Do NowDo Now: Imagine you are a : Imagine you are a Portuguese merchant in the Portuguese merchant in the

1400’s. There is high demand 1400’s. There is high demand for goods from East Asia, but for goods from East Asia, but Muslim and Italian merchants Muslim and Italian merchants

control most trade between Asia control most trade between Asia and Europe. You want to cut and Europe. You want to cut out the middle man and gain out the middle man and gain

direct access to the riches of the direct access to the riches of the east by finding an all water route east by finding an all water route

to Asia. Study the map of the to Asia. Study the map of the world. Describe one possible world. Describe one possible

route you could take to get there route you could take to get there

AimAim: Why did European Nations send explorers across the oceans?: Why did European Nations send explorers across the oceans?

Hello, my name is Christopher Columbus and I am here to tell you about a

major turning point in history!

The Age of Exploration was a time when brave men, like

myself, left the familiar shores of Europe in search of new lands, trade routes, and

riches!

Age of Exploration

1. Crusades led to increased trade between Europe and the Middle East.

2. The Ottoman Empire controlled the trade routes to the east. The Europeans were forced to seek alternative trade routes to Asia.

How did it all start?

How will the Europeans get

around the Ottomans?

Factors which influenced the Age of Factors which influenced the Age of ExplorationExploration

Series of holy wars which introduced Europeans to spices and other trade goods from East Asia

The Crusades

Period in Europe in which secular ideas increased and people began to emphasize individual achievement

Renaissance

Technology developed during the Renaissance which allowed ideas to spread quickly

Printing Press

New type of ship which allowed navigators to sail into the wind

Caravel

Reasons for ExplorationReasons for ExplorationLook at the following pictures and see if you can determine the major reasons for Exploration in the 15th thru 17th centuries!

Improved navigational technology which Improved navigational technology which allowed for explorationallowed for exploration

A device for determiningdirection. A magnetic needle floating in a dish of liquid, pointed north-southallowing sailors to determinethe direction of the ship.

The Magnetic Compass

Improved navigational technology which Improved navigational technology which allowed for explorationallowed for exploration

A device used to measure the angles of the sun and stars a stars above the horizon which allowed navigators to determine their latitude at sea.

The Astrolabe

Motivations for ExplorationMotivations for Exploration

1. “Gold” was a motivator! Many had a desire to find new sources of wealth.

2. “Glory” encouraged men to take risks! Many wanted fame and fortune for themselves and their nation.

3. “God” was used to justify their success. Due to Reformation, some wanted to spread Christianity.

“Come on! Did you think we did it to find a new vacation spot?”

Reasons for ExplorationReasons for Exploration

4. “Water Route to the East” was needed due to Muslim and Italian control of trade routes.

5. “Humanism” stressed the power of the individual to question and explore the world around them.

6. “Technology” such as the compass, sextant, astrolabe, and the caravel made sea travel easier.

“All this technology and the Queen only gives me three scrawny little ships!”

MotivationMotivation

Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztecs to gain riches

Gold

Vasco de Gama rounds the tip of Africa to get to the great spice ports of India

Glory

Missionaries flock to Spanish colonies to convert to

Christianity

Columbus sails west in order to find a quicker trade route to

the East Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand agree to finance voyages to increase Spain’s power and influence.

Italian adventurers signed on as crew members on

Megellan’s voyage around the world.

God

Would You Go?Would You Go? It is a gray and windy morning in 1430. You are standing on a dock in It is a gray and windy morning in 1430. You are standing on a dock in

the European country of Portugal staring out at the dark and mysterious the European country of Portugal staring out at the dark and mysterious Atlantic Ocean. You, like most people at the time, have no idea what Atlantic Ocean. You, like most people at the time, have no idea what lies beyond the horizon. Now, you may find out. You have been asked lies beyond the horizon. Now, you may find out. You have been asked to go on a voyage of exploration. You’ve heard all the terrifying stories to go on a voyage of exploration. You’ve heard all the terrifying stories of sea monsters and ship-wrecks. You’ve heard the warnings that the of sea monsters and ship-wrecks. You’ve heard the warnings that the currents along parts of western Africa are “so terrible that no ship currents along parts of western Africa are “so terrible that no ship having once passed will ever be able to return.” In addition, the trip to having once passed will ever be able to return.” In addition, the trip to India would take about a year. With no refrigeration system, the only India would take about a year. With no refrigeration system, the only food available is bland-tasting biscuits known as hardtack which often food available is bland-tasting biscuits known as hardtack which often went stale and contained weevils. went stale and contained weevils.

What possible rewards might come from exploring the seas for new lands?

What are the risks involved in embarking on a voyage into the unknown?

Portuguese navigators lead the way!Portuguese navigators lead the way!

Known as “The Father of Exploration.” He set up a school where he trained captains and crews for long voyages. Sent out ships that slowly worked their way down Africa’s coast.

In 1488, he rounded the southern tip of Africa, but turned back after a violent storm struck. The tip of Africa became known as the Cape of Good Hope because it opened the way for a sea route to Asia.

In1497, he led four ships around the Cape of Good Hope. After a 10 month voyage, Da Gama finally reached the great spice port of Calicut on the west coast of India.

Prince Henry the Navigator“The Father of Navigation”

Bartholemew Dias Vasco Da Gamma

Portugal - Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of

Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa

- Vasco Da Gama established an all water route to India

- Seized port cities, or trading enclaves, like Goa, Malacca, Mombasa, and

Canton

- Brazil was founded by Pedro Cabral in 1500

- Had a monopoly on trade in the Indian Ocean until the Dutch arrived in the 1600s.

Location

In the early 1400s, the Portuguese led

the way

Iberian

The Portuguese Lake

Close: Predict what will happen next in both Europe Close: Predict what will happen next in both Europe and the new places discovered as a result of and the new places discovered as a result of exploration. Give me 2! exploration. Give me 2!

The success of Portuguese explorations led Spain to begin its own voyages.

“I just wanted to get to the Indies, but no… these

two big continents had to be in my way!”

- Columbus discovered the Americas for Spain. Sent conquistadors to Central and South America

- Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean

- Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the globe, Spain settled Philippines

- Cortes conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico

- Pizarro conquered the Inca empire along the Andes Mountains in Peru.

LocationIberian

Christopher Columbus

The Spaniards attack the Aztecs

The Spaniards capture the Inca King

Spanish and Portuguese ExplorationsSpanish and Portuguese Explorations

Dutch and British

- Northern areas of the Americas – settlements and search for a “north-west passage.”

- Caribbean Islands – Sugar islands

- British controlled Port villages in India – Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta

- Dutch – Trade routes and colonies in S.E. Asia: Indonesia, Strait of Malacca, Japan, and China (Only European nation allowed to trade with Japan)

- British later replace Dutch (New York, South Africa, India, Malacca)

Location

1707 map of Japan that depicts

William Adams’ visit with

Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1600

Northern European

Henry Hudson failed to find a north-west or north-east passage in all four of his

voyages.

Dutch Trading EmpireDutch Trading Empire

Oversight InstitutionOversight Institution

The Crown – Monarch and Church received 20% of profits! Mercantilism.

Relied of King and Pope to make decisions. Resulted in slow, ineffective process of rule

Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494: Pope made decision to split New World possessions into spheres of interest between Spain and Portugal.

Iberian

Trading companies received charters from King

East and West India Companies develop – Privately funded ventures with goal of making a profit.

Mercantilism existed, but development of capitalism began.

Decisions can be made much faster by the settlers: Mayflower Compact

Northern European

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian ExchangeFrom New World to Old World

From Old World to New World

Early on, people thought the tomato was harmful to eat. “If I should eat this fruit,” explained one Italian man, “it would be injurious and

harmful to me.” One German Official warned that the tomato “should not be taken internally”

In 1619, officials in Burgundy, France, banned the potato, explaining that “too frequent use of them caused the leprosy.” In 1774, starving

peasants in Prussia (Germany) refused to eat the spud.

The Columbian Exchange“The age of Exploration was a major turning

point in history all because of me!”

Columbian Exchange - the exchange of people, plants,animals, ideas, and technology between Europe and the New World.

From Old World to New World From New World to Old World

Wheat Sugar Bananas Rice Grapes Horses Pigs Cattle Sheep Chickens Measles

Typhus

Corn Potato Beans Peanuts Squash Pumpkin Tomatoes Avocados Chili Pepper Pineapple Cocoa Tobacco Quinine (a medicine for malaria)

European Empires: 1660European Empires: 1660

The Commercial RevolutionThe Commercial Revolution

The Growth of CapitalismSpurred by expanded trade and growth of overseas empires, capitalism (market) is an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit

The Commercial RevolutionThe Commercial Revolution

New Business MethodsEarly Capitalists discovered new ways to create wealth! Joint Stock Companies where a group of people would pool their money together to make more money! Like our modern day corporations.

The Commercial RevolutionThe Commercial Revolution

New Economic PolicyThe theory of mercantilism was aimed at strengthening European economies. According to the theory, countries could become wealthy and powerful in 2 ways.1. Increase your gold and silver supply

2. Maintain a favorable balance of trade – export more than import

The Role of Colonies in MercantilismThe Role of Colonies in Mercantilism

7.7. Colonies provide mother country with raw materialsColonies provide mother country with raw materials

(gold and silver)(gold and silver)

2. Mother country maintains a favorable balance of trade with 2. Mother country maintains a favorable balance of trade with it’s colonies.it’s colonies.

Mother Country

Colony

Manufactured goods (finished goods)

Raw Materials

Impact of ExplorationPositive Effects:

• New trade: led to weakening of the feudal system, rise in Middle Class, and population growth in Europe.• Animals: horses, cattle, chicken, sheep were brought to New World• Global Trade: Truly Global Trade! Emerged resulting in cultural diffusion Colonies developed and settled by Europeans searching for freedom and opportunity

The World in 1600The World in 1400

• Mercantilism: economic policy that created a favorable balance of trade for the parent country. • Colonies: served as a source for raw materials, and as an exclusive market for the parent country.

Negative Effects: • Massive Destruction: Millions of natives died due to disease brought by Europeans, or by colonization.

The Triangle TradeThe Triangle Trade

Atlantic Slave Trade: Africans faced a diaspora, or forced movement of its people, as slavery became the dominant labor force in the Americas.

How do these two images reflect

Northern European

Exploration?

Merchants and Bankers who want to make a profit for themselves and trading

company.

Pilgrims and the Mayflower Compact: Search for religious freedom and settlers making

their own decision

Columbus showing off findings from New World to King

Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.

Columbus arrives in America and plants flag for Spain. Glory

for Spain and for himself.

How do these two images reflect

Iberian Exploration?

What do you think is the reason for the differences between Iberian and Northern

European exploration?

Here’s a hint: Pope Pius V

Religious differences: Iberians were Roman

Catholic and Northerners were Protestant

Here’s a hint: Queen Isabella

Political differences: Iberians had Absolute Monarchs with Divine Right

and Northerners had Limited Parliamentary governments

Important People to KnowCan you name the Explorer who went on each voyage?