxk rizh }cir

kidc} ah hs~hb}hm }f r~x }ch rhobc lf ght }hbcgf`fdihr ogm ~fmxb}r' Xglf}xgo}h`y }ch

f|ho`` Q,M boihm fx} ay HX axrighrr ir kxbc `hrr hò}i|h`y }cog axrighrr Q,M ig Jo~og

f }ch XRO' Kfhf|h rfkh h`fbo}ifg fl cidc+}hbc hrhobc #lf hsok~`h ig

~cokobhx}ibo`r) }f }ch XRO ogm h|hg }f Bcigo #ig h`hb}fgibr) cor ~fk~}hm qxhr}ifgr oafx}

}ch òbe fl r}ikx`xr lf qxoì}y hrhobc ig }hbcgf`fdy ig Hxf~h'

Ligo``y Hxf~h cor fg`y kfmho}h Q,M ig mhlhgbh ig rco~ bfg}or} ti}c }ch XRO'

]f }ch hs}hg} }co} mhlhgbh Q,M dhgho}hr r~ig+fllr rffgh f ò}h f bho}hr o bfkkfg bfr}

aorh lf bi|i ogm kiì}oy ~fmxb}r }ch Xgifg koy ah o} o mirom|og}odh' Qh~ho}hm o}}hk~}r }f

bfkaigh o} `hor} mhlhgbh hrhobc ig }ch HX co|h gf} ahhg |hy hllhb}i|h' ]ch ~faoa`h

rimhìgigd fl }ch mol} Bfgr}i}x}ifg ir o rh}aobe ig }cir hr~hb} ahboxrh i} tfx`m ~f|imh o aorir

lf o r~hbio` odhgby ig }cir oho aorhm fg |f`xg}oy bf`òafo}ifg'

O`` ig o`` }ch rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib HX igmxr}io` ~fìbihr oh ay gf khogr mhom ax}

co|h o`}hhm omibo``y ig go}xh tci`h co|igd ahbfkh fg }ch tcf`h gfg+ig}h|hg}ifgir}' Fl

bfxrh }cir bco~}h boggf} cf~h }f orrhrr }chi lob}xo` hllhb}i|hghrr gf mfhr i} ~h}hgm }f mf

rf' ]ch fg`y kojf thoeghrr rf lo gf} rhifxr`y ommhrrhm ir }ch loi`xh }f f~}ikizh }ch }tf+

`h|h` ~fa`hk rf r}fgd`y odxhm ay Ho}fg h} o`' #?993)' Fgh boggf} ah rx~irhm oafx} }ch ~fa`hk fl $lhh imigd$ o} }ch Khkah r}o}hr `h|h` ig o }tf+`h|h` }hbcgf`fdy ~fìby ti}cfx}



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' =?

r}ib} }tf+ `h|h` bffmigo}ifg' ]ch HX `h|h` cor gf roy fg }ch go}ifgo` ~fìbihr }chi $tor}h$ f

hsbhrri|h mx~ìbo}ifg cfizfg}o``y f ti}c }ch HX f igmhhm fg }chi mh~`foa`h qxoì}y tchh

h`h|og}' Cfth|h }ch go}ifgo` r~hgmigd ir hori`y kfh }cog 9> ~h bhg} fl }f}o` Hxf~hog

hs~hgmi}xh' ]co} ir tcy o lx}xh Hxf~hog Odhgby lf Qhrhobc il h|h omf~}hm ay }ch

Bfxgbi` rcfx`m ah di|hg o kogmo}h }f mho` or th`` ogm fg o bfk~h}i}i|h aorir ti}c o ~o} fl

go}ifgo` rxarimizhm Q ogm M' ]ch irrxh chh ir gf} tch}ch o Khkah r}o}h tfx`m }chhay `frh

i}r ~fth }f rxarimizh ax} o}ch tch}ch $~hh h|iht$ bog hgrxh o cidc kigikxk `h|h` fl

qxoì}y ogm fidigoì}y' ]cir ir rikiò }f }hbcgf`fdy ~ò}lfkr tchh o eigm fl ~hco~r

iglfko` ~hh h|iht ax} ti}c o~~ìbo}ifgr ig kigm mirbi~ìghr ogm r}ikxò}hr cidc }hbc

fx}~x} o} cidc kigikxk `h|h`r'

<' Bfgb`xrifgr

Hxf~hog igmxr}io` ~fìby boggf} ah xgmhr}ffm ay lfbxrigd rf`h`y fg }hbcgf`fdy

IB] ogm o lht f}ch r~hbilib r}ikxò}igd ~fìbihr' I} ir igmir~hgroa`h }f orrxkh o afom

~hr~hb}i|h ti}c o dffm o~~hbio}ifg fl }ch HX lokhtfe mh}hkigigd òdh`y af}c }ch

bfgr}oig}r o} Khkah r}o}hr$ `h|h` ogm }ch bfgrimhoa`h ìki}r fl ob}ifg o} }ch HX `h|h`

ahrimhr og xgmhr}ogmigd fl tco} igi}io}i|hr oh lhoria`h ogm cft ti}c hr~hb} }f $cfizfg}o`$

ogm $r~hbilib$ igmxr}io` ~fìbihr' ]ch x~rcf} cor ahhg }co} igmxr}io` mygokibr ig }ch Xgifg

co|h ahbfkh h|h kfh lik`y mh}hkighm ay koeh} ~hrrxhr ig o khogtci`h |hy aid

Hbfgfkib Xgifg #ti}c gf lhth }cog =88 ki`ìfg bfgrxkhr x~ }f =38 ki`ìfg ig 1>>4) ogm

ay hs~frxh }f d`faoìzo}ifg di|hg |hy `ft igmxr}io` }omh ~f}hb}ifg ogm }ch oarhgbh fl

aoihr }f LMI #or th`` or go}ifgo` }ho}khg})' Igh|i}oa`y HX igmxr}io` ~fìby cor }chhlfh

mil}hm ig}f hgmho|fxr }f r}hgd}chg lxgmokhg}o` mh}hkigog}r fl bfk~h}i}i|hghrr }f rfkh

mhdhh bfhr~fgmigd }f mygokib bfk~oo}i|h om|og}odh' Chgbh }chh ir }ch $cfizfg}o`$

hk~corir fg hrhobc r}o}hdihr rei``r ogm cxkog bo~i}o` ogm o dhgho` ~fkf}ifg fl iggf|o}ifg }cfxdcfx} igmxr}y' Kfhf|h }cir obbfmr th`` ti}c }ch mhh~hgigd fl }ch

ig}hgo` koeh} r}i`` dfigd fg ogm }ch bfgrir}hgby fl HX bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby ig hmxbigd

mir}f}igd r}o}h oim ogm rh|hh`y ìki}igd }ch rbf~h lf mirbikigo}fy f mir}f}i|h ~fkf}ifg

fl $go}ifgo` bcok~ifgr$' Ig ommi}ifg hgmho|fxr co|h ahhg komh }f lobiì}o}h RKHr ogm

$hg}h~hghxrci~$ ay bx}}igd hm }o~h ogm koeigd obbhrr }f |hg}xh bo~i}o` horih' F|h }ch

òr} lht yhor ~fì}ibo` `homhr bo`ìgd lf o ght igmxr}io` ~fìby odoigr} mh+igmxr}ioìzo}ifg

obegft`hmdhm }cir cfizfg}o` ~hr~hb}i|h tchg }chy khh`y igrir}hm fg hmxbigd }ch axmhg



Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' =1

fg igmxr}y oirigd lfk ght HX hdxò}ifg tci`h hloigigd lfk o ryr}hkib ~fìby

h|hro`'

Rhb}fo` ogm r~hbilib igmxr}io` ~fìby rf lokiìo lfk }ch ?98>r ?9<>r ogm ?94>r

cor o`kfr} hg}ih`y miro~~hohm o} }ch Khkah r}o}hr$ `h|h`' I} ir gf `fgdh }f`ho}hm o} }ch HX

`h|h` di|hg }co} }ho}y okhgmkhg}r ogm obbh~}hm rx~h|irifg ~fìby co|h ahbfkh fx}igh' O}

}ch HX `h|h` rxbc ig}h|hg}ifgir} ~fìby #f}ch }cog fgbh }f`ho}igd i} lf Khkah r}o}hr)

bfx`m fg`y ah rx~~f}hm |io }omh ~fìby' O`rf }ch ò}}h cor `fr} o dffm mho` fl i}r }ff`r ti}c

}ch ~frria`h hsbh~}ifg fl og}i+mxk~igd ob}ifg #xgmh T]F bfgr}oig}r ogm }idc}hghm HX

òt)' Gftomoyr }ch HX igr}i}x}ifgr oh |hy ob}i|h ig r}ikxò}igd o ah}}h rhb}fo`

hg|ifgkhg} ig kogy rhb}fr ax} }cir ir gf `fgdh mfgh ay khogr fl ~f}hb}ifg mir}f}i|h

rxarimihr #lxgmr df }f omjxr}khg} h}oigigd f hrhobc) f ~hkirri|h bfk~h}i}ifg ~fìby'

^fìby h|hro`r oh gf} }f}o``y hsb`xmhm #ti}ghrr }ch }hk~foy bfgr}oig}r ig Bcighrh }hs}i`h

hs~f}r) il ~hrrxhr oh hs}hkh ax} }chh ir gf mfxa} }co} bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ogm chgbh

omjxr}khg} h}oig f|himigd ik~f}ogbh' ]ch HX cor dho}`y igbhorhm }hbcgf`fdy lxgmigd

#qxi}h fl}hg or o bff`òy fl hrhobc ~fdokkhr) ig ohor rxbc or ght ko}hio`r r~obh

cymfdhg cho`}c ogm hg|ifgkhg}o` }hbcgf`fdihr' O`rf chh }ch HX `h|h` rhher }f o|fim o

$~ibeigd tigghr$ o~~fobc ay `h}}igd }hbcgf`fdy lfxkr mh|h`f~ tchh kogy imhor ogm

o~~ìbo}ifgr bog a`frrfk'

]cir bco~}h cor gf} mirbxrrhm }ch #ig)hllhb}i|hghrr fl HX igmxr}io` ~fìbihr' H|hg il

~o}io` }cir tfx`m ah o millibx`} hshbirh di|hg }ch kx`}imikhgrifgo` go}xh fl ~fìbihr ogm }ch

ik~f}ogbh fl bfgr}oig}r ogm&f }ch oarhgbh fl ~fthr lf }ch HX `h|h`' Lf hrhobc ogm

}hbcgf`fdy cfth|h }ch kfr} |iria`h h`hkhg} ~hrxkoa`y fl ~fìby }fmoy }chh ir

xgmfxa}hm`y o rhifxr òbe fl bffmigo}ifg ig o }tf+`h|h` dokh' I} ir hrrhg}io` }co} }ch hrhobc

bìko}h ig Hxf~h ahbfkh kfh mhkogmigd bco``hgdigd ogm ~fkirigd #chgbh r}f~~igd }ch

aoig moig) }co} qxoì}y ah r}ikxò}hm ay o }fxdc ~hh h|iht o~~fobc ogm }co} hsbhrri|h

mx~ìbo}ifg o} }ch }tf `h|h`r ah o|fimhm' Cfth|h h|hg }chrh khorxhr koy gf} ah rxllibihg}'

Ol}h o`` Hxf~hog igmxr}y #ogm rh|ibhr h|hg `hrr) ig|hr}r kxbc `hrr ig Q,M }cog Jo~oghrh

ogm XR axrighrr ogm xg`hrr }chi fx}~x} ogm rxarhqxhg} iggf|o}ifg }f koeh}r oh

ryr}hko}ibo``y lo ah}}h }cog }chi i|o`r ig Jo~og ogm }ch XRO + og orrxk~}ifg }co} tfx`m df

odoigr} o`` h|imhgbh + }cir xgmh~hlfkogbh ir afxgm }f hfmh bfk~h}i}i|hghrr okfgdr}

mh|h`f~hm hbfgfkihr ig }ch `fgdh xg' O~~ohg}`y i} ir gf} rf kxbc }ch rizh fl }ch ig}hgo`

koeh} ax} i}r ~f~h #ogm mygokib) lxgb}ifgigd tcibc kidc} `hom HX bfk~ogihr }f cf`m aobe

fg Q,M'




Qhlhhgbhr

GF]H : Bfkkirrifg ~o~hr #af}c fllibio` BFK ~o~hr }f }ch Bfxgbi` ogm }ch H^ or th`` or

R}oll Tfeigd ô~hr U RHB[ ) oh o`` lx``y qxf}hm ig lff}gf}hr ogm ti`` gf} ah h~ho}hm chh'

Oe A' |og #1>>=) –Tco} mf th egft oafx} rh|ibhr ~fmxb}i|i}y ig Hxf~h6’ BÂ

tfercf~ fg ^fmxb}i|i}y ig rh|ibhr ?> Jxgh ttt'b~a'g ]ch Codxh'

Orbcoxh M' #?939) –Ir ~xaìb hs~hgmi}xh ~fmxb}i|h6’ Jfxgo` fl Kfgh}oy Hbfgfkibr12 ?44 ‒ 1>>'Aogdhkogg Khkfogmxk #?99>) –Igmxr}io` ~fìby ig og f~hg ogm

bfk~h}i}i|h hg|ifgkhg}’ Bfkkirrifg Tfqeigd ô~hq ?= Rh~}hkah'

Ahr`hy ]' ogm ^' Rhoaidc} #?999) –]ch hllhb}r ogm ~fìby ik~ìbo}ifgr fl r}o}h oimr }f

igmxr}y : og hbfgfkib ogo`yrir’ Hbfgfkib ^fìby 13'

Bcir}f~chrfg C' h} o` #?99=) –]ogrHxf~hog Gh}tfer’ LigoÙBcir}f~chrfg ]ore Lfbh[ h~f} Axrrh`r'

Bf~hgcodhg Hbfgfkibr #1>>8) Hbfgfkib orrhrrkhg} fl }ch aoihr }f }ch ig}hgo` koeh}

lf rh|ibhr Axrrh`r&Bf~hgcodhg Jogxoy #MD Hg}h~irh Hxf~hog Bfkkirrifg)'

Mogd Gdxyhg D' ogm B' Dhg}cfg #1>>8) –Cor }ch Hxf~hog IB] rhb}f o bcogbh }f ah

bfk~h}i}i|h 6’ AHH^ aihligd g¾ ?= Bf``hdh fl Hxf~h Axdhr'c}}~:&&ttt'bf`hxf~'ah&hbf&~xaìbo}ifgr'c}k

Mhgir B' E' KbKfft ogm ogm' Qfhdh #1>>=) –Og ogo`yrir fl HX ogm XR ~fmxb}i|i}ymh|h`f~khg}r’ Hbfgfkib ô~hr 1>3#Jx`y) MD HbLig Hxf~hog Bfkkirrifg Axrrh`r'

Mhgir B' E' KbKfft T' Qfhdh ogm Q' \hxdh`hr #1>>8) –]ch @irafg r}o}hdy ogm }chHX$r r}xb}xo` ~fmxb}i|i}y ~fa`hk’ Hbfgfkib ô~hr 11?#Lhaxoy) MD HbLig Hxf~hog

Bfkkirrifg Axrrh`r'

Mh|hhxs K' Q' Dilli}c ogm O' E`hkk #1>>1) –Bf~fo}h igbfkh }os hlfkr ogmig}hgo}ifgo` }os bfk~h}i}ifg’ Hbfgfkib ^fìby #Fb}fah)'

Ho}fgJ' Dx}ihhz H'' ogm Ef}xk R' #?993) –Hxf~hog }hbcgf`fdy ~fìby’ Hbfgfkib^fìby 14#Fb}fah)'

HQ] #?93=) Kirrigd ìger Qh~f} fl }ch Hxf~hog Qfxgm ]oa`h fl Igmxr}ioìr}rAxrrh`r&ôir'

Hxf~hog Bfkkirrifg #?992) –Tci}h ô~h fg Dft}c Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ogm Hk~`fykhg}’

HB Ax``h}ig Rx~~`hkhg} 92&< #Mhbhkah) Axrrh`r'

Lxhg}h O' mh ò ogm S' \i|hr #?998) –Iglor}xb}xh ogm hmxbo}ifg or igr}xkhg}r fl hdifgo`

~fìby ‒ h|imhgbh lfk R~oig’ Hbfgfkib ^f iby ?2 ‒ 8?'

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Jobqxhr ^hèkogr Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby' ==

Do`ì D' ogm J' ^hèkogr #1>>>) –Ig}fmxb}ifg: oikr r}xb}xh ogm f|h|iht’ ig Do`ì D'

ogm J' ^hèkogr #hmr) Qhdxò}fqy qhlfqk ogm bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ig Hxqf~h, Bch`}hgcok:Hmtom H`do'

Dfr M' ogm R' Kibfrri #1>>8) O ah}}h axmdh} lf }ch Hxf~hog Xgifg' Kfh |o`xh lf

kfghy kfh kfghy lf |o`xh BH^R ^fìby Aihl g¾ << Axrrh`r'

Codhmffg J' @ige O' ogm G' \fgf}or #1>>>) –Qhrhobc ~o}ghrci~r’ Qhrhobc ^fìby 19

8<4 + 83<'

Cidc @h|h` Dfx~ #?994) –Fg ~xaìb+~i|o}h ~o}ghrci~ ligogbigd fl ]ogrHxf~hog

}ogr~f} gh}tfe ~fjhb}r’ Ligo` h~f} Axrrh`r Koy'

Jobqxhkig O' ogm @' ^hgbc #?994) –Tco} bfk~h}i}i|hghrr lf Hxf~h6 Og ig}fmxb}ifg’ ig

Jobqxhkig O' ogm @' ^hgbc #hmr) Hxf~h bfk~h}igd ig }ch d`fao` hbfgfky Bch`}hgcokXE: Hmtom H`do'

Eok~ B' #1>>8) –Ir }chh o òbe fl ~xaìb bo~i}o` ig }ch HX 6’ HIA ô~hr ?>#?)'

EfeT' h} o`' #1>>2) Jfar jfar jfar bho}igd kfh hk~`fykhg} ig Hxf~h Qh~f} fl }ch

Hk~`fykhg} ]ore Lfbh Gf|hkah Axrrh`r'

EfeT' h} o`' #1>>=) Lobigd }ch bco``hgdh }ch @irafg r}o}hdy lf dft}c ogm hk~`fykhg}

Qh~f} lfk }ch Cidc @h|h` Dfx~ Gf|hkah Axrrh`r'

Efs C' @hjfx O' ogm Q' Kfg}izoog #1>>=) –]ch lhh kf|hkhg} fl rh|ibhr ti}cig }chHX’ BÂ mfbxkhg} <9 Fb}fah ]ch Codxh'

Exdkog ^' #?99=) –Bfk~h}i}i|hghrr: o mogdhfxr farhrrifg’ Lfhidg Olloir 42 13 ‒ =='

@ot}fg ]' #hm) #?999) Hxf~hog igmxr}io` ~fìby ogm bfk~h}i}i|hghrr Kobki`òg @fgmfg'

Ko}ig ^' #?999) –Oh Hxf~hog hdifgo` ~fìbhr mhì|higd6’ HIA ô~hr =#1)'

Kfì}f A' h} o` #?998) Qh~f} fl }ch dfx~ fl igmh~hgmhg} hs~h}r fg `hdirò}i|h ogmomkigir}o}i|h rik~ìlibo}ifg Axrrh`r Hxf~hog Bfkkirrifg'

^hèkogr J' #1>>?) –Koeigd HX gh}tfe koeh}r bfk~h}i}i|h’ Fslfm Qh|iht fl Hbfgfkib ^fìby ?4#2)'

^hèkogr J' #1>>1) –Kx}xo` hbfdgi}ifg ig dffmr ogm rh|ibhr og hbfgfkib ~hr~hb}i|h’

AHH^ Aihligdr 1 Bf``hdh fl Hxf~h Axdhr Urhh ttt'bf`hxf~'ah&HBF [

^hèkogr J' #1>>8o) –]hr}igd lf Rxarimioi}y’ ig Axco ]' ogm B' Gftoe #hmr) Mih

Hxf~ohirbch Xgifg : Igghh |hlorr}chi} xgm d`fao`h Cogm`xgdrlohcidehi} #]ch HX ig}hgo`bfgr}i}x}ifgoìrk ogm d`fao` hllhb}i|hghrr) Aomhg+Aomhg: Gfkfr #rhh o`rf AHH^ aihligd g¾

?2 Bf``hdh fl Hxf~h Axdhr) c}}~:&&ttt'bf`hxf~'ah&hbf&~xaìbo}ifgr'c}k

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^hèkogr J' #1>>8a) –QHOBC dh}}igd }ch bchkir}y idc} ig Hxf~h 6’ ig M' Coki`}fg ogm

J' _xigòg #hmr) Mhh~ ig}hdo}ifg cft }ogro}òg}ib koeh}r oh `homigd d`faoìro}ifgAxrrh`r #BH^R) ogm Torcigd}fg M'B' #B]Q Jfcgr Cf~eigr Xgi|hri}y ROIR)'

^hèkogr J' #1>><) Hxf~hog Ig}hdo}ifg kh}cfmr ogm hbfgfkib ogo`yrir , }cim h|irhm

hmi}ifg ^horfg Hmxbo}ifg Co`ft'

^hèkogr J' ogm J'^' Borhy #1>>=) –Bog Hxf~h mhì|h dft}c6’ AHH^ Aihligd < Bf``hdh

fl Hxf~h Axdhr U rhh ttt'bf`hxf~'ah&HBF [

^hèkogr J' R' @oafy ogm D' Kojfgh #1>>>) –Ah}}h HX hdxò}fy qxoì}y: orrhrrigd

bxhg} igi}io}i|hr ogm ght ~f~fro`r’ ig D' Do`ì ogm J' ^hèkogr #hmr) Qhdxò}fy hlfk

ogm bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ig Hxf~h \f`' ? Bch`}hgcok XE: Hmtom H`do'

îh}og}fgif @' mi ogm J' ^hèkogr #1>>=) –]ch hbfgfkibr fl HX oi`toy hlfk’ Jfxgo`fl Gh}tfe Igmxr}ihr 8#2 ‒ =)'

Qomoh`ì B' #1>>2) –Ik~ob} orrhrrkhg} ig }ch HX : iggf|o}ifgr qxoì}y ogm dffm hdxò}fy

df|hgogbh’ Aobedfxgm h~f} Bfglhhgbh fg HX Ik~ob} orrhrrkhg} 2 Mhbhkah 1>>2Hxf~hog Bfkkirrifg Axrrh`r'

Qhmigd \' #1>>8) –i1>?> }ch Hxf~hog Bfkkirrifg$r ght ~fdokkh }f affr}bfk~h}i}i|hghrr ig }ch IB] rhb}f’ R~hhbc >8&<? ôdxh 2? Jogxoy'

Qhgmo O' #1>><) –Ik~ob} orrhrrkhg} ig }ch HX’ BH^R Jogxoy Axrrh`r #rhh

ttt'bh~r'ah)

Qfk~ T' ogm J' mh Coog #1>>8) –^xaìb bo~i}o` ogm hbfgfkib dft}c: o bi}ibo` rx|hy’ HIA

ô~hr ?>#?)'

Ro~i O' Odcifg ^' Ah}fò D' Ch``tid K' îrogy+Lhi J' Qfro}i M' \iŃo`r J' ogm To`òbhC' #1>>2) –Og odhgmo lf o dftigd Hxf~h: koeigd }ch HX ryr}hk mhì|h’ Qh~f} fl }ch

igmh~hgmhg} Cidc `h|h` Dfx~ Jx`y Axrrh`r rhhc}}~:&&hxf~o'hx'ig}&bfkk&mdr&~fìby&om|irhr&hs~h}rVdfx~r&~r1&mfbr&odhgmoVhg'~ml

\oìò ]' Efz`xe ]' ogm O' Khcf}o #1>>8) –Qfomr fg o mftgci``6 ]hgmr ig HX

iglor}xb}xh ig|hr}hkhg}’ HIA ô~hr ?>#?)'

Tfh`l` O' #1>>2) –^fmxb}i|i}y dft}c ig rh|ibh igmxr}ihr’ R]I Tfeigd ~o~h 1>>2+>4

FHBM ôir'


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http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/policy/advisers/experts_groups/ps2/docs/agenda_en.pdf




@ir} fl –Axdhr Hxf~hog Hbfgfkib fìby aihligdr’ #AHH^)

AHH^ aihligd g¾ ? #Fb}fah 1>>1)

Hbfgfkib Ik~ìbo}ifgr fl Hgòdhkhg} ay Jobqxhr ^hèkogr'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ 1 #Mhbhkah 1>>1)

Kx}xo` Qhbfdgi}ifg ig Dffmr ogm Rh|ibhr: og Hbfgfkib ^hr~hb}i|h ay Jobqxhr ^hèkogr'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ 2 #Kobc 1>>2)Kx}xo` Qhbfdgi}ifg Xghk~`fykhg} ogm ]ch Th`loh R}o}h ay Lifh`ò Efr}fir ômfo

Rbcif~~o'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ = #O~i` 1>>2)HX Hgòdhkhg}: Hs}hgo` Hbfgfkib Ik~ìbo}ifgr ay Jobqxhr ^hèkogr , Jhog+îhh

Borhy'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ 8 #O~i` 1>>2)

Hllibihg} ]oso}ifg fl Kx`}i+Go}ifgo` Hg}h~irhr ig }ch Hxf~hog Xgifg ay R}hlogf Kibfrriôfò ôorbogmfò , Aoaoo ]iah}i'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ < #Jogxoy 1>>=)

Bog Hxf~h Mhì|h Dft}c6 ]ch Ro~i Qh~f} Ogm Ahyfgm ay Jobqxhr ^hèkogr , Jhog+

îhh Borhy'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ 4 #Jxgh 1>>=)Rxr}oigoa`h Mh|h`f~khg} ogm Bf``hb}i|h @hogigd: ]chfy ogm o Hxf~hog Borh R}xmy ay

Qoikxgm A`hirbcti}z Kibcoh` @o}rbc ogm Eir}iog Rgfh Ogmhrhg

AHH^ aihligd g¾ 3 #Fb}fah 1>>=)

]ch Hbfgfkibr fl HX Qoi`toy Qhlfk ay Jobqxhr ^hèkogr ogm @fir mi îh}og}ifgf'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ 9 #Mhbhkah 1>>=)

]ch ]xeirc Aogeigd Rhb}f Bco``hgdhr ogm Fx}`ffe ig ]ogri}ifg }f HX Khkahrci~ ayO`lhm R}higch Oì ]xeh` ogm Kxo} Xbh'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ ?> #Jogxoy 1>>8)

O –]i~`h+I’ R}o}hdy lf }ch Lx}xh fl Hxf~h ay Qoikxgm A`hirbcti}z'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ ?? #Rh~}hkah 1>>8)

Mfhr }ch Hxf~hog Xgifg bho}h }ch lfxgmo}ifgr fl og iglfko}ifg rfbih}y lf o``6 AyDfmhlfy Mogd Gdxyhg ogm Koih Jf``ãr'

AHH^ aihligd g¾?1 #Gf|hkah 1>>8)

@o dhr}ifg mh ò }ogri}ifg |hr ò kfggoih xgiqxh h} `’é}oaìrrhkhg} mh ò bémiaiì}é mh `’hxf

ay Jhog+Bòxmh ]ibch}'

AHH^ aihligd g¾?2 #Lhaxoy 1>><)

]hr}igd lf Rxarimioi}y ay Jobqxhr ^hèkogr''&''

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AHH^ aihligd g¾ ?= #Kobc 1>><)

Cor }ch Hxf~hog IB] rhb}f o bcogbh }f ah bfk~h}i}i|h6 Ay Dfmhlfy Mogd Gdxyhg ,Bcir}iog Dhg}cfg'

AHH^ aihligd g¾ ?8 #Jx`y 1>><)

Hxf~hog Igmxr}io` ^fìby ay Jobqxhr ^hèkogr'

@ir} fl –Axdhr Hxf~hog Hbfgfkib Qhrhobc ô~hr’ #AHHQ)

AHHQ ~o~h g¾ ? #Gf|hkah 1>>=)

Hmxbo}ifg Kido}ifg Ogm Jfa Ro}irlob}ifg: ]ch Qhdifgo` Qh}xgr Fl Cxkog Bo~i}o` Ig ]chHX ay Ogmér Qfmëdxhz+^frh , Kfg}rho} \iò`}o+Axlë

AHHQ ~o~h g¾1 #Koy 1>>8)Hmxbo}ifg Kido}ifg Ogm Jfa Ro}irlob}ifg: ]ch Qhdifgo` Qh}xgr Fl Cxkog Bo~i}o` Ig ]ch

HX ay ôf`f Dxhihi Ahgomf Koddi \o`hg}igo Khìbiogi , îh Bo`f ômfog'

AHHQ ~o~h g¾ 2 #Gf|hkah 1>>8)Qhdifgo` Todh Ogm Hk~`fykhg} Qhr~fgrhr ]f Koeh} ^f}hg}io` Ig ]ch HX

ay Ehi}c Chom , ]cihy Koyh'

AHHQ ~o~h g¾ = #Jx`y 1>><)

Kishm ^xaìb+î|o}h Hg}h~irhr ig Hxf~h: Hbfgfkib ]chfy ogm og Hk~iibo` Ogo`yrir fl I}oìog To}h X}iì}ihr ay O`hrrogmf Koo'



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