european expansion and the columbian exchange colonization of the new and old worlds, 1500 - 1763
TRANSCRIPT
I. Reasons for Expansion
A. Advances in science
1. Tools/technology
2. Science enthroned
Academie de Science
Royal Scientific Society
Prince Henry
B. Expansion and European Conflict
1. Reformation and the Wars of Christianity,
1535-1648
1648, Europe
after the Peace of
Westphalia
2. Centralization of European governments
a. Absolute monarchy, 1500s - 1700s
James I, Divine Right of Kings (England)
Louis XIV, the “Sun King” (France)
Elizabeth I (England)
Philip II (Spain)
Peter the Great (Russia)
Catherine the Great (Russia)
Frederick the Great (Prussia)
Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden)
A. Colonization 1. Portuguese Empire and the rise of the Atlantic
economy
1452, Pope Nicolas V “heathens and infidels”
B. The Columbian Exchange
1. Ecological Imperialism
old world plants/animals flourish in colonial
regions
diminishes ecological/social stability of “native” peoples, enhances colonial power
2. The microbial exchange
smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, cholera
1492 = 100M - 70M in N/S Hemispheres
1900 = 250,000 left in North America
3. Impact on the West
- outlets for growing population
- new sources of food (carbohydrates)
- addictions for a modernizing society
tobacco, coffee, tea, sugar
C. Debating colonization
Pro
1. Richard Hakluyt
2. Jean Baptiste Colbert
- spurred domestic growth
- strengthened national position
- empowered “absolute” monarchs
Con
1. Jose de Acosta (1590s)
= Jesuit critique of slavery, Spanish and Portuguese colonization
2. Comte de Buffon (1750s - 60s)
= “wilderness” debased, humanity, animals
Frontier conditions drove civilization backwards
“Heart of Darkness”
C. Spanish-Indian policy
1. Officially…
(Isabella) direct subjects
Encomienda System
tributary labor
2. Unofficially…
distance bred independence, cruelty
“Black Legend” of Spanish brutality
Bartolomè de Las Casas
D. Trials in North America1. Ponce de León, (Florida) 1513-1521
Cabeza de Vaca (Gulf Coast to Mexico) 1527
de Soto (Southeast to Texas) 1539-1543
Coronado (Southwest) 1540-42
little permanent presence;paved way for laterconquest
E. New Spain
1. 1542 - encomienda abolished
African slaves introduced
2. Hacienda system
3. 1524 - Council of the Indies
Viceroy > Creoles >Mestizos
4. Mestizo culture
a. Church/Indian compromise
Jesuits rituals deities
b. intermarriageracial caste system
c. intermarriage
interdependence
A. Fish, fur and lead
1. Jacques Cartier (1534)
Northwest Passage
2. Indian resistance / French politics
3. Louisiana, 1682 Biloxi, 1682
Mobile, 1702
New Orleans, 1718
4. Interior colonies Ste. Genevieve, 1735
St. Louis, 1764 “extractive” industries colonial women
4. River systems and
C. Empire of Rivers
1. Infiltration & cooperation coureurs de bois
2. The Middle Ground
3. Roots of dependency
C. “New” England
1. English rights v. economic necessity
a. rejection of non-English
influences
b. indentured servitude