european ground squirrel

7/27/2019 European Ground Squirrel

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Spermophi lus citellus

(Linnaeus, 1766)

Geographic range

The European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus), also known as the European souslik, is a species

from thesquirrelfamilySciuridae.[2]

It and thespeckled ground squirrel(Spermophilus suslicus) are the only

European representatives of the genusSpermophilus. Like all squirrels, it is a member of therodentorder. It

is to be found throughout eastern Europe from southernUkraine, toAsia Minor,Austria, theCzech

Republic,Slovakia,Greece,Romania,Bulgaria,Macedoniaand north as far asPolandbut the range is

divided in two parts by theCarpathian Mountains.

The European ground squirrel grows to a length of approximately 20 cm (8 in) and a weight of

approximately 300 grams (11 oz). It is adiurnalanimal, living incoloniesof individual burrows in pastures or

grassy embankments. The squirrels emerge during the day to feed uponseeds, plant shoots and roots or

flightlessinvertebrates. The colonies maintain sentinels who whistle at the sight of a predator, bringing the

pack scurrying back to safety.

Breeding takes place in early summer when a single litter of five to eight young is borne. The European

ground squirrelhibernatesbetween autumn and March, the length of time depending on the climate. In

preparation they will build up reserves ofbrown fatduring the late summer.

Contents

[hide]

1 Description

2 Distribution and habitat

3 Behaviour

4 Breeding

5 Status

6 References

Description[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-MSW3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-MSW3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-MSW3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermophilushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermophilushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermophilushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Distribution_and_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Distribution_and_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Breedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Breedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spermophilus_citellus_distribution.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Breedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Distribution_and_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#Descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermophilushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-MSW3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus


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The European ground squirrel is about the size of abrown rat, with an adult measuring 20 to 23 cm

(8 to 9 in) and a weight of 240 to 340 g (8.5 to 12.0 oz). It has a slender build with a short bushy tail. The

short dense fur is yellowish-grey, tinged with red, with a few indistinct pale and dark spots on the back. The

underside is pale with a sandy-coloured abdomen. The large dark eyes are placed high on the head and the

small, rounded ears are hidden in the fur. The dental formula is 1/1, 0/0, 2/1, 3/3. The legs are powerful with

sharp claws well adapted for digging. Males are slightly larger than females otherwise they look alike.[3][4]

The European ground squirrel has a shrill alarm call that will cause all other individuals in the vicinity to dive

for cover. It also makes various soft chirruping and growling noises.[3]

The European ground squirrel could be confused with thespeckled ground squirrelwhich occurs in Poland

(Lublin Voivodeship), Romania, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, but that species has dark brown fur spotted

with white and a thin tail and lives in areas with coarser vegetation .[5]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The European ground squirrel is endemic to central and southeastern Europe where its range is divided by

theCarpathian Mountains. Its range includes land at altitudes of up to 800 metres (2,600 ft) in

southernUkraine,Asia Minor,Austria, theCzech

Republic,Slovakia,Greece,Romania,Bulgaria,Macedoniaand north as far asPoland. It has become

locally extinct in Germany and Poland but was reintroduced successfully into the wild in Poland in 2005.

Some of the animals were sourced from theBudapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport.[6]

The European ground squirrel has very specific habitat requirements. It needs short turf in order to dig itstunnel system. It finds this on thesteppesand in pasture, in dry banks, on sports fields, parks and lawns.

These conditions are lost when changes in agricultural practice convert grassland into arable land and

forest, or grazing ceases and the grass grows coarse and scrubland develops.[1]

Other places with short

vegetation that sometimes provides suitable habitat are railway embankments and road cuttings and

verges.[3]

Behaviour[edit]

European ground squirrel whistling
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn2-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn2-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn2-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Ferenc_Liszt_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Ferenc_Liszt_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spermophilus_citellus.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spermophilus_citellus.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Spermophilus_citellus.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Ferenc_Liszt_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn2-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_ground_squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rat


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The European ground squirrel is acolonialanimal and is mainlydiurnal. It excavates a branching system of

tunnels up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) deep with several entrances. At other places in the home range it digs

unbranched bolt holes in which to hide if danger threatens. If alarmed it emits a piercing whistle and when it

is out in the open it often sits upright and looks around for predators. These include theweasel,fox,

domestic cat and some species ofbirds of prey. It feeds on grasses, other plants, flowers, seeds, cultivated

crops, insects and occasionally the eggs of ground nesting birds or their chicks .[3]

A study in Bulgaria found

that the squirrel spent about eleven hours a day outside its burrow in mid-summer but by early autumn this

has reduced to seven hours. Rather over half of the day was spent foraging but other activities observed

included exploration, running, sitting, grooming, digging, scent marking and vigilance.[7]

During the winter it

stops up the entrances to its burrow and hibernates in a nest of dry vegetation. Each individual occupies a

separate chamber and during this period, the body temperature drops to 2.0C (36F), and the heart rate

slows to a few beats per minute. During hibernation, the squirrel may wake up briefly for a few days and

uses up the fat reserves accumulated during the summer, consuming about 90% of the fat stored in the

body.[8]

In Bulgaria hibernation lasts from September to March.[7]

Breeding[edit]

After emerging from hibernation in the spring, mating takes place during April or May. Thegestationperiod

is about twenty six days and five to eight young are born in a chamber deep in the burrow. They are naked

and blind and their eyes open at about 4 weeks old. The female feeds them for six weeks and soon after

that they are ready to leave the burrow. They reach maturity the following spring and may live for eight to

ten years.

[3]

Status[edit]

The European ground squirrel is listed as being "Vulnerable" by theIUCNin itsRed List of Threatened

Species. This is because the population trend is downward and it is believed that, over the last ten years,

the population has diminished by more than 30%. The southern and the northwestern and northern parts of

the range are most seriously affected. The main threats are the conversion of grassland and pasture to

cultivated fields or to forestry, and the abandonment of grassland and its reversion to unsuitable tall grass

meadows and bushy habitats that do not suit the animal. Urbanization and road building have sometimes

fragmented communities and prevented recolonisation of empty sites.[1]

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has

media related toSpermophilus

citellus.

1. ^Jump up to:abcCoroiu, C., Krytufek, B., Vohralk, V. & Zagorodnyuk, I. (2008)."Spermophilus

citellus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Version 2013.1.International Union for Conservation of

Nature. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Koshev-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Koshev-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Koshev-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Koshev-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Koshev-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_List_of_Threatened_Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_List_of_Threatened_Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_List_of_Threatened_Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_List_of_Threatened_Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=6http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spermophilus_citellushttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spermophilus_citellushttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spermophilus_citellushttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spermophilus_citellushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-2http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20472http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20472http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20472http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20472http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20472http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20472http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20472http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/20472http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_ref-iucn_1-0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spermophilus_citellushttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spermophilus_citellushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-iucn-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_List_of_Threatened_Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_List_of_Threatened_Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_ground_squirrel&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Koshev-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Koshev-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ground_squirrel#cite_note-Collins-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)


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2. Jump up^Thorington, R. W., Jr.; Hoffman, R. S. (2005)."Family Sciuridae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D.

M.Mammal Species of the World(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 805.ISBN978-0-8018-

8221-0.OCLC62265494.

3. ^Jump up to:abcdeKonig, Claus (1973). Mammals. Collins & Co. p. 90.ISBN978-0-00-212080-7.

4. Jump up^Rozmawiaa Agata Domiska (2010-08-27)."Susy po 30 latach wracaj na dolnolskie

ki"(in Polish). Gazetapl Wroclow. Retrieved 2013-09-20.

5. Jump up^Zagorodnyuk, I., Glowacinski, Z. & Gondek, A. (2008)."Spermophilus suslicus".IUCN Red

List of Threatened Species.Version 2013.1.International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved

2013-09-30.

6. Jump up^"Wakacje z sympatycznymi polskimi susami"(in Polish). Dziennik Polski. 2011-07-20.

Retrieved 2013-09-20.

7. ^Jump up to:abKoshev, Yordan S.; Kocheva, Maria A. (2008)."Daily Activity Pattern in Free-living

European Ground Squirrels Spermophilus citellus (Mammalia: Rodentia) from Northwestern

Bulgaria".Acta Zoologica Bulgarica2: 149154.

8. Jump up^"O sule"(in Polish). Salamandra. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
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