European Empires in Latin European Empires in Latin America: 1660sAmerica: 1660s

Spain

Portugal

France

Peninsulares (men born in Spain)

Creoles (Spaniards born in Latin America)

Mestizos (mixed European & Indian ancestry)

Mulattos (mixed European & African ancestry)

Africans (majority enslaved)

Indians (of little economic value)

Early Social ClassEarly Social Classin Latin Americain Latin America

Early Social ClassEarly Social Classin Latin Americain Latin America

Colonial society was divided into six classes based on birth

Economy: based on the ideas of “Mercantilism”• Africans & American Indians used as slave labor• Lands are used for natural resources

(harvested/mined and traded)

The Economy inThe Economy incolonial Latin Americacolonial Latin America

The Economy inThe Economy incolonial Latin Americacolonial Latin America

Causes of Latin AmericanCauses of Latin AmericanRevolutionsRevolutions

1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas

2. Creole discontent

3. Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions.

4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting in other wars (the Napoleonic Wars)

5. Economic policies benefited Europeans at the expense of the native Latin Americans

EnlightenmentEnlightenmentThinkersThinkers

New ideas about freedom, rights, and liberty!

Creole DiscontentCreole Discontent

Want a voice in government and economy but are not allowed due to birth!

Inspiration of American & Inspiration of American & French RevolutionsFrench Revolutions

Declaration of Declaration of Independence, 1776Independence, 1776

Declaration of the Declaration of the Rights of Man & of Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789the Citizen, 1789

Preoccupation of Spain & Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Portugal In Fighting

Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars

Provides a Provides a model & a model & a diversion!diversion!

Latin American Revolutions!Latin American Revolutions!

Toussaint L’OuvetureToussaint L’OuvetureLeads a RevolutionLeads a Revolution

in Haitiin Haiti(1804) (1804)

First Colony to revolt…HaitiFirst Colony to revolt…HaitiHome Country: French colony

Date of Independence: 1804

Independence Leaders:

- Toussiant-Louverture (former slave)

- Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaint’s general)

Haitian Independence:

1791= slave revolt

1801= Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees slaves)

1802= French troops arrive & agreement made

to stop revolution

1804= Dessalines starts revolution again and

declares independence

Home Country: Spanish colony

Date of Independence: 1816

Independence Leaders:

- Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)

Argentiaian Independence:

1816= Creole colonist rebel & seize government

1816= Martin declares independence

ArgentinaArgentina

The “Muscle” of The “Muscle” of the Revolutionthe RevolutionBolivar Bolivar

coming from coming from the North.the North.

José de St. Martín José de St. Martín and and Bernard O’Higgins Bernard O’Higgins cross cross the Andes Mountains.the Andes Mountains.

Home Country: Spanish colony

Date of Independence: 1817

Independence Leaders:

- Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)

- Bernardo O’Higgins (military officer)

Chile Independence:

1817= San Martin leads his army across the

Andes into Chile

1817= Joins forces with O’Higgins and defeat

the Spanish and declare independence

ChileChile

Simón Bolivar: Simón Bolivar:

The “Brains”The “Brains”of theof theRevolutionRevolution Creole leader of

the revolutions in Venezuela.

Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

Home Country: Spanish colony

Date of Independence: 1821/1822

Independence Leaders:

- Simon Bolivar (Venezulan Creole/military general)

Gran Columbia Independence:

1811= Venezuela declares independence

1811-1821= Revolts against Spanish

1821= Bolivar wins independence

1821= Rebellion goes to Columbia, Ecuador,

& Panama

1822= Bolivar elected president; the new nation

called Gran Columbia established

Venezuela, Columbia, and PanamaVenezuela, Columbia, and Panama

Bolivar’s AccomplishmentBolivar’s Accomplishment

Simón Bolivar Meets José Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martinde San Martin

Bolivar & San Martin Fight Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!for Independence!

Home Country: Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1824

Independence Leaders: - Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer) - Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/military general)

Peruvian Independence: 1821= San Martin takes army to Lima, Peru to drive out the remaining Spanish1822= San Martin joins Bolivar/combines army 1822= San Martin leaves for Europe1822= Carries rebellion to Columbia, Ecuador,

and Panama1822= Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of Ayacucho

PeruPeru

Home Country: Spanish colony

Date of Independence: 1825

Independence Leaders:

- Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/military general)

Bolivian Independence:

1824= Bolivar drives out the remaining Spanish

from Peru

1825= Upper Peru separates and names itself

Bolivia (after Simon Bolivar)

BoliviaBolivia

Bolivar’s FailureBolivar’s Failure

After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America

He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

LatinLatinAmerican American

StatesStatesAfter the After the

RevolutionsRevolutions

1.) Brazil Freed from 1.) Brazil Freed from PortugalPortugal

The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.

Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.

Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.

Home Country: Portuguese colony

Date of Independence: 1822

Independence Leaders:

- Dom Joao/King John(leader of Portugal)

- Dom Pedro (son of King John)

Brazillian Independence:

1807= Prince John flees to Brazil to escape from

Napoleon & rules from Portugal (14 yrs)

1815= Napoleon defeated

1822= Brazilian creoles demand independence

1822= petition by Brazilians ask for Dom Pedro

to rule Brazil; King John agrees

BrazilBrazil

2.) Independence 2.) Independence for Spanish & Portuguese for Spanish & Portuguese

Latin AmericaLatin America

By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.

$ Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti

$ Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia!

3.) No Unity!3.) No Unity!

Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America =

$ Civil wars erupt in many newly independent countries.

By 1830s, geographic barriers (mts., the Amazon, etc.), vast distances, plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.

$ Gran Columbia.

$ United Provinces of Central America.

4.) Independence 4.) Independence Brought More PovertyBrought More Poverty

The wars disrupted trade.

The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.

5.) Left Many Countries in 5.) Left Many Countries in the Control of the Control of CaudillosCaudillos

WHO WERE THEY?:

$ Mid-19c military dictators

$ Mostly wealthy “creole” aristocrats.

$ Followed the fight for independence.

$ Posed as reformers.

$ BUT…once in power overthrew govt. & took away basic human rights.

$ Attempted improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [nepotism].

$ Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]

What is the Message?What is the Message?

Additional ProblemsAdditional Problems

6. Feuds among leaders.7. Geographic barriers.8. The social hierarchy continued

from the past. 9. Conservatives favored the old

social order.10.Liberals wanted land reform.11.Dependence on foreign

nations for capital and for economic investments.

The Caribbean:The Caribbean:An “American Lake”An “American Lake”

““The Colossus The Colossus of the North”of the North”

2 US dominated affairs in theAmericas.

2 1823 – Monroe Doctrine.2 US takes Texas and Mexican

Cession.2 US gains independence for Cuba.2 Roosevelt Corollary – US will

police the America.

2 US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua.

2 US built Panama Canal – “Yankee imperialism.”

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

““Big Stick” Foreign PolicyBig Stick” Foreign Policy

Cause of the Mexican Cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?Revolution of 1910?

Mexican RevolutionariesMexican Revolutionaries

EmilianoEmilianoZapataZapata

EmilianoEmilianoZapataZapata

Francisco I Francisco I Madero Madero

Francisco I Francisco I Madero Madero

VenustianVenustianoo

Carranza Carranza

VenustianVenustianoo

Carranza Carranza Porfirio Porfirio DiazDiaz

Porfirio Porfirio DiazDiaz

Pancho Villa Pancho Villa Pancho Villa Pancho Villa

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.

Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

Home Country: Spanish colony

Date of Independence: 1821

Independence Leaders:

- Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (priest)

- Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon (rebel leader)

- General Augustin de Ituribe (Creole officer)

Mexican Independence:

1810= Costilla leads rebellion against Spainish

1811= Costilla defeated and executed

1811= Pavon leads rebellion for next four years

1815= Iturbide defeats Pavon

1821= turns on Spanish over loss of rights; makes

peace with Pavon; declares independence

MexicoMexico

1913: Economic 1913: Economic Imperialism?Imperialism?

U. S. Global U. S. Global InvestmentsInvestments

in 1914in 1914