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EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG-XIISCIENCE

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

SYNOPSES OF TSER PROJECTS FUNDED AS A RESULT OFTHE THREE CALLS FOR PROPOSALS (1995/1996-1997/1998)

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CONTENTS

Part 1. Introduction p. 3

Part 2. Overview of projects p. 5

Science and technology policy options p. 9

Education and trainining p. 13

Social exclusion and social integration p. 15

Part 3. Project details and summaries p. 17

Science and technology policy options p. 21

Education and training p.151

Social exclusion and social integration p.231

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INTRODUCTION

Since 1984 the European Union has launched four major Framework Programmes ofresearch and technological development, each of which have sought to extend, complementand enhance rather than replace national research activity. Adopted in April 1994, theFourth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development had aduration of 5 years (1994-1998) with a budget of 13.1 billion ECU. The 19 specificprogrammes of the 4th Framework Programme covered a wide range of research andtechnological development (RTD) activities.

One of the major innovative features in the 4th Framework Programme was the specificprogramme Targeted Socio-Economic Research (TSER). TSER is based on the belief thatinvestment in knowledge, research and human resources is of major importance for thesocial and economic development of Europe. Thus, the main objective of the TSERprogramme was to build up both the knowledge base and research networks for high quality,policy relevant, comparative European socio-economic research at both national andCommunity level, in order to support sustainable social and economic development.

With a budget of 112 million ECU, TSER has fostered cooperation among researchinstitutions from all over the European Union, which are now working on collaborativeprojects of the highest quality. The programme has been implemented progressively throughthree calls for proposals (in 1995, 1996 and 1997 respectively) and a total of 160 projectshave been selected for funding as a result of the three calls.

In this document the projects are presented under the three broad research themes of theTSER programme: Science and technology policy options, Education and training, andSocial exclusion and social integration. As the programme evolved, some of the projectsbridged across two or all the three of the above themes; nevertheless, for convenience, eachproject is allocated into one of the thematic groups.

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__________________________________________________________________________________Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme

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OVERVIEW OF TSER 3 CALL PROJECTS

IN TABLE FORMAT


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9

Science and technology policy options

Contract No. Project title Coordinator & Institution Page

SOE1-CT95-1004 INNOVATION SYSTEMS AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION (ISE) Prof. Charles Edquist /Linköping University /SE

22

SOE1-CT95-1005 TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND SOCIAL COHESION Dr. Luc Soete and Dr. Bart Verspagen /MERIT / BE

24

SOE1-CT95-1006 INDICATORS AND DATA FOR EUROPEAN ANALYSIS Prof. Keith Smith / STEP Group / NO 26

SOE1-CT95-1007 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS FOR EUROPEAN S&T POLICY INTELLIGENCE Mr Rémi Barré / OST / Paris , FR 28

SOE1-CT95-1008 RESTRUCTURING AND REINTEGRATION OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS IN ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION

Dr. Slavo Radosevic / Science PolicyResearch Unit / UK

30

SOE1-CT95-1009 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES IN DEVELOPING ANDTRANSITIONS COUNTRIES: REFORM AND TECHNOLOGICAL CO-OPERATION WITH EUROPE

Dr. Sanjaya Lall/ Univ. Oxford / UK) 32

SOE1-CT95-1010 REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS: DESIGNING FOR THE FUTURE –REGIS

Prof. Philip Cooke / Univ. Wales / UK 34

SOE1-CT95-1011 NETWORKS, COLLECTIVE LEARNING AND RTD IN REGIONALLLY –CLUSTERED HIGH TECHNOLOGY SMES

Dr. David Keeble / ESRC / UK 36

SOE1-CT96-1012 SUNSHINE REGIONS OR SUNSET REGIONS (SUNREG) – RESEARCHCO-OPERATION BETWEEN UNIONS AND UNIVERSITIES ONTECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTHAND EMPLOYMENT CREATION

Mr. John Williams / TUC / UK 38

SOE1-CT96-1013 THEMATIC NETWORK ON ADVANCES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYPOLICY PLANNING – TOWARDS THE INTEGRATION OFTECHNOLOGY FORESIGHT

Dr. Stefan Kuhlmann / Fraunhofer-Institutfür Systemtechnik undInnovationsforschung / DE

40

SOE1-CT96-1014 UNIVERSITIES,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND SPIN-OFF ACTIVITIESACADEMIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP ON THE PERIPHERY OF EUROPE

Prof. Dylan Jones-Evans / Univ. Dublin / IR 42

SOE1-CT96-1015 SERVICES IN INNOVATION, INNOVATION IN SERVICES Mr. Johan Hauknes /STEP Group / NO 44

SOE1-CT96-1016 PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT AND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICYOPTIONS (PESTO)

Mr.Andrew Jamison /Lunds Univ. / SE 46

SOE1-CT96-1017 THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE – INTENSIVE SERVICESFOR THE TRANSMISSION AND APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL ANDMANAGEMENT INNOVATION

Dr.Peter Wood / Univ. College London / UK 48

SOE1-CT96-1018 MODELLING A SOCIALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLEEUROPEAN UNION

Prof. Dr. Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek /Wuppertal Institute for ClimateEnvironment and Energy, DE

50

SOE1-CT96-1019 SOCIAL LEARNING IN MULTIMEDIA Dr. Robin Williams/ Univ. Edinburgh / UK 52

SOE1-CT96-1020 INNOVATION, R&D AND PRODUCTIVITY Prof. John Van Reenen / Inst. Fiscal Studies/ UK

54

SOE1-CT96-1035 THE ROLE OF EUROPE IN WORLD-WIDE SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY MONITORING AND EVALUATION IN A CONTEXT OFGLOBAL COMPETITION

Prof. Anthon Van Raan / Centre for Scienceand Technology Studies (CWTS) / NL

56

SOE1-CT96-1036 EUROPEAN COMPARISON OF PUBLIC RESEARCH SYSTEMS Dr. Jacqueline Senker Univeristy ofSussex,Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) / UK

58

SOE1-CT96-1037 TECHNOLOGICAL AND FINANCIAL INVESTMENT, MANUFACTURINGFIRMS IN SOUTHERN EUROPE

Dr. Anthony Bartzokas / The United NationsUniversity Institute for New TechnologiesINTECH / NL

60

SOE1-CT97-1053 THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIESAND BROAD INDUSTRIAL POLICY

Margareth Sharp / University of Sussex / UK 62

SOE1-CT97-1054 SYSTEMES D’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET INNOVATION Dr. Eric Verdier/CNRS/ Paris, FR 64

SOE1-CT97-1055 INDUSTRIAL DINAMICS AND EMPLOYMENT IN EUROPE Prof. J.L. Gaffard /CNRS / FR 66

SOE1-CT97-1056 FORESIGHT AS A TOOL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF KNOWLEDGEFLOWS AND INNOVATION

Dr. A. Webster/Anglia PolytechnicUniversity / UK

68

SOE1-CT97-1057 TOWARDS AN INTERACTIVE TECHNOLOGY POLICY – IMPLICATIONSFROM THE SOCIAL SHAPING OF MOBILITY AND TRANSPORTPOLICIES FOR A NEW TECHNOLOGY POLICY PARADIGM

Dr. Ir. B. Elzen / University of Twente / NL 70

SOE1-CT97-1058 INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS AND LOCALIZED TECHNOLOGICALKNOWLEDGE: THE DYNAMICS OF CLUSTERED SME’SNETWORKING

Prof. Cristiano Antonelli / FondazioneRosselli / ITI

72


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Contract No. Project title Coordinator & Institution PageSOE1-CT97-1059 FROM SCIENCE TO PRODUCTS Mr. W. Garcia-Fontes / Fabra / ES 74

SOE1-CT97-1060 THE SELF-ORGANISATION OF THE EUROPEAN INFORMATIONSOCIETY

Dr. Peter Van den Besselaar / University ofAmsterdam / NL

76

SOE1-CT97-1061 SME POLICY AND THE REGIONAL DIMENSION OF INNOVATION Dr. Arne Isaksen / Studies in Technology,Innovation and Economic Policy / NO

78

SOE1-CT97-1062 COLLECTIVE INVENTION AND EUROPEAN POLICIES Prof. D. Foray/University Dauphine- / FR 80

SOE1-CT97-1064 FLEXIBLE WORK PRACTICES AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY M. Gérard Valenduc/Fondation TravailUniversité / FR

82

SOE1-CT97-1065 SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN EUROPE AND EAST ASIA :COMPETITION, COLLABORATION AND LESSONS FOR POLICYSUPPORT

Martin Fransman/University of Edinburgh /UK

84

SOE1-CT97-1066 BUILDING COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS FOR NEW PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT

Mr. Keith Dickson/Brunel University / UK 86

SOE1-CT97-1068 POLICY INFLUENCES ON TECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE:CHEMICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY AND SEEDS

Dr.David Wield / Open University / UK 880

SOE1-CT97-1070 INFORMATION SOCIETY, WORK, AND THE GENERATION OF NEWFORMS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION.

Prof. G. Schienstock/University of Tampere/ FIN

90

SOE1-CT97-1071 SCENARIOS FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY: CAR TRANSPORTSYSTEMS AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGIES

Dr. J. Wickham/University of Dublin / IE 92

SOE1-CT97-1072 THE CREATION OF EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT PRACTICE Prof. L. Engwall/Upsala Universitet / FIN 94

SOE1-CT97-1073 PARTICIPATORY METHODS IN TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND INTECHNOLOGY DECISION-MAKING

Mr. Lars Klüver /The Danish Board of Technology / DK

96

SOE1-CT97-1074 WORK PROCESS KNOWLEDGE IN TECHNOLOGICAL ANDORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Prof. N. Boreham /The Victoria University of Manchester / UK

98

SOE1-CT97-1075 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES TOWARDS RESEARCHJOINT VENTURES

Prof. Yannis Caloghirou/ National TechnicalUniversity of Athens

100

SOE1-CT97-1076 TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURES POLICY IN THEKNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY

Prof. Patrick Cohendet / Université LouisPasteur (Strasbourg I) / FR

102

SOE1-CT97-1077 COMPARATIVE DYNAMICS OF INNOVATION SYSTEMS:IMPLICATIONS FOR S&T AND OTHER POLICIES

Dr. Rémi Barré / OST / FR 104

SOE1-CT98-1078 DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES – GROWTH AND LONG-TERMCOMPETITIVENESS OF EUROPEAN FIRMS: A DIAGNOSIS AND THEIMPLICATIONS FOR EU POLICIES

Prof. Giovanni Dosi / University of Rome (LaSapienza)/ IT

106

SOE1-CT98-1079 MANAGING EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY : DEFENCE ANDCOMPETITIVENESS ISSUES

Mr. Peter Healey/Science Policy SupportGroup / UK

108

SOE1-CT98-1100 POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION INTHE 21ST CENTURY : LESSONS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Dr. Terje Gronning / University of Oslo /NO

110

SOE1-CT98- 1101 INTERNATIONALISATION OF RESEARCH : INSTITUTIONALINNOVATION, CULTURE AND AGENCY IN THE FRAMEWORK OFCOMPETITION AND COOPERATION

Dr. Ronald Poholyles / The InterdisciplinaryCentre for Comparative Research in theSocial Sciences / AT

112

SOE1- CT98-1102 NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION AND NETWORKS IN THEIDEA-INNOVATION CHAIN IN SCIENCE BASED INDUSTRIES

Prof. Frans Van Waarden / UtrechtUniversity / NL

114

SOE1-CT98-1103 INFORMATION SOCIETY AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT INEUROPEAN COMPARISON

Dr. Eva Schulze / BIT GmbH / DE 116

SOE1-CT98-1104 MZASURING INTANGIBLES TO UNDERSTAND AND IMPROVEINNOVATION MANAGEMENT (MERITUM)

Prof. M. Paloma Sanchez / IADE / ES 118

SOE1-CT98-1105 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANDECOLOGY-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY POLICY, STIMULUS ANDRESPONSE IN ENVIRONMENT RELATED INNOVATION NETWORKS

Prof. Uwe Schubert / InterdisciplinaryInstitute of Environmental Economics andManagement / AT

120

SOE1-CT98-1106 THE IMPACT OF CLEANPRODUCTION ON EMPLOYMENT INEUROPE. AN ANALYSIS USING SERVEYS AND CASE STUDIES(IMPRESS)

Dr/ Klaus Rennings / Zentrum fürEuropäische Wirtschaftsforschung Umwelt/ DE

122

SOE1-CT98-1107 STIMULATING SELF-ORGANISING INNOVATION NETWORKS (SEIN) Dr. Günter Küppers / Institute for Scienceand Technology Studies / DE

124

SOE1-CT98- 1108 UNIVERSITIES IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (UNIREG) Dr. David Charles / University of Newcastle/ UK

126


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Contract No. Project title Coordinator & Institution PageSOE1-CT98-1112 PROCESS RE-ENGINEERING IN EUROPE: CHOICE, PEOPLE &

TECHNOLOGYDr. C. Clausen / Technical University ofDenmark / DK

128

SOE1-CT98-1113 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, PERFORMANCE PRESSURE ANDPRODUCT INNOVATION IN EUROPEAN-BASED COMPANIES: ACOMPARATIVE STUDY

Prof. A. Tylecote / University of Sheffield /UK

130

SOE1-CT98-1114 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, INNOVATION, AND ECONOMICPERFORMANCE IN THE EU

Prof. W. Lazonick / INSEAD – TheEuropean Institute of BusinessAdministration, Fontainebleau, FR

132

SOE1-CT98-1115 RTOS IN THE SERVICE ECONOMY – KNOWLEDGEINFRASTRUCTURES, INNOVATION INTERMEDIARIES ANDINSTITUTIONAL CHANGE

Dr. M. Hales / University of Brighton, UK 134

SOE1-CT98-1116 SECTORAL SYSTEMS IN EUROPE: INNOVATION,COMPETITIVENESS & GROWTH

Prof. F. Malerba / Università CommercialeLuigi Bocconi, Milano, IT

136

SOE1-CT98-1117 EUROPEAN BIOTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEMS Dr. J. Senker / University of Sussex, UK 138

SOE2-CT98-1118 INNOVATION-RELATED KNOWLEDGE FLOWS IN EUROPEANINDUSTRY: EXTENT, MECHANISMS, IMPLI-CATIONS

Prof. Y. Caloghirou / National TechnicalUniversity of Athens, GR

140

SOE1-CT98-1119 SERVEMPLOI: INNOVATIONS IN INFORMATION SOCIETY SECTORS- IMPLICATIONS FOR WOMEN'S WORK, EXPERTISE ANDOPPORTUNITIES IN EUROPEAN WORKPLACES

Prof. J. Wickham / Trinity College Dublin,IE

142

SOE1-CT98-1123 REDUCTION DU TEMPS DE TRAVAIL, EFFICACITE DE L’HOPITALETPARTICIPATION DES SALARIES

P. Mossé / Laboratoire d’économie et deSociologie du Travail (LEST-CNRS), Aix-en Provence, FR

144

SOE1-CT98-1126 MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND A MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FORASSESSING THE POTEN-TIAL OF EUROPEAN LONG-TERM S&TOPTIONS TO BECOME EMBEDDED IN SOCIETY

Prof. P. Laredo / Ecole NationaleSupérieure des Mines de Paris(ARMINES), Paris, FR

146

SOE2-CT98-2047 STRATEGIES AND POLICIES FOR SYSTEMIC INTERACTIONS ANDCONVERGENCE IN EUROPE (CONVERGE)

Prof. M. Godinho / Centro deInvestigação sobre a Econo-miaportuguesa, Lisboa, PT

148


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Education and Training

Contract No. Project title Coordinator & Institution PageSOE2-CT95-2001 IMPROVING SCIENCE EDUCATION: ISSUES AND RESEARCH ON

INNOVATIVE EMPIRICAL AND COMPUTER-BASEDMs. Dr Marie-Geneviève Sere / UniversitéParis XI – Orsay / Paris, FR

152

SOE2-CT95-2002 EARLY LITERACY TEACHING AND LEARNING: INNOVATIVEPRACTICE IN FOUR DIFFERENT NATIONAL CONTEXTS, ATHEMATICNETWORK

Prof. Henrietta Bombey / University ofBrighton / UK

154

SOE2-CT95-2003 CRIVET UNEMPLOYED. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LABOUR MARKETORIENTED TRAINING FOR THE LONG TERM UNEMPLOYED

Dr. Tjiske Feikje Brandsma / UniversiteitTwente / NL

156

SOE2-CT95-2004 EVALUE: EVALUATION AND SELF-EVALUATION OF UNIVERSITIES INEUROPE

Prof. Dr. Pierre Dubois / Université Paris X– Nanterre / FR

158

SOE2-CT95-2005 TEACHER TRAINING, REFLECTIVE THEORIES AND TELEGUIDANCE:PROSPECTIVES AND POSSIBILITIES IN TEACHER TRAINING INEUROPE, EUROPE REFLECT

Dr. Wim Veen/ Universiteit Utrecht / NL 160

SOE2-CT95-2006 EDUCATION AND TRAINING, NEW JOB SKILLS NEEDS AND THELOW-SKILLED

Dr. Hilary Steedman / London School ofEconomics and Political Sciences / UK

162

SOE2-CT95-2007 DELOS: DEVELOPING LEARNING ORGANIZATION MODELS IN SMECLUSTERS

Dr. Ruggiera Sarcina / Fondazione IstitutoGuglielmo Tagliacarne per la Promozionedella Cultura Economica – Roma / IT

164

SOE2-CT96-2008 EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ONASSESSMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND INNOVATION

Dr. Hans W.J. Pelgrum/ University ofTwente / NL

166

SOE2-CT96-2009 DELILAH: DESIGNING AND EVALUATING LEARNING INNOVATIONSAND LEARNING APPLICATIONS

Dr. Joseph Cullen/ The Tavistock InstituteLondon / UK)

170

SOE2-CT96-2010 EUROPEAN CHILD CARE AND EDUCATION STUDY, ECCE Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Tietze/ Freie UniversitätBerlin / DE

172

SOE2-CT96-2012 SCHOOLING, TRAINING AND TRANSITIONS: AN ECONOMICPERSPECTIVE

Prof. Catherine Sofer / / Universitéd’Orléans (FR)

174

SOE2-CT96-2013 IN-COMPANY TRAINING AND LEARNING IN ORGANISATIONS (LATIO) Prof. Lennart Swenson-Dr. Ylva Kjellberg /Lund University / SE

176

SOE2-CT97-2016 IN-COMPANY TRAINING AND LEARNING ORGANIZATIONS WORKINGLIFE CHANGES AND TRAINING OF OLDER WORKERS

Ms Tarja Tikkanen/University of Jyväskylä /FIN

178

SOE2-CT97-2017 COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COLLABORATIVE LEARNING IN PRIMARYAND SECONDARY EDUCATION

Prof. R.J. Simons/Katholieke UniversiteitNijmegen / NL

180

SOE2-CT97-2018 GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES FORSTRENGHTHENING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGHEREDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

Dr. P. Maassen/Universiteit Twente/NL 182

SOE2-CT97-2019 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIONS FROM EDUCATIONTO WORK IN EUROPE

Prof. D.F. Hannan/Economic and SocialResearch Institute /NL

184

SOE2-CT97-2020 SCIENCE TEACHER TRAINING IN AN INFORMATION SOCIETY Prof. R.Pinto/Universidad Autonoma deBarcelona / ES

186

SOE2-CT97-2021 SCIENCE TEACHER TRAINING IN AN INFORMATION SOCIETY Prof. E. Bourgeois/Université Catholique deLouvain /BE

188

SOE2-CT97-2022 FORUM OF EUROPEAN RESEARCH IN VOCATIONAL E&T Dr. M. Kuhn/University of Bremen/DE 190

SOE2-CT97-2023 HIGHER EDUCATION AND GRADUATE EMPLOYMENT IN EUROPE Prof. Ulrich Teichler/UniversitätGesamthochschule Kassel/DE

194

SOE2-CT97-2024 CHILD IMMIGRATION PROJECT Ms Carla Collicelli/Fondazione Centro StudiInvestimenti Sociali / IT

196

SOE2-CT97-2025 WORK EXPERIENCE AS AN EDUCATION AND TRAINING STRATEGYNEW APPROACHES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

Mrs. T. Griffiths/University of London / UK 198

SOE2-CT97-2026 THE ROLE OF HRD WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS IN CREATINGOPPORTUNITIES FOR LIFE-LONG LEARNINGCONCEPTS AND PRACTICES IN SEVEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Prof. Saskia Tjepkema / Universiteit Twente/ NL

200

SOE2-CT97-2027 CAPACITY FOR CHANGE AND ADAPTATION OF SCHOOLS IN THECASE OF EFFECTIVE SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT

Dr. W.Th.J.G. Hoeben / RijksuniversiteitGroningen / NL

202

SOE2-CT97-2028 EDUCATION GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION ANDEXCLUSION IN EUROPE

Prof. S. Lindblad / Uppsala Universitet / FIN 204

SOE2-CT98-2037 IMPLEMENTATION OF VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS IN TRAINING ANDEDUCATION

Dr. Sancho & Mr. Barajas/ Universitat deBarcelona, ES

206

SOE2-CT98-2038 COMPETE – COMPETENCE EVALUATION AND TRAINING FOREUROPE

Dr. J. Cullen / The Tavistock Institute,London – UK

208


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Contract No. Project title Coordinator & Institution PageSOE1-CT98-2039 EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION AND LABOUR MARKET (EDEX) M Catherine Béduwé & Prof. J. Planas /

Université des Sciences Sociales LIRHE& CNRS, Toulouse, FR

210

SOE1-CT98-2040 HIGHER EDUCATION ADMISSIONS AND STUDENT MOBILITY INTHE EU

Dr. A. West / London School of Ec. & Pol.Science,UK

212

SOE2-CT98-2041 ENHANCING THE PARTICIPATION OF YOUNG ADULTS INECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROCESSES: BALANCINGINSTRUMENTAL, BIOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIAL COMPETENCIES INPOST-SCHOOL EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Prof. D. Wildemeersch / KatholiekeUniversiteit Leuven, BE

214

SOE2-CT98-2042 NEW ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR CROSS-CURRICULARCOMPETENCIES IN THE DOMAIN OF PROBLEM SOLVING

Prof. J.P. Reeff / Ministère de l’EducationNationale et de la FormationProfessionnelle (MENFP), LU

218

SOE1-CT98-2043 LIFELONG LEARNING: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR UNIVERSITIES INTHE EU

Prof. D. Tsaousis & Dr. N. Kokossalakis /Pantio University, Athens, GR

220

SOE1-CT98-2044 PUBLIC FUNDING AND PRIVATE RETURNS TO EDUCATION (PURE) Dr. R. Asplund / The Research Institute ofthe Finnish Economy, Helsinki, FI

222

SOE1-CT98-2045 IMMIGRATION AS A CHALLENGE FOR SETTLEMENT POLICIES ANDEDUCATION: EVALUATION STUDIES FOR CROSS-CULTURALTEACHER TRAINING (E.C.T.)

Dr. P. Pitkanen / University of Joensuu,FI

224

SOE1-CT98-2046 SMALL BUSINESS TRAINING AND COMPETITIVENESS BUILDINGCASE STUDIES IN DIFFERENT EUROPEAN CULTURAL CONTEXTS

Mr. A. Sauquet / Fundación ESADE,Barcelona, ES

226

SOE2-CT98-2053 FURTHER TRAINING FUNDS AS AN IMPULSE FOR NEW MODELSOF LIFELONG LEARNING : INTEGRATED FUNDING CONCEPTS

Prof. Rolf-Joachim Heger /Sozialpädagogisches Institut Berlin (SPI)/DE

228


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Social exclusion and social integration

Contract No. Project title Coordinator & Institution PageSOE2-CT95-3001 THE EVALUATION OF SOCIAL POLICIES AGAINST SOCIAL

EXCLUSION AT THE LOCAL URBAN LEVELProf. C. Caraceno/ Università di Torino , IT 232

SOE2-CT95-3002 EMERGENCY AND TRANSITORY HOUSING FOR HOMELESSPEOPLE: NEEDS AND BEST PRACTICES - EUROHOME

Dr. D. Avramov / Feantsa – Brussels , BE 234

SOE2-CT95-3003 EMPLOYMENT PRECARITY, UNEMPLOYMENT AND SOCIALEXCLUSION

Dr. G. Duncan / Nuffield College – Oxford ;UK

236

SOE2-CT95-3004 EUROPEAN RESEARCH NETWORK ON LOW-WAGE EMPLOYMENT )LOWER

Dr. W. Salverda / RUG Groningen , NL) 238

SOE2-CT95-3005 MIGRANT INSERTION IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY DEVIANTBEHAVIOUR AND THE IMPACT ON RECEIVING SOCIETIES

Prof. E. Reyneri / Università di Parma , IT 240

SOE2-CT95-3006 GENDER AND CITIZENSHIP: SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND SOCIALEXCLUSION

Ms. B. Siim / Aalborg Universitet , DK) 244

SOE2-CT95-3007 SOCIAL INTEGRATION BY TRANSITIONAL LABOUR MARKETS: NEWPATHWAYS FOR LABOUR MARKET POLICY – TRANSLAM

Prof. G. Schmid / WZB Berlin , DE 246

SOE2-CT95-3008 EMES: L’EMERGENCE DES ENTREPRISES SOCIALES, REPONSENOVATRICE A L’EXCLUSION SOCIALE EN EUROPE

Prof. J.Defourny / Université de Liège , BE 248

SOE2-CT95-3009 A EUROPEAN BENEFIT – TAX MODEL AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION : APREPARATORY STUDY – EUROMOD

Ms. H. Sutherland / Univ. of Cambridge ,UK

250

SOE2-CT95-3010 SOCIAL STRATEGIES IN RISK SOCIETY Dr. P. Chamberlayne / University of EastLondon , UK

252

SOE2-CT95-3011 MIGRANTS AND MINORITIES IN EUROPEAN CITIES: THEINTERACTION OF ECONOMIC, SPATIAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS INGENERATING PATHWAYS TO SOCIAL EXCLUSION

Dr. M. Cross / Universiteit Utrecht , NL 254

SOE2-CT96-3022 FAMILY STRUCTURE, LABOUR MARKET PARTICIPATION AND THEDYNAMICS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION

Prof. Ch. Heady / University of Bath , UK 256

SOE2-CT96-3023 EUROPEAN PANEL ANALYSIS Prof. J. Gershuny / ESRC - University ofESSEX , UK

258

SOE2-CT96-3024 “MUSLIM VOICES” IN THE EUROPEAN UNION : THE STRANGERWITHIN

Dr. P.M. Glavaniscgem : University ofManchester , UK

260

SOE2-CT96-3025 YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND PROCESSES OF MARGINALIZATIONO THE NORTHERN EUROPE PERIPERY

Dr. T. Hammer / The Norwegian SocialResearch Institute , N O

262

SOE2-CT97-3036 THE POLICIES OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN EUROPE SYSTEMS OFCOLLECTIVE ACTION

Dr.U. Roedel/Johann-Wolfgang –GoetheUniversität; DE

264

SOE2-CT97-3037 URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL POLARISATION IN THE CITY Dr. F. Moulaert/Centre Nationale de laRecherche Scientifique , FR

266

SOE2-CT97-3038 MAKING NEW LOCAL POLICIES AGAINST SOCIAL EXCLUSION INEUROPEAN CITIES. ECOSOCIAL APPROACH AND SOCIAL IMPACTASSESSMENT IN SOCIAL WORK

Dr. Aila-Leena Matthies/FachhochschuleMagdeburg, DE

268

SOE2-CT97-3039 SOCIAL INTEGRATION THROUGH OBLIGATIONS TO WORK ?CURRENT EUROPEAN “WORKFARE” INITIATIVES AND FUTUREDIRECTIONS

Dr. Ivar Loedemel/FAFO Institute forApplied Social Science, NO

270

SOE2-CT97-3040 PREDICTING THE IMPACT OF POLICY-GENDER-AUDITING AS AMEANS OF ASSESSING THE PROBABLE IMPACT OF POLICYINITIATIVES ON WOMEN

Ms. Susan Nott / University of Liverpool /UK

272

SOE2-CT97-3041 THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF EMPLOYMENT Dr. Bernard Friot / Université de Nancy/ FR 274

SOE2-CT97-3042 SELF-EMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES CONCERNING WOMEN ANDMINORITIES : THEIR SUCCESS OR FAILURE IN RELATION TOSOCIAL CITIZENSHIP POLICIES

Prof. U. Apitzch / Goethe UniversitätFrankfurt/ DE

276

SOE2-CT97-3043 INCLUSION THROUGH PARTICIPATION Dr. Ben Valkenburg/Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht/ NL

278

SOE2-CT97-3044 CAUSES AND MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF WOMENSMALLHOLDERS

Dr. Constantina Safilios Rotschild/National Centre for Social Research / GR

280

SOE2-CT97-3045 FULL EMPLOYMENT IN EUROPE Prof. J. Huffschmid/Universität Bremen / DE 282

SOE2-CT97-3046 NEW EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE THIRD SECTOR. ANEVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE POLICIES FOR SOCIAL INTEGRATIONIN EUROPE (NETS)

Prof.. M. Mellano/Universita degli Studi diRoma “La Sapienza” / IT

284

SOE2-CT97-3047 EVALUATION OF LOCAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATEGIES INDISADVANTAGED URBAN AREAS

Mr. R. Zimmen-Hegmann/Institüt fürLandes-und Stadtentwicklungsferschungdes Landes/Nordhrein-Wesfalen / DE

286


16

Contract No. Project title Coordinator & Institution Page

SOE2-CT97-3048 BORDER CITIES AND TOWNS : CAUSES OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION INPERIPHERAL EUROPE

Prof. L. Leontidou/University of the Aegean/GR

288

SOE2-CT97-3050 TRADE, INEQUALITY AND EUROPEAN UNEMPLOYMENT Mr. S. Yeo/Centre for Economic PolicyResearch / UK

290

SOE2-CT97-3051 YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION Prof. T. Kieselbach/Universität Bremen / DE 294

SOE2-CT97-3052 LABOUR DEMAND, EDUCATION AND THE DYNAMICS OF SOCIALEXCLUSION

Prof. Zimmerman/Centre for EconomicPolicy Research / UK

294

SOE2-CT97-3053 RESEAU THEMATIQUE EUROPEEN SUR : LE TRAVAIL, LES JEUNESET LE SYNDICALISME

Prof. Ms. Anita Ardura / Institut Syndicald’Etudes et de Recherches Economiques etSociales ISERES / FR

296

SOE2-CT97-3054 REDUNDANCY AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION M. L. Mallet / CNRS / FR 298

SOE2-CT97-3055 EFFECTIVENESS OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION STRATEGIESTOWARDS SECOND GENERATION MIGRANT YOUTH IN ACOMPARATIVE EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE

Prof. Dr. Heckmann / Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg/DE

300

SOE2-CT97-3056 EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP AND THE SOCIAL AND POLITICALINTEGRATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Prof. R. Bellamy/The University ofReading/UK

302

SOE2-CT97-3057 SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOODS -PROCESSES, EXPERIENCES AND RESPONSES

Dr. G. Cars/Kungliga TekniskaHögskolan/SE

304

SOE2-CT97-3059 COMPARATIVE SOCIAL INCLUSION POLICIES AND CITIZENSHIP INEUROPE : TOWARDS A NEW EUROPEAN SOCIAL MODEL

Dr. M. Roche/Sheffield University/UK 306

SOE2-CT97-3060 EUROMOD : AN INTEGRATED EUROPEAN BENEFIT - TAX MODEL Mr. H. Sutherland/University of Cambridge/UK

308

SOE2-CT97-3061 TOWARDS A EUROPEAN SYSTEM OF SOCIAL REPORTING ANDWELFARE MEASUREMENT

Dr. H.H. Noll/Zentrum für UmfragenMethoden und Analysen/DE

310

SOE2-CT97-3062 GLOBALIZATION AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION Prof. J. Whalley/University of Warwick/UK 312

SOE2-CT97-3063 MISLEADING TRAJECTORIES - EVALUATION OF EMPLOYMENTPOLICIES FOR YOUNG ADULTS IN EUROPE REGARDING NON-INTENDED EFFECTS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION

Dr. G. Stein/IRIS e.V. Büro Rübingen/DE 314

SOE2-CT98-3064 EMPLOYMENT AND EXCLUSION Prof. P. Desmarez / Université Libre deBruxelles, BE

316

SOE2-CT98-3065 WORKING ON THE FRINGES: IMMIGRANT BUSINESSES, ECONOMICINTEGRATION AND INFORMAL PRACTICES

Dr. J. Rath / University of Amsterdam, NL 318

SOE2-CT98-3066 LOCAL LEVEL CONCERTATION: THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF SOCIALPARTNERS AND LOCAL LEVEL INSTITU-TIONS IN REGULATINGTHE NEW FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT

Prof. I. Regalia / Istituto di RicercheEconomiche e Sociali, Milano, IT

320

SOE2-CT98-3067 EVALUATION COMPAREE DE LA MISE EN PRATIQUE D´UNEPOLITIQUE EUROPEENNE DE LUTTE CONTRE LA PRECARITE DESJEUNES DANS LES PAYS DE L´UE

Prof. F. Schultheis / Zentrum fürEuropäische Gesellschafts-forschung,Konstanz, DE

322

SOE1-CT98-3068 ENTERPRISE AND ITS TRANSFER TO COMBAT SOCIALEXCLUSION (ENTRANCE)

Mr. J. Peffers / University of Warwick,Coventry, UK

324

SOE2-CT98-3069 LES NOUVELLES FORMES DE GESTION PUBLIQUE DE LADEVIANCE EN EUROPE

Prof. R. Lenoir / Maison des sciences del' homme, Centre de sociologie del'éducation et de la culture, Paris, FR

326

SOE2-CT98-3070 BETWEEN INTEGRATION AND EXCLUSION : A COMPARATIVESTUDY IN LOCAL DYNAMICS OF PRECARITY AND RESISTRANCETO EXCLUSION IN URBAN CONTEXTS (BETWIXT)

Prof. D. Bertaux / Ecole des HautesEtudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, FR

328

SOE2-CT98-3071 INCOME MAINTENANCE AND EARNINGS SITUATION: ACOMPARATIVE BOTTOM UP EUROPEAN STUDY

C. Levy / Centre National de laRecherche Scientifique, Bourg la Reine,FR

330

SOE2-CT98-3072 THE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF URBAN SOCIAL EXCLUSION ANDINTEGRATION: A EUROPEAN COMPARISON

Prof. S. Musterd / Universiteit vanAmsterdam, NL

332

SOE2-CT98-3073 GROWTH, INEQUALITY AND TRAINING Prof. D. Ulph / University College London,UK

334

SOE2-CT98-3074 THE BAZAR ECONOMY IN THE EUROMEDITERRANEANMETROPOLES: INFORMAL MARKET ACTIVITIES, TRANSBORDERMIGRATION NETWORKS, COMMERCIAL CENTRALITY, AND CODESOF HONOUR

M. Péraldi / LAMES- Centre National dela Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FR

336

SOE2-CT98-3075 EUROPEAN NETWORK TO DEVELOP POLICY RELEVANT MODELSAND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF DRUG USE,CONSEQUENCES AND INTERVENTIONS

L.G. Wiessing / EMCDDA, Lisboa, PT 338

SOE2-CT98-3078 NEW FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING TIME IN THESERVICE ECONOMY

Prof. G. Bosch / Institut für Arbeit undTechnik, DE

340


17

Contract No. Project title Coordinator & Institution PageSOE2-CT98-3079 THE EUROPEAN POLITICAL-ECONOMY INFRASTRUCTURE

CONSORTIUMDr. H. Machin / The London School ofEconomics & Political Science, UK

342

SOE2-CT98-3080 EXSPRO: SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND SOCIAL PROTECTION - THEFUTURE ROLE FOR THE EU

Prof. I. Begg/ South Bank University,London, UK

344

SOE2-CT98-3081 FAMILY REUNIFICATION EVALUATION PROJECT (FARE) Dr. R. Bracalenti / PsychoanalyticInstitute for Social Research, Rome, Italy

346

SOE1-CT98-1109 EUROPEAN IDENTITY, WELFARE STATE, RELIGION(S) Prof. Arnaldo Nesti/Università diFirenze/IT

348

SOE1-CT98-1110 WORKING AND MOTHERING: SOCIAL PRACTICES AND SOCIALPOLICIES

Prof. Ute Gerhard / J.W. Goethe –Universität Frankfurt / DE

350

SOE2-CT98-2048 CASE-SOCIAL EXCLUSION AS A MULTIDIMENSIONAL PROCESS:SUBCULTURAL AND FORMALLY ASSISTED STRATEGIES OFCOPING WITH AND AVOIDING SOCIAL EXCLUSION

Dr. A. Pilgram & Prof. Heinz Steinert/Institut für Rechts- undKriminalsoziologie, Vienna, AT

352

SOE2-CT98-2051 YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN EUROPE T. Hammer / Norwegian Social Resear.Inst., Oslo, NO

354

SOE2-CT98-2052 SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND DIALOGUE- ENHANCING THECOMMUNICATION SKILLS OF PROFESSIONALS INVOLVED INSOCIAL REHABILITATION: A POSSIBLE SOLUTION TOUNEMPLOYMENT

Prof. J. Vivier / University of Caen, FR 356


18


19

PROJECT DETAILS AND SUMMARIES


20


21

Science and technology options in Europe


22

Innovation Systems and European Integration (ISE)

Contract: SOE1-CT–95-1004

EC contribution: 926.083 ECUStarting date: 1 April 96Duration: 24 months

EC scientific Officer: Ronan O’Brien

Coordinator:

Linköping UniversityDept of Technology and Social Change58183 Linköping, Sweden

Prof. Charles EdquistTel + 46 13 28 22 60Fax + 46 13 13 36 30e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Linköping University Universita Commerciale Lugi Bocconi58183 Linköping, Sweden ItalyProf. Charles Edquist Prof. Franco Malerba Fraunhoger-Gesellschaft zur Förderung Aalborg Universityder angewandten Forschung e.V. DenmarkGermany Dr. Bjorn JohnsonDr. Thomas Reiss

Studies in Technology, Innovation and Technical Research Centre of FinlandEconomic Policy (STEP) FinlandNorway Mr. Tarmo LemolaProf. Keith Smith

Université Louis Pasteur Austrian Research Centre SeibersdorfFrance AustriaProf. Patrick Llerena Dr. Fritz Ohler

University of AthensGreeceDr. Lena Tsipouri


23

Innovation Systems and European Integration (ISE)

The purpose of the Innovation Systems and European Integration (ISE) project was toeleborate a system of innovation approach in order to evaluate this new understanding ofthe development of science of technology and develop new policy options andimplications. An important fact in understanding SIs is whether changes in Sis are movingtowards European integration or towards increased framentation.

This project has been carried out in nine sub-projects organised in three phases:

• Review the policy implications of state of the art knowledge of systems of innovation.This concerns consolidating the state of the art knowledge of SIs in general, SIsrelation to growth and employment, and SIs in relation to European integration.

• Empirical research on five subjects: science-base technologies and interdisciplinarity,

government technology procurement as technology policy, borrower-lenderrelationships in the financing of innovations, corporate governance and innovationperformance, and cross-technological and sectoral entry patterns.

• Synthesis and evaluation of the implications of SIs with particular focus on whether thenational level remains valid or whether European level integration is by-passingpreviously national policy systems.

The project’s progress and deliverables have been organised around four work shops, twoprogress reports, and the final report. In addition several research articles were planned,and active exploitation of the results through the ETAN network was foreseen.


24

Technology, Economic Integration and Social Cohesion


EC contribution: 980.000 ECUStarting date: 1 February 96Duration: 42 months

EC scientific Officer: Maria CarvalhoDias

Coordinator:

MERITTongerstraat 496211 Maastricht, The Netherlands

Dr Bart VerspagenTel + 31 43 388 22 22Fax + 31 43 321 65 18e-mail : [email protected]

Partners:

Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) CEPREMAPUnited Kingdom FranceDr. Nick von Tunzelmann Dr. Pascal Petit

Universidad Complutense de Madrid CEDISpain FranceDr. Jose Molero Dr. François Chesnais

FIEF IDEGASweden SpainDr. Lars Lundberg Dr. Xabier Vence

IKE-GROUP NUPIDenmark NorwayMr. Bent Dalum Dr. Jan Fagerberg

STOA South Bank UniversityItaly United KingdomProf. Paolo Guerrieri Prof. Ian Begg


25

Technology, Economic Integration and Social Cohesion

The project has provided insight into the impact of several important and interrelated developments onsocial cohesion and exclusion in the European Union.

The issues that have been analysed are:

• Technological change as the single most important factor shaping the quantitative and qualitativedimensions of the fundamental economic factors influencing social cohesion, such as employment andeconomic growth;

• Globalisation, broadly driven by technology (e.g. telematics) and by the liberalisation andderegulation of trade and capital flows. This globalisation trend leads to qualitative changes in theform and effects of the exposure of countries to foreign competition, not only in the form of trade, butalso through increased foreign direct investment flows.

Several working papers and a policy-oriented report have attempted to make a significant impact on“public opinion” within the group of policy-makers and policy-analysts.


26

Indicators and data for European analysis




Coordinator:

STEP GroupStorgt. 10155 Oslo, Norway

Prof. Keith SmithTel 47 22 42 97 80Fax 47 131 650 6544e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Istituto di Studi sulla Ricerca e Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU)Documentazione Scientifica (ISRDS) United KingdomItaly Prof Patel PariProf. Giorgio Sirilli

MERITThe NetherlandsMr. Anthony Arundel


27

Indicators and data for European analysis

The project has contributed to advance the state of the art in innovation-oriented science, technology andinnovation indicators, particularly as a tool for policy use. This has been done through theoretical,methodological and empirical work involving both existing indicators, and the development ofcompletely new indicators.

This project has :

• Analysed the implications of new theories of innovation and economic change both for policy and forindicators needs; against this background, existing indicators will be critically reviewed, and areas fornew indicators have been proposed.

• Developed a Guide for Policy-makers which has overviewed all available science, technology andinnovation indicators and providd a sophisticated guide to their modes of uses.

• Developed six completely new areas of indicators, focusing on analytical methods and/or surveyinstruments, aimed at extending the sectoral and functional range of existing and potential indicators,with the specific objective of a substantial improvement in our understanding of the service sector,inter-industry diversity, system interactions, environmental issues, innovation inputs and humanresources.

The Guide for Policy-makers will be a very useful tool for all institutions, at different levels, within theEuropean Union in charge of S&T policy. A final report has leaded to a theoretical and methodologicalexamination of the possibilities for new indicators, and the development of appropriate questionnairedesign.


28

Strategic Analysis for European S&T Policy Intelligence




Coordinator:

Observatoire des Sciences et desTechniques (OST)93, rue de Vaugirard75006 Paris, France

Mr Rémi BarréTel : +33 1 42 22 30 30Fax +33 1 45 48 63 94e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) Center for Science and Technology Studies UnitedKingdom CWTSProf. Pari Patel The Netherlands

Prof. Dr. Anthony Van Raan F.J.


29

Strategic Analysis for European S&T Policy Intelligence

The project has produced knowledge – both quantitative and interpretative – central to strategic analysisrelated to European S&T policy making.

Three focused “policy intelligence dossiers” have been prepared along three different, yetcomplementary, lines of analysis, which are also policy-making realities:

• The technological strategies of major firms of the Triad: the technology and innovation dynamics ofthe major firms in the context of their global strategies and competition in world-wide oligopolies,shaping the technological trajectories and setting the pace of the on-going industrial transformation.

• The positions of the European actors and the set up of their networks in key S&T areas: the science-technology interface, where networks of diversified institutional actors create the technologicalopportunities for future radical innovations.

• The S&T activities profiles of the European regions and the geographic patterns of innovationclusters in Europe: the geographic distribution of the science-technology-innovation activities inEurope, shaped by the strategies of the public and private actors, results in specific regional mix anddensity of capabilities; in certain areas, they form clusters of innovation, which are the pillars ofregional development and the basis of the European economic dynamism.

A report on each subject has improved the accuracy of the knowledge base for policy-making and hasenabled it to be both debated and shared by the various actors.


30

Restructuring and Reintegration of Science and Technology Systems in Economies in Transition


EC contribution: 492.000 ECUStarting date: 1st March 96Duration: 30 months

EC scientific Officer: Virginia Vitorino

Coordinator:

Science and Technology Policy ResearchUnitMantell Building, University of SussexBrighton BN1 9RF, United Kingdom

Dr Slavo RadosevicTel. + 44 1273 686758Fax + 44 1273 685865e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fürGermany Socialforschung GmbHDr. Wolfram Schretti Berlin, Germany

Prof. Dr. Werner Meske

Université de Paris IPanthéon-Sorbonne,Paris, FranceMr. Christian Schneider


31

Restructuring and Reintegration of Science and Technology Systems in Economies in Transition

This proposal has three main aims:

1. To analyse, based on the available statistical information, what is happening to the science andtechnology (S&T) systems of the economies in transition (EIT).

2. To use this information to assess on a comparative basis how the S&T systems of these countries are

being restructured and how well, in this process, they are being integrated into the respectiveeconomies.

3. To derive policy implications for EU and Central and Eastern European governments on issues of

restructuring of S&T systems and East – West S&T re-integration.

The output of the research will be a report Month 30 (including a series of interim studies before Month24) which will be structured around the following themes:

• S&T indicators in EIT• Sectoral Technological restructuring• Institutional Transformations of S&T in EIT• Policy implications for international S&T cooperation in S&T

A workshop will be held in Month 29.


32

Science and Technology Policies in Developing and Transitions Countries: Reform andTechnological Co-operation with Europe


EC contribution: 523.466 ECUStarting date: 1st February 96Duration: 24 months

EC scientific Officer: Virgínia Vitorino

Coordinator:

University of OxfordQueen Elizabeth House, 21 St GilesOxford OX1 3LA, United Kingdom

Dr Sanjaya LallTel. + 44 1865 273623Fax + 44 1865 273607e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Centro Studi Luca d’Agliano Universita La Fascari di VeneziaItaly ItalyDr. Barba Navaretti Giorgio Dr. Cimoli, Mario

Panteio University of Social and PoliticalSciencesGreeceProf. Palaskas Theodosios


33

Science and Technology Policies in Developing and Transitions Countries: Reform andTechnological Co-operation with Europe

The project has analysed the scientific and technological development of, and related policy needs in,Greece, Turkey, Hungary and Mexico. The goal was to assess how Europe could contribute to the furtherdevelopment of science and technology in developing and transition countries, and help them to movefrom past patterns of technology transfer to technology co-development. The study focused on the mainforms of technology transfer and co-operation between Europe and the selected countries: directinvestment, licensing, trade in equipment and consultancy, and direct co-operation between governmentsand technology institutions. It has examined the science and technology infrastructure and ‘innovationsystems’ in each development needs. National innovation systems will determine the ability of theselected countries to respond to the challenges of trade liberalisation, economic integration with moreadvanced economies and continuing rapid technoligical progress. These abilities will also determineopportunities for European enterprises to invest in and trade with these countries.

The output wasl be a final report Month (including a series of interim studies after 18 months) which wasbe structured around the following five themes:

• Patterns of trade and technology flows• The science and technology base in the selected countries• The perspective of the industrial sector• Impact of trade liberalisations and integrations on technology performance• Policy implications for the countries and for the EU.


34

Regional Innovation Systems: Designing for the Future - REGIS




Coordinator:

Centre for Advance Studies in the SocialSciences - University of Wales33 Corbett RoadCardiff CF 3EB, Wales, United Kingdom

Prof. Philip CookeTel. + 44 1222 874 945Fax + 44 1222 874 994e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

University of the Basque Country University of AveiroDepartment of Applied Economics Department of EnvironmentSpain PortugalDr. Etxebarria Goio Dr. Eduardo A.M.F. Castro

Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve Otto Friedrich Universität BambergGroupe de Recherches Interdisciplinaires Dept of Social Sciencesen Dévelopement Régional GermanyBelgiqueProf. Michel Quevit Prof. Günter Bechtle

Univesity of Tampere, Work Research Centre University of Economics and Businessof Research Institute for Social Sciences Administration, Institute for Urban andFinland Regional StudiesDr. Gerd Schienstock Austria

Dr. Franz Tödtling

University of Napoli Institute for Policy StudiesDept of Sociology The NetherlandsItaly Dr. Patries BoekholtDr. Luigi Sarno

Univ. of Warsaw, European Inst. for Regional Hungarian Acad. of Sciences, Centre forAnd Local Development Social Conflict ResearchPoland HungaryProf. Antoni Kuklinsk Prof. Csaba Makó


35

Regional Innovation Systems: Designing for the Future – REGIS

One of the main objective of the proposal was to find out whether regional innovation systems arebecoming more divergent (pursuing their own path), or convergent because of “institutional borrowing”,including the effect of EC policies. The proposers have studied regional innovation systems in elevenregions by exploring their differences and similarities, and relating their systemic structure to thecontemporary needs of global industrial competitiveness and innovation foresight, and learning capacity.

The study has tried to identify the nature of the key design elements of an institutional innovation networkarchitecture appropriate to supporting the main anticipated innovation needs of regionally clustered firmsfor the foreseeable future. In order to achieve this goal, the research work will focus three levels:

• At firm level – in what ways have conditions for competitiveness and innovation changed? Whatorganisation innovations occur?

• At institutional level – What changes in policy by private or public institutions occur?• At innovation and technology policy levels – What kind of support is provided by intermediary and

public institutions, how, and is this changing?

The policy objectives are:

• To provide policy-makers information of good practice for enhancing regional growth projects.• To help policy-makers assess different kinds of European regional innovation practices and to judge

their tendencies towards convergence or divergence.• To stimulate learning effects regarding transfer of endogenous innovation potential for sub-national

and EU policy-markers.• To raise awareness of the need for new or adjusted EU and other programmes.

Five workshops (Month 1, 6, 10, 18, 23) have been implemented for the preparation of each workpackageand presentation of the final report.


36

Networks, Collective Learning and RTD in Regionally-Clustered High-Technology SMEs(Thematic network)




Coordinator:

ESRC Centre for Business ResearchDept of Applied Economics - Univ. of CambridgeSidgwick AvenueCambridge CB3 9DE, United Kingdom

Dr David KeebleTel. + 44 1223 333 386Fax + 44 123 333 392e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

University of Oxford Politecnico di MilanoSchool of Geography Dipartimento di Economia e ProduzioneUnited Kingdom ItalyDr. H. Lawton-Smith Prof. Roberto Camagni

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université Pierre Mendès-Franceet Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis ERADFrance FranceDr. Christian Longhi Prof. Michel de Bernardy

Technische Universität Munchen University of UtrechtGeographisches Institut Faculty of Geographical SciencesGermany The NetherlandsProf. Rolf Sternberg Prof. Egbert Wever

Univ. Politecnica of Catalunya Helsinki University of TechnologyDept de Organizacion de Empresas Institute of Industrial ManagementSpain FinlandProf. Pere Escorsa Dr. Ilkka Kauranen

Chalmers University of Technology Université de Technologie de CompiègneInstitute for Management of Innovation IEPE/IRESCOand Technology FranceSweden Prof. Edward LorenzDr. Lindholm Åsa


37

Networks, Collective Learning and RTD in Regionally-Clustered High-Technology SMEs(Thematic network)

This thematic network has investigated the role and importance of regional and European-wide researchand technological linkages and networks in the evolution and competitiveness of regional clusters ofhigh-technology SMEs. It has also assessed the significance of collective learning processes operatingwithin the regional scientific, research and professional labour market.

Issues analysed in the six workshops that have been organised (two per year):

• To assess European regional clusters of RTD intensive SME evolution and types of specialisation andinfluence of policy initiatives.

• To investigate different focus of networking SMEs – university/research institutes – large firms.• To evaluate the importance of collective learning on regional labour market.

The results of this thematic network are expected to enhance understanding, based on European-widecomparative analysis of processes of regionaly-clustered RTD-intensive SME growth and RTDnetworking.


38

Sunshine Regions or Sunset Regions (SUNREG) – Research co-operation between Unions andUniversities on Technological Developments for Sustainable Growth and Employment Creation

(Thematic network)


EC contribution: 340.000 ECUStarting date: 1st March 1996Duration: 30 months


Coordinator:

TUC92 Shaftesbury RoadBrighton,East Sussex BN1 4NG UK

Mr. John WilliamsTel. +44 12 73 676090Fax +44 12 73 691817e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Sheffield Hallam University North London UniversityUnited Kingdom United KingdomMr. John Darwin Mr. Paul Philo

Yorkshire and Humberside Trade Union Universidad Autonoma BarcelonaCongress SpainUnited Kingdom Prof. Antonio MartínMr. Paul Edward Jagger

Southern and Eastern Trade Union Congress Hogeschool EindhovenUnited Kingdom The NetherlandsMr. Brian John Connolly Drs. A.A.M. van Meel Wiet

Comission Obrera Nacional de Catalunya The Centre for Alternative Industrial andSpain Technological Systems (CAITS)Mr. Ramón Alos United Kingdom

Federatie Nederlandse VakbewegingThe NetherlandsDrs. Wim J.W. Sprenger


39

Sunshine Regions or Sunset Regions (SUNREG) – Research co-operation between Unions andUniversities on Technological Developments for Sustainable Growth and Employment Creation

(Thematic network)

The main objective of this thematic network was to bring together trade union and universities acrossEurope to facilitate the transfer of scientific and technological knowledge between universities, researchcentres, worker’s organisations and other “end users”, in order to achieve interaction and linkage betweenemployment and technology.

The content of the project included:

1. Analysing the socio-economic impact of a number of key technological developments in three crucialsectors of employment (in a major manufacturer; a significant financial concern and a localgovernment authority) in each of the four regions covered.

2. Utilising technology assessments methods to explore effects of such technologies on different users. 3. Developing research circles among relevant sectors and participants. 4. Critical analysis of SUNREG partner organisation.

Four six monthly reports and a SUNREG Bulleting were foreseen. It was envisaged the organisation oftwo international conferences at Month 1 and 24, and seven open workshops at Month 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18and 21.

The results were expected to contribute to a greater involvement of end users in the academic researchactivities in order to achieve a better interaction between employment and technology.


40

Advanced Science & Technology Policy Planning – Towards the Integration of TechnologyForesight, Technology Assessment and S/T Policy Evaluation

(Thematic Network)



EC scientific Officer: Peter Fisch

Coordinator:

Fraunhofer-Institut für Systemtechnikund Innovationsforschung, GermanyBreslauer Strasse 48D-76139 Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany

Dr. Stefan KuhlmannTel. + 49 721 6809 170Fax +49 721 6809 260e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Austrian Research Center University of TwenteSeibersdorf, Austria Twente, The NetherlandsMag. Wolfgang Polt Dr. Arie Rip

Technopolis Ltd, Consejo Superior de InvestigacionesUnited Kingdom Cientificas, SpainMr. Ken Guy Dr. Luís Sanz-Menendez

Université Louis Pasteur Universita Nova De LisboaStrasbourg, France Faculdade De Ciencas E Teocnologia, PortugalProf. Jean-Alain Heraud Prof. Marciano Da Silva Candido

Athens University of Economics and Business Organisatie voor ToegepastGreece Naturwetenschappelij onderrzoekDr. Yannis Katsoulacos Studiecentrum voor Technologie en Beleid

The NetherlandsProf. Dr. Ruud Smits

Association Recherche et Développement VTTDes Méthodes et Processus industriels; Technical Research CentreFrance FinlandDr. Philippe Laredo Mr. Tamo Lemola

Programme o f Policy Research inEngineering, Science and Technology,Manchester, United Kingdom


41

Advanced Science & Technology Policy Planning – Towards the Integration of TechnologyForesight, Technology Assessment and S/T Policy Evaluation

(Thematic Network)

A sound elaboration of S/T policy options requires advanced policy planning methods. Unfortunately, themajor policy analysis and planning approaches technology foresight, technology assessment, and S/Tpolicy evaluation – are driven by rather separated expert communities. Therefore, an integration of theseapproaches is an important precondition for the elaboration of useful policy options. Agains thisbackground the thematic network is targeting at three basic objectives:

− A better conceptual interlinking or even integration of the growing but still dispersed experience inthe three areas of (1) technology foresight (2) technology assessment and (3) S/T policy evaluationin Europe;

− An adaptation of the aggregated experiences in these areas to the needs of S/T policy planning both ofstimulation of the further development of technology foresight , assessment and evaluation proceduresat the conceptual and the methodological levels and determination of the consequences for (the designof) an innovative S/T policy

The core task of the Network is to exchange and link competencies and experiences through a series of 9scientific workshops. Each member will contribute his specific strenghts to the workshops in the form ofpapers and presentations and of active participation.

Each workshop will be accompanied/followed by a one-day user-oriented seminar. These seminars serveto transfer the network results to S/T policy-makers, representatives of the Commission services,members of the European Parliament, industry, trade unions, and further interested parties. The seminarswill be organised in close connection with the European Commission’s ETAN.


42

Universities, technology transfer and spin-off activities: academic entrepreneurship on theperiphery of Europe


EC contribution: 524.265 ECUStarting date: 1 May 1996Duration: 24 months

EC scientific Officer: VirgíniaVitorino

Coordinator:

University of GlamorganBusiness SchoolPontypridd CF37 1DL, UK

Mr Dylan Jones-EvansTel. + 44 443 48 2547Fax + 44 443 48 2380e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

University of Wales Turku School of Economics and BusinessCardiff, United Kingdom AdministrationsProf. Philip Cooke Finland

Dr. Anti Paasio

University of Ulster Herriko UnibertsitateaUnited Kingdom SpainProf. Richard Harrison Dr. Mikel Gómez

Linköping University Universidad del Pais Vasco-Euskal SwedenDr. Magnus Klofsten

Universidade de AveiroPortugalDr. Artur Rosa Pires


43

Universities, technology transfer and spin-off activities: academic entrepreneurship on theperiphery of Europe

The objectives were to examine the growth and development of academic entrepreneurship withinuniversities in the European Community (where academic entrepreneurship includes contract research,technical consultancy, patenting and licensing activities, as well as the creation of spin-off firms, byuniversity staff). In particular, it has examined academic entrepreneurship in the context of regions atdifferent stages of development, which would allow an examination to be made of the role of universitieswithin different types of region, and a comparison with similar regions elsewhere. Three different “types”of regions have been studied:

1. University in a rural region2. University in traditional industrial region3. University in “growth” or economically prosperous region.

The study has tried to provide answers to the following research questions:

• What is the role of academic entrepreneurship in the economic development of different types ofregions in the EC?

• What are the general policies for developing academic entrepreneurship in the peripheral regions ofEurope? Do these vary by region?

• What are the process by which university-industry relationships are formed? Do these vary by type ofregion, university and university-industry relationships?

• Does the university environment and overall strategy of the university affect the development ofacademic entrepreneurship and university-industry relationships?

Six workshops (Month 3, 5, 7, 11.5, 15, 18.5, 22.5) and a final conference (Month 23.5) have been held topresent cross country comparison reports and the final report.

The results are expected to lead to specific policy initiatives at regional, national and European level,aiming to improve the technology transfer from universities to small technology-based firms.


44

Services in Innovation, Innovation in Services


EC contribution: 1.088.000 ECUStarting date: 1 March 1996Duration: 28 months


Coordinator:

STEP-GroupStorgt. 10155 Oslo, Norway

Mr Johan HauknesTel. + 47 22 47.310Fax + 47 22 42 95 33e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Studies in Technology, Innovation and Deutches Institut für WirtschaftsforschungEconomic Policy (STEP) e.V.Norway GermanyMr. Johan Hauknes Dr. Alfred Haid

Netherlands Organization for Applied Roskilde UniversityScientific Research (TNO) DenmarkThe Netherlands Dr. Jon SundboDr. Pim den Hertog

The Victoria University of Manchester Swedish National Board for Industrial(PREST) and Technical Development (NUTEK)United Kingdom SwedenProf. Ian Miles Dr. Lennart Stenberg

Centro di Studi Sui Sistemi (CSS) Center of Economic Research andItaly Environmental Strategy (CERES)Prof. Cristiano Antonelli Greece

Dr. Yannis Katsoulacos

Centre National de Recherche Scientifique University of Brighton (CENTRIM)Délégation Régionale (CNRS DR-18) United KingdomFrance Dr. Howard RushDr. Faïz Gallouj

Danish Technological InstituteDenmarkDr. Peter Plougmann


45

Services in Innovation, Innovation in Services

The study “Services in Innovation, Innovation in Services” aims to develop concepts, empirical evidence,and proposals for practical action concerning the role of services in European innovation systems. Thestudy will determine the factors which shape services’ roles, how these factors are themselves changing,and what role policies and business practices have in creating favourable contexts for services innovation.

This project will be organised around “innovation in services” and “services innovation”, as two aspectsthat consider the two roles of service activities towards innovation dynamics, as a site of or significantuser of innovations, or as a “catalyst” of innovation processes, in networks with other economic sectors.

The project will:

• Map, understand and analyse the changing role of services and service innovations as users, carriers,shapers and services of innovation in European innovation systems, and

• Design, formulate and integrate options for innovation and technology policies and business strategiesthat take into account the role of services in innovation and innovation in services.

The project will be organised in seven work packages of which six contain substantial research tasks. Thework package on synthesis and policy options is to give implications for national and Europeaninnovation policies, business strategies, future research, and future development of innovation datagathering procedures and indicators. User involvement is foreseen through the partners’ contact withpolicy makers and business community so as to strengthen the potential for dissemination of results at theend of the project.


46

Public Engagement and Science and Technology Policy Options (PESTO)


EC contribution: 519.939 ECUStarting date: 1 May 96Duration: 30Months


Coordinator:

Lunds UniversitetBox 11722100 Lund, Sweden

Mr Andrew JamisonTel. + 46 46 222 76 22Fax + 46 46 14 69 86e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Lunds Universiteit University of TrondheimResearch Policy Institute Centre for Technology and SocietySweden NorwayAndrew Jamison Dr. Mikael Hård

Univesita Commercial Luigi Bocconi University of TwenteItaly Dept of Philosophy of Science & TechnologyDr. Mario Diani The Netherlands

Dr. Johan Schot

Lancaster University Kaunas University of TechnologyCentre for Study of Environmental Change LithuaniaUnited Kingdom Mr. Leonardas RinkeviciusDr. Biran Wynne


47

Public Engagement and Science and Technology Policy Options (PESTO)

This project will examine public participation in science and technology policy processes in Denmark,Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway, focused on science and technology networksincluding academics, activists, innovators land policy-makers, and in particular of:

• The composition and structure of science and technology networks• Their links with formal policy bodies• How such networks shape policy options and agendas• Their effects on democratic legitimacy• How the broader public interest is taken into account• Social learning in science and technology processes.

Particular attention will be paid to sources of divergence and convergence among countries and theinfluence of national institutional traditions and policy styles.

The project will:

• Analyse and evaluate different strategies for organising networks between universities, researchinstitutes, business and government.

• Analyse different methods for involving the public in policy making and assess to what extent publicparticipation influences flexibility, competence building and accountability.

• Communicate the results via a series of workshops with users, policy-makers and publicrepresentatives and books and papers prepared within the project.

The project will study two cases:

• Innovation, science and technology networks and public discourses in transport technology• Innovation, science and technology networks and public interest organisations promoting sustainable

industrial technologies.


48

The strategic role of knowledge – intensive services for the transmission and application oftechnical and management innovation


EC contribution: 231.656 ECUStarting date: 1st April 96Duration: 21 months


Coordinator:

University College LondonDepartment of Geography26 Bedford WayLondon WC1 0AP, United Kingdom

Dr Peter WoodTel. + 44 171 387 7050Fax + 44 171 380 7565e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

University College London Recherche Interdisciplinaire enDepartment of Geography Développement RégionalUnited Kingdom BelgiumDr. Peter Wood Prof. Michel Quevit

IFRESI – CNRS Universität Stuttgart, Institut fürFrance Geographie-Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- undProf. Frank Moulaert Sozialgeographie

GermanyDr. Simone Strambach

University of the Aegen ITER srl Centro Richerche e ServiziDepartment of Human Geography ItalyGreece Dr. Lucia CavolaDr. Pavlos-Marinos Delladetsima

Stichting voor Economisch Onderzoek der GEOIDEIA – Estudos de Organizacao doUniversität van Amsterdam Territorio LdaThe Netherlands PortugalMr. Chris van der Vegt Dr. João Ferrão

Quasar sa Investigaciones y AsistenciaTecnica saSpainDr. Juan Ramón Cuadrado-Roura


49

The strategic role of knowledge – intensive services for the transmission and application oftechnical and management innovation

• This thematic network has brought together organisations from nine member states of the EU toundertake a collaborative exchange of understanding about the contribution of knowledge-intensiveservice consultancies to the commercial competitiveness and growth of client organizations indifferent sectors, types and sizes of firm, and core and peripheral regions. A series of interim reports,arising from each work package, have examined the application of this understanding to economicpolicy, especially as applied to the promotion of technical and organisational innovation.

In targeting areas of policy, it has addressed:

1. The impact of the international integration of European service markets on the availability ofconsultancy expertise to clients in different parts of the Union.

2. The diversity of national experience, including the significance for consultancy activities of variableregulatory and corporate regimes, patterns of business organisation, including the corporate use ofinhouse expertise and the position of SMEs, and prevailing patterns of consultancy supply.

3. The degree and patterns of regional inequality in consultancy provision and use, their causes, andtheir significance for public agencies wishing to enhance regional technical and organisationalinnovation and competitiveness.

The outcome of the thematic network has been a policy-oriented analysis of best practice in theemployment of consultancy skills to support technical and organisational innovation, taking account ofthe needs of various sectors, large and small-medium enterprises, and the work of public agencies indifferent nations and regions. Where appropriate, proposals have also been made for further research intothe changing corporate context of technological and managerial innovation involving growingconsultancy inputs.

The work programme of the network over 18 months consisted of five sequential work packages, eachfocused around a workshop. Four (work packages 1-3, 5) have been based on international meetingsamong the participants (Month 2, 5, 9, 17), and one (work package 4) has taken place simultaneously ineach participating country (Month 13).


50

Modelling a socially and environmentally sustainable European Union


EC contribution: 800.000 ECUStarting date: 1st April 98Duration: 24 months


Coordinator:

Wuppertal Institute for Climate,Environment and EnergyDöppersberg 1942103 Wuppertal, Germany

Prof Dr Friedrich Schmidt-BleekTel. + 49 202 2492 132Fax + 49 202 2492 138e-mail:

Partners:

Centre for Human Ecology University of TampereUnited Kingdom FinlandProf. Malcolm Slesser Dr. Jyrki Luukkanen

Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Resource Use InstituteSpain United KingdomDr. David M. Rivas Prof. Malcolm Slesser


51

Modelling a socially and environmentally sustainable European Union

The project will supplement existing European initiatives towards forecasting economic and employmenttrends with a broadened and deepened intellectual framework and permit to put short term economicdevelopments in perspective with the long term goal of sustainable development. Based on an extendedversion of the existing system dynamics UK-ECCO model, simulations will be done on the Europeanscale in order to illustrate the short- and medium- term economic and employment impacts of asustainable policy, generating a.o. insights on the future development of employment opportunities andon the technologies needed to foster sustainable economic developments.

In order to provide useful information about possible scenarios for an economically, socially andenvironmentally sustainable development for Europe the study will include efforts to:

• Develop a better understanding of the economic dynamics and their influence on all strategies towardssustainable economies, by offering the opportunity to compare policy and R&D strategies as refers totheir respective impact on growth and employment.

• Investigate the bottlenecks on the road to sustainable economic development and to assessacceleration potentials.

• Develop strategies to enhance the move towards sustainable production and consumption patternswhile taking care in particular of the employment effects.

• Identify employment-friendly technologies and the resulting changes in the structures of employmentand skills required.

The core purpose of the study is to develop and to apply a tool to improve the information basis fordecision makers, enabling them to take the kinds of side effects and rebound mechanisms into accountthat are not obvious in policy planning so far. Results will be presented with the intention to give at leasthints at the most socially conscious policy and R&D strategies towards sustainable economicdevelopment.


52

Social Learning in Multimedia




Coordinator:

Edinburgh UniversityResearch Centre for Social SciencesOld Surgeons Hall, High School Yards,Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, United Kingdom

Dr Robin WilliamsTel. + 44 131 650 4073Fax + 44 131 650 6544e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

University of Edinburgh Dublin City University, Communication,Research Centre for Social Sciences Technology & Culture Research CentreUnited Kingdom IrelandDr. Robin Williams Dr. Paschal Preston

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Rijksuniversiteit LimburgInstitut de Recherche sur l’Environnement Faculteit der CultuurwetenschappenConstruit The NetherlandsSwitzerland Prof. Dr. Ir. Wiebe BijkeDr. Pierre Rossel

University of Trondheim Technical University of DenmarkCentre for Technology and Society Institute of Technology and Social SciencesNorway Unit of Technology AssessmentDr. Knut H. Sørensen Denmark

Dr. Christian Clausen

Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix Universität Bremen, FachbereichCellule Interfacultaire de Technology Mathematik und Informatik,Assessment (CITA) Forschungsgruppe TelekommunikationBelgium GermanyDr. Claire Lobet-Maris Prof. Dr. Herbert Kubicek


53

Social Learning in Multimedia

The project has examined the social shaping processes, and in particular social learning, in thedevelopment and uptake the new multimedia products and services. (Social learning covers the relatedlearning processes of the supplier’s representations of the users and the users’ efforts to incorporate theproducts into their particular context). It aimed at a better conceptual and empirical understanding ofthese processes, as well as policy implications. It has examined these processes in four applications orsectors: education, cultural products/industries, commerce/shopping, and public services. Integratingcross-cutting studies covering the organisation and the home were also been undertaken. National andinternational aspects have also be considered. Social experiments and commercial trials have been studiedin the countries covered.

Policy implications having been addressed are (I) the innovation process and social learning inmultimedia, (ii) policy in the individual research themes (e.g. education, cultural industries, needs ofsmall countries and language groups), (iii) the implications of social shaping research in general.

Interim reports have been produced at Month 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 followed by the final report at Month 36.


54

Innovation, R&D and Productivity(Thematic network)




Coordinator:

Institute for Fiscal Studies7 Ridgmount StreetLondon WC1E 7AE, United Kingdom

Prof John Van ReenenTel. + 44 171 636 3784Fax + 44 171 323 4780e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Centre de Recherche en Economie et Zentrum für EuropaïscheStatistique (CREST-CNRS) Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW)France GermanyDr. Jacques Mairesse Dr. Dietmar Harhoff

Center of Economic Research andEnvironmental Strategy Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU)University of Macedonia, Greece United KingdomDr. Zoe Georganta Dr. Nick von Tunzelmann

University of Urbino University College LondonItaly United KingdomDr. Alfonso Gambardella Prof. David Ulph

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (ESI) Université Louis Paster StrasbourgThe Netherlands FranceProf. Dr. Alfred Kleinknecht Dr. François Laisney

Centro de Estudios Monetarios y FinancierosSpainDr. Manuel Arellano


55

Innovation, R&D and Productivity

This thematic network has used micro-economic data to describe the differencies in innovation andproductivity across firms and countries and to explain why these differencies persist. Armed with thisknowledge attempts have been made to determine why some policies towards innovation are moresuccessful than others.

The general area of the collaborative research was organised around the following areas:

• Job creation• Financial markets• Wage structures• Productivity• Competition policy• Policy evaluation

Six policy workshops meetings on the main themes have provide a series of reports summarising the jointprojects.


56

The role of Europe in world-wide science and technology Monitoring and evaluation in a context ofglobal competition

Contract: SOE1-CT 96-1035

EC contribution: 500.000 ECUSStarting date: 1 Jan. 1997Duration: 36 Months


Coordinator:

Centre for Science and TechnologyStudies (CWTS)University of LeidenPostbox 9555NL-2300 RB Leiden,

Prof. Anthony Van RaanTel +31 71 273909Fax +31 71 273911e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

University of BielefeldInstitute for Science and Technology Studies(IWT)GermanyDr. Peter Weingart


57

The role of Europe in world-wide science and technology Monitoring and evaluation in a context ofglobal competition

Objectives

This research project aims at the development of a multi-sided empirical approach to delineate, analyse,monitor and evaluate scientific and technological developments for strategic, socio-economically relevantpolicies. A major problem we are tackling can be described as follows. Although a number of methodsto analyse and monitor the dynamics of RTD (Research, Technology, and Development) does exist, thesemethods mostly concern only parts of the spectrum necessary to visualise the development of researchand technology in a sufficiently broad and, most importantly, coherent way. For instance, monitor andforesight techniques (such as “Delphi” and “scenario” models) are often applied to fields or programs thatare defined in a very specific context, in an environment given beforehand, or focused on aspects that areconsidered to be politically important at this moment.So, the first step in all monitoring, evaluation and foresight analyses is a very crucial one. It concerns thequestion: how to define the fields of science and/or technology we are talking about ? In this study wefocus on Telecommunication (Leiden), Climate Change (Bielefeld), Neurosciences, and ComplexSystems (Leiden and Bielefeld). How can we delineate such a field - with its actors - in a sufficientlycomprehensive way, so that both the well-known mainstream of today as well as the more remote andexotic outer provinces - which might become extremely important in the near future - are covered ?Clearly this problem presents itself even more in inter- or multi-disciplinary fields. And these are oftenthe fields where many important socio-economic developments take place !In order to tackle this problem and to put it in a broader context of monitoring and evaluation, we take aquantitative-empirical approach based on self-organizing principles. This will give us the opportunity toexplore in a consistent, policy-oriented framework, the vast amount of data embedded in the scientific andtechnological literature. We believe that his approach, based on the firm ground of the state-of-the-art,offers a unique and powerful way to “map” as good as possible any field of science and technology withsubstantial added-values to what a more qualitative approach could offer. The design of the project issuch that the role of Europe in science and technology can be compared with relevant developments in, atthe first place, Europe’s main competitors: US, Japan, and the Asian Tigers.


58

European Comparison of Public Research Systems


EC contribution : 400.000 ECUStarting date: 1 Feb. 1997Duration: 24 months


Coordinator:

University of Sussex (SPRU)Mantell Building - FalmerBrighton, East Sussex BN1 9RFUnited Kingdom

Dr. Jacqueline SenkerTel +44 1273 678170Fax +44 1273 685865E-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Association pour la Recherche et leDéveloppement des Méthodes et ProcessusIndustrielsFranceDr. Philippe Laredo

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas(CSIC)SpainDr. Emilio Munoz

Norwegian Institute for Studies in Researchand Higher EducationNorwayMr. Hans Skoie

Max-Planck-Institut für GesellschaftsforschungGermanyDr. Uwe Schimank

The Circa Group Europe Ltd (CIRCA)IrelandDr. Tom Higgins


59

European Comparison of Public Research Systems

Objectives

This proposal has four main aims:

• to gain a deeper understanding of the changing structure and dynamics of public sector research (PSR)systems in a range of European countries, and of how these relate to the wider social, institutional andpolitical context in which those systems are embedded;

• to use this information to assess on a comparative basis the strengths and weaknesses of differentorganizational structures of PSR systems;

• to develop a sound methodology for conducing cross-national case studies of PSR in areas vital topublic welfare and safety;

• to review the relationship between national and supra-national organizations in the support of PSR inthis area, and to compare the extent and organizational forms of intra-European and extra-Europeannetworking.

More specific project objectives are :

• to provide policy-makers with guidance about the major trends affecting PSR, the advantages anddisadvantages of different institutional arrangements and how these relate to specific national contexts;

• to identify common features in the changing nature and function of PSR, the specific areas vital forpublic welfare and safety;

• to identify any tensions between inward-looking, comprehensive and nationally-networked productionnetwork based on outward-looking and inter-linked national scientists and centres.


60

Technological and Financial Investment, Manufacturing Firms in Southern Europe


EC contribution: 400.000 ECUStarting date: 1st July 1997Duration: 34 months

EC scientific Officer: Virginia Vitorino

Coordinator:

UNU-INTECHKeizer Karelplein 19NL-6211 TC Maastricht

Dr Anthony BartzokasTel +31 43 3506349Fax +31 43 3506399e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

University of Oxford,Chancellor, Masters and ScholarsOxford - United KingdomDr. Edmund Fitzgerald

University of AthensDept of EconomicsAthens - GreeceProf. Anastasios Giannitsis

Universidad Complutense de MadridFacultad de Ciencas Economicas y EmpresanalesSpainDr. Angel Martinez-Tablas

Centro de Estudos e Documentação Europeia(CEDE)PortugalDr. Vitor Corado-Simoes


61

Technological and Financial Investment, Manufacturing Firms in Southern Europe

Objectives

The principal objective of the research project is to examine the nature of the private investment decisionrequired to incorporate new technologies in the production process and the special needs ofmanufacturing firms in Greece, Portugal and Spain during the “transition” to sustained and competitivecorporate growth in the Single European Market. The central focus of this approach is the transformationof local firms, by acquiring sufficient technological and financial resources for sustainable corporategrowth. The acquisition of technological resources is not a “one-off” event, but rather a continual processof building up engineering capacity specific to the firm which allows it to adapt technologies for furtherexpansion, and integrate these with production and marketing in an effective way.

The first phase of the project was to carry out a comprehensive review of the technology and financeliterature in order to provide a rigorous and practical methodology for the project. As well as being anessential step in the identification of the key research questions and the relevant blocks of academicliterature, this stage of the project also sought to develop a well defined and detailed work programmeand timetable for all the phases of the project with the agreement of all the research partners.

The second phase of the project involves the preparation of the country reviews of financial andtechnological trends and the discussion of the methodology for the field work which will take place inPhase III.

Expected Outcomes

From this analytical approach, well-grounded proposals for policies to overcome market failure can bederived. The project output will take two main forms: on the one hand a book containing a methodologyof evaluating bank loans by providing benchmarks for effective investment decisions andrecommendations for enhanced policy initiatives in the future; on the other, a series of published studiesof technological innovation and corporate finance in Southern Europe.


62

The Relationship between Science and Technology Policy and Broad Industrial Policy: The Co-Evolution of Policies at National, Regional and European Levels.

Contract: SOE1-CT97-1053

EC Contribution: 500.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 December 1997Duration: 27 months

EC Scientific Officer: V. Vitorino

Partners:

Handeshögskolan I StockholmThe European Institute of Japanese studiesStockholm - SwedenMr. J. Sigurdson

Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Departmentof Growth and InnovationMünchen - GermanyMr. M. Reinhard

Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueTransformations de l’appareil Productif etStratégies Economiques SectoriellesValbonne - FranceDr. J. De Bandt

Università degli Studi di UrbinoCentro Studi Impresa TerritorioUrbino - ItalyDr. A. Gambardella

Circa Group Europe Ltd.Dublin - IrelandDr. T. Higgins

Coordinator :

University of SussexScience Policy Research UnitBrighton - Falmer BN1 9RFUnited Kingdom

M. SharpTel: +44/1273/686758Fax: +44/1273/685865Email: [email protected]

Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme63

The Relationship between Science and Technology Policy and Broad Industrial Policy: The Co-Evolution of Policies at National, Regional and European Levels.

Objectives

This project has three main objectives:First, to undertake a series of country-based studies which will analyse how industrial policy (in itsbroadest sense and including science, technology and innovation policy) at national and regional levels,has adapted to change and accommodated EU initiatives in science and technology in the last twodecades. Second, to use these studies as the basis for a series of cross-cutting thematic analyses which highlightthe inter-relationship or co-evolution of policy at the three different levels. Thirdly, in the light of these studies, to advise the Commission on how best it may carry forward itsobligation of 'coordination' of science and technology policies between the EU and member states.

Brief Description of the Research Project:

The implicit hypothesis to be 'tested' by this project is that national and regional systems of innovation, oftheir own volition, will adapt and adjust to the emergence of a new, and in this case supra-national, set ofpolicy institutions. In other words the project aims to see whether there has been a natural process of co-evolution between national, regional and Community-level initiatives, which would imply that only ‘lighttouch’ coordination procedures were required of the Commission.The project is set to last for 27 months (until February 2000), with the first stage, the six country-basedstudies, set to occupy the first year and the thematic studies the second year. The country-based casestudies will consist of six studies on France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Sweden and the UK. The thematicstudies will consider the following issues: globalisation, the changing objectives of industrial policy;policies for technology transfer; SMEs and regional policy and foreign direct investment as an instrumentof industrial policy. The overall report, which will pull together both parts of the exercise and concentrateon the central issue of EU policy, adaptation versus co-ordination, will be undertaken in the last sixmonths of the project as its final stage.

Deliverables and expected outcomes

Besides the completed reports due after the first, second and third stages of the project, it is hoped thatthis project will result in several books on different aspects of industrial policy, as well as academic andpress articles. It is aimed throughout the exercise to work closely with officials working in these areas inthe Commission, in national governments and in industry. Two ‘open workshops’ to which these peoplewill be invited will be held during the project, with the possibility that the second workshop will beexpanded into a wider conference. In addition it is aimed to develop a database of comparativequantitative data relating to industrial policy which, although limited to the six countries of the study,might later be expanded to relate to the EU. The results are expected to contribute not only to inform thepolicy debate within the Community, but also contribute to a wider understanding of the processes whichhave contributed to the building of the EU and the making of contemporary history.


Systèmes d’enseignement supérieur et innovation


EC Contribution: 894.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 January 1998Duration: 37 months


Partners:

Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLaboratoire Interdesciplinaire de la Recherchesur les Ressources Humaines et l’EmploiToulouse - FranceMr. J-M Plassard

Center for Research on Innovation andSociety GmbHBerlin – GermanyDr. C. Brechtemann

DINAMIACentro de Estudos sobre a MudançaSocieconomiaLisboa - PortugalProf. H. Lopes

Institute for Advanced StudiesDepartment of SociologyWien - AustriaDr. L. Lassnigg

University of Kent at CanterburyCanterbury Business SchoolCanterbury – United KingdomDr. A. Lam

Coordinator:

Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLaboratoire d’Economie et de Sociologie duTravailChemin Joseph Aiguier, 3113402 Marseille cedex 20 - France

Dr. E. VerdierTel: +33/4/42378500Fax: +33/4/42267937EMail: [email protected]


Systèmes d’Enseignement Supérieur et Innovation

Objectives:

The proposed project on the linkages between higher education and industrial innovation takes acomparative perspective in two ways:

First, the project will investigate the linkages and relationships between higher education and innovationin five European member states, Austria, France, Germany, Portugal and the United Kingdom.Secondly, it will contrast the European situation with that in the United States of American, which inmany ways offers an important reference framework and contrast scenario for many of the aspects andissues to be analyzed, notably the quality, financing, governance, and incentive structures prevailing in itshigher education sector.

Brief description of the project

The proposed research will focus on the differences in the organization and configuration of the links andinterfaces between higher education institutions and private-sector industrial innovation activities. Giventhe central role of higher education institutions within the framework of national innovation system, theselinks and interfaces are to be seen as an important factor in determining the competitiveness of bothindividual firms and national industry clusters at large.The research will focus on three key variables:(i) the social and institutional “construction” of different competence profiles and professional identitiesof the personnel involved in industrial innovation processes;(ii) the organization of innovation activities within firms as the prime users of the competence producedby higher education institutions; and(iii) the specific roles and functions of intermediary agents and “bridging institutions” linking highereducation institutions and firm-level innovation activities.Specifically, the project will analyze these three core variables for three industrial sectors, (a) chemicalsand pharmaceuticals (including biotechnology); (b) telecommunications equipment ; and (c) informationtechnology and computer software.Starting from these firm case studies, the project will -in a second step- for each firm analyze its specificrelationships to local/regional higher education institutions as seen from both the perspective of the firmand the perspective of higher education institutions. On the basis of country-reports to be prepared forevery member state included in our research, which will also include the United States and, to someextent, Japan.

Expected outcomes and deliverables

The project promises to produce new insights about the implications of different funding and governancestructures in higher education for their effectiveness in providing a solid knowledge supporting industrialinnovation.The in-depth cross-country comparisons will provide the empirical foundation for elaboratingdevelopment scenarios of one or more European models for ensuring a better alignment of highereducation institutions with the requirements and underlying logic of industrial innovation.Several workshops will be organized involving end users, policy makers and researchers.


Industrial Dynamics and Employment in Europe


EC Contribution: 316 000 ECUStarting Date: 1 December 1997Duration: 36 months

EC Scientific Officer: Geneviève Zdrojewski

Partners:

Dipartimento di Economia PoliticaSiena - ItalyProf. L. Punzo

Institute of Econometrics, OperationsResearch and Systems TheoryWien - AustriaDr. B. Böhm

Coordinator:

Institut de Droit et Economie de la Firmeet de l’Industrie250 Rue Albert Einstein06560 Sophia-Antipolis Valbonne - France

Prof. J-L. GaffardTel: +33/493954233Fax: +33/493653798Email: [email protected]


Industrial Dynamics and Employment in Europe

Objectives:

The research project aims at explaining the relationship between the restructuring of Europeaneconomies and the issue of employment, by considering the various forms, their timing and evolution.

Brief Description of the research project:

The disequilibria affecting European countries in the decades starting with the 1970s have beeninterpreted as the result of the inability of markets to cope with and to adapt to major changes in thegeneral, economic environment which were themselves correlated with information imperfections andwith the absence of appropriate counter-balancing institutions and incentive rules.

In particular, the occurrence of mass unemployment in Europe has been imputed to structuralmaladjustments associated with an over-regulation of labour markets. By contrast, the perspectivepursued in this research relies upon an altogether different line of interpretation of past economic historiesand events, as well as of the current dynamic paths of the crucial monitoring variables. In this work, theexplanation of the diverging performances of the Western countries will not be sought uniquely indifferences in the mechanisms controlling their labour market. It will also be located in their differentinvestment behaviours.

The disequilibria observed and their persistence, in fact, appear to be the shortcoming of inheriteddistortions in the structure of countries’ productive capacities, which themselves descend from theconditions under which the process of capital accumulation has taken place. The distortions which will beconsidered and which form the focus of our analysis are not those affecting the relations betweenproduction sectors, as the interdependence among them is necessarily changing along with the unfoldingof innovation processes. They are, rather, the distortions which affect the relationship between investmentand consumption within an economy while it is undergoing a process of qualitative change. The proposedresearch will thus aim at producing an empirical analysis on a cross country comparative perspective, asthe appropriate background for policy formulation and implementation. To this end, it will begin byexamining data on major features exhibited by the processes of structural change in the recent histories ofthe European countries, and in particular the changes in the structure of their productive capacity. It will,then, develop a model for the interpretation of the relationship between structural change andmacroeconomic disequilibria. Next, it will focus on a broad analytical issue: to what extent structuralchanges explain the employment experience capturing its variety across countries.

The final target is the formulation of recommendations for policies acting on the vital connectionsbetween the macroeconomic scenarios, structural reforms and innovation-enhancing policy measures.


Foresight as a Tool for the Management of Knowledge Flows and Innovation


EC Contribution: 407.000 ECUStarting Date: 01/12/1997Duration: 36 months

EC Scientific Officer: R. O’Brien

Partners:

University of TwenteFaculty of Philosophy and Social SciencesNL - AE EnschedeDr. B. Van der Meulen

Consejo Superior de InvestigacionesCientificasInstituto de Estudios Sociales AvanzadosSP - MadridDr. L. Sanz-Menendez

Coordinator:

Anglia Polytechnic UniversitySchool of Languages and Social SciencesEast RoadUK - Cambridge CB1 1PT

Dr. A. WebsterTel: +44/1223363271Fax: +44/122/3352935E.mail: [email protected]


Foresight as a Tool for the Management of Knowledge Flows and Innovation

The overall objective of this project is to identify the contribution foresight makes to managinginnovation through exploring the way in which actors formulate scenarios on technological development,specifically those expressed through foresight processes that operate within and between distinctconstituencies in different national contexts. Through dissemination of this enriched understanding duringand after the project and consequent better use of foresight, the management of innovation by public andprivate actors (industry, government, universities, public groups, intermediate organisations) will beimproved. Within this, there are a number of core objectives, as follows:

- To understand how socio-economic actors deal with complex foresight environments and the impactthese environments have on the specific development of innovation: the substantive research will referprincipally to health informatics and diagnostics in the medical sector.

- To understand the formal and informal processes and practices associated with foresight in managinginnovation and knowledge flows in distinct European contexts. In particular, the project explores the rolethat formal Foresight programmes play (as in the Netherlands and the UK) in managing innovation,securing and aggregating knowledge and encouraging its mobility across different constituenciescompared with countries (such as Spain) that do not have such a programme.

- To determine the role of foresight in balancing the objectives and interests of different public andprivate constituencies involved in innovation, focused on innovations in the medical field and to identifythose tendencies that work towards aggregation and consensus and those that generate conflict betweendifferent constituencies

- To determine how present foresight practice is context-dependent, and given this, to identify good andbest practices and prepare recommendations relating to an improved use of foresight in the medical sectorand to draw wider lessons which relate to other sectors, especially those which have a similarly extensivepublic investment.

Outcomes: Apart from a range of academic and policy reports prepared during the project there will be anumber of practical outcomes at three different levels:

At the European level: The European Commission is in favour of developing foresight as a managementtool for S&T policy. This project will contribute both to this overall development and through anapproach of 'Field focussed foresight' using its focus on the medical sector. Specific dissemination will besought into natural science via the BIOMED II programme and into the Telematics for Health Careprogramme.

At the national level: The results of the work will be disseminated through three User Groups. Throughthese Groups, project recommendations will improve foresight methods for the evaluation of futuretechnologies and the procedures used to identify them.

At a regional/local level: The results of the project will help local hospitals, firms and professional groupsto identify the relation between national and local foresight agendas and processes, where these can bebetter aligned and where these are appropriately discrete.


Towards an Interactive Technology Policy - Implications from the Social Shaping of Mobility andTransport Policies for a New Technology Policy Paradigm




Partners:

Technical University DenmarkDepartment of Technology and Social SciencesDK - 2800 LyngbyDr. Jorgsensen

Norwegian University of Science andTechnologyCentre for Technology and Society

Coordinator:

University of TwenteFaculty of Philosophy and Social SciencesPO Box 217NL - AE Enschede

Dr. Ir. B. ElzenTel: +31/53/4894221Fax: + 31/53/4894775E.mail: [email protected]

N - 7055 DragvollProf. K. H. Sorensen


71

Towards an Interactive Technology Policy - Implications from the Social Shaping of Mobility andTransport Policies for a New Technology Policy Paradigm

The project aims at developing a new basis for formulating technology policy called an interactivetechnology policy paradigm (ITP). The idea is to transcend the common problems with such policies, dueto the fact that they either focus on supply side factors (technological options) and neglect social andcultural issues, or on demand side factors (social options) and thus neglect the dynamic features oftechnology. The ITP is meant as an effort to facilitate interactivity in technology policy.

The effort to develop the ITP will be grounded in an analysis of the case domain of personal mobility.The work needs such an empirical grounding in order to get a sufficiently detailed understanding of thedynamics of technology policy. Personal mobility has been chosen because it examplifies a deeplyentrenced technology (private cars) that is used in a way that has proven to create substantial problems formodern societies, because traditional policies mainly have failed, and because there is a very largenumber of experiments going on in this domain which could be very relevant to the ITP. In addition, thepartners in this project has considerable expertise in the area.

The project will consist of three stages and a total of five work packages:

Stage 1: Preparatory studies• work package 1: Preparatory studies.

Stage 2: Empirical analysis• Work package 2a: technological and cultural basis of modern personal mobility;• Work package 2b: reducing emissions and congestion within the existing system: the social and

technological dimensions of current transport policies;• Work package 2c: innovative technologies and policies: "alternative" cars and new forms of mobility.

Stage 3: Integration• Work package 3: outline of a new paradigm of an interactive technology policy.

In addition to material from the participating countries (Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway), it willinclude field work and reanalysis of material from EU-countries France, Germany, and Italy as well asnon-EU-countries Japan and the U.S.

The project will emphasise continous contact with relevant user constituencies. In addition, a workshopwill be organised in the final stage to present the ITP paradigm and get feed-back from relevant usergroups. Results will be disseminated through papers and books for an academic as well as a policyaudience.


72

Industrial Districts and Localized Technological Knowledge - The Role of SME’s


EC Contribution: 591.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 November 1997Duration: 24 months

EC Scientific Officer: V.Vitorino

Partners:

Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueTransformations de l’Appareil Productif etStratégies Economiques SectoriellesValbonne - FranceMr. M. Rainelli

Victoria University of ManchesterManchester Business SchoolManchester - United KingdomProf. P. Swann

GEOIDEIA.Estudos de Organização do Território LDALisboa - PortugalProf. J. Ferrão

Coordinator:

Centro di Politica della Scienza e dellaTecnologiaFondazione RosselliVia San Quintino, 18/C10121 Torino - Italy

Prof. C. AntonelliTel: +39/11/5622510Fax: +39/11/5611748Email: [email protected]

Consejo Superior de InvestigacionesCientificasInstituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados deMadridMadrid - SpainDr.L. Sanz-Menendez

Maastricht Economic ResearchInstitute on Innovation and TechnologyMaastricht - The NetherlandsDr.J. Cobbenhagen

Universidad Carlos III de MadridInstituto Flores de Lemus de EstudiosAvanzados en EconomiaMadrid - SpainDr. C.E. Garcia


73

Industrial Districts and Localized Technological Knowledge - The Role of SME’s

Objectives:

The main objective of INLOCO is the analysis of the role of local systems of interactions in assessing therate and direction of introduction of technological changes. Local systems appear especially conducive tofoster and direct the rate of introduction of technological change when technological externalities andcomplementarities among firms and research institutions are locally relevant. Proximity and closeinteraction make easier the exchange and trade of tacit knowledge and the recombination of codified one,that is the two relevant dimensions of the external sources of technological information. In so doingINLOCO calls attention on the external dimension of technological knowledge and the important role ofdivision of labor in the accumulation of technological knowledge. This approach contrasts the usual focuson large vertically-integrated intra-muros research and development activities managed by largecorporations and calls attention on the bottom-up collective character of much innovation processes.

Brief Description of the Project

The project is organized in five well defined working groups:1) a large and selective review of the literature on innovation systems and local technologicalexternalities;2) an extensive horizontal analysis of the clustering of innovation in the European Union at the regionallevel and its dynamics, based upon the European Patent Office data;3) 15-18 in depth case studies on the local dynamics of the innovation process in relevant intersections oftechnologies, industries and regions in Italy, Spain, France, The Netherlands, Portugal and Britain;4) A broad analytical interpretation of policy tools appropriate to favor the integration of local innovationsystems so as to foster the spontaneous circulation of technological information and the spillover oftechnological externalities;5) A final chapter of analysis of the implementation of policy actions in the overlapping context ofregional, innovation and science policy.

Intended outcomes

The expected outcomes of INLOCO consist in two related points:1. a better understanding of the variables that favour, within spatial (stochastic) interaction systems, thecirculation and spillover of technological information and more specifically the criticality of such (non-linear) parameters.2. a wider and better agenda for local innovation policies which are now able to focus the relevantinteraction variables and select the interventions with a priority scale based upon the distance between the'spontaneous' levels of the interaction parameters and their critical (desired) values. The ones which makemost efficient the policy intervention and hence effectively increase the rate of introduction oftechnological changes.


74

From Science to Products




Partners:

Universiteit MaastrichtMaastricht Economic ResearchInstitute on Innovation and TechnologyMaastricht - The NetherlandsDrs. A. Geuna

Università degli Studi di UrbinoCentro Studi Impresa Territorioc/o Istituto Studi AziendaliUrbino - ItalyDr. A. Gambardella

Universidad Carlos III de MadridInstituto Flores de Lemos de EstudiosAvanzados en EconomiaMadrid - SpainDr. I. Herguera

Coordinator:

Universidad Pompeu FabraDepartment of Economics and BusinessC/Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-2708005 Barcelona - Spain

Mr. W. Garcia-FontesTel: +34/3/5422722Fax: +34/3/5421746Email: [email protected]

University of SussexScience Policy Research UnitBrighton - United KingdomMrs M. Sharp

Universität StuttgartInstitut für Sozialforschung Lehrstuhl fürVolkswirtschaftslehreStuttgart - GermanyDr.F. Englmann


75

From Science to Products: A Green Paper on Innovation for the Chemical Industry

Objectives:

The main objective of this proposal is to develop a comprehensive analysis of the European chemicalindustry, following the example of the Green Paper on Innovation, with the purpose of analysing thestrategic aspects of innovation and related technological policy, taking into account the idiosyncraticcharacteristics of the European chemical industry.

Brief description of the Project:

a) Analyse the science & technology base and the dynamic performance of the European “system ofinnovation” in the chemical industry, with particular attention to its contribution to economic growththrough innovation and competitiveness, and to the ability to translate its research into commerciallyuseful products.

b) Analyse the forces that encourage the diffusion of chemical innovations on downstream userindustries, across regions, and on SMEs, with particular attention to the diffusion processes (user-producer interactions) and spillovers to other industries, regions and SMEs.

c) Discuss policy implications and actions, which will be based on a comprehensive study of the factorsand the conditions enlisted in the previous two points.

Deliverables and intended outcomes:

We plan to hold four workshops to discuss work in progress and diffuse preliminary and final results,with the participation of external discussants and other interested parties such as policy-users (particularlyindustry officials and European policy makers). We also plan to produce a Final Report whose style,structure, and content will resemble the Green Paper, a set of Special Reports which will discuss morespecific topics in greater detail, and a series of working papers with preliminary or final results of thestudy.

The findings of the analysis will be used to draw more general conclusions about the nature of theinnovative process, industrial change and policy actions. Some of the issues related to the “system ofinnovation” in the chemical sector - and its relationship to innovation, market development,competitiveness, commercialisation of more basic scientific and technological knowledge in Europe andelsewhere - can provide a basis for generalisation to other industries. Similarly, the way chemicaltechnologies diffuse to SME and other users can help understand more generally the nature of therelationships and the transfer of mechanisms from an upstream capital-good and knowledge producingsector to downstream sectors and users. Finally, the study of policy implications can help guide similarinterventions in other industries


76

The Self Organisation of the European Information Society



EC Scientific Officer: Maria Carvalho Dias

Partners:

University of BielefeldInstitute for Science and TechnologyStudiesBielefeld - GermanyDr. G. Küppers

Università di Roma “La Sapienza”Dipartimento di Informatica e SystemicaRoma - ItalyDr. L. Biggiero

The University of SurreySchool of Human SciencesGuildford - United KingdomProf. N. Gilbert

Coordinator:

Universiteit van AmsterdamDepartment of Social Science InformaticsRoetersstraat 15NL-1018 WB AmsterdamThe Netherlands

Dr. P. van den BesselaarTel: +31/205256789Fax: +31/205256896Email: [email protected]

Democritus University of ThraceDept of Electrical and Computer Eng.Xanthi - GreeceDr. M. Boudourides

University of ZürichContinuing Education Dept.Zürich - SwitzerlandDr. H. Gourhuis


77

The Self Organisation of the European Information Society

Objectives:

In recent years, various theories have been developed about the relation between development and changeof social systems, and the perturbing events that can occur in their environments. It is now recognised thatthis relation is not one of first order cybernetic control (where initial conditions can be manipulated inorder to determine later events). Social organization can be described more adequately by the notion ofnetworks of communication that evolve recursively and interactively among individuals - who alsoconsititue the “reflexive” carriers in these networks. In consequence second order cybernetics techniques(the study of emergent order and its control ) should be used to analyse such “self-organising" networks.

In this project these relatively new theoretical insights will be applied to the emergence of the EuropeanInformation Society. In particular: the Science & Technology policy options emerging from RTD-networks; innovation and (trans-) regional development in SME-networks; and, the cultural dimensionsadded to these processes of change by new ways of communicating will be analysed.

Brief description of the Research Project

This consortium brings together sociological and computer science expertise to look at the role ofinterfaces (communication and networks) in innovation and RTD processes. Methods will be developedto study these interfaces, and the resulting insights will be applied to European issues. The project willtherefore address the issue of whether there is a Europe-specific way of “looking at” the informationsociety as well as the extent to which knowledge can be codified, and economic and social consequences.

The focus of the approach is on human capital, since human agency is the “reflexive” part of the socialsystem -albeit rather distributed. The approach will also shed light on issues of social exclusion andunemployment, and allow for the development of methods measuring social exclusion and assessing theeffectiveness of policies and actions. Within an European context, the project will contribute to thecurrent understanding of: the extent to which, and how, information networks exclude people byrestricting access; the generation and integration of diversity; and, the interplay between education,training, and economic development.

Note: This activity also links to Areas I.1, I.3, II.1 and III.5 of the workprogramme.


78

SME Policy and the Regional Dimension of Innovation




Partners:

Centre for Small Business StudiesKolding - DenmarkMr. P. Christensen

Maastricht Economic Research Institute onInnovation and TechnologyMaastrich - The NetherlandsLic. C. Nauwelaers

Middlesex UniversityCentre for Enterprise and EconomicDevelopment ResearchEnfield - United KingdomMr. D. Smallbone

Coordinator:

The STEP GroupStudies in Technology, Innovation andEconomic PolicyStorgaten, 10155 Oslo - Norway

Dr. A. IsaksenTel: +47/22/477310Fax: +47/22/429533Email:[email protected]

Universidad Autonoma de MadridDepartamento de Estructura Economica yEconomia del DesarrolloCiudad Universitaria de CantoblancoMadrid - SpainDr. A. Vazquez Barquero

University of Economics and BusinessAdministrationInstitute for Urban and Regional StudiesWien - AustriaDr. F. Tödtling

Università degli Studi di PaviaDipartimento di Economia Politica e MetodiQuantitativiPavia - ItalyMr. G. Garofoli


79

SME Policy and the Regional Dimension of Innovation

Objectives :

The main objective of the project is to analyse what characterises best practice innovation policy aimingat small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). ‘Best practices’ is not understood in an absolute sense.The aim will rather be to construct a sound and organised knowledge base about existing practices,qualify their appropriateness and efficiency in order to identify ‘best practices’, in a relative sense, andhelp to see how they can be adapted to other environments and situations.

Brief description of project :

In order to achieve this objective the project consists of four work packages:• The objective of the first work package is to establish a sound theoretical basis and a common

analytical framework in the research group, in order to obtain comparability between the singleevaluations of programmes and politics carried out in the project. The theoretical framework is basedon the concepts of the interactive innovation model.

• Work package two contains evaluations of selected policy instruments in regions in eight countries toidentify best practice policy in each case. The instruments to be evaluated reflects both linear and non-linear innovation models, endogenous and exogenous policy approaches, and sector specific and non-sector specific policies on regional, national and EU policy levels. The evaluation studies have thesame main questions and horizontal themes, use the same theoretical framework and similar methods.

• Work package three will pool together material from the region and country specific evaluations. Thedifferent policy instruments and regions are classified according to a taxonomy developed in theproject, and best practice policies will be analysed for different regions and instruments.

• The objective of work package four is to produce a consolidated synthesis report and organiseseminars and workshops aiming at policy makers at EU and national level. Workshops in each countryor study region are also arranged during work package two.

Expected outcomes and deliverables

The project will add new results to our understanding of innovation policy aiming at SMEs. Of particularimportance is a) the comparative perspective, which considers the need to formulate different policyinstruments for different kind of regions and firms, and b) the use of the interactive innovation model andthe concept of regional innovation system as a common framework for the evaluation of the policyinstruments. At the end of the project a seminar will be organized involving policy makers and other endusers.


80

Collective Invention and European Policies




Partners:

University of SussexScience Policy Research UnitBrighton - United KingdomProf. Steinmueller

Victoria University of ManchesterManchester Business SchoolManchester - United KingdomProf. P. Swann

Coordinator:

Université Paris-DauphineInstitut pour le Management de la Recherche etde l’InnovationPlace du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny75775 Paris Cedex 16 - France

Prof. ForayTel: +33/1/44054811Fax: +33/1/44054849Email: [email protected]

Fondazione RosselliCentre for Research and TechnologyTorino - ItalyProf. Antonell


81

Collective Invention and European Policies

Objectives :

Our central concern relates with problems of information sharing and technical coordination raised in thecontext of collective invention in European RTD and innovation policies. In addition, and also key to ourconcerns, is the need for and value of documenting, generalising, and diffusing knowledge of successfulrules and norms among the different domains of scientific and technological research, in order to reducecosts of "reinvention" and promoting "best practice", wherever possible. The main objectives of ourproject are thus to discover local solutions, to document them, to assess their usefulness and performancein order to select those that appear to be exemplary in various ways, to explore the possibilities for theirgeneralisation and to implement a scheme in order to facilitate and accelerate their generalisation indifferent contexts.

Brief description of the project:

In our empirical investigation of new forms of collective invention, we will identify rules, guidelines andinstitutional devices which allow solutions to some of the practical problems of collective invention, suchas :- the problems of building instruments and methods for ensuring technical coordination in an area ofhighly modular objects of inquiries (such as genome or software) and for organising the division ofscientific labour among many participants, who are geographically dispersed and who can work at variouslevels of expertise and competencies;- the problems of establishing balances between the need for rapid access to knowledge for participants inprojects and the need for maintaining some degrees of excludability and private appropriation for thoseparticipants who have invested private resources in the enterprise;- the problems of connecting these rules and solutions to more general issues of law and economicpolicies. Indeed, it is often difficult to receive approval for these rules from the legal departments offirms. These emerging conventions are thus very fragile, providing many opportunities for defection. It isthus important to think about their progressive integration within more general corpus of laws andeconomic policy issues.

Intended outcomes

As a feasibility study, one important outcome of the work will be to decide whether the Colline approachcan be implemented on a larger scale; such an implementation leading to the establisment of a"permanent" observatory of best practices.


82

Flexible Work Practices and Communication Technology




Partners:

Université Paris NordLaboratoire des Sciences de l’Information et dela CommunicationF-93430 VilletaneuseDr. D. Carré

University of Newcastle upon TyneCentre for Urban and Regional DevelopmentStudiesUK-NEI 7RUProf. A. Gillespie

Coordinator:

Fondation Travail-UniversitéRue de l’Arsenal 5B-5000 Namur

Mr. G. ValenducTel: +32/81/725122Fax: +32/81/725128E.mail: [email protected]

Fondazione Regionale Pietro SevesoI-20124 MilanoDr. A. M. Ponzellini


83

Flexible Work Practices and Communication Technology

The research project aims at four objectives:- To understand the development of flexible work practices associated with the diffusion of new

communication technology;- To identify the range of factors that can have an impact on the design of these flexible work practices

and their concrete impact on working life;- To identify the role of flexibility in new pathways for the future of employment and social relations in

the information society;- To develop options and recommendations for innovation policies in the field of communication

technology, as well as for long-term social policies.

The research project is developed through four main steps. The first step consist in drawing outcommunication patterns, based on a first overview of communication practices in industries and services.The weight and characteristics of the prevalent technical infrastructures associated with eachcommunication pattern will be put forward. In the meanwhile, a draft typology of flexible work patternslinked with communication technology will also be drawn out.

The second step goes through an empirical and sectoral approach (in UK, B, F, I, E, DK) of the concretemanifestations of flexibility in work practices. The following sectors will be studied: printing andpublishing industry, civil engineering, banking and insurance, decentralised health services. Thisapproach will be completed by a comparative analysis in order to identify national factors which areshaping the forms of flexibility. A cross-sectoral analysis will afterwards determine if these new forms offlexibility are typical from one sector to another or if they are characteristics of particular professionalprofiles across the different sectors. A prospective dimension will be given by an identification of thetrends in the leading firms in each selected sector.

The third step consists of the development of prospects and scenarios. The concept of new flexibility inwork practices will be analysed as a challenge for the future of employment in Europe, both as a problemand an opportunity. New hypotheses will be explored as regard to the future of employment and socialcohesion: the issues of social sustainability of flexibility, new models of regulation for social relations,working time, labour market and employment.

Finally, the last step points out options and recommendations for innovation policies in the field ofcommunication technology as well as for long-term social policies.


84

Small and Medium Enterprises in Europe and East Asia : Competition, Collaboration and Lessonsfor Policy Support



EC Scientific Officer: V.Vitorino

Partners:

University of OxfordQueen Elizabeth HouseOxford - United KingdomMr. S. Lall

Istituto Affari InternazionaliRoma - ItalyProf. P. Guerrieri Paleotti

Panteo University of Social & PoliticalSciencesDept of Urban and Regional DevelopmentAthens - GreeceProf. T. Palaskas

Jerusalem Institute for Israel StudiesIndustrial Development Policy GroupJerusalem - IsraelDr. M. Teubal

Coordinator:

Institute for Japanese - EuropeanTechnology StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh25 Buccleuch PlaceEdinburgh EH8 9LN, UK

Prof. M. FransmanTel: +44/1316504061Fax: +44/1316674340Email: [email protected]

________________________________________________________________________________Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme

85

Small and Medium Enterprises in Europe and East Asia : Competition, Collaboration and Lessonsfor Policy Support.

Objectives :

This two year study will evaluate the competitiveness of European SMEs vis-à-vis their counterparts inEast Asia (Japan, Korea and Taiwan), using enterprise benchmarking to identify the nature of theirtechnological differences in selected low, medium and high technology manufacturing activities.

Brief description of the research Project :

The project will trace observed differences within comparable activities to variations in human resourceavailability, development and management; the strength and relevance of network linkages with SMEsand with large enterprises; the nature and sophistication of consultancy and advisory services; links withthe S&T system; the financial system supporting innovation; and cross-national, national, local andmunicipal government initiatives to support productivity, skill development and marketing.

The detailed firm-level analysis and benchmarking will allow the identification of 'best practice' modelsof SME technology development; it will also provide data that can be used in statistical analysis toidentify rigorously the extent and causes of deviation from the technological frontier. This will clarify thenature of the emerging competitive challenge facing European enterprises from the Asian 'Tigers', and theprospects for fruitful collaboration between them.

The analysis of support systems in Asia, which are known to be strong and pervasive, but whose detailedoperations are not well understood, will lead to policy recommendations for strengthening the science andtechnology support system for SMEs and improving the efficiency of networks and clusters in Europe.The project will create a data bank on micro-level technological activity and competence in the activitiesstudied; this data base can later be expanded to other activities to provide inputs into S&T policy analysisin the EU. Local collaborators in each of the three Asian countries will, be selected from local researchinstitutes. The dissemination of results will be undertaken within Europe and Asia.


86

Building Collaborative Networks for new Product Development




Partners:

Technical University of DenmarkDepartment of Technology and Social SciencesUnit of Technology AssessmentLingby - DenmarkMr. C. Koch

Universität BremenForschungszentrum Arbeit und TechnikBremen - GermanyDr. F. Manske

Coordinator:

Brunel UniversityDepartment of Management StudiesCleveland RoadUxbridgeMiddlesex UB8 3PHUnited Kingdom

Mr K. E. DicksonTel: +44/1895/203122Fax: +44/1895/203149Email: [email protected]


87

Building Collaborative Networks For new Product Development

Objectives:

This 24-month research project will examine the building of internal and external networks for newproduct development by evaluating, through a comparative perspective, networking practices in threedifferent European countries - Germany, Denmark and the United Kingdom.The aim is to highlight key socio-economic factors in collaborative innovation with special attentionbeing paid to the social processes through which network builders' (who may be individual actors, groupsof actors or institutions) develop and sustain internal and external collaborative networking.

Brief Drescription of the Project

The project will examine :-a) the inter-personal' (eg, managerial, control, and communications) factors that are influential in

network formation..b) the different types of competences and expertise required for network building -c) the influence of specific local, regional and national settings and their associated frameworks

for innovation, industrial relations, etc, in shaping network dynamics.The focus of the work programme will be case study-based comparisons of collaborative productdevelopment networks within the three different European national settings. The unit of analysis will theproduct development network' rather than a single firm, though clearly one large firm is very likely to beat the focal point of each network. In each country networks will be studied in one or two selectedindustrial sectors, selection of which will be based on several criteria, including maturity of thetechnology, sector dynamics and strategic orientation of key firms. It is envisaged that one network ineach country, the primary case, will be studied in real time' as it develops, involving frequent contactwith the various major participants. This longer -term study will enable the researchers to examinechanges in relationships and interactions over time between the various participants. In parallel, one ormore other networks in each country, termed the subsidiary cases, will be studied in snap shot' mode.These cases will be more mature, established networks, worth studying in order to provide retrospectiveinsights into critical success factors which will be as 'bench marks' or 'best practice' indicators for thelongitudinal case. Within each new product development case study, the collection of data will beprimarily via semi-structured interviews of the leading participants.

Intended outcomes:

It is envisaged that the project contributes to the advancement of the academic understanding of theprocess of internal/external networking and the provision of enhanced knowledge base to inform andassist at the regional, national or European level, in the promotion, facilitation and support of networkbuilding activities.


88

Policy Influences on Technology for Agriculture : Chemicals Biotechnology and Seeds


EC Contribution: 838 000 ECUStarting Date: 1st January 1998Duration: 32 months

EC Scientific Officer: R.O’Brien

Partners:

University of EdinburghResearch Centre for Social SciencesEdinburgh - United KingdomDr. J. Tait

Agricultural Economics ResearchInstituteThe Hague - The NetherlandsDr. W-J. Bijman

International Centre for Human andPublic AffairsTilburg - The NetherlandsDr. R. von Schomberg

Université Pierre Mendès FranceUnité d’Economie et Sociologie RuralesGrenoble - FranceDr. P-B. Joly

SADE (Sarl) - QAP DecisionTheys - FranceDr. G. Assouline

Coordinator:

Open UniversityCentre for Technology StrategyWalton HallMilton Keynes MK7 6AAUnited Kingdom

Dr. D. WieldTel: +44/1908653672 or 652103Fax: +44/1908652175Email: [email protected]

Instituto de Desarrollo RegionalFundacion UniversitariaAndaluzia - SpainDr. Cuerda Garcia-Junceda

South Jutland University CentreInstitute of Social and IndustrialDevelopmentEsbjerg - DenmarkDr. V. Soegaard

Institute on Innovation and TechnologyMaastrich Economic ResearchMaastricht - The NetherlandsMr. A. Arundel

_______________________________________________________________________________Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme

89

Policy Influences on Technology for Agriculture : Chemicals Biotechnology and Seeds.

Objectives :

Technological innovation in the agrochemical, biotechnology and seeds industries and in associatedpublic sector research establishments (PSREs) has the potential to deliver more socially andenvironmentally sustainable farming systems and to improve the quality of life in Europe. However,interactions and gaps in the policy, regulatory and market environments of these organisations candiscourage or delay such improvements. This project will investigate the impact of these issues throughthree key activities:

- an integrated analysis of policies and market-related factors affecting technological innovation in theabove industries, including policies and regulations at regional, national, and EU levels, and the demandsof food processors, retailers and public opinion;

- an investigation of the impact of such issues on the strategies and decisions of companies, tradeorganizations and PSREs, focusing on decisions about product development, levels of investment andlocation of investment (this will be the primary focus of the project)- a study of the outcomes of these decisions, as reflected in effects on European and internationalcompetitiveness, employment levels and the sustainability and biodiversity of European intensiveagriculture.

Brief description of the Research Project:

The strength and novelty of this project lies in: its breadth, including the focus on interactions among arange of policies; the relationship between policy and practice in the industries concerned; the follow-through to competitiveness, employment, biodiversity and sustainability implications; and, the feedbackto policy makers and other decison makers. For these reasons it will provide a significant newcontribution to policy analysis and development at regional, national, EU and international levels.

The partnerships draws on expertise from the UK (overall coordination), The Netherlands (includingcoordination of policy-related research), France (including coordination of industry studies), Spain andDenmark. Deliverables will include reports on policy and market-related factors relevant to decisionmaking in industry and PSREs, reports on strategic decision making in industry and its outcomes forindustry and more widely, an integrated overall report, a PITA database and summary reports.Information packs for policy, industry and PSRE decision makers will also be produced.

The results from the project will be fed back to policy makers at national and EU levels and to managersin companies and PSREs to facilitate future development and implementation of policies in these areas.

Note: This project also links to Area I.1 of the workprogramme


90

Information Society, Work, and the Generation of New Forms of Social Exclusion


EC Contribution: 1.200.000 ECUStarting Date: 01/01/1998Duration: 36 months


Partners:

Forschungs - und Beratungsstelle ArbeitweltVereinA-1020 WienDr. J. Flecker

Catholic University of LeuvenHigher Institute of Labour StudiesB-3000 LeuvenProf. G. Van Hootegen

University of SussexUK-Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RFDr. N. Meager

Instituto Ricerche Economiche e SocialiInstitute of Urban and Rural SociologyIT-00198 RomaDr. M. L. Mirabile

Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmBHTechnik und UmveltInstitut für Technikfolgenabshcätzung undSystemanalyseD-76021 KarlsruheDr. G. Bechmann

Nexus EuropeIRL-Dublin 8Dr. B. Dillon

Coordinator:

University of TampereTullikatu, PO Box 607FIN-33101 Tampere

Prof. G. SchienstockTel: +358/3/2157021Fax: +358/3/2157265E.mail: [email protected]

University Nova de LisboaMonte de CaparicaP-2825 LisboaProf. A. Brandão-Moniz


91

Information Society, Work, and the Generation of New Forms of Social Exclusion

The project aims at answering the question: "What are the social but also the micro-economicimplications of the emerging information society?" It focuses on developments in the domain ofcompanies, assuming that the informatisation of work is a key factor behind the emergence of informationsociety.

The project represents a break with traditional technological determinism as it is based on a "bottom up"approach, analysing the concrete processes of building up an information society by implementingmodern information and communication technologies within companies and in inter-organisationalnetworks. This will shed light on the possible emergence of Europe-specific ways to an InformationSociety.

"Technological practice" is used as a key concept; this describes specific ways of embedding informationand communication technology applications into organisational forms and cultural patterns. The projectwill analyse the development process of such technological practices in different intra- and inter-organisational fields, including co-operation within work groups up to regionally based networks ofcompanies and supporting institutions. It will further investigate the ways emerging technologicalpractices within companies are influenced by and exert influence over the institutions of regional andnational environments. It will also analyse the social and micro-economic implications of differenttechnological practices.

As regards social implications, the project will focus particularly on the aspect of social exclusion andintegration.

In the project a mix of different methods will be applied including case studies, secondary analysis ofexisting data sets, a company survey, and a comparative analysis.

Based on the results of the research project an answer can be given to the question whether a commonEuropean model of information society is emerging, or whether different countries follow different pathsinto the information society.


92

Scenarios for a Sustainable Society: Car Transport Systems and the Sociology of EmbeddedTechnologies




Partners:

University of JyvaeskylaeDepartment of Social Sciences and PhilosophyFIN-40351 JyvaeskylaeProf. M. Jäverlä

Instituto Richerche Economiche e SocialiIT-00198 RomeDr. E. Battaglini

National Centre for Social ResearchInstitute of Urban and Rural SociologyDr. D. Balourdos

Coordinator:

University of DublinDepartment of SociologyIRL-Trinity College Dublin 2

Dr. J. WickhamTel: +353/1/6081875Fax: +358/1/6771300E-.mail: [email protected]


93

Scenarios for a Sustainable Society: Car Transport Systems and the Sociology of EmbeddedTechnologies

In the view of the project, the car has reached the end of the road. Cars are a major contributor to globalwarming and to other forms to environmental degradation. They effect public health through pollution,accidents and stress. Cars and roads destroy the landscape and public spaces. Unrestricted car usage isself-defeating, for journey times often increase in parallel with the number of cars. Mobility that is basedaround the car appears to be unsustainable. Nowhere are these problems more acute than in Europe’scities.

The research project SceneSusTech puts the car problem in its social context. The car is the keycomponent of a wider car system. This ranges from the physical roads on which cars travel, to theengineers who design them and the interest groups that promote them. Using insights from the sociologyof technology, the project examines how car systems have developed in different European cities. Inparticular, the project will explain how different cities have become more or less car dependent. Theproject therefore examines the social shaping of the car system.

Car systems also have social consequences. These are different for different groups of people. Forexample, car pollution tends to affect the poorer groups in society. Access to employment, shops,hospitals, education and recreation becomes restricted to those who have cars, and anyone who canpossibly afford a car becomes constrained to do so. The project therefore hypothesises that, in a car-dependent city, poverty will be worse than in a city with other modes of transport and other forms ofmobility.

People can also use the car in novel ways. The project examines two different forms of social innovationin transport. In poor areas with bad public transport and low car ownership, the taxi has become a normalform of transport (often within the black economy). By contrast, in some cities well-paid youngprofessionals are responding to bad public transport and urban congestion by re-populating the inner city.Such people will often walk to work and only use their car for recreation.

Using existing data sources, the project will develop a typology of forms of car dependency in Europeancities. This typology will provide the framework for detailed case studies of the car system in fourEuropean cities: Athens, Bologna, Dublin and Helsinki. Each case study starts with a political sociologyof the car in that particular city. In each case study city, three areas are chosen for more detailed analysis:a conventional ‘middle class’ suburb; a new innercity ‘yuppy’ (young professional) area; a suburb with high levels of social deprivation. In each of theseareas, the project will examine how the car system both constrains and facilitates people, and the extent towhich people are exploring alternative forms of transport - or ways of living that involve less need fortransport.

At each stage of the fieldwork, the project will feed results back to the public, to local activists and tolocal policy-makers. Rather than simply putting forward one simple solution to the car problem, the finalstages aim to develop scenarios of sustainable mobility in each city - and to show how these involvesocial choices and gains and losses for specific social groups.


94

The Creation of European Management Practice




Partners:

BI Stiftelsen (Norwegian School ofManagement)N-1301 SandvikaDr. R. P. Amdam

The University of ReadingDepartment of EconomicsUK-Whiteknights, ReadingDr. M. Kipping

Universidad de NavarraInstituto de Estudios Superiores de la EmpresaSP-08031 BarcelonaProf. J. L. Alvarez

Coordinator:

Uppsala UniversitetDepartment of Business StudiesKyrikördsgatan 10SE-750-20 Uppsala

Prof. L. EngwallTel: +46-184711373Fax: +46-18555386E.mail: [email protected]


95

The Creation of European Management Practice

The technology of managing large organisations has become an important feature of modern societies.Although this technology is associated with a considerable degree of uncertainty, a great manymanagement tools and models are used in society at large, as well as in individual organisations, bothprivate and public. This management technology is to a great extent the product of scholars andpractitioners in the United States, but it is used extensively even in systems which differ in many waysfrom the North American.

Against this background the research project has been formulated with three objectives: 1. To judge towhat extent education, research and consulting are contributing to a homogenisation in European businesspractice, 2. To determine whether this homogenisation is more developed in some parts of Europe than inothers, and 3. To contribute to an improvement of the European dimension in the diffusion andconsumption of management knowledge.

In order to achieve these objectives the project poses three principal questions: 1. What is the structureand the role of the significant carriers of management knowledge in Europe? (The Carriers), 2. What iscommunicated through these carriers? (The Content), 3. To what extent does these carriers diffusemanagement knowledge in various European countries? (The Diffusion). From a consideration of thesethree questions it can be established that management technology is diffused by three major carriers:graduates, publications and consultants. In the case of all three of these carriers the task of the project isfirst to identify the major operators in the participating European countries, i.e. institutions formanagement education, publishing houses and consulting firms. These major actors will be identified interms of their impact in the different countries, by using indicators such as the educational background oftop managers, the circulation and impact of publications, and the market shares of consultancycompanies. The identification of the major operators will then make it possible to tune into the messagescommunicated. This will be accomplished with the help of analyses of curricula, of the content ofpublications and of the products offered by consultants. Particular attention will be paid to the claims ofthese messages to be context-neutral. In this way it is hoped to alert people to the problems involved inthe uncritical application of a general management technology.

The project is expected to have several practical implications. First, there will be conclusions for themanagement schools, publishers and management consultants. By a more elaborate understanding of theirown dynamics across business systems, these carriers of administrative knowledge will be able toimprove both the European dimension of their activities and, at the same time, better take intoconsideration the different national contexts. This should lead to an improvement of the dynamics ofimplementation of business knowledge and, consequently, of practices. Second, with the diffusion of theresults of this study, European managers should become more conscious consumers of businessknowledge. Fads and fashions are a all too frequent phenomenon in business education. Helpingmanagers to develop an increased awareness of the institutional and competitive dynamics of the carriersof business knowledge should improve the conditions of the consumption and adaptation to idiosyncraticcontexts of that knowledge, that is, of practice. Third, public policy-makers both nationally and on aEuropean basis, especially those in charge of programmes aimed at the diffusion of practical knowledge,could profit from the insights of this research on the interplay of these three carriers across the differentbusiness systems existing in Europe.


96

Participatory Methods in Technology Assessment and in Technology Decision-Making


EC Contribution: 209.227 ECUStarting Date 1 January 1998Duration: 18 months


Partners:

Forschungszentrum KarlsruHe GmBHInstitut für Technikfolgenabschätzung undSystemanalyseKarlsruhe - GermanyDr. Hennen

Policy Studies InstituteLondon - Great BritainMr.Joss

Nederlandse Organisatie voor TechnologischAspectenonderzoek, het Rathenau InstuutDen Haag -The NetherlandsVan Eijndhoven

Österreichische Akademie derWissenschaftenWien- AustriaDr. Torgensen

Coordinator:

The Danish Board of TechnologyAntonigade , 41106 Copenhagen-Denmark

Mr. KlüverTel: +45/33320503Fax: +45/33910509Email: klü[email protected]


97

Participatory Methods in Technology Assessment and in Technology Decision-Making

Objectives :

The overall objective of this project is to advance the understanding of the function of participationin technology assessment. The project critically assesses the experiences of different Europeannational technology assessment organizations with participation, and develops a framework for newmethods for use at both national and transnational levels.

Brief description of the project :

The project aims at:

-developing a theoretical framework on the role and function of participatory technologyassessment.

- characterizing and comparing current practice in, and experience with participatory technologyassessment in different European countries.

- identifying new areas of application of participatory technology assessment.

- giving initial recommendations on the use of participatory technology assessment at transnationallevel.

Intended outcomes:

All partners are institutions which are involved in technology assessment activities. Hence, theimplementation of the results among partners in itself will result in an immediate take-up of theproject results into practical technology assessment.Several Workshops will be organize and the final report will produce a series of recommendationsconcerning the potential contribution of participatory technology assessment to public debate anddecision-making in science and technology in different European cultural settings and at Europeanlevel.


98

Work Process Knowledge in Technological and Organizational Development(Thematic network)

Contract : SOE2-CT97-1074

EC Contribution : 341.000 ECUStarting Date : 01/01/1998Duration : 24 months

EC Scientific Officer : R. O’Brien

Partners :

Universidade Nova de LisboaFaculdade Ciências e TecnologicaP-2825 Monte de CaparicaProf. T. Oliveira

Technical University of DenmarkInstitute of Technology and Social SciencesD-2800 LyngbyProf. L. Rasmussen

University of SienaMultimedia Communication LaboratoryIT – 53100 SienaProf. S. Bagnara

Coordinator :

The Victoria University of ManchesterOxford RoadUK-Manchester M13 9PLProf. N. BorehamTel : +44/161/2753487Fax : +44/161/2753262E.mail : [email protected]

University of BremenInstitut Technik & BildungD-28359 BremenDr. M. Fischer

Université Paris VIII-CNRSCognition et Activités FinaliséesF-93526 Saint Denis Cedex 2Dr. R. Samurcay

Technical Research Centre of FinlandVTT AutomationFIN-02044 VTTDr. L. Norros

Linköping UniversityCenter for Studies on Humans, Technology and OrganizationS-581 83 LinköpingDr. P. Ellström

Fundacio Centre d’Iniciatives I RecerquesEuropees a la MediterraniaSP-08028 BarcelonaDr. O. Homs I Ferret

Catholic University LeuvenHigher Institute of Labour StudiesB-3000 LeuvenDr. G. Van Hootegem


99

Work Process Knowledge in Technological and Organizational Development(Thematic network)

This thematic network is concerned with the impact on the knowledge required of the workforce due tothe changes that occur when organizations acquire greater flexibility and introduce new technologies inresponse to the pressures of competition.

Its main objectives are:

To identify new working practices associated with these changes;

To integrate European traditions for conceptualising the ways of knowing needed in the workplace toadapt to these changes - 'work process knowledge';

To generate and analyze policy options for facilitating the development of this knowledge, including newapproaches to learning in the workplace, the design of new technology and organizational developmentwithin enterprises.

By elucidating the knowledge required in the working environment, and by integrating Europeantraditions for theorising this knowledge, the project will contribute to the development of a Europeansocial science infrastructure.

By developing policy options for facilitating the adaptation of the workforce to new working practices,the project will strengthen European science and technology policy in relation to the problem of achievingsustainable growth.


100

Science and Technology Policies Towards Research Joint Ventures (RJVs)


EC Contribution: 780 140 ECUStarting Date: 1 January 1998Duration: 24 months


Partners:

Strategic Industrial Research NetworksWest Sussex - United KingdomProf. D. Ulph

Fondazione Eni Enrico MatteiMilano - ItalyDr. G. Barba Navaretti

Institut de l’Audiovisuel et desTélécommunications en EuropeMontpellier Cedex - FranceDr. J. Arlandis

Stockholm School of EconomicsDept of Marketing, Distribution andIndustry DynamicsStockholm - SwedenDr. B. Thorngren

Universidad Carlos III de MadridInstituto Flores de Lemus de EstudiosAvanzados de EconomiaGetafe - SpainDr. E. Petrakis

Coordinator:

National Technical University of AthensDept of Chemical Engineering Laboratoryof Industrial and Energy EconomicsAthens - Greece

Dr. Y. CaloghirouTel: +30/17723253Fax: +30/17723155Email: [email protected]

Victoria University of ManchesterPolicy Research in Engineering, Science andTechnology (PREST)Manchester - United KingdomMs K. Barker


101

Science and Technology Policies Towards Research Joint Ventures (Rjvs)

Objectives :

Direct support to promote cooperative research joint ventures (RJVs) has gained enormously in popularityin recent years, and today there is a voluminous theoretical economic literature on the incentives to firmsto join RJVs. Unfortunately with relatively few exceptions, theoretical analysis has not been followed bysystematic empirical work and the impact of the policies adopted has not been sufficiently evaluated. Thisresearch project, therefore, sets out to address this imbalance.

Brief description of the research project :

The research sets out to address four related issues:

-The evolution of policies towards RJVs in a sample of seven EU member states and a comparison withthe respective policies practiced in the United States and Japan.

-The impact of the above policies on individual enterprises, industrial clusters and sectors, regions andcountries, and an overall assessment of the interplay between EU and national policies.

-The effectiveness of the implemented RJV policies in promoting a number of public policy objectivessuch as industrial competitiveness, employment creation, skills upgrading, SMEs access to RTD-system,economic and social cohesion.

-The relationship between RJV policies with other policies at the European and national levels, andcomparative analyses with the USA and Japan.

Since RJVs are a distinct form of inter-firm cooperation, the starting point of the analysis will be theenterprise. An extensive EU-based RJVs database compiling data sets of firms which participated in RJVssponsored by EU programmes will be created. This EU-based RJVs database will be compatible with asimilar US-based RJVs database, which has already been created under the supervision of a key-memberof the coordinating team, since the comparability of the results across the two regions is of enormousinterest for policy analysts and policy makers. The processing of these data sets through the use ofquantitative analysis will be combined with in-depth qualitative analysis of technology and other policiesaffecting RJVs. Furthermore, a number of case studies will be undertaken in order to better understandthe factors affecting the formation and impact of RJVs in the EU.

The project will provide results and tools of great value to economists and social scientists and companymanagers interested in industrial organization and technological change as well as to policy decisionmakers interested in improving the socio - economic objectives of current policies.

Note: This activity also links to Area I.1 of the workprogramme


102

Technology and Infrastructures Policy in the Knowledge-based Economy




Partners:

University of SussexScience Policy Research UnitMantell BuildingUK-Falmer - Brigton BN1 9RFProf. E. Steinmueller

Université Paris-DauphineInstitut pour le Management de la Recherche etde l’Innovation - I.M.R.I.F-75775-Paris Cedex 16Dr. D. Foray

Universita Commerciale “Luigi Bocconi”Centro Studi sui Processi diInternazionalizzazioneProf. F. Malerba

Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Förderung derAngewandten InnovationsforschungForschung e.v.D-76139 KarlsruheProf. F. Meyer-Krahmer

Coordinator:

Université Louis PasteurBureau d’Economie Théorique et Appliquée4 rue Blaise PascalF-67070 Strasbourg

Prof. P. CohendetTel: +33/3/88415209Fax: +33/3/88613766E.mail: [email protected]

____________________________________________________________________________Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme

103

Technology and Infrastructures Policy in the Knowledge-based Economy

This proposal is constructed on the assumption that the move towards an increasing codification andformalization of the knowledge stock of society will critically affect the competitiveness, the growth andthe cohesion of the EU. Modifications in the production, the acquisition and the distribution ofknowledge will influence directly the process of innovation. In particular, it will have a strong impact onemployment.

The proposed study will be carried out at both theoretical and empirical levels, according to three maingoals:

- To provide a critical review of the main currents of thought on the key issues of the project (theconceptual issues on knowledge and codification, the different types of knowledge, the relations betweeninformation and knowledge, the role of tacit knowledge, the modes of conversion of knowledge). Thiscritical review of the literature is mostly needed for building the conceptual and theoretical foundations ofthe project, for defining what could be the consequences of codification of knowledge, and for providinga useful platform for policy conclusions.

- To provide evidence for the reality of codification and distribution of knowledge in innovation. Thiswill be done through empirical studies on the general codification trends in Europe. These empiricalstudies will be conducted along two main and complementary directions: first, by examining activities ofproduction and distribution of knowledge (simulation technologies, software industry, production ofexpertise, etc..); second, by examining how current sectors of activities (machine tooling, food sector,materials, etc..) modify their access and use of knowledge.

- To analyse the consequences in terms of cohesion and employment in the EU: the work seeks to updateand deepen society's understanding of the impact of new technologies and institutional changes on thecumulative expansion of the codified knowledge base. In particular, the use of information technologyand a range of tacit skills and knowledge for creating and accessing codes involves a large potential forsocial exclusion. Who gains and loses from the spread of codification practices? Are there means ofreducing the losses for those who are excluded or of developing means to compensate afterwards? Thedistinction between "information haves and have nots" may be too sharply drawn along lines ofeducational and professional backgrounds. Systems of codification can be designed that directlyreinforce those advantages. Which policies and methods will favour social inclusion?

The expected outcome of the work is to provide guidelines and policy advice in order to achieve themove toward the knowledge based economy under the best possible conditions. The project will thusstrive to arrive at a better understanding of the questions of innovation, the cumulative expansion of thecodified knowledge base, the significance of increased accessibility to knowledge by those who becometrained in the new modes for its utilization, and the socio-economic consequences for the EU (marketstructures, inter-firm relationships, distributional impacts) of the changing patterns of knowledge creationand use.

In particular, stress is placed on the importance of the valorization of European diversity. The emergenceand diffusion of new information processing technologies are of significant relevance for Europeancohesion and the global effectiveness of the EU. The European capabilities could be enhanced by theexploitation of European diversity through a better mastering and circulation of knowledge: one of themain aims of the project is to find the relevant policy to reach such a global target for the EU.


104

Comparative Dynamics of Innovation Systems : Implications for S&T and Other Policies



EC Scientific Officer:V.Vitorino

Partners:

University of OsloEducation in Society, Science and TechnologyN-317 OsloDr. J. Fagerberg

Erasmus Business Support Centre B.V.Faculty of Business AdministrationRotterdam School of Management3000 DR RotterdamDr. R. J. M. Van Tulder

CepremapF-75013 ParisM. Pascal Petit

Coordinator:

Observatoire Des Sciences Et Des Techniques93 rue des VaugirardF-75006 Paris, France

Mr. R. BarréTel: +33/1/40778428Fax: +33/1/44243857E.mail: [email protected]


105

Comparative Dynamics of Innovation Systems: Implications for S&T and Other Policies (CDIS)

This research project brings together a restricted but highly complementary group of research institutesspecialised in the analysis of social systems of innovation. It focuses on the taxonomy, diversity andrecent evolution of the systems of innovation and aims to derive new principles and tools in order togovern science and technology policy in the era of European integration and larger interdependence at theworld level.

Three main avenues will be explored.

First of all, the renewed interest for endogenous technical change or neo-schumpeterian analyses has put astrong emphasis upon the role of innovation...but they do not deal explicitly with the network ofinstitutions (organisation of science, incentive for R&D expenditures, industrial relations, tax and creditsystems, forms of competition,...) which shape the direction of innovation and the speed of diffusion oftechnological and organisational advances. This project builds upon the emerging literature on nationalsystems of innovation, in order to propose a theoretically grounded and empirically relevant analysis ofthe various contemporary configurations. Statistical and institutional analysis will simultaneously bemobilised in order to diagnose the configurations prevailing among OECD countries and some AsianNIC’s.

Second, a previous research hints that the 90’s might well be a turning point in the competition among thefour major social systems of innovation which used to coexist during the 80’s. This proposal digs aneglected question: why and how do systems of innovation evolve? By a close investigation of theinternationalisation strategy of the large corporations and a careful analysis of the endogenoustransformation of local systems of innovation during the process of European integration, the projectintends to enlighten the trade-off between diversity and dynamic efficiency in a more interdependentworld. The global structural competitiveness of European Union as a whole will be analysed. Thisstructural competitiveness is meant to relate to all the organisational and institutional factors which allowfor non price competitiveness, a major component of competitiveness for the developed economies,implying among other things the relative importance of R&D expenditures, skill content or theavailability of logistics of services.

Last but not least, this framework has definite consequences for the orientation of S&T and other policies.During the Golden Age, the hypothesis of a catching up with respect to the technological frontier ofAmerican mass production was implying that policies should be nearly the same all over the world.Nowadays, the recognition of local idiosyncrasy, and simultaneously the rôle of multinationals, sectoralspecificity and path dependency of industrial specialisation, calls for a more balanced approach. Giventhe diversity of local systems of innovation, the same policy may deliver opposite results. Conversely, towarrant an equal dynamism of innovation, different policy objectives and tools have to be developed foreach configuration. Alongside this central message, this project aims to provide new guidelines for policymakers at the local, national or European level.


106

Dynamic Capabilities Growth and Long-Term Competitiveness of European Firms: A Diagnosisand the Implications for EU Policies




Partners:

Libero Instituto Universitario Carlo CattaneoInstitute of Economics21053 Castellanza VADr. S. Torrisi

Centre de Recherche en EconomieIndustrielle InternationaleF-75018 ParisProf. B. Coriat

University Carlos III of MadridInstituto Flores de Lemus de EstudiosAvanzados en EconomiaE-28911 Leganes (Madrid) SpainDr. C. E. Garcia

The University of ReadingDepartment of EconomicsWhiteknights, ReadingUK-Berkshire RG6 6AHProf. J. Cantwell

University of SussexScience Policy Research UnitFalmerUK-Brighton BN1 9RFMr. P. Patel

Coordinator:

Università “La Sapienza” RomeDipartimento di Scienze EconomicheVia Andrea Cisalpino, 12IT- 00161 Rome

Prof. G. DosiTel : +39-6-442 842 08Fax : +39-6-440 45 72E.mail: [email protected]

Universita Degli Studi di UrbinoCentro Studi Empresa e TerritorioIT - 1029 UrbinoProf. A. Zanfei


107

Dynamic Capabilities Growth and Long-Term Competitiveness of European Firms: A Diagnosisand the Implications for EU Policies

The purpose of this project is threefold. First, to develop an interpretative framework suited to analyse theorganisational and management mechanisms guiding the search and exploitation of technological,production and marketing competencies within and across business firms. Secondly, to apply suchconceptual tools to diagnose the patterns of competence accumulation and their competitive exploitation(including business and geographical growth/diversification) in European firms. Third, to derivenormative implications at the level of both strategic management practices and public policies.

There is a multiplicity of mechanisms which shape knowledge accumulation embedded into the particularforms of organisation of business firms and their relationships with the environment where they operate.Moreover, different firms (as well as countries and regions) show different bottlenecks in various stagesof the innovation process and a different ability to integrate ‘pieces’ of knowledge arising from internaland external sources. The project is precisely meant to improve the understanding of these issues and theirrelated policy actions. The following sets of issues will be addressed.

(i) Organisational Capabilities and Corporate Learning: The Theory and its Observational Implications.Under this heading comes the development of the general integrative framework which is meant to bothhighlight a few empirical “stylised facts” on corporate competencies and learning, and, together developthe appropriate conceptual tools for their theoretical interpretation.

(ii) Replication and Adaptation of Organisational Routines. The example of Japanese Transplants andOther European Firms in Implementing “Japanese” Techniques. One of the fundamental features ofcorporate competencies concerns both the degree to which they are “idiosyncratic” i.e. specific toindividual firms (or even parts of them) and the ease of their replicability. In particular, an issue entailingmajor policy implications is the context-specificity of organisational routines. The goal is not to study theso called “Japanisation” of the European firm, but - with reference to the introduction of some keyJapanese techniques - to understand how firms assimilate and master specific organisational competenciesand routines.

(iii) Competencies and Revealed Performance: The European Picture. The process of competencebuilding is likely to have important linkages with technological and business diversification, and with thegeographical distribution of innovative and productive activities. And, in turn, that affects long-termcorporate performance. In this respect, the project is meant to provide an in-depth assessment of thepatterns through which firms move in the spaces of technologies, products and geographical areas, tryingto infer the relationship between the three dynamics.

(iv) From corporate competencies to sectoral and regional patterns of competitiveness: an overall viewand policy implications. What lessons can be derived from all the above studies in terms of sectoral andregional patterns of competitiveness? And what are the implications in terms of both managementpractices and policies? The last report will address these issues.


108

Managing European Technology : Defence and Competitiveness Issues


EC Contribution: 200 000 ECUStarting Date: 1 April 1998Duration: 24 months


Partners:

The Victoria University of ManchesterPolicy Research in Engineering, Scienceand Technology (PREST)Manchester - United KingdomProf. P. Gummet

SIPRIStockholm International PeaceResearch InstituteSolha – SwedenProf. Björn Hagelin

EART e.V. Hamburg BranchHamburg - GermanyDr. P. Lock

Institut Catala de TecnologiaBarcelona - SpainDr. J. Molas-Gallart

Coordinator:

Science Policy Support Group25 Southampton BuildingsLondon WC2A 1AW - United Kingdom

Mr. P. HealeyTel: +44/1712423775Fax: +44/1712423778Email: [email protected]

Centro Studi di Politica InternazionaleRoma - ItalyDr. G. Perani

Université de VersaillesCentre d’Economie et d’Ethique pourl’Environnement et le DéveloppementGuyancourt - FranceDr. C. Serfati

University of TwenteDept of Philosophy of Science andTechnologyEnschede - The NetherlandsDr. W. Smi


109

Managing European Technology : Defence and Competitiveness Issues.

Objectives

This TSER thematic network sets out to develop the activities of an existing independent academicnetwork, “CREDIT” (Capacity for Research on European Defence and Industrial Technology), in orderto:

- provide an EU-wide forum through which issues of post-Cold War developments in European RTD, andof competitiveness with the USA and Japan, with particular reference to relations between civil andmilitary RTD, can be explored in active dialogue with firms, governments and European institutions;

- rationalise existing policy relevant academic work in this field in Europe;

- exploit existing links between CREDIT and the European Association for Research on Transformationto extend networking into Central and Eastern Europe, and countries of the former Soviet Union;

- involve participants from government and industry, and disseminate the results , through the productionof reports at regular intervals;

- consolidate the links made at national and European level with European industry and defence ministriesand agencies through the CREDIT User Forum;

Brief description of the Thematic Network

This network will bring together existing analyses of those parts of the European RTD system that wereimplicated in the so-called “Cold War”. It will centre its attention on the subsequent dynamicperformance of European systems of innovation compared with those in the USA and Japan,. In particularthe forces that are shaping technologies in their design, development, diffusion and implementation underthe different social, cultural, economic, institutional and political pressures that are operating in differentEuropean countries, during this period of adjustment, will be a primary focus of interest.

The mechanism of the relationships between S&T policy and other policies (notably defence andindustrial policies), and policy relationships between the European, national and regional levels will becovered - as will be the future of competition and collaboration between the major regions of theindustrialised world and between firms originating from those regions, in a time of global restructuringand major restructuring in the defence industry.

Note: This activity also links to Area I.2 of the workprogramme


110

Policies for Sustainable Technological Innovation in the 21st Century:Lessons from Higher Education in Science, Technology and Society

(Thematic network)

Contract No: SOE1-CT98-1100

EC contribution: 335.000 ECUStarting date: November 1998Duration: 30 months

EC Scientific Officer: Virginia Vitorino

Coordinator:

University of OsloPb. 1108 Blindern, Sognsvn, 70, N-0371 Oslo,Norway

Dr. Terje GronningTel.: + 47-22-85.87.18Fax: + 47-22-85.89.84E-mail: [email protected]

Partner institutions:

Universidad Autónoma de MadridInstituto Universitario de Administracion de EmpresasMadrid – SpainProf. Sánchez Muñoz

Aalborg UniversityIKE Group, Dept. of Business StudiesAalborg – DenmarkDr. B. Gregersen

Centro de Investigação Sobre a Economia PortuguesaLisboa – PortugalProf. M. Mira Godinho

University of East LondonDept. of Innovation StudiesLondon – UKMs. Sally Wyatt

Bureau d’Economie Théorique et AppliquéeStrasbourg – FranceProf. Patrick Lleren

Institut de Recherches sur l’environement ConstruitLausanne – SwitzerlandDr. Pierre Rossel

Roskilde UniversityDept. of Social SciencesRoskilde – DenmarkDr. Lars Fugslang

Maastricht UniversityFaculty of Arts & CultureMaastricht - The NetherlandsDr. Wiebe Bijker


111

Policies for Sustainable Technological Innovation in the 21st Century: Lessons from Higher Education in Science, Technology and Society (POSTI)

(Thematic network)

Objectives. Many policy decisions in modern societies necessitate an understanding of the interactionsbetween science, technology and society. There is, however, a lack of systematic knowledge about thedynamics of scientific and technological change, within households, workplaces, the media,government and elsewhere. In Europe, there exists however, a tradition of research and training in the‘science, technology and society’ (STS) field which has produced new insights on these issues. Themain objective of this project is to extract the policy implications from this academic productionwithin the STS-tradition.

Brief description of the Project. During recent years several hundred young academics havegraduated from STS programs, and as part of this they have submitted thesis based on their ownresearch. Very little is done, however, to systemise the content of that research, and the ideas, insightsand policy conclusions which originate from it. The network of this project intends to map a part ofthis source of knowledge and create a European Forum for interaction between young academics in thefield, their seniors, business and policy makers. The deliverables will include a database on work byyoung researchers in this area, four workshops as well as a final report which summarises the mainconclusion from this mapping process and the policy discussions that follows.

The database and the four workshops planned in this project will cover work hitherto completed at theparticipating institutions. Needless to say this research covers a large number of aspects of science,technology and society. The network will bear in mind the variety of approaches taken thus far, whileat the same time focus on the policy implications of a theme identified as common within much of theconducted research. This is the theme of sustainable technological innovation and its relevance to theformulation of modern policies.

Intended outcomes. Construction of a comprehensive WWW-accessible database; four workshops;and reports based on the workshops.

Homepage address: http://www.esst.uio.no/POSTI/


112

Internationalisation of Research: Institutional Innovation, Culture and Agency in the Frameworkof Competition and Cooperation (INNOCULT)

Contract No: SOE1-CT–98-1101

EC contribution: 480.00 ECUStarting date: 1 November 1998Duration: 27 months


Coordinator:

The Interdisciplinary Centre for ComparativeResearchin the Social SciencesSchottenfeldgasse 69 -1070 Vienna, Austria

Dr. Ronald PohorylesTel.: +43-1-587.39.73Fax: +43-1-587.39.73/10E-mail: [email protected]


Goeteborg UniversityDept. of HistoryGoeteborg – SwedenProf. Martin Peterson

University of TampereResearch Institute for Social SciencesTampere – FinlandDr. Erkki Kaukonen

University of TwenteDept. of Philosophy of Science & TechnologyEnschede - The NetherlandsDr. B.J.R. Van Der Meulin

Centre d’etudes et de RecherchesInternationales (CERI)Paris – FranceProf. John Crowley

University of Manchester - PRESTManchester – UKDr. Maria Nedeva

Technische Universität Berlin (TUB)Zentrum Technik und GesellschaftBerlin – GermanyDr. Hans-Liudger Dienel

University of AveiroAveiro – PortugalProf. Beatriz Ruivo


113

Internationalisation of Research: Institutional Innovation, Culture and Agency inthe Framework of Competition and Co-operation

Objectives. The study aims at analysing ongoing research policies in Europe within a global context. Itwill identify policies and strategies for internationalising RTD and, more specifically, for enhancing theopportunities for co-operation. The study features an integrated and transversal approach and its goal isto provide a comparative view on institutional innovation and transfer in the public sector. Theinnovation potential of the latter is related to their capabilities to compete and to co-operate nationallyas well as internationally.

Brief description of the project.

1. National Science and Technology Potential

The research activities in this field are undertaken in order to:- appraise the efficiency of policy and policy-making in science and technology and to provide a

framework for assessment taking the ongoing internationalisation of research into account;- identify and pinpoint commonalties and diversities of national public science and technology systems;- outline the role of the internationalisation of research and the possible emergence of a transna-tional

common European innovation system for the institutional transformations;

2. Innovation in Public Institutions

The research activities in this field are undertaken in order to:- identify the circumstances and factors that lead to significant institutional innovations and

transformations in publicly funded research performers;- assess the importance of a variety of internal (such as level of cognitive development and institutional

maturity) and external (such as the elements of the broader socio-cultural and political environment)factors in these institutional transformation processes.

3. Socio-cultural challenge

The research activities in this field are undertaken in order to:- demonstrate the relationship between public political culture and the evolution of divergent S&T

systems;- trace the regulative and prescriptive processes occurring within these back to cultural differentia-tion;- identify differing reactions of the S&T-systems to the internationalisation process.

Intended Outcomes.

Comparative overview on European Innovation Culture(s)Database on the actors in the fieldStrategic Policy Paper to improve competitiveness and co-operation


114

National Systems of Innovation and Networks in the Idea-Innovation Chain in Science basedIndustries


EC contribution: 798.675 ECUStarting date: 1 Nov. 1998Duration: 30 months


Coordinator:

Utrecht UniversityResearch School for Social & Econ. PolicyStudiesMuntstraat 2A, 3512 EV Utrecht, TheNetherlands

Prof. Frans Van WaardenTel.: +31-30-253.48.20Fax: +31-30-253.61.56E-mail: [email protected]


Lehrstuhl Für Politische WissenschaftMünchen – GermanyProf. Edgar Grande

Institut für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und PolitikWien – AustriaProf. Brigitte Unger

University of TampereWork Research CentreTampere – FinlandDr. Gerd Schienstock


115

National Systems of Innovation and Networks in the Idea-Innovation Chain in Science BasedIndustries (short: ‘Idea-Innovation Chain’)

Objectives. The purpose of the project is to explain why some countries/sectors are more innovativethan others. Why do some countries, time and time again, create totally new products and newindustries while others rarely create either? Why do some countries make radical innovations but failto successfully market them, while others make more incremental innovations, yet have morecommercial success? Why do countries differ in their styles of innovativeness and in the industries inwhich they have been successful?

Answering these questions is both of practical and theoretical relevance. The project wants to providea better understanding of what has become known as the ‘innovation paradox’ in the Europeaneconomy, or, as formulated in the 1995 EU-Green Paper on Innovation, Europe’s ‘comparativelylimited capacity to convert scientific breakthroughs and technological achievements into industrialand commercial success’.

Hitherto, solutions to the ‘European paradox’ have suffered from the fact that our understanding ofthe role of organisational and institutional factors in the innovation process is still underdeveloped.We try to correct for this, in building upon the literature on national innovation systems, whichRichard Nelson, Bengt-Ake Lundvall, and others have recently produced, by adding a more explicitorganisational and institutional perspective. This is done through the introduction of a new concept ininnovation research, the idea-innovation chain. This concept refers to the linkages betweenscientific research and the industrial innovation chain. The idea-innovation chain consists of - looselyto tightly connected - networks of (sub) organisations involved in the various stages of the innovationprocess: basic research, applied research, product development, production, quality control, marketscanning.

Brief description of the project. We are looking for answers to the question why somecountries/sectors are more innovative than others, by analysing:

a) the patterns of differentiation and coordination within the idea-innovation chain;b) the patterns of coordination between the chain with relevant institutions in the environment; andc) the nature of (national) institutions relevant for innovation (training, finance, corporategovernance, law, state intervention) and cultural values.

The key question is hence: How does the larger institutional context, in which science-basedindustries are embedded, influence their capacity to be innovative? To this end we try to bringtogether various literatures, such as the economics of innovation, organisational analysis,institutionalism in economics and political science, sociology of law, and history of technology. Thefocus is on two sectors (electronics and biotechnology) in four countries (Germany, Austria, Finland,the Netherlands) over the period 1950 till the present. By integrating institutional and organisationalvariables in the theory of industrial innovation we hope to make a contribution to the economic andsocial science literature on innovations. In particular, we will try to increase the understanding ofhow institutions give rise to different types of organisations, to different types of products, and,ultimately, to the competitiveness of specific countries in various product markets.

Intended outcomes. A number of deliverables are planned: a report on performance indicators of thecountry-sectors studies, an overview of the relevant theoretical literature, reports on the networks ofthe idea-innovation chains and their institutional embededness between 1950-1975 and after 1975,and a concluding and comparative report, including policy options. The latter will be discussed in adissemination conference, planned for the spring of 2001.


116

Information Society and Urban Development in European Comparison


EC contribution: 600.000 ECUStarting date: 15 October 1998Duration: 36 months

EC Scientific Officer: Maria Carvalho Dias

Coordinator:

Berliner Institut für SozialforschungGmbHHardenbergstrasse 4-5, 10623 Berlin,Germany

Dr. Eva SchulzeTel.: +49-30-31.00.09-0Fax: +49-30-31.00.09-66E-mail: [email protected]


Dublin City UniversitySchool of Communications, COMTECDublin – IrelandDr. Paschal Preston

Norwegian University of Science andTechnology (CTS)Trondheim – NorwayProf. Ann Rudinow Soetnan

University of Amsterdam (ESI)Amsterdam - The NetherlandsProf. Peter Nijkamp

Universidad Politec. de Madrid (ETSIT)Madrid - SpainProf. Santiago Lorente

CNRS – THEMAUniversité de Franche-Comté BesançonBesançon – FranceProf. P. Frankhauser

Interdisciplinary Centre for ComparativeResearch in the Social Sciences (ICCR)Vienna - AustriaDr. Ronald Pohoryles

University of Berlin (ZTG)Centre for Technology & SocietyBerlin – GermanyDr. Hans-Liudger Dienel


117

Information Society and Urban Development in European Comparison

Objectives. The overarching objective of this investigation is to find out how the increasing use ofinformation and communication technologies affects the development of cities in Europe. A pivotalquestion is whether processes of suburbanisation are supported by the expansion of information andcommunication technologies, and thus spell further social and economic problems for cities. Centralto this investigation are the perceptions and strategies of administrative actors in European cities. Theresearch team assumes that the expansion of new information and communication technologies willcontinue to accelerate both in the economic and private sectors. In this process, the significance ofspatial structures will undergo fundamental changes. The functions of central places, today fulfilledby cities for their respective regions, could become less important in the future. The opportunities toinnovate urban regions essentially depend on the strategies of actors in public institutions. The studywill examine how the actors of urban development assess the specific opportunities and risks in thisprocess, and which strategies they use to meet them. How do they perceive the impact of theincreasing use of information and communication technology on the process of urban development?How do they integrate their visions for the future into concrete urban planning strategies?

Brief description of the Project. The project will draw on a range of Methods:

• Theoretical structural analysis on the basis of European socio-economic structural data.• Qualitative case studies in selected major cities in all participating states.• Quantitative inquiry in all major cities and additionally in selected functional urban regions of

the participating states.• An interdisciplinary view on the material will be secured in both the integration of multi-

disciplinary scientists in the research team and an interdisciplinary hearing in which externscientists of different disciplines and different countries evaluate the preliminary findings.

Intended outcomes. A goal of the investigation is to uncover and explain both the potential of thebusiness to innovation and development. The research project aims to support the goal of the mainstructural policies for Europe, promoting the harmonious development of the different Europeanregions.

A range of parallel urban development concepts will be brought together and studied with regard tothe integration of information and communication media and in reference to transnational spatialstructures.

The findings are meant to provide new insights into the genesis of urban development strategies, anda comparative understanding of the specific regional requirements pertaining to the spread of theinformation society.

The results of this project, presented as outlines of training units for leading administrativeemployees, can enable engineers in urban administration to assess both gaps in knowledge andspecific needs of different European regions.


118

Measuring Intangibles to Understand and Improve Innovation Management (MERITUM)



EC Scientific Officer: VirginiaVitorino

Coordinator:

Instituto Universitario de Administración DeEmpresas (IADE), Carr. Colmenar Km 15, 28049Madrid, Spain

Prof. M. Paloma SanchezTel.: + 34-91-38.82.180Fax :+ 34-91-75.99.612E-mail: [email protected]


The Research Institute of the Finnish EconomyHelsinki - FinlandDr. R. M. Asplund

Norwegian School of Management (BI)Dept. of Business EconomicsSandvike – NorwayProf. Hanno Roberts

Stockholm UniversitySchool of BusinessStockholm – SwedenProf. Ulf Johanson

Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de ParisGroupe HECJouy-en-Josas – FranceProf. Her. Stolowy

Copenhagen Business School (CBS)Fredericksberg – DenmarkProfessor Jan B. Mouritsen


119

Measuring Intangibles to Understand and improve Innovation Management

Objectives. The aim of the project is to improve the policy-making capabilities of the European Unionin the realm of science and technology policy, and particularly with respect to innovation, by means ofproviding a consistent basis for the reliable measurements of intangible investments.

The specific objectives of the project are the following:

a) Produce a classification of intangibles, which is theoretically meaningful and useful for empiricalanalysis.

b) Analyse Management Control systems in order to get to know best practices within Europeancompanies in measuring intangible investments, in measuring the outcome from these investments;in using those measures for management decision making and in disclosing them for the use ofstakeholders.

c) Assess the relevance of intangibles for the purpose of equity valuation in capitol markets.d) Produce a set of Guidelines for the Measurement and Disclosure of intangibles which should be

useful both for private and public policy decisions.e) Test the validity of the guidelines developed throughout the project.

Brief description of the Project. The project is divided into four activities corresponding to the abovementioned objectives:

1. Classification of Intangibles - Under this activity the properties of existing classification ofintangibles will be examined in order to deduct alternative classifications based on accounting,finance, organisation and innovation theory. The second step will be to test the classificationthrough the other activities of the project.

2. Management Control Study - Through case studies and experts discussions the theoretical principleswill be developed. This will be a basis of an across countries comparison to build a general theoryto manage and control intangibles.

3. Capital Market Study - The relationship between the information content of earnings and theexistence of intangibles will be investigated by means of models in which stock returns will be thedependant variable and earning changes and levels and book value of equity will be the explanatoryvariables.

4. Drafting and Testing the Guidelines - Once the guidelines are drafted a testing process divided intotwo parts will be developed. In the first place a Delphi Methodology is suggested for the testing.Once this exercise is finished a final testing of the guidelines will be made by means of aquestionnaire sent to a sample of European companies and institutions.

Intended outcomes.

Activity 1. A set of alternative classification schemata of intangibles.

Activity 2. Description of best practices followed by a selected sample of European companies andan attempt to build a theory.

Activity 3. Confirmation of the evidence on whether or not intangibles are relevant for equityvaluation.

Activity 4. A final version of a set of guidelines for measurement of intangibles.


120

Towards an Integration of Environmental and Ecology-Oriented Technology Policy. Stimulus andResponse in Environment Related Innovation Networks


EC contribution: 516.100 ECUStarting date: 1 Dec. 1998Duration: 30 months

EC Scientific Officer: G. Zdrojewski

Coordinator:

Interdisciplinary Institute of EnvironmentalEconomics and Management51/4 Althanstrasse, 1090 Vienna, Austria

Prof. Uwe SchubertTel.: +43-1-31.33.64.849Fax: +43-1-31.33.6709E-mail: [email protected]


Freie Universität BerlinForschungsstelle für UmwelpolitikBerlin – GermanyProf. Martin Jänicke

Sheffield Hallam UniversityResources Research UnitSheffield – UKDr. Nigel Mortimer

Instituto de Desarrollo RegionalSevilla – SpainDr. J.C. Cuerda Garciá-Junceda

University of TwenteCenter for Clean Technology & EnvironmentalPolicyEnschede - The NetherlandsProf. Hans Bressers

Roskilde UniversityDept. of Environmental Technology & SocialStudiesRoskilde – DenmarkDr. Jesper Holm


121

Towards an Integration of Environmental and Ecology-Oriented Technology Policy. Stimulusand Response in Environment Related Innovation Networks

Objectives. The principal aims of this research project are to determine the effectiveness of thedifferent Environmental Policy (EP) and Ecology-oriented Technology Policy (ETP) approaches inEurope for implementing sustainable development, to identify areas of success and failures, and toformulate practical means of developing successful procedures in the future. More specifically, an in-depth analysis of the three key actors (policymakers, companies and R&D organisations) and theinteractions between them will be carried out to identify ways of promoting ecology-orientedtechnological progress.

Brief description of the Project. The institutional frameworks of selected Environmental Policyapproaches as well as Ecology-Oriented Technology and R&D policy will be analysed in each partnersown country. In particular, special attention will be paid to innovative approaches and to the moreeffective integration of EP and ETP. The research will attempt to identify barriers to the diffusion ofinnovative solutions to environmental challenges within companies and identify the role of R&Dorganisations. Of special interest will be the elucidation of factors which favour environment relatedresearch.

The interaction between policymakers, technologists and researchers will be studied from the view-point of establishing the most effective intervention points for the implementation of integratedpolicies.

Furthermore the performance of the various environment related innovative systems will be analysedin terms of strengths and weaknesses with a view to identify the options for better practice.

Intended Outcomes. ENVINNO is expected to provide a basis for a step towards the evolution of aEuropean system of environmental policy and serve as a basis for the better integration of EP and ETP.Practical guidance will be made available to companies especially SMEs on best practice inenvironment friendly innovation and development. And the insight developed of the functioning ofpolicy instruments within the countries studied should facilitate the formulation of future policy both atthe national and European level.


122

The Impact of Clean Production on Employment in EuropeAn Analysis Using Surveys and Case Studies (IMPRESS)


EC contribution: 520.000 ECUStarting date: January 1999Duration: 24 months

EC Scientific Officer: Ronan O’Brien

Coordinator:

Zentrum für Europäische WirtschaftsforschungUmwelt-und Ressourcenökonomik,UmweltmanagementP.O. Box 10 34 43, L 7,1 // 68161 Mannheim, Germany

Dr. Klaus RenningsTel.: +49- 621-12.35.207Fax: +49 / 621-12.35.226E-mail: [email protected]


Fondazione Eni Enrico MatteiMilano – ItalyMr. Matteo Bartolomeo/ Dr. René Kemp

The Victoria University of ManchesterPolicy Research in Engineering, Science and Technology (PREST)Manchester – UKProf. Ian Miles

Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and TechnologyMaastricht - The NetherlandsDr. Anthony Arundel


123

The Impact of Clean Production on Employment in Europe:An Analysis Using Surveys and Case Studies (IMPRESS)

Objectives. The primary objective of this project is to establish a Europe-wide methodologicalframework for analysing the impact of clean production on employment. Sector and country-specific micro-data will be analysed to generate policy relevant insights for strengtheningsynergies and reducing conflicts.

Brief description of the Project. Environmental innovations can be defined as innovations thatreduce the negative environmental impacts of production methods (process innovations) andproducts (product innovations). Environmental innovations are aimed: at eliminating or reducingemissions caused by the production, consumption and disposal of goods; reduce resource inputrequirements; clean up environmental damage done in the past; and identify and controlpollution.

The work undertaken will also consider in detail the impacts of cleaner production onemployment and on competitiveness. The project is structured essentially into four workpackages:

• Examination of the relationship between eco-innovation, employment and competitivenessbased on an analysis of European innovation data banks

• in-depth case studies conducted within selected industrial and service sectors• to obtain detailed, yet representative, information about eco-innovations through customised

surveys on eco-innovation• comparative analysis of the survey and case study results.

An ongoing activity within the IMPRESS project will be devoted to dissemination of the results.The goal is to contribute to the general debate and to this end an Internet discussion group willbe established.

Intended Outcomes. The principal deliverables of IMPRESS will take the form of publication inbooks, journals, newspapers and magazines aimed at European researchers, policy-makers andindustrialists. Two workshops, one dealing with methodology and the other with policy aspectsand results, will be organised.


124

Stimulating Self-Organising Innovation Networks (SEIN)



EC Scientific Officer: Maria CarvalhoDias

Coordinator:

University of BielefeldInstitute for Science and Technology StudiesUniversitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany

Dr. Günter KüppersTel.: +49-521-106.46.74Fax: +49-521-106.64.18E-mail: [email protected]


University of SurreyCentre for Research on Simulation in the Social SciencesGuildford – UKProf. Nigel Gilbert

Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Inno vation & TechnologyMaastricht - The NetherlandsDr. Paul Windrum

Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueUnité d’Economie et Sociologie RuralesGrenoble – FranceDr. Pier Paolo Saviotti

Joint Research Centre of the European CommissionInstitute for Prospective Technological StudiesSevilla - SpainDr. Peter Fleissner


125

Stimulating Self-Organising Innovation Networks (SEIN)

Objectives. Contemporary science and technology development in university – industry -government relations shows an acceleration of innovation cycles within emerging “innovationnetworks”. It is the structure and dynamics of these networks which is the focus of this researchproject in order to improve insights into their mechanisms, life cycles and adaptation capacities.

Brief description of the Project. The project will develop and use case study based computersimulations in order to answer questions about the efficient use of public support and hence tolearn from past experiences. An increasing number of evaluation studies have been performed inrecent years looking at individual projects or research programmes in order to monitor thequality of their output, highlight critical research issues and determine research agendas.However, today successful research is increasing dependent on networks and networking butevaluation studies tend to neglect this important aspect. In this context, therefore, this projectwill develop new investigation tools which will take into account the complexity of innovationnetworks and allow a more realistic assessment of public spending on research.

The models and tools developed will allow policy-makers to orient better research in the contextof new modes of scientific and technological knowledge productions patterns that have recentlyemerged. At the same time this should allow the development of a better understanding of theimpacts and consequences of policy strategies for research practices and on networkdevelopment. The simulation tools developed will go beyond the descriptive level to enable thetesting of specific alternatives.

Intended Outcomes. Guidelines will be established for the construction of successful innovationnetworks in terms of the types of agents involved, the models of coordination and integration andtime scheduling with a view to shaping adapted research practices within modern knowledgebased societies.


126

Universities in Regional Development (UNIREG)




Coordinator:

University of NewcastleCentre for Urban & Regional DevelopmentStudiesNewcastle upon Tyne NEI 7RU, UnitedKingdom

Dr. David CharlesTel.: +44-1912-32.76.92Fax: +44-1912-32.92.59E-mail: [email protected]


Universität DortmundFachgebiet Europäische RammplannungDortmund – GermanyProf. Klaus R. Kunzmann

University of AthensCentre of Financial StudiesAthens – GreeceProf. Lena Tsipouri

University of JoensuuPlanning & Development UnitJoensuu – FinlandDr. Seppo Hölttä

Trinity College DublinDept. of SociologyDublin – IrelandDr. James Wickham

Fundación Universitaria-Instituto de Desarrollo RegionalSevilla – SpainDr. J-C Cuerda Garcia-Junceda

University of Amsterdam (AME)Faculty of Environmental SciencesAmsterdam - The NetherlandsProf. Cees C. Cortie


127

Universities in Regional Development

Objectives. The main objective of the research is to investigate the ways in which universities areresponding to the new demands placed on them to play a leading role in regional economic andsocial development, assisting employment creation, encouraging individuals to achieve theirpotential, and developing a culture of flexibility and learning, and contributing to institutionalinnovation.

Other objectives are:• to analyse the changing role of the university in the light of the other pressures — fiscal,

technological, managerial, political — that are increasingly impinging on them,• to examine the interaction between national and regional policy contexts for university

engagement, and European policy fields specifically providing support for science andtechnology, innovation, and structural development, and,

• to assist policymakers, university managers and practitioners at various spatial scales to bettertailor policies and actions through the dissemination of good practice and European comparativeexperiences of existing actions.

Brief description of the project. The project is composed of four main elements: nationalcomparison, regional case studies, thematic reviews and an overall synthesis. In the nationalcomparison we are seeking to review national policy frameworks as they impinge on universities’regional role and the relationship between external socio-economic drivers as perceived by thepolicy community and the expected impact through the university. Regional case studies will beundertaken to explore the nature of the interactions between the universities and a range of localactors within their region. The institutional analysis and the exploration of the emerginggovernance of high level learning processes within the region will be explored using a networkapproach. In the third element we will identify a set of common themes that run across the sevencountries and undertake horizontal synthesis and selective analysis towards the production of cross-cutting reports. The methodologies utilised in these syntheses will include a mixture of qualitativeand quanti-tative methods, and will additionally draw on the national case studies. The themes areas follows:

• Student migratory flows and local labour market dynamics• The virtual university and information society initiatives• Role of universities in regional innovation strategies• Universities and globalisation• The shaping of knowledge workers• Management education and training• Universities and the governance of regions

Finally an overall synthesis will be prepared for an academic and policy audience.

Intended outcomes. The project is intended to relate closely with the policy community, bothwithin the higher education system and in a wide range of related fields. As such then the projecthas a twin approach to dissemination and outcomes: a series of reports and academic papers will beproduced throughout the project on each module of work, but in parallel the project will work withlocal policymakers through user groups and will provide seminars and briefings to policymakers atthe regional national and EU levels. It is intended that the project will assist in the dissemination ofgood practice, and suggest avenues for policy action.


128

Process Re-engineering in Europe: Choice, People & Technology


EC Contribution: 700.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 Dec. 1998Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

Technical University of DenmarkDept. of Technology & Social SciencesDTU Building 322, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark

Dr. Christian ClausenTel.: +45-45-25.60.69Fax: +45-45-88.20.14E-mail: [email protected]


Univesität BremenForschungszentrum Arbeit und TechnikBremen – GermanyDr. Fred Manske

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEuropean Association on Society, Science & Technology (EASST)Lausanne – SwitzerlandDr. Pierre Rossel

University of EdinburghResearch Centre for Social SciencesEdinburgh – UKDr. Robin Williams

Universidad del Pais VascoDepartamento de Sociologia 1Leioa – SpainDr. Mikel Olazaran

University of MariborSchool of Economics & BusinessMaribor, Razlagova – SloveniaDr. Dusko Ursic

Norwegian University of Science & TechnologyCentre for Technology and SocietyTrondheim – NorwayDr. Knut Sorensen


129

Process Re-Engineering in Europe: choice, people and technology (PRECEPT)

Objectives. The overall objective of this project is to investigate the choices surrounding theBusiness Process Re-Engineering (BPR) concepts and their appropriateness in different national,industrial etc. contexts and to explore the opportunities for developing socially feasible andacceptable BPR-oriented concepts, in order to contribute to the development of a European modelfor long term sustainable economic development.

The project directly addresses new models of work organisation and the use of IT, and theirimplications for organisational performance and competitiveness - through its substantive focus onthe choices of methods and concepts for business process redesign. It further addresses the meansby which ideas about good practice for the business use of technologies and techniques aregenerated and disseminated.

The project will examine the different approaches to BPR that have been espoused, and how theyhave been taken up differently by various exponents in different national, regional and sectorcontexts.

Brief description of the project. These objectives will be pursued through a cross-national andmulti-disciplinary investigation involving a consortium of research centres with special expertise inand access to studies of the social shaping of business strategies, IT and organisational change. Thedifferent approaches will be exposed through an investigation of BPR-oriented change programmesthat appear in different national settings and management cultures as they move from one setting tothe next and over time, with particular reference to: a) transfer of BPR approaches from the USoriginators to European firms; b) specific patterns in national and/or regional uptake of BPR,including the transfer of BPR concepts to Southern and Eastern Europe; c) the implementation ofBPR in different organisational cultures and settings across Europe.

The comparative approach will highlight the differing outcomes (employment and workingconditions, participation, learning processes, cohesion, competitiveness, flexibility) of the variousBPR initiatives and examine how far these can be related to the particular approaches and BPRstrategies pursued by the players involved (policy bodies, professional associations, players withinthe company), and the contextual conditions for their operation.

Intended outcomes. As a result of the project a common theoretical understanding will bedeveloped of the range of different BPR-oriented strategies and an examination of theirdimensions. The intended outcome of the project is to identify policy options related to choices forthe organisation concerning management and IT strategies best suited to improving Europeaneconomic development hand in hand with the improvement of the quality of working life and thequalification base. The project will provide analytical foundation and knowledge for the support oflearning processes and social dialogue across different levels of the European society concernedwith the improvement of business processes. In order to support these learning processes, theimplications of the findings for the management of change and for public policy, will be discussedwith relevant actors involved.


130

Corporate Governance, Performance Pressures and Product Innovation in European-BasedCompanies: a Comparative Study




Coordinator:

University of SheffieldSheffield University Management School9 Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 4DT, UK

Prof. Andrew Boddan TylecoteTel.: +44-11-42.22.34.15Fax: +44-11-42.23.33.48E-mail: [email protected]


Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamFaculty of Economics, Business Admin. & EconometricsAmsterdam – The NetherlandsProf. Tom Groot

Université Lumière LyonGroupe d’Analyse et de Théorie EconomiqueEcully – FranceProf. Pierre Garrouste

Göteborg UniversityGothenburg Research InstituteGöteborg – SwedenProf. Sten Jönssen

Università Degli Studi di UdineDipartimento di Scienze EconomicheUdine – ItalyDr. Sergio Albertini

Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergLehrstuhl für Finanzwirtsch. & BankbetriebslehreHalle – GermanyProf. Reinhart Schmidt

TU Bergakademie FreibergLehrstuhl für Allgemeine Betriebswirtsschaft, insbes. InnovationsmanagementFreiberg – GermanyProf. Diana de Pay


131

Corporate Governance, Performance Pressures and Product Innovation in European-BasedCompanies: a Comparative Study

Objectives.

1. to improve scientific understanding of the relationships between corporate governance andproduct innovation; and (thereby)

2. to enable managers, institutional investors, other stakeholders in industry (e.g. banks and tradeunions), and policymakers to take steps to improve national and European perfor-mance inproduct innovation in the high and medium technology industries, which are crucial tocompetitiveness now and in the future.

In order to do this it will be necessary to:

• explore what corporate governance regimes are highly conducive to successful productinnovation - in the specific circumstances of each firm, sector and country;

• understand what legal and other measures at national and EU level are appropriate to encouragethe development - or continuation - of such regimes, and which should be avoided; and

• show company management, shareholders and other stakeholders what they can do to helpdevelop a corporate governance regime suitable to their circumstances.

In intellectual terms, the objective is to further develop, and test, a new contingency theory of theeffects of corporate governance on product innovation, which asserts that the effects of a givencorporate governance regime are a function of certain characteristics of the sector’s technology/iesand pattern of technological change, together with national and corporate culture.

Brief description of the project. The study will be comparative by country (France, Germany,Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK) and by sector. There will be an initial ‘ground-clearingoperation’ in which the corporate governance systems of each country, and the character of theinnovation process in each sector to be considered, are reviewed on the basis of existing literature.The main work will be in two stages:

1. Case studies in a number of manufacturing sectors (automotive, machine tools, pharma-ceuticals, fine chemicals, defence electronics and scientific instruments) plus banking andsoftware. These will be conducted by semi-structured interviewing of a ‘cascade’ through seniorand middle management, normally of at least two firms in each of two countries for each sector.

2. A questionnaire administered to larger numbers of managers in larger numbers of firms in (atleast) the sectors covered in the first stage. The questionnaire will be modified somewhat toallow for the specificities of countries and sectors.


132

Corporate Governance, Innovation, and Economic Performance in the EU

Contract No: SOE1-CT-98-1114



Coordinator:

European Institute of Business Administration INSEADBoulevard de Constance, F- 77305 Fontainebleau Cedex

Prof. William LazonickTel.: +33-1-60.72.41.82Fax: +33-1-60.72.40.49E-mail: [email protected]


The University of EdinburghInstitute for Japanese-European TechnologyEdinburgh – UKDr. Martin Fransman

Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung GmbHResearch Unit Technology – Work – Environment - Regulation of WorkBerlin – GermanyProf. Ulrich Jürgens

The STEP GroupStudies in Technology, Innovation & Economic PolicyOslo – NorwayDr. Keith Smith

Università Commerciale Luigi BocconiInstituto di Storia EconomicaMilano – ItalyProf. Franco Amatori


133

Corporate Governance, Innovation, and Economic Performance in the EU

Corporate governance is concerned with the institutions that influence the ways in which businesscorporations allocate resources and returns. Corporate governance is important for businessenterprises because it both enables and proscribes strategic decisions concerning the types ofinvestments they should make and to whom the returns on these investments should be distributed.Corporate governance is also important for national economies, and for the EU, because of the roleof corporations in the allocation of resources and returns on national and international levels.Within the EU many different national corporate governance systems prevail, but Europeanintegration and globalisation are creating pressures toward convergence to an “ideal” corporategovernance system. The fundamental goals of this project are to enhance our understanding of the relation betweensystems of corporate governance and economic performance among the nations of the EU, and, indoing so, to broaden the debates on corporate governance to include analyses of how differentmodes of corporate governance support the innovation process. The specific objectives of this project are: • to analyse how prevailing systems of corporate governance in EU nations influence corporate

investment strategies and the distribution of corporate revenues;• to compare across EU nations as well as the United States and Japan how corporate governance

systems affect corporate investment strategy and revenue distribution;• to discern the influences of international competition and intergenerational dependence on the

incentives and abilities of corporations to invest in innovation and contribute to an equitabledistribution of income;

• to elaborate the implications for corporate governance reform to support economic growth,employment opportunities, and income distribution in the EU.

The work programme focuses on four interrelated areas. • National systems of corporate governance, consisting of national case studies for Britain,

Germany, France, Italy, and Sweden as well as the United States and Japan of the institutionsthat influence how corporations allocate resources and returns;

• International competition and European responses, consisting of cross-national industrystudies in automobiles, aerospace, computers, machine tools, and telecommunications,including (where relevant) the cases of Britain, Germany, France, Italy, and Sweden as well asthe United States and Japan;

• Intergenerational dependence in the EU nations, consisting of case studies for the Europeannations listed above of tendencies for the savings systems to seek higher returns from corporatesecurities to support retirement;

• A synthesis of the CGEP research, including implications for corporate governancereform in the EU, consisting of a final report that summarises the new knowledge generatedby the CGEP project and that contains proposals to encourage corporations to engage ininnovative strategies that entail investments in broad and deep skill bases as well as aperspective on the institutions of corporate governance that would support superiorperformance in an integrated Europe.


134

RTOs in the service economy – Knowledge infrastructures, innovation intermediaries andinstitutional change




Coordinator:

University of BrightonMithras House, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4AT,UK

Dr. Mike HalesTel.: +44-1273-642.190Fax: +44-1273-685.896E-mail: [email protected]


Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific ResearchDelft – The NetherlandsDr. Jos Leyten

German Institute for Economic Research, Industry and TechnologyBerlin – GermanyDr. Brigitte Preissl

Swedish National Board for Industrial & Technical DevelopmentDept. of Technology Policy StudiesStockholm –SwedenDr. Göran Marklund

Stiffelsen Studies in Technology, Innovation & Economic Policy (STEP)Oslo – NorwayDr. Johan Hauknes

Dialogic Innovation & InteractionUtrecht – The NetherlandsDr. Pim den Hertog

Instituto Nacional de Enghenaria e Tecnologia IndustrialDept. de Modelação e Simulação de Processos IndustriaisLisboa – PortugalDr. Margarida Fontes


135

RTOs in the service economy – Knowledge infrastructures, innovation intermediaries andinstitutional change

Objectives. To develop and evaluate policy-oriented strategies for:

- Mapping knowledge intensive business services and their roles within systems of innovation;and

- Using the resulting representations to steer the actions of firms, government and otherinstitutions within the system.

There are three subsidiary objectives. Expressed as questions, these are:

• How to map the changing shape of innovation systems with respect to knowledge intensivebusiness services?

• How to identify the right working balance between public and private sector agents asinnovation intermediaries, and the implications for channeling public funds?

• In the context of globalising markets and the continued emergence of knowledge basedcompetition, how to steer systems of innovation agents via policy actions towards greaterstrategic competence at firm, cluster, region and country level?

Brief description of the project. RISE will study the innovation-related services supplied by Researchand Technology Organisations (RTOs) in national systems of innovation. There are five analyticalthreads:

• Analysis of industrial clusters - Concrete configurations of knowledge infrastructure, changesin the institutional landscape, service supply networks and strategies, innovation-related serviceproducts.

• Analysis of service functions - Survey instruments and innovation measures focused oninnovation-related services and service functions.

• Markets & steering mechanisms - The economic rationale of policy related to knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS).

• Policy learning - National institutions, styles and presentation of policy analysis.• Analysis of competences and competence production in the delivery of RTO services -

Operational management of supplier-user interactions.

Intended outcomes. The mapping approach is oriented towards steering an innovation system fromthe inside as a 'located' participant, as distinct from the external or top-down perspective of some otherapproaches. The output can be seen as a 'kit' or repertoire comprising prototype versions of:

• Maps (which present multiple perspectives on systems of innovation);• Methods for (re)mapping the changing locations and situations of economic and policy actors

with respect to knowledge-intensive business services; and• Strategies for working with maps within systems of innovation, to exploit and reconfigure such

resources (e.g. the service products of RTOs).


136

Sectoral Systems in Europe: Innovation, Competitiveness & Growth


EC Contribution: 1.050.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 January 1999Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

Università Commerciale Luigi BocconiCentro Studi Sui Processi di InternazionalizzazioneVia Sarfatti 25 -20136 Milano, Italy

Prof. Franco MalerbaTel.: +39-2-58.36.33.91Fax: +39-2-58.36.33.99E-mail: [email protected]


Centre de Recherche en EconomieIndustrielle InternationaleParis – FranceProf. Benjamin Coriat

The Victoria University of ManchesterCenter for Research on Innovation &CompetitionManchester – UKProf. John Stanley Metcalfe

Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari E diPerfezionamento “S. Anna”Laboratorio di Economia dell’Impresa ePolitica dell’InnovazionePisa – ItalyProf. Giovanni Dosi

University of SussexSPRU - Science & Technology PolicyResearch UnitBrighton – UKProf. Edward Steinmueller

Linköping UniversityDept. of Technology and Social Change,Linköping, SwedenDr. Charles Edquist

Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fürSozialforschung, GmbHResearch Units “Economic Change &Employment” and “Competitiveness &Industrial Change”Berlin – GermanyMr. David Soskice

Aalborg UniversityIKE Group, Dept. of Business Studies,Aalborg – DenmarkDr. Bent Dalum

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung derangewandten Forschung E.V.Franunhofer-Institut für Systemtechnik undInnovationsforschungKarlsruhe – GermanyDr. Jürgen Wengel

Universitad Pompeu FabraDept. of Economics & BusinessBarcelona – SpainDr. Walter Garcia-Fontes


137

Sectoral Systems in Europe: Innovation, Competitiveness and Growth (ESSY)

Objectives. The overall purpose of ESSY is to use a system perspective to analyse and compare thesalient features of six key sectoral systems in different European countries. Systems’ boundaries,demand conditions, links and interactions among firms, non-firm organisations (government,universities and financial organisations) and institutions are analysed. Moreover patterns of changeand co-evolution among technology, firms, market structure, demand, and European internationalperformance are assessed. It is enquired whether the factors, conducive to European innovative andcommercial international leadership or to European lack of success, are sector specific or, rather,are horizontal and pertain to regions or countries. Finally the development of new policyimplications and options for Europe stands out as a major objective.

Brief description of the project. ESSY includes four Work Packages (WP). WP1 (ConceptualFramework) provides a literature survey, basic definitions and the conceptual background for theempirical research and the case studies. WP2 (Sectoral Systems in Europe) consists of six casestudies of specific sectoral systems in Europe, within a unified conceptual framework, using avariety of methodologies (fieldwork and quantitative analysis, secondary literature, interviews andsector-specific databases). The six sectors are Services, Software, Telecommunications hardwareand services, Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, Machine tools and Chemicals. WP3 (TheHorizontal Themes) examines cross cutting themes related to organisational issues, inter-firminteractions, non-firms organisations and institutions. In particular different national institutionalframeworks and country differences in terms of organisation of R&D, corporate governance andfinancing of innovation are stressed. WP 4 (European International Performance and PolicyImplications) draws the implications for European international performance and public policy, byproviding the main general conclusions from the six sectoral case studies and an internationalcomparison among Europe, Japan and US.

Intended Outcomes. The intended outcomes are: a deeper understanding of the processes leadingto sustained innovation, countries’ competitive advantages and international leadership in relationwith the generation and diffusion of knowledge and new technologies at the sectoral level; a betterknowledge of sectoral differences and their role in the European economic development and adeeper understanding of co-evolutionary processes among technology market structures andinstitutions. The dissemination of results includes a wide range of publications, seminars inBrussels and a policy report to be sent to policy makers at EU/national and regional levels andexperts around Europe.


138

European Biotechnology Innovation System




Coordinator:

University of SussexScience & Technology Policy Research Unit (SPRU)Mantell Building, Brighton BN1 9RF, UK

Dr. Jacqueline SenkerTel.: +44-1273-678.179Fax: +44-1273-685.865E-mail: [email protected]


Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueUnité d’Economie & Sociologie Rurales,Grenoble – FranceDr. Pierre-Benoît Joly

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientificasInstituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados deMadrid (IESA) – SpainDr. Emilio Muñoz

Enterprise Ireland trading as BioresearchIrelandDublin – IrelandDr. Seamus O’Hara

TNO – Institute for Strategy, Technology &PolicyDelft – The NetherlandsDr. Christien Enzing

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung derangewandten Forschung e.V.Franunhofer-Institut für Systemtechnik undInnovationsforschungKarlsruhe – GermanyDr. Thomas Reiss

National Technical University of AthensDept. of Chemical EngineeringAthens – GreeceDr. Yannis Caloghirou

Institute for Advanced StudiesDept. of Social SciencesWien – AustriaDr. Renate Martinsen


139

European Biotechnology Innovation System

Objectives. The study has three main objectives: to assess the extent to which the development ofbiotechnology in Europe takes place at the sectoral level or, in contrast, is mainly determined bythe institutional features of particular 'national systems of innovation'; to add to theoreticalunderstanding and empirical knowledge of 'national systems of innovation' by examining theadequacy of this concept in an analysis of three different sectors of biotechnology; to examine theimplications of taking a systemic approach for the formation of national and EU policy aimed atpromoting the social management of biotechnology, industrial innovation, and the harmonisationand integration of European markets.

Brief description of the project. The study, which involves partners from Austria, France,Germany, Greece, Ireland, The Netherlands, Spain and the UK, will draw on four bodies ofliterature: national innovation systems, socio-technical systems, technological systems and thenature of controversies. It will be based on a series of national case studies of developments inthree biotechnology sectors which cover the main application areas of biotechnology:biopharmaceuticals, agrofood and equipment and supplies.

National case studies for each sector will assess national strengths and relate them to generalnational competencies and capabilities which make up the national system of innovation. They willreflect on the activities of multinational companies and on any cultural or institutional barriers tothe development of biotechnology, as well as identifying where particular national policies havebeen successful in helping to develop a given sector. The aim is to identify elements of bestpractice, which could be applied more broadly to aid European integration.

Comprehensive, European overviews of developments will be prepared for each sector. They willbe based on an analysis of the national case studies and set in the context of European policy forbiotechnology. Each sectoral overview will include an assessment of the relative strengths of theeight countries and consider the relationship between national performance and features of thenational system of innovation. They will consider the extent to which national or sectoral systemsin biotechnology are being integrated at a European level and identify the main institutionalbarriers to this process. These obstacles, some of which are based on historical and culturaldifferences, may limit the ability of current EU policy to solve the key problems facingbiotechnology. Each sectoral overview will also compare the overall competitiveness of Europewith the US.

Intended Outcomes. The project will provide a dynamic analysis of the exploitation ofbiotechnology in Europe, its institutional context and important differences between countries andsectors. It is also intended to contribute to theory and policy. In terms of the former, the findings ofthe national and sectoral studies will be utilised to examine how far the theories which inform thestudy explain the development of biotechnology in Europe, and consider whether some integrationis needed between these theories. Regarding the latter, it is hoped that the results of the study willprovide policy advice for both the Commission and Member States on the stimulation of aninternationally competitive biotechnology industry in Europe, the formation of a single market andharmonisation measures, improving the social management and public acceptability ofbiotechnology; and supporting the further commercial development of the European science base.


140

Innovation-Related Knowledge Flows in European Industry:Extent, Mechanisms, Implications




Coordinator:

National Technical University of AthensDept. of Chemical EngineeringIroon Politechniou 9, Panepistimioupoli, 15780 Athens,Greece

Prof. Yannis CaloghirouTel.: +30-1-772. 32.53Fax: +30-1-772. 31.55E-mail: [email protected]


Maastricht Economic Research Institute onInnovation and Technology (MERIT)Maastricht - The NetherlandsDr. Anthony Arundel / Dr. Bart Verspagen

Strategic Industrial Research Network(SIRN)Burgess Hill - UKProf. David Ulph

Università Commerciale Luigi BocconiCentro Studi sui Processi diInternazionalizzazioneMilano - ItalyProf. Franco Malerba

Université Louis PasteurBureau d’Economie Théorique etAppliquée, Strasbourg, France / Dr.Mireille Matt

Aalborg UniversityIKE-Group, Dept. of Business Study,Aalborg - DenmarkProf. Bent Dalum

Zentrum für EuropäischeWirtschaftsforschungIndustrieökonomik & InternationaleUnternehmensfürhrungMannheim – GermanyDr. Georg Licht


141

Innovation-Related Knowledge Flows in European IndustryExtent, Mechanisms, Implications

Objectives. The goal of this project is to evaluate empirically the diffusion of knowledgerelevant to the innovative activities of European manufacturing and services industries.Knowledge related to innovation can be classified as either codified or tacit. The former refers toknowledge about facts, rules and principles that can be obtained through formal means ofcommunication and interaction. The tacit knowledge refers to skills and capabilities that cannotbe codified and thus cannot be transferred through formal communication channels. Althoughknowledge flows of both tacit and codified nature can take several forms, this project concentrateon disembodied flows that take place between firms as well as between firms and other sourcesof knowledge such as universities, technical institutes and government laboratories.

Brief description of the Project. The project will review the evolution of policies within the EUthat are of relevance to knowledge diffusion. A description will be produced of sources ofinnovation-related knowledge, the extent of knowledge flows and the route of knowledgetransmission for industrial innovations in the EU in general and in seven member states inparticular. Three existing data sources, the European Patent Office (EPO) citation base, theCommunity Innovation Survey, and a new database from an existing research consortium fundedunder the TSER programme (STEP-RJU) will be used.

Field research will be conducted to obtain further information and analyses will be performed onthe influence of firm, sector and national characteristics on the ability of firms to be activepartners in European knowledge flows, in order to identify strengths and weaknesses and anyregional variations. Furthermore the effect of knowledge ‘spillovers’ on the innovativeperformance of European industry and the implications for policy development will be analysed.

Intended Outcomes. The project is expected to contribute to improving the S&T policy decisionmaking process through:

• producing an extensive, multi-dimensional mapping of knowledge transmission routes thatsupport industrial innovation in Europe

• generating an information base on regional, national and supra-national networks withinEurope for knowledge dissemination

• assessing the importance of non-industry sources of information and the regional differencesacross Europe

• attempting to quantify the impact of innovation-related knowledge transmission (spillovers)on the economic performance of European firms

• analysing the differences and similarities between national innovation systems in Europeand the parallel emergence of a European innovation system.


142

Innovations in Information Society Sectors - Implications for Women's Work, Expertise andOpportunities in European Workplaces - SERVEMPLOI:


EC Contribution: 531,080 ECUStarting date: January 1999Duration: 36 months

EC Scientific Officer: Giulia Amaducci

Coordinator:

Trinity College DublinEmployment Research Centre (ERC), Dublin 2,Ireland

Prof. James WickhamTel.: +353-1-60.81.875Fax: +353-1-67.71.300E-mail: [email protected]


University of LinköpingDept. of Technology & Social Change,Linköping - SwedenProf. Elizabeth Sundin

Associazione Ricerche Sulle OrganizzazioniComplesse (AROC)Bologna – ItalyProf. Silvia Gherardi

Landesinstitut SozialforschungsstelleDortmund (SFS)Dortmund - DeutschlandDr. Heike Jacobsen

Danish Technological Institute (DTI)Aarhus - DenmarkMs. Hanne Shapiro

Centre d’Iniciatives de l’Economia SocialBarcelona - Spain Dr. Isabel Vidal


143

Innovations in Information Society Sectors - Implications for Women's Work, Expertise andOpportunities in European Workplaces - SERVEMPLOI

Objectives.• to examine the patterns and dynamics of innovation operating in two sectors of the

Information Society: retailing and retail financial services• to investigate the significance of these innovations as part of the emerging European

Knowledge Economy, specifically for the work done and knowledge content in the work offemale employees in these sectors

• to assess the opportunities for these employees to develop and utilise expertise in their workin the context of these patterns of innovation

• to assess their consequent 'employability' and opportunities for personal development,within firms and beyond them

• to compare and contrast patterns of change and experiences across member states.

Brief description of the project. The project will examine the key innovations implemented ineight countries (Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Sweden) in theretailing and financial services sectors. It will do this through two interlinked research activities ineach country:

a) case studies of retailing and financial services firms, examining the work performed, theexpertise deployed, and the personal development prospects enjoyed by female non-managerialemployees

b) a longitudinal study of selected women moving within firms, between firms, into or out ofemployment, or becoming self-employed.

Intended Outcomes. The project will provide information to

a) company managements -to assist in the design of work, career structures, and strategies fortechnological innovationb) trade unions, to assist in the definition of women's skill and career development needs to beraised through collective bargaining in firms, and in the social dialoguec) training professionals and labour market policy-makers, to develop instruments for training andimproved incorporation of women into the labour marketd) equal opportunities policy makers, to improve their sector-specific analysis of women's needs asemployees and to develop practical equal opportunities initiatives in firms.

During the project there will be two European ‘Employment Roundtables’ as well as a concludingpolicy conference. These will involve representatives of the social partners from the two sectors.The roundtables will be based on the findings of the project up to that point and the discussionswill feed into the ongoing work of the project.


144

Reduction du temps de travail, efficacité de l’hopital etparticipation des salariés


EC contribution: 280.000 ECUStarting date: January 1999Duration: 36 months

EC Scientifi Officer: Giulia Amaducci

Coordinator :

CNRS- Laboratoire d’économie et de Sociologie duTravail35 Avenue Jules Ferry, F– 13626 Aix-en Provence Cedex

Philippe MosséTel.: +33-4-42.37.85.15Fax : +33-4-42.26.79.37E-mail : [email protected]


CFDT Santé SociauxParis - FranceAlain Vasseur

Federazione Italiana Servizi Territoriali – FISTRoma - ItalyGiovanni Faverin

APOTEMA S.r.l.Milano – ItalyProf. L. Bordogna


145

Réduction du Temps de Travail, Efficacité de l’Hopital et participation des Salariés

The Project follows two main complementary tracks. The first one concerns economical andsociological analysis of hospital reforms in Europe. The second concerns participation andcogestion practice in the academic field involving social actors, namely unions and unionists.

These two objectives are theoretically and methodologically tight together from a chronological /historical and from a socio-economical point of view. In effect at first sight, reforms implementedin European hospitals (and more largely in European health care systems) are mainly financiallyoriented, related to economic constraints Welfare States are facing in a crisis context. But, asformer studies have shown, beyond this objective reforms always include new forms of workers’involvement. For the Project partners, this is an opportunity to define and build new Work andIndustrial Relations. Not only the work place organisation and productivity are at stake, but also thestrategic dimensions of hospital management and strategy development (unit Project, expressiontools, etc.). In some countries this movement even involves hospital « consumers » (the patients).

The current trend is then at the same time toward more professionalisation (worker’s autonomy andteam cohesion) and more democracy (leading, little by little, to change the power balance in thedecision process). It seems then quite logical that socio-economic research about workersinvolvement and participation integrates academic researchers as well as social actors at differentlevels of responsibility. This has been the case in former studies conducted on a national basis. Theoriginality of the present Project is to organise such a study from a comparative point of view.These methodological principles lead to a specific division of labour between partners. This one ischaracterised by a strong co-ordination process (exchanges of information, meetings, etc.). It is sobecause, data collection on work place situation in hospitals in the two countries - France and Italy- as well as data analysis it self, have to be organised on an homogeneous basis.

The main expected result concerns the outcome of an international comparison going far beyondconfrontation of quantitative indexes or « scores ». Its aim is to describe and explain societal linksbetween major social and economic areas. For this purpose, the choice have been to focus theProject on four hypotheses related to major dimensions of modern hospital organisation: Hospitalboundaries, Quality assessment, Working Time issue, and Unions strategies.

All four may be summarised as such: hospital performance relies on the level of coherencebetween, on the one hand, the type of outcome targeted (medical health, public health, sociallyoriented care, public service goals, etc.), and, on the other hand, the type of workers implicationand involvement tools, implemented by managers at a local level.

Therefore, lessons from hospitals situation will be useful to understand changes going on in othereconomic sectors. From this point of view, as this Project is linked to a larger research program -dealing with chemistry industry and banking services - it is likely that the results will have a broadvalidity.


146

Management Tools and a Management Framework for assessing the Potential of Europeanlong-term S&T options to become embedded in Society


EC Contribution: 280.000 ECUStarting Date:Duration: 24 months


Coordinator:

Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris(ARMINES)60, Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75272-Paris, France

Prof. Philippe LaredoTel.: +33-1-40.51.92.86Fax: +33-1-43.54.26.28E-mail: [email protected]


University of TwenteCenter for Studies of Science, Technologyand Society (CSSTS)Enschede – The NetherlandsDr. Arie RIP

Universidad Carlos III de MadridInstituto Flores de Lemus de EstudiosAvanzado en Economia IFLMadrid – SpainDr. Clara-Eugenia GARCIA

Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerca (CNR)Instituto Di Studi Solla Ricerca eDocumentazione Scientifica (ISRDS)Roma – ItalyDr. Bianca POTIUniversity of LancasterCentre for Science StudiesLancaster – UKDr. Elizabeth SHOVE

Université des Sciences Sociales Toulouse 1Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherchesur les Ressources Humaines et l’Emploi(LIRHE)Toulouse – FranceDr. Hervé PENAN

Netherlands Energy Research FoundationPolicy Studies (ENC Policy Studies)Petten – The NetherlandsDr. Gerrt-Jan SCHAEFFE


147

Management tools and a management framework for assessing the potential of EuropeanLong-term S&T options to become embedded in society (SOCROBUST)

Objectives. The project is a feasibility study about the possibility of articulating a managementframework for the periodic monitoring of societal robustness of European projects promotingpotential "architectural" innovations. It takes as a starting point that every technological choice issimultaneously a social choice, through the "script" of the future world it includes. Thus"embedment in society" is not an "end of pipe" issue, a question of acceptability, but is created inthe same movement as the objects, processes or services are shaped. In one word, the capacity ofthe innovation to find its way in society is "co-constructed" during the project through the tests andtrials the potential innovation undergoes. Many instruments have been developed to follow thetechnological aspects of these choices. The project addresses their social dimensions, its objectivebeing to integrate the diverse existing tools developed (which tend to address only one stage of theprocess) in a "management framework".

Brief description of the project. A 'step by step' approach has been chosen. The project only aimsat a first articulation and a first trial. The first articulation will be made through a literature review.Three "retrospective" case studies (i.e. on EU supported projects with a long history and consideredby EC managers as well advanced) will be conducted to experiment the approach and furtherelaborate the framework. The first trial will consist of the application of this managementframework to three "on going projects", the interaction with these lead-users (EC programmemanagers, project managers and participants) helping in a first stabilisation.

Intended Outcomes. The end result of the project will be a "laboratory pilot" which, if judgedsuccessful, will require to be taken up and further developed. It will take the shape of a bookpresenting the framework and the results of the tests. A workshop of interested parties will closethe project, providing for a first evaluation of the interest of this approach and the possibility ofdeveloping it further.


148

Strategies and Policies for Systemic Interactions and Convergence in Europe(CONVERGE)




Coordinator:

Centro de Investigação sobre a EconomiaportuguesaGab 401- Rua Miguel Lúpi 20,1200 Lisboa, Portugal

Prof. Manuel Mira GodinhoTel.: +351-1-395.57.45Fax: +351-1-396.73.09E-mail: [email protected]


Instituto de Estudios Sociales AvanzadosMadrid, SpainProf. Emilio Muñoz

Istituto diStudi sulla Ricerca e Documentazione ScientificaConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheRoma, ItalyDr. Rinaldo Evangelista

University College DublinScience Policy Research CentreDublin, IrelandProf. Joe Cogan

Bureau d’Economie Théorique et AppliquéeStrasbourg, FranceProf. J.-A. Heraud

The STEP GroupStudies in Technology, Innovation & Economic Policy,Oslo, NorwayDr. Arne Isaksen

Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme 149

Strategies and Policies for Systemic Interaction and Convergence in Europe(CONVERGE)

Objectives. This project has four objectives:

1. Assess whether economic and technological convergence is occurring between the Lessfavoured Regions (LFRs) and the most advanced regions in the European Union.

2. Assess the intensity, quality and sustainability of the interactions between firms, universities,government laboratories, interface agencies, financial institutions and other relevant agents todetermine whether “sytems of innovation” are emerging in those European LFRs.

3. Determine which policies/stratagies have been more effective in the LFRs both in terms offurthering systemic interactions and stimulating the development of endogenous capabilities.

4. Finally, the fourth specific objective is related to the aim of involving “end-users” in severalstages of the project, through the implementation of practical measures and initiatives todisseminate the results of the search.

Brief description of the Project. The “raison d’etre” of the project has to do with the belief thatdespite the great amount of earlier research on the mechanisms, factors and barriers affecting theconditions for catching up, the present historical context, market by the advent of a knowledge-based economy, displays a quite different set of challenges and difficulties to the economies in theLFRs.

The project will be carried out in three methodologically complementary stages: review andanalysis of the available literature and information, leading to a systematisation of previousfindings; statistical analysis; fieldwork through the organisation of case studies in the LFRs.Simultaneously with these three stages, interaction with end-users and dissemination of informationwill take place

Intended outcomes. In addition to the more practical outcomes that will derive from theseinteractions with end-users (mainly decision-makers in the business and the public sector), theproject will try to provide answers to questions regarding (i) The measurement of technological andinnovative capabilities in different regions and industries. (ii) The main factors (barriers/sources)behind capability development and establishment of “systemic interactions”. (iii) And theconvergence/divergence factors behind the relative past and prospective development paths ofdifferent European regions.


150


151

Education and Training


152

Improving Science Education: Issues and Research on Innovative Empirical and Computer-Based Approaches to Labwork in Europe



EC scientific Officer: Lieve Van denBrande

Coordinator:

Université Paris XICentre Scientifique d’OrsayDidaScO – Bâtiment 33391405 Orsay Cedex, France

Ms Dr Marie-Geneviève SereTel. + 33 1 69 41 67 07Fax + 33 1 64 46 33 25e-mail: marie-geneviè[email protected]

Partners:

Danmark LaererHojskole Université Lumière Lyon 2Dept of Psychology and Special Education Groupe de Recherches sur les InteractionsCopenhagen, Denmark CommunicativesDr M. Jorge Jensen Lyon, France

Dr André Tiberghien

University of Bremen The University of LeedsInstitute for Physics Education Children’s Learning in Science ResearchBremen, Germany Group, Centre for Studies in Science andDr M. Hans Niedderer Mathematics Education

Leeds, United KingdomDr John Leach

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Universita “La Sapienza”Dept of Primary Education Dipartimento di FisicaThessaloniki, Greece Roma, ItalyDr Dimitri Psillos Dr Mathilde Vicentini


153

Improving Science Education: Issues and Research on Innovative Empirical and Computer-Based Approaches to Labwork in Europe

All the activities will converge to elaborate a grid of criteria around which the effectiveness oflabwork can be evaluated. Student’ aptitudes and competencies promoted by different forms oflabwork will be identified. Illustrative materials such as innovative educational sequences comingfrom different countries will be produced.The work will concern labwork in Physics, Chemistry and Biology at the level of upper secondaryschool and the two first years of Undergraduate programmes at University.

The main elements of studies will be:1. The learning and cognitive process, influence of personal, socio-cultural and organisational

factors.2. Students image of Science, how students recognise the richeness and limits of scientific results.3. Different forms of labwork, working models, scientific approaches, use of IT for collection and

data processing.4. Role and effectiveness of teachers, their perception and objectives of labwork.5. Production of teaching material, innovative teaching processes, use of computers, etc.

As a basis of any study, a clear picture of the different teaching approach using labwork in differentcountries is necessary. This will be reached by a survey at the very beginning of the project, in orderto provide a common framework of description and a resource for any following study, survey orcase study.The seven research groups will discuss in regular meetings, in order to develop common researchquestions and analysis. For the whole group this will be done in the 2nd, 9th and 21st month of thestudy.

This research project will allow the identification of new educational goals. It will give thepossibility for teachers, academics and decision makers to improve the science education of theirstudents and to exploit the potential of labwork. In addition it is relevant to all the activeparticipants in decisions about science and technology in public life.


154

Early Literacy Teaching and Learning: innovative practice in four different national contexts,(Thematic network)




Coordinator:

University of BrightonThe Literacy Centre – School ofEducationFalmerBrighton BN1 9PH, United Kingdom

Prof. Henrietta DombeyTel. + 44 1273 64 34 03Fax + 44 1273 64 33 90e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Universidad de Valladoid Universita “La Sapienza”Escuela Universitaria de Educacion de Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi diPalencia Sviluppo e SocializazionePalencia, Italy Faculta di PsicologiaDr Carmen Garcia Colmenares Roma, Italy

Dr Marina Pascucci Formisano

Aristotle University of ThessalonikiFaculty of EducationThessaloniki, GreeceProf. Gella Varnava-Skouras


155

Early Literacy Teaching and Learning: innovative practice in four different national contexts,(Thematic network)

The aims of this network are:

1. To contribute to the establishment in the EU to a “shared knowledge base” on educationalinnovations in the area of early literacy teaching and learning.

2. To enlarge the perspectives of all players involved (researchers, teachers, teacher’s educators,administrators) in terms of the potential of the early literacy.

3. To enhance the quality of early primary education in literacy, particularly for children frommarginalised groups.

Deliverables:

1. Observational and interpretative reports from a European perspective of four projects on earlyliteracy teaching and learning in four Member States.

2. Video material on these projects.3. A publication on issues arising from the four projects and from the thematic network.


156

Crivet Unemployed. The effectiveness of labour market oriented training for the long termunemployed




Coordinator:

University of TwenteCenter for Applied Research onEducationP.O. Box 2177500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

Dr Tijtske Feijke BrandsmaTel. + 31 53 489 20 93Fax + 31 53 489 30 23e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Laboratory for Science Teaching The Circa Group (Europe) LtdRethymno, Greece Dublin, IrelandMr Panyotes Michaelides Mr Thomas Casey

Universiteit Gent Norut Social Science Research LtdDept of Teaching Sciences Tromso, NorwayGent, Belgium Prof. Dr Johan HeeneMr Tone Skinningsrud

Reasearch and Development Dept University of SussexCopenhagen, Denmark Graduate Centre for Research inMr Soren P. Nielsen Education

East Sussex, United KingdomProf. Michael Eraut


157

Crivet Unemployed. The effectiveness of labour market oriented training for the long termunemployed

The effectiveness of labour market oriented training programmes for the long-term unemployedarouses much interest among policy-makers as well as employers and unions. Nevertheless, thereare doubts about the effectiveness of such training programmes which concern both the extent towhich they serve its target group as well as the outcomes.

The core aim of the project is to get a better understanding of what works and what doesn’t work intraining for the long-term unemployed through the comparative analysis and evaluation of suchprogrammes.

More specifically the objectives of the project are:1. Develop a set of hypothesis with regard to effectiveness.2. Test these hypothesis in order to identify the important parameters (e.g. organisational

characteristics, contextual conditions).3. Develop a multilevel model (several parameter model) of effectiveness of training.4. Test its applicability in different European countries.5. Investigate and interpret the differences between countries.6. Provide decisions makers with recommendations for improvements of training programmes.7. Develop a monitoring instrument for individual managers of programmes to assess the

effectiveness and quality of their own training programme.

The work will be carried out by empirical elaboration of conceptual models by means of casestudies of a restricted number of training programmes or schemes within each of the participatingcountries.


158

EVALUE: Evaluation and Self-Evaluation of Universities in Europe




Coordinator:

Université de Paris XG 505, 200 rue de la République92001 Nanterre Cedex, France

Prof. Dr Pierre DuboisTel. + 33 1 40 97 71 33Fax + 33 1 40 97 71 35e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

University of Helsinki Consorzio Interuniversiario per laDept of Sociology Cooperazione allo SviluppoHelsinki, Finland Roma, ItalyDr Maria Alestalo Dr Luigi Sarno

SIS Software per l’Istruzione Superiore SRL Universität HamburgMilano, Italy Arbeitsstelle Evaluation an der UniversitätMr Corrado De Francesco Hamburg

Hamburg, Germany

Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Hogskolen I AkershusKörperschaft öffentlichen Rechts Bekkestua, NorwayInstitut für Soziologie Dr Anne-Lise Hostmark TarrouErlangen, GermanyDr Rainer Trinczek

London School of Economics & Political Universitat de BarcelonaScience, Centre for Educational Research Fundacio Bosch I GimperaLondon, United Kingdom Instituto de Ciencias de la EducacionDr Anne West Barcelona, Spain

Dr Josep Maria Rotger

Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Fundaçao da Faculdade de Ciências eEducaçao da Universidade de Lisboa Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de LisboaUnidade de Investigaçao e Desenvolvimento Centro de Investigaçao de Ciênciasem Ciências da Educaçao Sociais AplicadasLisboa, Portugal Lisboa, PortugalProf. Maria Teresa Estrela Prof. Teresa Ambrosio


159

EVALUE: Evaluation and Self-Evaluation of Universities in Europe

The specific objective of the proposal is to improve the procedures of auto-evaluation and theknowledge of his impact on the performances of Universities in different European countries, and todevelop a pluralistic and decentralized assessment of education establishments, teachers andadministrative staff.The key questions to answer are:1. Under what conditions the evaluation reinforces the performance of Universities?2. What is the most performing form of evaluation?3. Are the universities and under what conditions important actor in construction of labour market

for qualified work, in particular at regional level?

In order to fill its three objectives, EVALUE considers that case studies are the best methods. Fivefields of evaluation will be covered:1. External evaluation.2. Evaluation of education establishments.3. Individual and collective evaluation of teachers and of the administrative staff.4. Evaluation of the relationship between education, employment and economic development.5. Evaluation of effectiveness (diversity, history and of performance indicators).

In order to understand the dynamics of the evaluation process, and for each of the five fields,EVALUE will study: the decision to evaluate, the patterns of reference, the aims of the evaluation(diversity and hierarchy), the actors and the logic of action, the organizational conditions, thedevices and tools, the stages and the cost of evaluation, the results of the evaluation and theirdiffusion, the impacts of evaluation.

The evaluation processes is compared in 8 countries in order to cover the European Union fromNorth to South. Periodic reporting. Final report presented and discussed with representatives of theEuropean Rector Conference.


160

REFLECT: Teacher Training, reflective theories and tele guidance : prospectives andpossibilities in teacher training in Europe

(Thematic network).




Coordinator:

IVLOS Institute of EducationUniversiteit UtrechtHeidelberglaan 8NL-3574 CS Utrecht/The Netherlands

Dr. Wim VEENTel. + 33 1 40 97 71 33Fax + 33 1 40 97 71 35e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

School of EducationUniversity of ExeterEXETER, United KingdomProf. Niki Davis

Department of EducationNorwegian University of ScienceAnd technologyTrondheim, NorwayDr. Sigrun Gudmundsdottir

Unidad de Arte, Education yCulturaDepartamento de DibujoDivision de Ciencias HumanasY SocialesFundacio Bosch I GrimeraUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, SpainDr. Fernando Hernandez


161

REFLECTTeacher Training, reflective theories and tele guidance : prospectives and possibilities in

teacher training in Europe(Thematic network)

The REFLECT Thematic Network for Teacher Trianing aims to strenghten cooperation in researchactivities among the partners involved. The research will be carried out on reflective competenciestraining in initial teacher training for general secondary and vocational education, using teletutoringas an instrument in school based training.Four teacher training institutions will carry out comparative studies of the development of newpractices using modes of tele-guidance. These studies will bring together experts in the field ofreflection and those in the field of educational telematics in teacher training.

REFLECT includes the following activities:

1. An inventory study of research activities in the field of IT related to the development ofreflective competencies in training

2. Four preparatory studies on the use of telematics as a reflection aid. These studies will focuson :a) development of instuments to measure the reflective skills;b) installation of the technical requirements for the research;c) development of hypothesis and research questions. They will focus on effects of telematic

intervention of teacher trainers in the reflection process;d) development of research agenda/design for future research by partners involved.


162

Education and Training, New Job Skill needs and the Low-Skilled




Coordinator:

London School of EconomicsCentre for Economics and PoliticalScienceHoughton StreetLondon WC2A 2AE United Kingdom

Dr. Hillary STEEDMANTel. + 44 171 955 77 89Fax + 44 171 955 68 48e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Centro de Estudos dos Povos e Culturas deExpressao PortuguesaLisboa, PortugalDr. Roberto Carneiro

University of AmsterdamMax Goote Kenniscentrum voorBeroepsonderwijs en Volwassenen educatie,Amsterdam, NetherlandsDr. Hessel Oosterbeek

Department of Education ResearchStockholm Institute of EducationStockholm, SwedenProf. Bengt Borjesson

The Industrial Institute for Economic andSocial ResearchStockholm, SwedenDr.Eugenia Kazamaki Ottersteu

Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches sur lesQualifications,Marseille, FranceDr. Philippe Mehau


Education and Training, New Job Skill needs and the Low-Skilled

The quality of the skills of EU citizens is crucial for European productivity. Thus priority forEuropean governements is to ensure that every young person gets at least a basic level of skill, andthat disadvantaged adults have reasonable opportunities to make up lost ground.

The purpose of the project is to contribute to the basic framework for te design of these policies.The first step is to document what is happening and to diagnose its causes. This involves a clearanalysis of what is happenning to labour demand, as well as an understanding of why the pattern ofsupply does not respond adequately (inadequate student motivation and institutional constraints).The next step is to d istill from this experience what are the most effective ways for developing thenecessary skills, both in terms of curriculum and teaching methods (including the newesttechnology). The aim is to define for all a basic platform for learning.

The project is made of four specific studies4. The demand for labour by skill. To carry out the analysis of changes in labour market demand

for individuals at different qualification level since early 1980s, trends in earnings andemployement by qualification and skill level.

5. Supply, unemployement and earnings : by skill. Establish factors which determine the level ofsupply and demand for skill.

6. The profile of Educational provision. To produce a description of the content of E&T provisionat the lower level, end of compulsory schooling, first level of vocational training.

7. Defining a minimum learning platform. Produce a proposal for a minimum learning platform toserve as a prototype of an individual learning entitlement.

At the beginning a workshop will be organized for all project participants to advise on data sourcesfor their own couontry. At the end a seminar will be held to present the results to a wider audience.

The evaluation processes is compared in 8 countries in order to cover the European Union fromNorth to South. Periodic reporting. Final report presented and discussed with representatives of theEuropean Rector Conference.


DELOS : Developing Learning Organization Models in SME CLUSTERS


EC contribution: 400.000 ECUStarting date: 1 February 96Duration: 21months


Coordinator:

Fondazione Istituto GuglielmoTagliacarne per la Promozione dellaCultura EconomicaVia Appia Pignatelli N.62London WC2A 2AE United Kingdom

Dr. Ruggiera SARCINATel. + 39 6 78 05 21Fax +39 6 78 42 13 6e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Fondazione per la Ricerca sulla Migrazionee l’Integrazione dele TecnologieRoma, ItalyDr. Luca Alessadro Remotti

Evaluation Development and Review UnitThe Tavistock InstituteLondon, Great BritainDr.Joseph Cullen

European Centre for Work and SocietyMaastricht, The NetherlandsMr. Dany Wijgaerts

Institute of Technology and RegionalPolicy in TeRegJoanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaftm.b.H.Dr. Michael Steiner

Informacion y Desarrollo s.l.Vizcaya, SpainMs. Maria Angeles Diez

Institut de Formation d’AnimateursConseillers d’EntreprisesParis, FranceChambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de ParisMs. Catherine Chrétien

____________________________________________________________________________________________Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme

165

DELOS Developing Learning Organization Models in SME CLUSTERS

The research intends to offer a methodological contribution and operative instrument in favour ofE&T and employment policies.Although European SMEs account for 71 % of European employment they are unable to formulatedetailed training strategies which can guarantee qualification adjustements and increasedcompetition. Hence the need to focus the research on small-firms network (clusters) which representbest suited targets for the analysis of employment and learing dynamics.

The main moints of this research project are :1. Identify and analyse the present function of SME in the framework of learning. How do SMEs

organise their training, identify their training needs.How it is acquired know-how redistributed,what is the cost-effectiveness of the process.

2. Identify operative models of competence development and transfer within and between SMEs3. Provide working indicators (manuals) capable to support training policies in favour of SMEs.

These will be supplied at the EU level and Member States level. They sould help to :a) activate the link between E&T centres;b) motivate the inter-organizational cooperation for the definition of better training practicesc) provide analysis of trends for supply and demand of skill needed at the level of labour marketd) determine range of service to support improvement of skill adjustement and employment rate

in the clusters.


166

European Network forEducational Research on Assessment Effectiveness and Innovation(Thematic network)


EC contribution: 300.000 ECUStarting date: 1 April 96Duration: 24months

EC scientific Officer:Lieve Van den Brande

Coordinator:

University of TwenteCenter for Applied Research onEducationP.O.Box 217NL-7500 AE Enschede,The Netherlands

Dr. Hans-W.J. PelgrumTel. + 31 53 489 35 93Fax +31 53 489 30 23e-mail [email protected]

Partners :

Universität Salzburg,Institüt für Erziehungswissenschaft,Salzburg, AustriaDr. Günter Haider

University of GentDepartment of Teaching SciencesGent, BelgiumDr. Ch. Brusselmans-Dehairs

Université de Liège au Sart-TilmanService Développement et Evaluation deProgrammes de FormationLiège, BelgiumDr. Georges Henry

Humboldt-University BerlinPhilosophische Fakultät IV,Institut für Allgemeine Pädagogik,Abteilung Empirische BildungsforschungBerlin, GermanyDr. Rainer H. Lehmann

The Danish National Institute forEducational ResearchCopenhagen, DenmarkDr. Børge. Prien

Instituto Nacional de Calidad y Evaluaciondel Ministerio de Education y CienciaMadrid, SpainDr. Guillermo.A. Gil Escudero

University of JyväskyläInstitute of Educational ResearchJyväskylä, FinlandDr. Jouni Välijärvi

Direction de l’Evaluation et de laProspectiveMinistère de l’Education NationaleParis, FranceMr. Claude Thelot

National Foundation for EducationalResearch in England and Wales,Berkshire, Great BritainDr. Seamus Hegarty

London University,Institute of EducationLondon, Great BritainProf. Caroline Gipps

University of PatrasLaboratory for Educational Planning andPolicy AnalysisPatras - GreeceDr. Georgia Kontogiannopoulou-Polydorides


167

St Patrick’s CollegeEducational Research CentreDublin, IrelandDr. Thomas Kellaghan

University of AmsterdamSCO-Kohnstamm Institute for EducationalResearchCentre for the Study of Language Learningand TeachingAmsterdam, The NetherlandsProf. Dr. Cornelis Marinus De Glopper

University of Groningen,Groningen Institute for Educational Research,Groningen, The NetherlandsProf. Dr. Bert B.P.M. Creemers

National Agency for EducationDepartment of EvaluationStockholm, SwedenDr. Sten Pettersson

Centro Europeo Dell’EducazioneDipt. Stdi e Eicerche sulla Programmazione esui CostiDei Sistemi FormativiFrascati, ItalyMr. Roberto Melchiori

Ministère de l’Education Nationale et de laFormation ProfessionnelleService de Coordination de la Recherche et del’Innovation Pédagogiques et TechnologiquesLuxembourg, Grand-Duché de LuxembourgDr. Jean-Paul Reeff

Instituto de Inovacão EducacionalDireccão de Servicos de Avaliacão doSistema EducativoLisboa- PortugalDr. Natércio Afonso


168


169

European Network for Educational Research on Assessment Effectiveness an Innovation(Thematic network)

This is a thematic network of 19 participants that will play the role of underlying structure for theresearch projects. In fact the network partner aim to:

1. Create an electronic database containing information about characteristics of educationalsystems, description of research programmes and research projects of the participatinginstitutes;

2. Educational indicators, integration and exchange, production of national and Europeanoverviews of statistical information on Math, Science and Technology education

3. Exploration for cooperative pilot projects;

Specifically:1. To produce an inventory of completed and ongoing research activities in the area of

assessment, effectiveness and innovation2. From collected information to identify the themes on whinch the network should focus in short

term (ongoing work), medium term (additional data collection and/or analysis needed), andlong term (completely new research projects).

The added value should be the improvement in dissemination and accessibility of up-to-dateinformation about ongoing and completed research in assessment, effectiveness and innovation.The network focuses on primary and secondary education.These products will be focused on a large number of themes, all addressed in the TSER (Area II)workprogramme.


170

DELILAH : Designing and Evaluating Learning Innovations and Learning Applications


EC contribution: 450.000 ECUStarting date: 1 April 1996Duration: 24months


Coordinator:

The Tavistock InstituteEvaluation Development and Review30 Tabernacle StreetLondon EC2A 4DD United Kingdom

Dr. Joseph CULLENTel. + 44 171 417 04 07Fax +44 171 417 05 67e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

European Centre for Work and SocietyMaastricht, The NetherlandsMr. Dany Wijgaerts

Sozialforschungsstelle DortmundLandesinstitutDortmund, GermanyMr. Antonius Schroeder

Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, SpainProf. Francesc Pedro

Institute of Applied and ComputationalMathematicsFondation for Research and Technology-HellasHeraklion, GreeceDr. Kathy Kikis

Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester, United KingdomMr. Burrows Glenn

Isvor Fiat S.p.A.Instructional Design UnitTorino, ItalyDr. Luciano Battezzati

Universiteit van AmsterdamCentre for In-Service Education FacultyEducation SciencesAmsterdam, The NetherlandsDrs Henk Sligte


171

DELILAH : Designing and Evaluating Learning Innovations and Learning Applications

The central objective of the project is to investigate the potential of new forms of learningarrangements for improving access to E&T for different groups, in particular excluded ones. Abroad range of educational environments will be taken into consideration. The project will focusparticularly on the actual potential contribution of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) and use ofAdvanced Learning Technologies (ALT). It will consider especially the problem of transferabilityof innovations across geographical and cultural environments and the new role of organisationalsetting implied by such innovations.

They key objectives of the project are :1. Synthesise the existing research on new ways of learning, in relation to ODL and use of ALT;2. Assess transnationally and cross-sectorially the contribution of different organisatioal settings

of learning and accessibility of learning opportunities for less favoured groups;3. Contribute to the development of appropriate policies;4. Contribute to design of new learning environments;5. Develop scenarios for more effective mixes of new and conventional technologies in E & T;6. Provide methodologies and tools for more effective mixes of new training products, in

particular those involving multimedia.

The objectives and the goals will be operationalised by means of three main sets of activities:1. Undertaking studies of some key social, cultural, economic, organisational and pedagogic

factors;2. Developing models, methodologies and tools for supporting and evaluating E&T innovations

using new technologies;3. Validation within an action research, user-led environment in four test sites.


172

ECCE : European Child Care and Education Study, ECCE


EC contribution: 525.000 ECUStarting date: 1st May 1996Duration: 42 months


Coordinator:

Freie Universitaet BerlinInstitüt für Sozial und-KleinkindpaedagogikTakustr.4D-14195 Berlin Germany

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang TietzeTel. + 49 30 838 46 64Fax +49 30 838 40 24e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Universitaet Luneburg Universitaet SalzburgInstitut fuer Paedagogik Fachbereich 1 Institut fuer ErziehungswissenschaftLueneburg, Germany Salzburg, AustriaDr. Hans-Guenther Rossbach Dr. Volker Krumm

Universidad de Sevilla Universidade do PortoPsicologia Evolutiva u de la Educacion Centro de Psicologia do DesenvolvimentoSevilla, Spain e da Educação da CriançaDr. Jesus Palacios da Fac. Psicologia e Ciências Educação

Porto, PortugalProf. Joaquim Bairrão


173

ECCE, European Child Care and Education Study, ECCE

ECCE has an objective to complete an in-depth cross-national analysis of the different types ofpreschool programmes on children’s development and the children’s progress through preschool toearly compulsory schooling.A cross-national analysis of the existing data set which has already been collected and analysed ona national basis in Austria, Germany, Portugal and Spain will be used.

The study was divided into two inter-related work packages:1. Cross-national data analysis of existing data about children’s development during the preschool

years.2. School-age assessment of child development and interview with mothers: long-term impact of

preschool experiences on school success, and family school relationships. For this purpose, afollow-up investigation of the children and thir families will be done at age of 8.

Deliverables of the projects:1. Analysis and elaboration of the cross national data sets based on existing data (month 3)2. Report on cross-national analysis of existing data (month 18)3. Analysis and elaboration of the national data sets collected at age of 8 (month 27)4. Final report. It will include the complete cross-national analysis and interpretation of all data-

sets collected during the project, and recommendations for policy and practice.


174

Schooling, training and transitions: an economic perspective


EC contribution: 550.000 ECUStarting date: February 1997Duration: 28 months

EC scientific Officer: Lieve van denBrande

Coordinator:

Université d’OrléansCentre de Recherche sur l’Emploi et laProduction (AR2T)Rue de Blois BP 6739F-45067 Orleans

Prof. Catherine SoferTel +33 2 38 41 73 65Fax +33 2 38 41 73 60E-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Association pour la Recherche en Microéconomie AppliquéeUniversité Paris I – Pantheon SorbonneProf. Louis Levy-Garboua

University of AmsterdamDepartment of EconomicsDr. Wim Groot

University of MalagaDr. Lucia Navarro Gomez

University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaDr. Juan Canada

University Carlos III of MadridDepartamento de EconomiaDr. Maria San Segundo

University of WarwickInstitute of Employment ResearchProf. Peter Elias

University of Newcastle-upon-TyneDepartment of EconomicsProf. Peter Dolton


175

Schooling, training and transitions : an economic perspective

Objectives

The primary objective of this research is to bring together the work and experience of Europeaneconomists who have contributed to the field of education and training. Its aim is to exploit thewealth and diversity of European institutions and data to develop further an expertise incomparative analysis and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms which have shaped schoolingand training systems, and labour market transitions (from school to work, and from job to job),somewhat differently across countries.

Transitions may serve as a unifying theme for the research because they link successive individualstates together : 1) school to school ; 2) school to work ; 3) work to work ; 4) work to inactivity,and describe the kind of adjustments which occur as a result of economic growth, structuralchange and policy interventions. Therefore, the research is about schooling, training and transitionsat various points of an individual’s life cycle.

The research will incorporate these new developments by looking precisely at the production of(established) knowledge and skills, their allocation to individuals and jobs, and how well they fittogether in each society depending on its specific institutions and other relevant characteristics. Agood deal of our attention will be focused on the high school and undergraduate level because mostof the tensions generated by the regulation of schooling systems and labour markets (dropouts,unemployment, mismatch) seem to lie there nowadays. A theoretical and empirical investigation ofthree related topics will be achieved:

1. A comparative analysis of schooling systems2. The transition from school to work3. Training and labour market flexibility

The economic equilibrium approach is based upon the idea that quantities, like the number ofstudents or of trainees, for example, and prices, like wages, result from the comparison of a marketsupply and a market demand. Depending on the question under consideration, the kind of marketassumed in the analysis may vary from perfect competition to heavy institutional regulation (as ismost often the case for education). This framework offers a n aural way of understanding theinteractions between the schooling system (supplier of education), the learning organisation (whichdemands specific skills and supplies training), and the individuals (demanding for education andsupplying the skills) whose transitions reveal the costly adjustments that took place to match thesupply of education and training with the demand for skills.

The aims of the research will be to developp a good European expertise of education and trainingsystems (firs topic), gather comparable data and make some policy evaluations on transitions fromschool to work and from job to job (second and third topics) and give some new theoretical insightson institutions and labour markets.


176

LATIO : In-company training and learning in organisations


EC Contribution: 650.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 February 1998Duration: 36 months

EC Scientific Officer: Lieve Van denBrande

Partners:

Copenhagen Business SchoolInstitut for Organisation,Copenhagen, Denmark

Cranfield UniversityCentre for European Human ResourceManagementCranfield, Great Britain

Coordinator:

Lund UniversityDepartment of EducationP. O. Box 199S-221 00 Lund, Sweden

Prof. Lennart Svenson-Dr. Ylva KjellbergTel: +46/46/2223188 or 46/46/2116692Fax: +46/46/2224538Email: [email protected]

Erasmus Universiteit RotterdamDepartment of Organisation and HumanResource ManagementRotterdam, The Netherlands

University of LimerickDepartment of Personnel and EmploymentRelations


177

LATIO : In-company training and learning in organisations

The aim of the project is to develop strategies for enhanced competence development in companiesin the EU. The research objectives are :1. To describe and compare learning environments in companies active on the EU arena, within a

number of sector and branches;2. To describe and analyze current strategies for in-companies training, organizational learning,

development of core skills and competencies within these companies;3. To find and lift forward positive examples of conditions that create successful learning in

organizations;4. To distinguish what are critical factors for developing new and successful strategies for in-

company training, competence development and learning in organizations.

The project will be carried out in an ongoing dialogue with reference groups, both at national andinternational level. The reference groups at national levels consists of representatives of nationalorganization for in-company training providers, Employers Federations and relevant Trade Unionsrepresentatives.

The project runs for three years and it’s divided in four major phases:1. Theoretical analysis and studies of contextual national factors2. Empirical studies3. Theoretical and practical results4. Evaluation and implementation of results

The practical contribution of the project is to propose structures and strategies that enhance andfacilitate the creation of learning environments, and best practice for in-company training andlearning organizations.


178

Changing Working Life and Training of Older Workers




Partners:

University of KeeleDepartment of Geriatric MedicineCentre for Social GerontolgyKeele - Staffordshire - United KingdomMs. A. Withnall

University of LancasterDepartment of Continuing EducationLancaster - United KingdomProf. K. Percy

Work Research InstituteOslo - NorwayDr. R. Salomon

Coordinator:

University of JyväskyläDepartment of EducationSeminaarkantu 15P.O. Box 3540351 Jyväskylä - Finland

Ms. T. TikkanenTel: +358/14/601698Fax: +358/14/601661Email: [email protected]

The Norwegian Social Research InstituteOslo - NorwayMr. K. Lyn


179

Changing Working Life and Training of Older Workers

From the points of view of education, training and learning the research focuses on individual andorganizational effects, needs and opportunities emanating from the intersection of two trends: Theageing of populations and changes in working life.

Objectives

The key objectives of the research project are to investigate:- The extent to which the knowledge, skills, experience and attitudes of older workers (45+)can be recognised, valued and utilized in work and learning situations.- The ways in which older workers learn within work settings.- The extent to which human resource development (HRD) practice and educationalinterventions involving older workers can facilitate lifelong learning and productivity.- The ways in which the diversity of the workforce in these terms can contribute to thedevelopment of learning organizations in the work context and, more generally, to the creation ofthe learning society.- Through case studies and comparative analysis of good practice in different countries theways in which the above objectives can contribute to the flexibility and productivity of theEuropean older workforce and to social cohesion generally

Brief description

To achieve these objectives, cases of work organizations representing different work types(industrial work, office work, service work) in small and larger SMEs will be selected in eachparticipating country. The research work (quantitative and qualitative) will comprise (a)descriptive studies as well as (b) the introduction, monitoring and evaluation of work-basededucation and training interventions and HRD practices (including some based on use of newinformation technology).

Intended outcomes

In order to foster the impact of the research, the researchers will - in various ways - activelyinvolve local organisations, social partners and policy-makers during the research as well as in thediscussions of implementation.Project newsletters as well as the active participation in a European network on older workers (byDGV) will also support the impact of dissemination activities.


180

Computer-supported Collaborative Learning Networks in Primary and Secondary Education



EC Scientific Officer: Lieve. Van denBrande

Partners:

Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenCenter for Instructional Psychologyand TechnologyLeuven - BelgiumProf. E. de Corte

University of TurkuCenter of Learning ResearchTurku - FinlandProf. E. Lehtinen

Università degli Studi di Roma “LaSapienza”Department of PsychologyRoma - ItalyProf. Pontecorvo

University of AthensDepartment of Philosophy and History ofScienceAthens - GreeceProf. S. Vosniadou

Wageningen Agricultural UniversityDepartment of Agricultural EducationWageningen - The NetherlandsDr. F. De Jonge.

Coordinator:

Katholieke Universiteit of NijmegenDepartment of Educational SciencesMontessorilaan 3P.O.Box 9104NL-6500 HE NIJMEGEN

Prof.R. J. SimonsTel : +31/24/361.25.85Fax : +31/24/361.59.78Email: [email protected]

University of HelsinkiDepartment of PsychologyHelsinki - FinlandDr. K. Hakkarainen

Consiglio nazionale delle ricercheInstituto di PsicologiaRoma - ItalyDr. S. Caravita

Università degli Studi di BariDepartment of Educational SciencesBari - ItalyProf. V. A. Baldassare

Universiteit van AmsterdamCentrum for Nascholing AmsterdamFaculty of Pedagogical and EducationalSciencesAmsterdam - The NetherlandsDr. H. Slige

t


181

Computer-supported Collaborative Learning Networks in Primary and Secondary

Objective :

The central objective of this project is to investigate the cognitive and didactical aspects ofcomputer-supported Collaborative Learning Networks (CLNs). CLNs are learning environments inwhich educational technology is used to help create a community of learners who build knowledgetogether. CLNs are the learning contexts in which equipment, information networks, but alsoteachers, learners and learning methods are included. The central question of the project is: Howcan effective knowledge building in CLNs be supported in European primary and secondaryeducation? The project will study the educational use of different kinds of CLNs which supportindividual and collaborative learning from a cognitive point of view.

Brief Description of the Research Project :

The research is characterized as ecologically valid action research. Action research is an approachto research in which teachers and students in their everyday context play an important role.Researchers “act as participants” in the schools while collecting data. Teachers and studentsbecome researchers and research-assistants instead of subjects of research in the traditional sense.Three kinds of methods will be used.1) Protocols of communications between students and between students and teachers will be

analysed in terms of the number and kinds of communications taking place. Moreover,qualitative aspects will be studied (what kind of inputs are students giving; which thinkingtypes are used; how relevant are communications; how much knowledge building is takingplace). Case studies and small-scale, informal comparative experiments (action research) willhelp to identify best practices. By looking at the protocols longitudinally, developments incommunication and learning patterns over time will be studied.

2) An analytical approach will be used to obtain information on the advantageous long termeffects of CLNs and to determine optimal balances between self-regulation and teacher-/technology control. Tests that measure the cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational effects ofCLN’s will be used.

3) Small questionnaires and interviews with teachers and students will be used to find out whichtools, support structures and manuals function the best and what changes are needed in thematerials developed. At some sites future challenges will be explored to allow collaborativelearning with mixed topics and study areas, using different types of scenarios.


182

Governmental Policies and Programmes for Strengthening the Relationship between HigherEducation Institutions and the National Economy




Partners:

University of LancasterCentre for the Study of Education andTrainingLancaster - United KingdomProf. O. Fulton

University of JoensuuPlaning and development UnitJoensuu - FinlandDr.S. Hölttä

Universidade do PortoPorto - PortugalProf. A. Amaral

A. F. ForumAssociazione per l’Alta FormazioneRoma - ItalyDr. S. Boffo

Coordinator:

Universiteit TwenteCentre for Higher Education and PolicyStudiesDrienerlolaan 5P. O. Box 2177500 AE Enschede - The Netherlands

Dr. P. A. M. MaasenTel: +31/53/4893263Fax: +31/53/4340392Email: [email protected]

Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenDepartment SociologieFaculteit Sociale WetenschappenLeuven - BelgiumProf. Dr. J. Verhoeven

Institut für Interdisziplinäre Forschungund FortbildungWien - AustriaDr. H. Pechar

Norwegian Institute for Studies inResearch and Higher EducationOslo - NorwayDr. S. Kyvik

____________________________________________________________________________Targeted Socio-Economic Researche Programme

183

Governmental Policies and Programmes for Strengthening the Relationship between HigherEducation Institutions and the Economy

Objectives

The central research question is: What are the main factors that have determined the success orfailure of recent governmental attempts at the national or supranational level to strengthen therelationship between higher education and the economy, nationally as well as internationally.

Brief description

The project is aimed at examining the effects of governmental policies and programmes on theextent to which higher education institutions are developing and maintaining a strong and effectiverelationship with the economy. This implies amongst other things that the project is focused onunderstanding organisational change processes in higher education institutions. The researchconcentrates at the institutional level and covers eight European countries: Austria, Belgium,Finland, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Portugal.

The theoretical framework to guide the national studies, institutional case studies and thecomparative analysis is based on theories and approaches derived from the neo-institutional andresource dependence literature, as well as the literature on governmental steering models andpolicy implementation.

In each of the eight countries involved in this project four institutional case studies will beundertaken. In the institutional case studies the project will look at the ways in which institutionstry to strengthen their market orientation, the societal relevance of their curricula and theirinternationalisation policies. The basic assumption is that the success and failure of governmentalpolicies and programmes at the national and supranational (=European) level is dependent on theconversion of these policies and programmes by institutions for higher education. Consequently,the conversion processes within higher education institutions will be examined in detail. In thenational studies the project will focus on a number of policy issues such as life-long learning andthe relationship between higher education and the labour market. In addition the project willanalyse carefully the relationship between universities and “colleges” with respect to the economicrole of higher education.

____________________________________________________________________________Targeted Socio-Economic Researche Programme

184

A Comparative Analysis of Transitions from Education to Work in Europe


EC Contribution: 1.100.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 December 1997Duration: 36 months

EC Scientific Officer: L. Van den Brande

Partners:

DESAN Marktonderzoek BVAmsterdam - The NetherlandsIng. H. Rutjes.

University of EdinburghCentre for Educational SociologyEdinburgh - United KingdomProf. D. Raffe.

Centre d’Etude et de Recherche sur lesQualificationsMarseille - FranceM. Mansuy.

Coordinator:

Economic & Social Research Institute4 Burlington RoadIRL-Dublin 4

Prof. D. HannanTel : +353/1/6671525Fax : +353/1/6686231Email: [email protected]

Universität MannheimMannheimer Zentrum für Europäische SozialForschungMannheim - GermanyProf. W Müller.

Limburg Institute for Business andEconomic ResearchResearch Centre for Education and LabourMarketMaastricht - The Netherlands.R. Van der Velder


185

A Comparative Analysis of Transitions from Educational to Work in Europe

Objective :

European countries vary widely in their education and training systems and in the factors shapingtransitions from initial education to the labour market. To date, no comprehensive research existson the nature and consequences of this variation in education to work transitions across Europe.The objective of this research is to develop a more satisfactory framework for understandingtransitions in the different European systems and to use this framework to analyse the factorsaffecting success and failure in education/ training outcomes and labour market integration in thedifferent countries.


This project will be the first major comparative study focusing on recent developments in school towork transition processes across a range of European countries. The project will use a particularlyrich source of data on transitions, regular school leavers' surveys in Ireland, Scotland, France andthe Netherlands, and will place these data in a broader European context by drawing on the LabourForce Survey. Together, comparative analyses of these two sources of data will significantlyadvance our empirical and theoretical understanding of the relationship between education/ trainingand labour market systems. It will provide a stronger empirical basis for studying the process ofinitial labour market entry, the factors influencing successful integration or exclusion, and theinteraction of these factors with institutional and societal variables.

The improved understanding of the diversity of education/ training systems and their relationshipsto labour markets is indispensable for more successful needs assessment, policy planning andimplementation of policies on a cross-national basis. In this sense, the results of the project willhelp to underpin the development of more effective education and labour market policies which fitthe varying contextual conditions across Europe. Only precise knowledge of the specificmechanisms through which various groups become advantaged or disadvantaged in the labourmarket can lead to the development of more effective policies which are appropriate to the varyingconditions in different countries. At a more practical level, the project will directly contribute to theOECD's current Thematic Review of the Transition from Initial Education to Working Life. Inaddition, the project will develop existing cross-national data sources on school leavers, encouragethe greater harmonisation of national transition surveys and facilitate the expansion andstandardisation of data collection in other European countries.

Note : Link with Area I (work transition processes).


186

Science Teacher Training in an Information Society




Partners:

Université Diderot, Paris VIILaboratoire de Didactique de la Physiquedans l’Enseignement SupérieurParis - FranceProf. L.Viennot.

University of SussexInstitute of EducationBrighton - United KingdomProf. J. Ogborn.

Coordinator:

Universidad Autónoma de BarcelonaDepartament de Didactica de las CienciasExperimentalesEdifici G. Campus de BellaterraSP-08193 Bellaterra Barcelona

Prof.R. PintoTel : +34/3/5813206Fax : +34/3/5811169Email: [email protected]

Università degli Studi di Napoli “FedericoII”Dipartimento Scienze FisicheNapoli - ItalyProf. E. Sassi

University of OsloDepartment of Teacher Training and SchoolDevelopmentOslo NorwayProf. A. Quale


187

Science Teachers Training in an Information Society

Objectives :

Having in mind a society where a large amount of information comes to each citizen easily andquickly, two issues are specially relevant: a) The need of mastery of technological tools and ofinterpreting many messages cannot be easily accomplished for many learners. Basic scientificeducation is a privileged context to achieve this goal and consequently the need to prepare adequatelyfuture science teachers is of high priority . b) The great amount of information received has to be wellmanaged for each citizen. As information is selected, prioritised, interpreted and decisions based on itare taken, the act of understanding is always transformative. The process of transformation ofinformation by users is still poorly known but thousands of decisions are taken with the interpretedinformation as well students learning according to their interpretation of messages.

STTIS project wishes to investigate the process of transformation in a very specific field-scienceeducation- since it is possible to go deeper and better gain knowledge when reducing variables.


The methodology of STTIS to use will be qualitative. The transformations of the intentions ofdesigners of educational innovations are a crucial point. Science teachers at secondary school will beinvestigated during the implementation of three processes of innovation:- process of implementing the use of several technological tools- process of adapting to students' interpretations of different symbolic language- process of implementing new teaching strategies proposed in specific subject matters.

Some rules of transformation of innovation will be inferred from results of small scale intensivestudies. The rules will emerge having removed the context dependency as a variable.

The main envisaged tasks are:- Analysis of teachers' difficulties in: implementation of innovative teaching strategies;

use of symbolic languages; use of Information Technology tools.- Diagnosis and synthesis of difficulties in assuming innovation into school practice.- Construction of strategies and materials for training programs for teacher trainers.- Elaboration of guidelines for policy makers and teacher training agencies

The main practical products will be materials for teacher training in innovative educationalstrategies when using common information society tools (technological tools using computers orsymbolic representations). The theoretical products will be, at a conceptual level an inventory ofthe main problems of adaptation between innovations and teachers and, as an outcome,recommendations and guidelines for policy makers and teachers training.


188

UNIVERSITY ADULT ACCESS Policies and Practices Across the European Union and theirConsequences for the Participation of Non-Traditional Adults



EC Scientific Officer: Lieve. Van denBrande

Partners:

University of WarwickDepartment of Continuing EducationCoventry - United KingdomDr. S. Hill

Stockholms UniversitetPedagogiska InstitutionenStockholm - SwedenProf. A. Bron

Universität BremenCentre for Development and Evaluationof European Studies Erziehungs undGesellschaftswissenschaftenBremen - GermanyProf. R. Alheit

Coordinator:

Université Catholique de LouvainFaculté de Psychologie et des Sciences del’EducationPlace du Cardinal Mercier, 10B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve

Prof. Etienne BourgeoisTel: +32/10/473799Fax : +32/10/478589Email: [email protected]

Universidad de BarcelonaCentre de Recerca en Educacion de PersonesAdultesBarcelona - SpainProf. R. Flecha

National University of IrelandCentre for Adult and Community EducationMaynoothCounty Kildare - IrelandDr. T. Colli

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189

UNIVERSITY ADULT ACCESS Policies and Practices Across the European Union and theirConsequences for the Participation of Non-Traditional Adults

Objective :

The aims of the proposed study are:• to assess the effectiveness of access policies and practices for adults in universities and higher

institutions across the European Union, with particular regard to socially excluded groups andcommunities;

• to identify barriers to the participation of the excluded;• to identify and propose changes which will enhance non-traditional adult participation and win

for the European Union the social and economic gains of inclusion.


Studies of adult participation are largely descriptive, and restricted to one or another singlescientific perspective. The tools are lacking for good comparative and cross-disciplinary study inthis field. Lifelong learning is becoming increasingly important as a means of responding tochanging economic and social circumstances across Europe. There is, however, a scarcity ofcomparative, reliable and rigorous data related to the project of participation and access to highereducation: it remains an under-complementary concepts and methods carried out by researchers indifferent countries. It will generate useful technical tools, drawing on both quantitative andqualitative methodological traditions. Whilst opening access to higher education for adults is notthe only route towards securing greater social integration, this research will make a significantcontribution to achieving that aim.The study is unique in its combination of access research at macro, meso and micro levels, and itsuse of cultural and political approaches to the study of organisational behaviour in this context forpolicy ends.The project addresses the role of higher education as a potential agency of social integration withina period of economic change and transformation, and the inaccessibility of higher education forsome groups.

Outstanding questions which need to be addressed are:• To what extend do efforts to increase adults’ participation in higher education result in

increasing participation of socially excluded groups, thereby ameliorating exclusion from thesocial and economic mainstream of societies?

• How far does more access create wider access?

The intention of conducting this research is to find and study the causes of differential non-traditional participation, different student strategies, and different institutional practices, acrossEuropean Union countries and across subject areas. The research will study different actors’perceptions and experience in the encounter between non-traditional students and the institutionsespecially at the academic unit level.


190

Forum of European Research in vocational E&T(Thematic network)


EC Contribution: 614 000 ECUStarting Date: 1 March 1998Duration: 36 months


Partners:

European Consortium for the LearningOrganisationAbersychan - United KingdomDr. M. Kelleher

STOASDept for Studies on Education andEmploymentWageningen - The NetherlandsDr. L. F. M. Nieuwenhuis

Foras Aiseanna SaothairServices Provision to BusinessDublin - IrlandMr. J. Horgan

Universidade de EvoraCentro de Investigaçao e Desenvolvimentoem Ciencias Humanas e SociaisEvora - PortugalProf. E. Figueira

University of PatrasLaboratory on Sociology and EducationRion-Patras - GreeceProf. N. Patiniotis

Coordinator:

University of BremenInstitut Technik & BildungWilhelm-Herbst-Str. 7D-28359 Bremen - Germany

Dr. M. KuhnTel: +49/4212184632Fax: +49/4212184624Email: [email protected]

Gwent Tertiary CollegeCentre for Research and EducationDevelopmentMonmouthshire - United KingdomDr. J. Hughes

Linköping UniversityCentre for Studies on Humans,Technologyand OrganisationLinköping - SwedenDr. P-E. Ellström

Institute per la Formazione del LavoratoriRoma -ItalyDr. M. Tomassini

Institute for Advanced StudiesVienna - AustriaDr. L. Lassingg

Universidad de ExtremaduraInstituto de Ciencias de la EducacionBadajoz - SpainDr. F. Blazquez


191

BIBB Budesinstitut für BerufsbildungBerlin - GermanyDr. A. Dietzen

University of WarwickInstitute for Employment ResearchCoventry - United KingdomDr. A.J. Brown

University of NijmegenDept of Educational SciencesNijmegen - The NetherlandsProf. Dr. R.J. Simon

Catholic University of LeuvenHigher Institute of Labour StudiesLeuven - BelgiumMrs. M. Douter Lungne

Industrial Development and EducationCentrePiraeus - GreeceMrs. S. Spiliotopoulou

University of TampereDept of EducationTampere - FinlandDr. A. Heikkinen

Danish Technological InstituteAarhus - DenmarkMr. H. Shapiro


192


193

Forum of European Research in Vocational E&T(Thematic network)

Objectives :

The primary aim of this thematic network ”Forum” is the establishment of the European dimensionspecifically related to contents and methodologies of vocational education and training (VET)systems. In contrast to the organisational orientation of informal on-the-job training dominating theJapanese system for skill acquisition and specific task-related training dominating the United Statesa European dimension needs to embrace the traditional values of European societies embodied inthe diversity of traditions, institutions, legislation and cultures that influence vocational educationand training in the European Union.

Brief description of the Thematic Network :

Forum associates experienced researchers and academics, in institutions responsible for VET-research and the training of VET professionals, from fourteen countries . The Forum will bringtogether researchers from different traditions, disciplines and cultures with the aim of defining andexploring a European dimension for VET.

The Forum will also play a role in the dissemination of existing research, help to link the differentnetworks of researchers and practitioners, contribute to the establishment of a transnationalresearch community and will integrate the coaching and development of young researchers. It willcontribute to:• the development of a transnational research approach in VET• the development of a European dimension in VET• discover the cultural diversities as sources of innovative ideas• improve the dissemination of research results in Europe• contribute to the development of a European research community in VET• find a European path for VET policy between unification and regionalisation as well as

diversion and conversion• improve the co-operation between VET research and VET-practice

The network will examine the pressures to increase the quality of VET, skill levels of those inVET, quality assurance, flexibility, and transnationality, while taking into account differentresponses to employer involvement, individual funding and changing work organisations.

Five Forum workshops are envisaged:1. Common practices and values in VET, 2. VET and the labour market, 3. Organisational changes required of vocational training institutions, 4. In-company training and school to work transition, 5. the Learning Organisation.

In all cases the focus will be on the European dimension for research into the capacity for changeand adaption of educational. Furthermore all FORUM members are involved in national, regionaland European projects which will help to disseminate their case studies of good practice.


194

Higher Education and Graduate Employment in Europe




Partners:

Universität KlagenfurtInstitut für SoziologieKlagenfurt - AustriaProf. P. Kellerman

University of TurkuResearch Unit for the Sociology ofEducationTurku - FinlandDr. O.T. Kivinen

Institut de Recherche sur l’Economie etl’EducationDijon Cedex - FranceProf. J-J. Paul

Istituto di RecercaMilano - ItalyProf. R. Moscati

Norwegian Institute for Studies inResearch and Higher EducationOslo - NorwayMr. P-O. Aamodtt

Coordinator:

Wissenschaftliches Zentrum fur Berufs-und Hochschulforschung der UniversitätGesamthochschule KasselHenschelstr. 434109 Kassel - Germany

Prof. U. TeichlerTel: +49/5618042417/15Fax: +49/5618043301 or 8047415Email: [email protected]

Instituto Valenciano de InvestigacionesEconomicas, S.A.Valencia - SpainDr. J-G. Mora

University of TwenteCenter for Higher Education Policy StudiesEnschede - The NetherlandsMr. E. De Weert

Research Centre for Education and theLabour MarketLimburg Institute for Business and EconomicMaastricht - The NetherlandsDr. R. Van der Velden

The Open UniversityQuality Support CentreLondon - United KingdomMr. J. Brenna

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195

Higher Education and Graduate Employment in Europe.

Objectives

The project aims to analyse current developments in the relationship between higher education andthe concept of work in Europe. The project will address the role recent contextual changes play forgraduate employment and work: new technological demands, new types of job roles in the wake ofexpansion of higher education, unemployment and other serious employment problems, thegrowing role played by social affective motivational competencies, the links between highereducation and the region, and finally the emerging Europeanisation and internationalisation ofgraduate work. In addition, the impacts on the early careers of graduates of socio-biographical andeducational background, structural and curricular diversity of higher education, study behaviourand experiences in the transition process from study to employment have will be analysed.

Brief description of the Research project

Up to 72,000 questionnaires will be sent to graduates about three years after graduation - 8,000 ineach of the nine countries included, i.e. Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom. A return quota of about 50 percent is expected.Additionally, interviews will be conducted with a sample group of 200 heads of personnel officesas well as with a sample group of over 200 of graduates who responded to the questionnaire. Theaim is to provide in-depth information on the competencies expected, employment conditions andwork assignments as well as the professional utilisation of competencies acquired during the courseof study.

The project is based on the co-operation of sociologists and economists experienced in research onthe relationship between higher education and employment/work, labour market issues,international comparison as well as quantitative and qualitative research methods. Beyond thesubstantive academic and policy relevance of the findings, the project aims to provide theconceptual, methodological and instrument basis for regular large-scale European graduate surveysin the future.


196

Child Immigration Project



EC Scientific Officer: G. Amaducci

Partners:

Instituto Psicoanalitico per le RicercheSocialiRoma - ItalyDr. R. Braccalenti

Tel Aviv UniversityShalvata Mental HealthRod Hasharon - IsraelDr. G. Ratzoni

European Children’s Television CentreBalkan and Mediterranean Network ofChildrens TelevisionThessaloniki - GreeceDr. M. Dikaiou

Centre Bruxellois d’Action InterculturelleBruxelles - BelgiumDr. B. Ducoli

Coordinator:

Censis - Fondazione Centro StudiInvestimenti SocialiPiazza di Novella 200199 Roma -Italy

Ms. C. CollicelliTel: +39/06/860911Fax: +39/06/86211367E-mail: [email protected]

Stockholms UniversitetCentre for research in International Migrationand Ethnic RelationsStockholm - SwedenDr. C. Westin

Institut de la Jeunesse et de l’EducationPopulairePole Etude RechercheMarly le Roi - FranceM. O. Douard

The Open UniversityDepartment of Social SociologyMilton - Keynes - United KingdomMr. P. Braham


197

CHIP Child Immigration Project

The growing presence of so-called 'second generation' and native born children of immigrants hasadded a new dimension to the complex task of countering the inequality and social exclusion whichface immigrants within the European Union.

The project examines an issue at the intersection of Area II (Research on Education and Training)and Area III (Reseach into social integration and social exclusion in Europe). It aimes at providinga new and targeted comparative approach in order to increase inclusion and equality by introducingthe concept of 'well-being'.

Objectives

The project aims to both improve the understanding of the various facets of the issue and to searchfor solutions (practical guidelines) to ameliorate the problem. The work will consist in:- a comparative analysis of models and strategies adopted in various EU countries, focussingon (a) the role of professionals (in education, social work, etc.) (b) the impact of educationalpolicies on the social condition of these children and c) the spread of new and innovativeapproaches within education;- the development of a basic set of common European social indicators aimed at theevaluation of the impact of policies on well-being, inclusion/exclusion and equality/inequality ofthese children.

Intended outcomes

The outcomes of the project will be targeted to the school environment, institutional setting, thedecision makers at the national and European level, researchers and workers in the field. For thatpurpose following tools will be developed:- tools aimed at sensitizing and improving understanding of the phenomenon at the Europeanlevel: Database, Web page, reports, conference;- tools meant for professionals and others (teachers, volunteers etc) involved in educationpractices: professionals' handbook.


198

Work Experience as an Education and Training Strategy : New Approaches for the 21st.Century


EC Contribution: 584.000 ECUStarting Date : 1 January 1998Duration: 36 months


Partners:

Centre for Professional DevelopmentKristianstad UniversityKristianstad - SwedenMr. T. Madsén

Dublin City UniversitySchool of Education StudiesDublin - IrelandDr. G. McNamara

Universidad de Valencia.Dpt Didactica y Organizacion EscolarFacultad Filosofia y Ciencias de la EducacionValencia - SpainDr. F. Marhuenda

Coordinator:

Education and Information SupportDivisionUniversity College London1-19 Torrington PlaceLondon WC1E 6BT - United Kingdom

Mrs. T. GriffithsTel: +44/171/5045939Fax: +44/171/81302770Email: [email protected]

Copenhagen Business SchoolDept of Management, Politics and PhilosophyCopenhagen - DenmarkPh. D. H . Herlau

National Institute of Vocational EducationBudapest - HungaryDr. I. Simonic


199

Work Experience as an Education and Training Strategy: New Approaches for the 21st.Century

Objectives :

The proposal is to analyse and develop work experience as a European education and trainingstrategy appropriate to the changing economic and social conditions of the 21st. century. Its contextis the future and changing nature of work. Overarching questions concern the extent to which workexperience can enable young people to understand and prepare for working life and the ways inwhich educational institutions and companies can work together creatively to deliver relevantlearning outcomes.The formal objectives of the project are, in summary:1. To undertake a European policy study and review of work experience.2. To develop a common framework and terminology for understanding work experience.3. To undertake case studies of innovative work experience partnerships.4. To compare outcomes and develop transferable models.5. To develop European quality criteria and a quality framework for work experience.6. To undertake an active dissemination programme.


Existing data, models and approaches will be reviewed, best practice and innovative modelsidentified and innovative models tested for transparency and transferability at a European level.The new models will derive from institutional projects to be analysed by the research team in thesix partner states.Researchers from the six partner states will work collaboratively in a review of work experience asa vehicle for learning and on a study of current and future policy towards work experience in the16-19 years age group. The other member states will be asked to join these exercises so as to buildup a clear profile at European level.The research work will focus on the 14-19 age group and will examine the aims, processes andoutcomes of work experience in the light of changes in the labour market and trends in workplacerequirements and organisation. The aim is to analyse and test innovative approaches (including useof information and communication technology) to both domestic and European work experience.The methodology will involve researchers, enterprises and leading edge educational institutionsworking together.There will be a particular concern with core and transferable skills and attitudes towards lifelonglearning. There will therefore be a focus on the development of quality criteria and evaluationprocedures for work experience which can be applied at a European level.

Intended outcomes:

The project will have practical, theoretical and policy outcomes and benefits.The products willinclude transferable models of good and innovative practice. and will be disseminated throughoutthe EU and the central and eastern European countries.A series of workshops for key-decision makers will also be organized.


200

The Role of HRD within Organisations in Creating Opportunities for Life-Long Learning:Concepts and Practices in seven European Countries



EC Scientific Officer: Lieve van denBrande

Partners:

De Vlerick School voor ManagementDepartment of Management BehaviourGent - BelgiumProf. Dr. Buyens

University of JyväskylaDepartment of EducationFaculty of EducationJyväskyla - FinlandDr. T.Vaherva

BLV Learning PartnersLa Brede - FranceDr. D. Belet

Technische Universität ChemnitzDepartment of Business AdministrationFaculty of EconomicsChemnitz - GermanyProf. Dr. P. Pawlowsky

Coordinator:

University of TwenteCentre for Applied Research on EducationP. O. Box 2177 500 AE Enschede - The Netherlands

Mrs Saskia TjepkemaTel: +31/53/4893597Fax: +31/53/4893791Email: [email protected]

The Nottingham Trent UniversityDepartment of Human ResourcesManagementNottingham - United KingdomMr. J. Stewart

Instituto per lo Sviluppo della FormazioneRoma - ItalyDr.M. Tomassini

SCIENTERCentro di Richerche e Servizi Avanzati per laFormazioneBologna - ItalyDr. A. Cavrini

European Consortium for the LearningOrganisationLa Hulpe - BelgiumDr. M. Kellehe


201

The Role of Human Resource Development within Organisations in Creating Opportunitiesfor Life-Long Learning : Concepts and Practices in Seven European Countries.

Objectives

The objectives of the proposed study are:- to clarify the specific European outlook on the role which HRD in learning orientedorganizations can fulfil in lifelong learning, and thus contribute to the discussion on a 'Europeanmodel of lifelong learning'.- to provide a basis for further research on the changing role of HRD in work organizations;- to provide practical guidelinesfor HRD practitioners throughout Europe on how to facilitateemployee learning and thus assist their organizations in securing their competitiveness in acontinuously changing environment.

Brief Description

The research is concerned with how HRD departments in learning oriented organizationsthroughout Europe envision their own role in stimulating and supporting employees to learncontinuously, as a part of everyday work (with the intent to contribute to organizational learning,and thus to enhance organizational competitiveness).

An attempt will be made to show differences in outlook between HRD concepts and practices inEuropean organizations and those which exists in the US and Japan.

The research will go into strategies adopted by European HRD departments as to realize theirenvisioned new role. Consequently the research will analyse the facilitative factors as well as thedifficulties (the inhibiting as well as conducive factors) they encounter during the implementationprocess.

In order to provide practical guidelines, the research aims to analyse how practitioners cope withthese (inhibiting and conducive) factors.

Intended outcomes

In order to enhance the impact of the outcomes of the research, it is intended to publish (additionalto the overall report and the case study report) a practitioner’s guide. Furthermore, the results canbe used in the ongoing discussion on the European ‘infrastructure’ for lifelong learning.


202

Capacity for Change and Adaptation of Schools in the case of Effective School Improvement(ESI)


EC Contribution: 940 000 ECUStarting Date: 1 February 1998Duration: 33 months


Partners:

University of LondonInstitute of EducationLondon - United KingdomDr. L. Stoll

University of AthensDepartment of EducationAthens - GreeceDr. Kontogiannopoulou

University of JyväskyläJyväskylä - FinlandDr. J. Välijärvi

Université de LiègeService de Pédagogie ExpérimentaleLiège - BelgiumDr. M. Crahay

Instituto de Inovação EducacionalDirecção de Serviços de Investigação eInovaçãoLisboa - PortugalDr.M. Lopes da Silva

Coordinator:

Rijksuniversiteit GroningenInstitute for Educational ResearchWesterhaven 159718 AW Groningen - The Netherlands

Dr. B. CreemersTel: +31/50/3636635Fax: +31/50/3636670Email:[email protected]

Centro Europeo dell’EducazioneDipartimento Studi e Richerche sullaProgrammazione e sui Costi dei SistemiFormativiFrascati - ItalyDr. R. Melchiori

Universiteit TwenteCentre for Applied Research on EducationEnschede - The NetherlandsProf. J. Scheerens

Centro de Investigación y DocumentaciónEducativoArea de Estudio e InvestigaciónMadrid - SpainMs. Munoz-Repiso


203

Capacity for Change and Adaptation of Schools in the Case of Effective School Improvement(ESI)

Objectives

The objectives are:- to analyse (the different theories of ) factors that impede and that foster effective schoolimprovement (ESI) in primary and secondary schools- to evaluate succesfull and unsuccesful ESI programmes in different national contexts in theEU- to integrate those factors in a comprehensive theoretical framework that provides atheoretical explanation of the factors that impede or foster ESI- to provide examples of good practice of ESI.

Brief Description

The first project concerns a theoretical analysis of ESI that combines the improvement and theeffectiveness paradigms as well as relevant other theories. The objectives of the theoretical analysisare to clarify the factors that determine resistance to change and that impede ESI and to clarify themeans to improve the schools' capacity for change and factors that foster ESI. The analysis aimsalso at the integration of relevant theories and paradigms into a comprehensive theoreticalframework of ESI.As a second project - to be conducted in parallel - the inventory and the evaluation of the impact ofESI-programmes in the EU-member states is planned, ESI being identified as spearpoint fordeveloping scientific and practical knowledge beyond the present state-of-the-art in educationalinnovation and educational effectiveness.

The theories and paradigms concerned are the school effectiveness and the school improvementparadigms, curriculum theory, theory of organizations, behavioral theories, public choice theoryand paradigms of organizational learning and human resource management.

Intended outcomes

The project aims to stimulate ESI on a broad scale as to support both schools and policy makers invarious EU-member states:- to develop effective interventions in their different national contexts- that go beyond the present state-of-the-art in educational innovation and educationaleffectiveness.


204

Education Governance and Social Integration and Exclusion in Europe




Partners:

University of HelsinkiDepartment of Teacher EducationFIN-00014 HelsinkiDr H. Simola

The Icelandic University College ofEducationDepartment of Educational SciencesIE-105 ReykjavikDr. S. Myrdal

Keele UniversityDepartment of EducationUK - Staffordshire ST5 5BOProf. J. T. Ozga

Johan Wofgang Goethe-UniversitätFachbereich ErziehungswissenschaftenD-60054 Frankfurt/MDr. E. Keiner

Universidad de GranadaGrupo de Investigacion “Politicas y ReformasEducativas”E-18071 GranadaDr. M. A. Pereyra Garcia Castro

Coordinator:

Uppsala UniversitetDepartment of EducationPO Box 2109SE-750-02 Uppsala

Prof. S. LindbladTel: +46-18 471 00 00Fax: + 46-18 471 16 51E.mail: [email protected]

Universidade de LisboaFaculdade de Psicologia e Ciências daEducaçãoP-1600 LisboaProf. A. Novoa

National and Kapodistrian University ofAthensDepartment of Elementary EducationGR - 10680 AthensDr A. M. Kazamias

Westhill College of Higher Education,UK - Birmingham B29 6LLDr M. Lawn

Targeted Socio-economic Research Programme205

Education Governance and Social Integration and Exclusion in Europe

The overall objective of this research project is to study education governance in relation to socialintegration and exclusion of youth in European contexts. Of special interest are students' transitionsbetween educational systems or from education to work or unemployment. The project will clarifydifferent positions within this field and inform current discourses on education governance inEurope. Empirical studies in different European countries will be used to compare aspects ofeducation governance in relation to social integration and exclusion of youth. Policy proposals willbe made.

The project works with a set of different research approaches and analyses. It starts with conceptualand empirical issues in order to establish a common framework for the studies. Second, it works itsway from national cases to comparative studies within a common conceptual framework based onanalyses of cases. Third, the work is based on steps where previous steps inform later steps - e.g. todefine important categories for analysis or theoretically interesting cases for comparison. Based onsuch considerations, joint studies in all participating countries will be carried out:

- Text analysis of documents and public discourses on governance of education. In these analysesthe focus is on the categories used for describing and understanding changes in governance plus theways teachers and students and reasons for social inclusion/exclusion are constructed.

- In-depth interviews with top education politicians and administrators concerning changes in thegovernance of education. The point is here to obtain their versions plus additional informationconcerning recent changes and to get answers on questions raised in the text analysis.

- In-depth interviews with head teachers and teachers concerning recent changes and implicationsof these changes for their work. The focus here will be on their actions to prevent or to counteractrecent changes. Interviews with teachers will deal with frame factors, student inclusion/exclusionand changes in classroom interaction.

- Re-analyses of indicators of social inclusion/exclusion with a focus on social categories such asgender, social class, and ethnicity. Here, it has to be pointed out that such categories are in need ofrevision in relation to regional circumstances (this is obvious when we deal with theoreticalconstructs such as "social classes", but also when we consider different ethnic groups in differentcontexts).

- Analyses of education governance and social integration and exclusion of youth (3 countries):Here the adolescents' voices will be listened to and the work is designed to test potentialhypotheses concerning eventual implications of education governance for the production of socialintegration and exclusion of youth. This survey study in three countries will inform us aboutfollowing aspects: What are the experiences of schooling among different categories of adolescentswith a focus on their roles, relations and activities in school? What are their conceptions ofthemselves as individuals and groups in terms of identity, self-evaluation, and efficacy inrealization of life projects? What are their social and cultural positions and what resources do theyhave to participate in social and political life? What options are open for them and what do theyconsider as gains or losses when following different alternatives.


Implementation of Virtual Environments in Training and Education(Thematic network)


EC Contribution: 255.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 October 1998Duration: 24 months

EC Scientific Officer: L. VanDen Brande

Coordinator:

Universitat de BarcelonaDept. de Didactica y Organizacion Educativa171 Passeig Val Hebron, 08035 Barcelona Spain

Dr. Juana M. Sancho GilTel.: +34-93-403.50.52Fax: +34-93-403.50.14E-mail: [email protected]


Instituto Universitario de Educacion aDistanciaFaculdad de Psicologia. UNEDMadrid – SpainDr. Domingo Gallego

Universität des SaarlandesInstitut für RechtsinformatikSaarbrücken – GermanyProf. Maximilian Herberger

Foundation for Research & TechnologyInstitute of Applied and ComputationalMathematicsHeraklion – GreeceDr. Kathy Kikkis

Innovation in Education & Training Ltd.Education and Training Dept.Thessaloniki – GreeceProf. Lyssimachos Mavridis

University of Wales, BangorSchool of Education,Bangor – Gwyedd – UKProf. Thomas Martin Owen

Professional & Academic Channel forEurope 2000Education and Training,Heverlee – BelgiumDr. Ir.G. Van der Perre

University of OuluFaculty of Education,Oulu-FinlandDr. Jyrki Pulkkinen

The Nottingham Trent UniversityDept. of Secondary and Tertiary Education,Nottingham – UKDr. Alan James Browne


Implementation of Virtual Environments in Training and Education(Thematic network)

Objectives. Taking advantage of the new information and communication systems, there areemerging many different experiences where traditional public institutions and trainingorganisations are moving towards new ways of open and distance education. Participants in what iscurrently called “virtual campuses” are now experiencing new ways of teaching and learning. Thisnew scenario arises tensions in the organisation and functioning of both public and privateinstitutions. On the other hand, the new ways of telematics-based learning crosses geographicalborders, challenging E&T systems all around Europe, and posing new questions to the Europeancultural diversity.

The central objective of this proposal is to investigate the issues involved in the implementation ofVirtual Learning Environments (VLE) in post-secondary public educational institutions, as well asin training institutions. The project will focus particularly on looking for a holistic view whentackling the main issues mentioned. Within this context, the key objectives of the project are :

- to map out the teaching and learning approaches in VLE, especially those arising fromcombining face-to-face and distance education methods in traditional institutions andcompanies.

- to critically assess the impact of European diversity into international VLE, in relation tocommon elements of curriculum, language issues, and institutional adaptation of the E&Tsystems to open and distance learning

- to contribute to innovation in public educational Institutions in relation to the restructuring of itsfunctioning, the co-operation with similar European institutions and with the private sector whenimplementing VLE.

Brief Description of the Project. The network will explore problems and will open perspectivesfor further research. This will contribute to understand the problems of the new VLE, and topromote innovation in educational and training institutions in a context of European integration andcollaboration between institutions. During two years, the Thematic Network IVETTE will work onthe above mentioned objectives by undertaking studies, developing workshops and validating adisseminating results via an international Conference that will take place both in virtual and regularformat.

Intended outcomes.- Three empirical studies on issues, problems and practices in the following areas: i) teaching/

learning approaches in virtual open learning environments: ii) Cross-cultural and academicdimensions in European diversity and iii) Institutional/organisational factors in fosteringinnovation on public institutions and training companies through the implementation of VLE.

- A report integrating each empirical study with the aim of contributing to the innovation policyof both public and private institutions in developing new ways of open and distance learningbased on VLE.

- A conference with policy makers, teachers, trainers and representatives of educational andtraining institutions.

- A report on Policy Implications addressed to the user groups and the wide academic community.

This project falls under the Sub-areas II.5 (E&T’s contribution to fostering innovation), II.3(Educational implications of the European integration process) and I.7 (Innovation in publicinstitutions and services).


COMPETE - Competence Evaluation and Training for Europe


EC Contribution: 650.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 Oct. 1998Duration: 24 months

EC Scientific Officer: L. Van Den Brande

Coordinator:

The Tavistock Institute30 Tabernacle St., London EC2A 4DD, UK

Dr. Joseph CullenTel.: +44-171-417.04.07Fax: +44-171-417.05.67E-mail: [email protected]


The Manchester Metropolitan UniversityDept. of Information & Communication, Manchester - UKDr. Barbara Jones

Instituto Guglielmo TagliacarneRoma – ItalyDr. R. Sarcina

Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry,Délégation à la Formation Continue,Paris – FranceDr. N. O’Shea

National School of Public HealthDept. of Sociology,Athens – GreeceProf. D. Agrafiotis

European Centre for Work and SocietyMaastricht – The NetherlandsDom. Danau


Competence Evaluation and Training in Europe

Objectives. COMPETE aims to contribute towards addressing problems associated with skills gapsthat are constraining the drive towards European competitiveness and social cohesion. It addressesparticularly Objective 1 of the White Paper on Education and training, and its vision of creating aEuropean Skills Accreditation System. The European Accreditation System aims to set uppermanent and accessible skill accreditation mechanisms that will allow individuals to validatetheir knowledge however it has been acquired, on the basis of standardised frameworks ofcompetencies. Such a system envisages the use of new technologies, like personal “smart cards”(portable skills cards) that will allow citizens to record their training, experience and resumes onportable, computer-readable media, in tandem with remote, electronic assessment and testingsystems that can allow individuals to obtain qualifications and credentials that in turn can berecorded on their personal skills card.

However, there are many obstacles to overcome before this vision can be achieved. There areconflicting views on what constitutes skills and competencies, and on the relationship betweenskills, the labour market and social exclusion; different approaches regarding how skills can berepresented and interpreted in different cultures, and organisations; and political and institutionaldifferences over standardisation issues. In turn, notions of “skills gaps”; how to identify them andhow to remedy them remains highly contested, reflecting debates about: whether skills are stableattributes, or whether they are contextualised and adaptive from job to job; whether they can bestandardised in relation to common core dimensions, and how far they need to be tied to localisedeconomic situations.

In seeking to contribute towards addressing these problems, the main objectives of the projectfocus on: identifying methods of auditing skills that can provide meaningful assessments of “skillsgaps” at the European level, as well as at the local level; facilitating an understanding of whatforms of training are appropriate in addressing skills gaps, particularly for excluded groups;promoting an understanding of the ways in which skills can be represented, so that they areintelligible to both workers and employers; exploring new institutional arrangements to promotecollaboration between relevant actors (government, companies, trade unions, etc.) on skillsdefinition and accreditation; assessing the potential of information and communicationtechnologies in promoting access to new training arrangements and competence accreditation.

COMPETE works towards these objectives through combining three main tasks: firstly, researchactions (including intensive case studies of innovative skills training in a range of industrialsectors; studies of the use of “smart cards” and on-line skills assessment systems; a comparativeassessment of European taxonomies); secondly, the development of Tools and Guidelines (a SkillsAudit Methodology; Content model for skills taxonomies; specification for automated skills card,and Good Practice Guidelines for on-the-job skills training), and finally action research, incollaboration with industrial partners, to validate and refine the tools and Guidelines.


Educational Expansion and Labour Market (EDEX)




Coordinator:

Université des Sciences Sociales LIRHE & CNRSPlace Anatole France, Bât. J, 31042 Toulouse,France

M. Catherine Béduwé & Prof. Jordi PlanasTel.: +33-5-61.63.38.76Fax: +33-5-61.63.38.60E-mail: [email protected]


Universitad Autonoma de BarcelonaInstitut de Ciènces de l’Educacio (ICE),Barcelona, SpainProf. Jordi Planas

London School of EconomicsCentre for Economic Performance,London, UKDr. Hilary Steedman

C.R.I.S. InternationalCenter for Research on Innovation and SocietyBerlin, GermanyDr. Christoph Büchtermann

Zentrum für Sozialforschung Halle (ZSH)Halle/Saale, GermanyProf. Burkard Lutz

Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’Dipartimento di Economia Publica,Roma, ItalyProf. Luigi Frey


Educational Expansion and Labour Market (EDEX)

Objectives. Tous les pays européens ont connu depuis 40 ans une élévation générale de leursniveaux d’éducation que l’augmentation simultanée des emplois qualifiés ne suffit pas à justifier-en termes quantitatifs du moins- d’autant qu’elle s’est accompagnée partout d’un accroissementimportant du chômage et particulièrement celui des jeunes et des diplômés.

Cette tendance séculaire à l’allongement des durées de formation, qui s’est brusquementaccélérée dans les années 80, repose sur un large consensus, chaque groupe d’acteurs(entreprises, état, jeunes) ayant intérêt à un tel allongement. Or, la propagation, sur un marchédurablement affecté par un fort chômage, de cohortes successives sans cesse mieux formées nepeut que modifier en profondeur les règles d’accès à l’emploi, le fonctionnement du marché dutravail et les conditions de mise en oeuvre du travail dans l’entreprise.

L’objectif du programme de recherches EDEX est d’examiner les conséquences del’augmentation massive du nombre de diplômés sur le fonctionnement des marchés du travaildans 5 pays européens : Allemagne, Espagne, France, Italie et Royaume Uni en disposant d’unpoint de comparaison avec les USA, pays où l’accès à l’éducation est, plus qu’en Europe, régulépar le coût des études.

Brief description of the project. Il suppose de décrire les trajectoires des « systèmes formation-emploi » nationaux, de comprendre le comportement des entreprises face à l’élévation desniveaux d’éducation et de construire des analyses prospectives à moyen terme. Ceci permettrad’identifier les points de rupture possibles de l’actuel consensus sur la formation. L’analysecomparative des réponses nationales face à des enjeux communs est centrale. Elle doit servir debase à une réflexion prospective nationale mais aussi européenne.

Le recherche se déroulera en cinq étapes : les trois premières, Analyse des structures éducatives,Modélisations dans la diffusion des flux de diplômés sur le marché du travail et Analyse ducomportement des employeurs serviront dans la quatrième à établir des scénarios prospectifs surl’évolution des systèmes emploi-formation. Enfin la cinquième sera consacrée à un vaste travailde synthèse et de restitution des travaux de recherche qui s’étendront sur deux ans et demi.

Intended outcomes. Chaque étape du projet donnera lieu à six rapports nationaux et un rapportde comparaison international. Chacun de ces rapports sera discuté lors des réunionsinternationales du réseau qui pourront également s’ouvrir à des partenaires extérieurs, expertsacadémiques, représentants des pouvoirs publics, nationaux ou communautaires, responsables deformation ou encore d’entreprise.Les résultats de cette recherche seront « mis au débat » entre chercheurs et personnalitéspolitiques chaque fois que possible, notamment lors d’un colloque international final dontl’organisation est prévue et dont les actes seront publiés. Le rapport de synthèse final seraégalement publié et des restitutions dans le champ académique devront être réalisées ; la naturepluridisciplinaire du projet permettra une production d’articles en économie, en sociologie et engestion.


Higher Education Admissions and Student Mobility in the EU




Coordinator:

London School of Economics & Political ScienceCentre for Educational ResearchHoughton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK

Dr. Anne WestTel.: + 44-171-955.72.69Fax: + 44-171-955.77.33E-mail: [email protected]


Institut Européen pour la Promotion des Innovations et de la Culture dans l’EducationSaint Jean d’Angely, FranceDr. Francine Vaniscitte

University of AthensDept. of Early Childhood & Pre-School EducationAthens, GreeceProf. Gitsa Kontogiannopoulou-Polydoridi

Lund UniversityDept. of EducationLund, SwedenProf. Lennart Svensson

Hochschul-Informations-System GmbHHannover, GermanyDr. Klaus Schnitzer

Bayerisches Staatsinstitut für Hochschulforschung und HochschulplanungMünchen, GermanyDr. Ewald Berning

Targeted Socio-economic Research Programme 213

Higher Education Admissions and Student Mobility in the EU

Objectives. To compare policies and statistical data at a European and national level that relateto higher education admissions and the mobility of students across the EU; to review previousresearch and to provide a conceptual framework to aid our understanding of the differingsystems in operation.

To compare the development and recent changes to higher education admissions policies andpractices at a national and university level. What are current policies and practices in relation toacademic recognition? To what extent do philosophies of democratisation and marketisationprevail and what changes are taking place? What impact do different systems have on studentmobility and on social cohesion?

To explore the characteristics of students who choose to study outside their own country (e.g. interms of their socio-economic and cultural/ethnic background) and to explore the reasons whythey choose to undertake study abroad together with perceived costs and benefits.

Are there specific needs for common curriculum elements in upper secondary general educationand in first degree courses that would facilitate student mobility?

What are the obstacles and barriers to transnational mobility? How can mobility of students beincreased and facilitated across the countries of the EU? What examples of good practice exist?And what forms of organisational, institutional and governmental change are needed?

Brief description of the Project. A detailed study will be conducted in a sample of EU MemberStates. Specific issues to be addressed will include: recognition of qualifications from differentEU countries, the need for common curriculum elements, financial assistance available to studyabroad and students’ reasons for choosing to study abroad. Five research tasks (‘work packages’)will be carried out to meet each of the five objectives of the project.

A report on each of the work packages will be produced. Each will consist of a full report and asummary report for wider dissemination on the project’s web-site. In addition, a review of theliterature will be produced, together with a final synthesis report. Papers for publication inacademic journals will also be prepared.


Enhancing the participation of young adults in economic and social processes:balancing instrumental, biographical and social competencies in post-school

education and training


EC Contribution: 600.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 October 1998Duration: 24 months

EC Scientific Officer: L. Van DenBrande

Coordinator:

Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenDept. of Social PedagogyVesaliusstraat 2, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Prof. Danny WildemeerschTel: +32-16-32.62.05Fax: [email protected]


University of NijmegenDept. of Adult and Continuing Education,Nijmegen – The NetherlandsDr. Theo Jansen

Humboldt Universität BerlinInstitut für Wirtsdchafts-und Erwachsenenpädag. Abteilung Erwachsenebildung/ WeiterbildungBerlin – GermanyProf. Wiltrud Gieseke

Instituto Superior de Serviço Social de LisboaNucleo de Estudos e ProjectosLisboa – PortugalMrs. Manuela Marinho

Nene College of Higher EducationSocial & Organisational Learning and Re-animationNorthampton – UKProf. Susan Weil

Roskilde UniversitetscenterDept. of Educational Research,Roskilde – DenmarkProf. Knud Illeris


Enhancing the participation of young adults in economic and social processes: balancinginstrumental, biographical and social competencies in post-school

education and training

Objectives. The overall objective is to generate a more comprehensive understanding of thepotentialities and limitations of current approaches to post school education and training forunemployed youth and young adults. In this line of thought, the main objectives of the researchare:

Ø To explore the different kinds of assumptions that give direction to the actions of educationalpolicy makers, educators and participants involved in schemes aimed at (re)orienting orintegrating young adults (in) to the labour market

Ø To identify ways in which particular educational practices, in the context of particular socio-political, economic and cultural contexts, impact (or not) upon how young people construe theirchoices and opportunities for social and economic inclusion and exclusion

Ø To extend current understanding of the experiences and perspectives of socially differentiatedgroups of unemployed youth/young adults with regard to education and training programmesthat seek to widen choices and opportunities for participation in social and economic processes

Ø To illuminate how the assumptions that give direction to the actions and choices of policymakers, programme investors and designers, and educators/trainers may be understood and actedupon from the perspective of young people

Ø To consider how, in the different regions involved, balances between skills-integration, socialintegration and biographical integration do or do not come about and to explain how these mayrelate to structural, economical, historical and cultural particularities and policies of the regions

Ø To generate and further develop innovative educational concepts and practices which willaddress the social and biographical dimensions of economic participation and exclusion.

Brief Description of the Project. The project will juxtapose and explore the espoused aims andassumptions about “education and training effectiveness” amongst those who are responsible foreducational programmes, and investment therein, with the different ways in which their choices,practices and messages are being understood and negotiated in the life-world of the learners. Theproject is situated within a framework of assumptions about research quality, ethics and rigourthat combines features of collaborative action inquiry and participatory research, with narrative,life history and case study research. It places an emphasis on research with, and not on people,and it builds on developments around the use of narratives and participatory action research inthe context of situated case studies, as a reaction to overly deterministic reproduction theories ofschooling.

Intended outcomes.

• Instruments for innovative research, involving various actors related to the issues of trainingfor employment and social exclusion, developing new perspectives on how education andtraining can avoid social exclusion

• Instruments which support policy makers, programme designers and participants to skillstraining programmes to reflect critically upon the way in which implicit assumptions reinforce


and/or inhibit patters of instrumental, biographical and social integration among youngunemployed adults

• Instruments which help policy makers, programme designers and participants to achieve intheir schemes a balance of skills integration, social integration and biographical integration

• Cases of good practices aimed at (re)orienting young unemployed adults to the labour market,with special attention for the particular context in which these cases have been developed,including insights that transcend the particularity of these cases

• Practitioner’s guide which brings together the model, the instruments and elements of thecases in view of stimulating the reflectivity of various actors involved.


New Assessment Tools for Cross-Curricular Competencies in the Domain of Problem Solving(Thematic network)


EC Contribution: 120.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 Oct. 1998Duration: 12 months


Coordinator:

Ministère de l’Education Nationale et de la FormationProfessionnelle (MENFP)Service de Coordination de la Recherche et de l'Innovation Pédagogiques et Technologiques --Luxembourg

Dr. Jean-Paul ReeffTel.: +352-478.51.86Fax: +352-478.51.98E-mail: [email protected]


Institut für Bildungsforschung (IBF)Bonn – GermanyJ. Ebach

Max-Plank-Institut für Bildungsforschung (MPIB)Berlin – GermanyDr. E. Klieme

Zentrum für Schülentwicklung (ZSE)Abteilung II: Evaluation und SchulforschungGraz – AustriaE. Svecnik

University of Groningen (RUG)Dept. of SociologyGroningen – The NetherlandsProf. J. Peschar

University of Heidelberg (UNI HD)Dept. of Experimental PsychologyHeidelberg – GermanyProf. J. Funke


New Assessment Tools for Cross-Curricular Competencies in the Domain of Problem Solving(Thematic network)

One of the biggest challenges to educational research and policy is providing relevant informationregarding the education system's outcome at different levels. Student outcome indicators are ofspecial interest as obviously this information is a primary criterion for different activities such asteaching, assessment, quality improvement programs, evaluation studies, and steering (as expressedby the French word "pilotage") the educational system. In the last few decades a major effort wasexerted at the international level (e.g. IEA, OECD, EU) to develop student outcome indicators forcomparative purposes. The most recent of these enterprises, the Third International Mathematicsand Science Study (TIMSS) conducted by IEA between 1994 and 1996, exemplifies the progressthat has been made.

In the next decade, a major source of information about education will be provided by a recentlylaunched OECD-study in 26 countries (comprising all EU-countries, except Portugal), PISA(Programme for International Student Assessment). PISA addresses student achievementindicators in the fields of Reading Literacy, Mathematics and Science, together with indicators withrespect to Cross-Curricular Competencies (CCC). In comparison with the classic contents of schoolsubjects, CCC gain specific attention in a rapidly changing information society. In the field of CCCspecial emphasis has been given to "Problem Solving" (PS) as a very central competence. The needfor CCC such as PS indicators is clearly also necessary for studies that extend beyond school age,such as the International Life Skills Study (ILSS) dealing with adult competencies.

It must be noted that European influence on the design of similar studies has been rather weak inthe past. Above all some typical EU problems of a multicultural, multilingual society have not beensufficiently addressed. All EU countries (and other European countries) participating in studiessuch as PISA or ILSS recognise that a common European effort in different parts of the studies ishighly desirable. Consistent with this view, a Thematic Network on CCC/PS is being created,directed to:

(1) connect policy needs with expertise and experience. This requires close cooperation betweenpolicy-makers and scientific experts.

(2) bring together scientific experts from different disciplines who are working within differentconceptual frameworks. By finding commonalties and enhancing synergy, new concepts andnew assessment tools may be developed.

(3) stimulate and integrate more participation on both the political and the scientific levels, with aspecial focus on South European countries. Ultimately this shall result in the outline of alarger project on CCC/PS.


Lifelong Learning: the implications for universities in the EU




Coordinator:

Pantio University –KEKMOKOPCentre for Social Morphology & SocialPolicy134 Singrou Ave., 17671 Athens, Greece

Prof. D. Tsaousis / Dr. N. KokossalakisTel.: +30-1- 92. 37. 925Fax: +30-1- 92. 38. 290E-mail: [email protected]


Université Paris-DauphineParis, FranceProf. Jean-Pierre Jallade

Martin-Luther UniversitätInstitut für Hohschulforschung Wittenberg e.v.Halle Wittenberg, GermanyDr. Barbara Kehm

Instituto Valenciano de Investigationes Economicas (IVIE.S.A.)Valencia, SpainProf. Jose-Gines Mora

Norwegian Institute for Studies in Research & Higher Education (NIFU)Oslo, NorwayDr. Ellen Brandt

Brunel UniversityCentre for the Evaluation of Public Policy and PracticeUxbridge, UKProf. Maurice Kogan

Göteborg UniversityDept. of Education,Göteberg, SwedenProf. Berit Askling


Lifelong Learning: the implications for the universities in the EU

The general aim of this project is to investigate how the universities in the EU respond to theconcept of lifelong learning (LLL) and to analyse the structural and functional implications whichthe application of the concept is bound to have for the universities in the “information society”.The study also aims to investigate and discuss policies and goals of the universities relevant toLLL and raise more general questions of reformulation of educational goals and strategies at aEuropean level.

The project involves seven national studies from the north the centre and the south of Europewith a sample of 28 universities (four from each country).

The project commences with a review of literature of LLL as it relates to universities and ananalysis of the state of the art of relevant research in the countries included.

Further, the project will identify, analyse and discuss the actual forms of involvement in LLL ofthe universities concerned. In addition the research will explore actual and potential policies andstrategies of universities referring to LLL and will compare them with corresponding policies andstrategies of international organisations namely the EU, OECD, UNESCO and the Council ofEurope.

A major package of the research concerns the analysis of the impact and the implications whichLLL is having, or is anticipated to have, on traditional power structures as well as on traditionalforms of knowledge within the universities. In this context the operation of LLL within theuniversities entails substantive organisational transformations. It also entails various partnershipsof the universities with various social agents and an extensive involvement of the universities inmarket relations. The project will explore and discuss these issues in the context of empiricaldata drawn from the universities included in the national case studies.

The intended outcome is to produce seven national reports, three special reports concerning themajor areas of the research outlined above and a major general report synthesising the results ofthe whole project within a European context.


Public Funding and Private Returns to Education (PURE)


EC contribution: 1.420.000 ECUStarting date: 1 Nov. 1998Duration: 24 months


Coordinator:

The Research Institute of the Finnish EconomyLoennrotinkatu 4 B, 00120 Helsinki, Finland

Dr. Rita AsplundTel.: +358-9-60.99.00Fax: +358-9-60.17.53E-mail: [email protected]


Johannes-Kepler Universität LinzInstitut für VolkswirtschaftslehreLinz – AustriaProf. Rudolf Winter-Ebmer

University of AahrusCentre for Labour Market and Soc. ResearchAahrus – DenmarkProf. Niels Westergaard-Nielsen

University Panthéon-Assas (Paris 2)Paris - FranceDr. Ali Skalli

Zentrum für EuropäischeWirtschaftsforschung GmbHMannheim - GermanyDr. Viktor Steiner

Centre for Economic Research and NationalEnvironmental StrategyAthens – GreeceDr. Panagioutis Tsakloglou

University College DublinDepartment of EconomicsDublin – IrelandDr. Colm Harmon

Fondazione Eni Enrico MatteiMilano – ItalyProf Giorgio Brunello

Universiteit von AmsterdamFaculteit der Economische Wetenshappen enEconometrieAmsterdam – The NetherlandsDr. Johan (Joop) Odink

Institute for Social ResearchOslo – NorwayDr. Erling Barth

Universidade Nova de LisboaFaculdade de EconomiaLisboa – PortugalProf. Pedro Telhado Pereira

Institute of Economic ResearchStockholm – SwedenDr. Mahmood Arai

Universitat Autonoma de BarcelonaDept. d’Economia I Historia EconomicaBarcelona – SpainDr. Jose-Luis Raymond

Institute for Empirical Economic ResearchZürich – SwitzerlandProf. Josef Zweimüller

Keele UniversityDept. of EconomicsKeele – United KingdomProf. Ian Walker


Public Funding and Private Returns to Education (PURE): a cross-country policy-orientedperspective on the private benefits of education

Objectives. While national systems of education are fairly similar across Europe, there are manycrucial differences in details. Furthermore, in all European countries the direct outlays oneducation are mostly financed by the government, although here also, there exist differences notleast in the mix of tuition charges, grants and loans given, and fiscal compensation allowed toparents. Moreover, in many countries the share of costs borne by students and/or their parentshas shifted over the last decades. Simultaneously there is a political debate on the most desirablesystem of financing, a debate that bounces between the negative impulse of government deficitsand budget cuts and the positive impulse of the increased knowledge-intensity of production andthe role of knowledge in maintaining the European competitive edge.

The overarching objective of this project is to study the impact of different systems of publicfinancial support for school attendance on observed outcomes in the labour market, particularlyin terms of the levels and dispersion of private returns to education and education-relatedinequality in earnings. The project here moves into a territory not yet studied from theperspective of optimal investment in human capital, the role of student finance systems, schooladmission rules (free or selective entry) and school differentiation.

Brief description of the project. The project divides into four closely related issues that will beaddressed in detail:

1. Analysis and comparison of wage and human capital structures and private returns toeducation between countries and within countries over time in order to uncover distinct trends aswell as similarities and dissimilarities across countries.

2. Analysis of the impact on country-specific trends in educational returns of changes over timein underlying market forces (supply-side and demand-side factors), and of carefullydifferentiated measures of returns by type and level of education in order to highlight andcompare national systems of education.

3. Analysis of the structure and evolution of the national systems of education, admission rulesand systems of financial support for school attendance to be used as an input in (4).

4. Analysis of the effects of differing systems of public support for cost of education toindividuals and admission rules on the private returns to education and on earnings inequalityrelated to differences in educational attainment.

Intended outcomes. The results of the project will be of value to policy-makers at both thenational and the EU level. It will contribute to understanding the educational implications of theEuropean integration process and to promote the relationship between education and training, thelabour market and economic growth, which are set out as two of the problem areas where newknowledge is needed, and thus to reaching the short-term, medium-term and long-term objectiveslisted for Area II of the TSER programme. Results from the project will be disseminated viaintermediate and final reports, user-oriented seminars and a World Wide Web site.


Immigration as a Challenge for Settlement Policies and EducationEvaluation Studies for Cross-Cultural Teacher Training (E.C.T.)




Coordinator:

University of JoensuuAcademy of Finland, Dept. of Social PolicyP.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland

Dr. Pirkko PitkanenTel.: +358-13-25.13.343Fax: +358-13-25.14.560E-mail: [email protected]


Université de Paris VIIIInstitut Maghreb / EuropeParis Saint-Denis, FranceProf. Aïssa Kadri

Universität Koblenz-LandauZentrum für empirische pädagogische Forschung (ZEPF)Landau, GermanyProf. Rein. Jäger

Pedagogical Institute of AthensPhilothei, GreeceProf. Nikos Gousgounis

University of HaïfaFaculty of Education,Haïfa, IsraelProf. Devorah Kalekin-Fishman

University of ManchesterFaculty of Education,Manchester, UKProf. Gajendra K. Verma

University of JyväskyläDept. of Education,Jyväskylä, FinlandDr. Kaija Matinheikki-Kokko

University of OuluDept. of Education,Oulu – FinlandProf. Rauni Rasanen


Immigration as a Challenge for Settlement Policies and EducationEvaluation Studies for Cross-Cultural Teacher Training (E.C.T.)

Objectives. The emphasis of the project is placed on the evaluation of higher educationinstitutions which currently train teachers of immigrant and/or settled ethnic minority grouppupils in Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, and the United Kingdom. The basic aim is topromote cohesion among teacher training institutions throughout Europe; to contribute to thepreparation of immigrants and refugees for life in an increasingly economically competitiveEurope; and to increase the inner cohesion of Europe by ensuring that immigrants meetpermanent inhabitants so that they will not be regarded as “alien”.

Brief description of the Project. The teacher training institutions will be evaluated domain-specifically: in relation to the results of respective national settlement policy analyses. Toexamine the settlement policies and the outcomes of higher education institutions, each partnerwill study one institution that is representative of cross-cultural teacher training in the partner’sown country and conduct a total of four methodologically identical empirical studies. The studieswill make use of both quantitative and qualitative methods.

The central research question is weather the cross-cultural teacher training is successful in itsattempts to provide students with the cognitive, attitudinal and operative competence that theyneed in order to be able to support the cultural and socio-economic integration of immigrantsand/or settled ethnic minority groups.

Intended Outcomes. The results of the project are expected to develop teacher training so that itwill be more responsive to external, social and economic challenges, especially to those causedby international immigration. The project will provide policy-makers and educators with morecomprehensive and valid understanding than is currently available of factors that determine theeffectiveness of cross-cultural teacher training.The project will also promote international communication and develop multimedia educationalmaterial for the needs of cross-cultural teaching. The sub-project, “Our Europe”, will be realisedvia telematic networks, and will carry with implications for the enhancement of both cross-national contacts and multicultural awareness.


Small Business Training and CompetitivenessBuilding Case Studies in Different European Cultural Contexts



EC Scientific Officer: Lieve Van DenBrande

Coordinator:

Fundación ESADE, titular de: Escuela Superiorde Administración y Dirección60-62 Avenida De Pedralbes, 08034 Barcelona,Spain

Mr. Alfons SauquetTel.: +34-93-280. 61.62Fax: +34-93-204. 81.05E-mail: [email protected]


Università Commerciale Luigi BocconiScuaolo di Direzione AziendaleMilano, ItalyProf. Gianluca Colombo

Norwegian School of Economics and Business AdministrationDept of Strategy and ManagementBergen – Sandviken, NorwayProf. Kiell Grønhaug

Wirtschaftuniversität WienAbteilung für ABWL und Unternehmenesteuerung,Vienna, AustriaDr. Karl Sandmer


Small Business Training and CompetitivenessBuilding Case Studies in Different European Cultural Contexts

Objectives. The objective of this research is to identify learning processes that lead to increasedcompetitiveness of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), and to describe how theselearning processes are shaped in different European cultural contexts.

The analysis of training and learning processes in the European context may add an interestingperspective since it allows us to study how different European social and cultural contexts mayaffect and determine different learning process. The purpose is also to analyse how thedifferences, rather than being perceived as a difficulty, could be developed into an opportunityfor discovering different and perhaps complementary learning approaches.

Brief description of the Project. The analysis will be done by selecting and monitoring projectsthat companies undertake such as project development, technology innovation, environmentadaptation, which aim at maintaining or developing sustainable competitiveness.

SMEs are the focal point of this research since learning processes should be relatively easy toidentify and observe. In small companies learning experiences sometimes take place without thebenefit of any formal training programme. Conversely those who have undergone training mighthave a relatively high chance of applying what they have learned.

The approach adopted will first build a conceptual framework of the different factors involved(such as organisational learning, competitive advantage and SME business management) in thecountries participating in the project. Any differences in interpretation of concepts due to culturaldiversity of differing management traditions will be taken into consideration.

After the conceptual phase has been completed the participants will conduct in depth empiricalfieldwork within their communities using structured interviews and case studies. The results willbe analysed for each country with the purpose of identifying learning processes, theirrelationship to cultural aspects and the contribution of such processes to building competitiveadvantage of SMEs especially through networking.

A comparative analysis of the learning processes in different countries building on case studieswill be undertaken to identify best practice at both the national and European level.

Intended Outcomes. The outcome of the analyses is aimed not only at SMEs themselves indemonstrating how they can build competitive advantage through networking but also it isaddressed to policymakers active in this area.


Further training funds as an impulse for new models of lifelong learning: Integrated fundingconcepts

(Thematic network)


EC Contribution: 240.000 ECUStarting Date: 1 March 1999Duration: 16 months

EC Scientific Officer:Lieve Van DenBrande


Norwegian Graphical Education FundOslo – NorwayDr. Knut Flottorp

OESBUnternhemensberatuung GmbH,Vienna – AustriaDr. Lizzi Feiler

Centrum voor Innovatie van OpleidingenDen Bosch – The NetherlandsDr. L. Spaninks

UNINOVAInstituto de Desenvolvimento de NovasTecnologiasPortugalDr. L.M. Caraminha-Matos

London TEC Council LimitedTrading & Enterprise,London – UKDr. Patrick McVeigh

Coordinator:

Sozialpädagogisches Institut Berlin (SPI)DA Jobrotation c/o SPI ServiceGesellschaftBopstrasse 10, D - 10967 Berlin

Prof. Rolf-Joachim HEGERTel.: 49-30-69.00.85.51Fax: 49-30-69.00.85.72E-mail: [email protected]

CARMACentre for Labour Market Research, ÅlborgOest– DenmarkDr. J. Houman Sorensen

Vitamine WX vzwResearch & Employment Department,Antwerpen – BelgiumDr. Liliane Delanote

University of NijmegenInstitute for Applied Social Sciences,Nijmegen– The NetherlandsDr. J. Warmerdam

Fachochschule für Technik und WirtschaftBerlin (FHTW Berlin)Berlin – GermanyDr. D. Wijgaerts


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Integrated Funding Concepts (IFC)(Thematic network)

Objectives. The IFC aims towards integrating existing patterns of funding with forms of life longlearning in order to develop new concepts. These must be custom-made to suit the individual needsof the companies in the selected sectors and must also be orientated towards the concept of ongoingtraining both for permanent staff and for the unemployed.

Brief description of the project. Certain European countries have been utilising sector specificfunding for many years to update skills. These funds are furnished by the social partners and cantherefore be widely implemented. Up until now however only a limited number of unemployedskilled workers have been able to avail of the training opportunities.

Work sectors and organizations without funding also realise the importance of continual training foremployees in order to keep in step with the ongoing technological and social changes in workinglife. They too must offer their staff opportunities for further training in order to remain, or indeedbecome, competitive.

Due to the present rate of unemployment in Europe neither the funding trustees nor the agenciesorganising further qualification projects can afford to target their measures solely towards thepermanent staff o their affiliated companies. On the contrary, they must also involve theunemployed and through the concept of substitutions develop new ideas and models combiningemployment, training and ongoing qualification.

Intended outcomes. The presentation of new concepts and drawing up guidelines for furtherstrategies –not only for the organizations directly involved, but also for regional and nationalnetworks, organizations and decision makers who must combine employment and educationalpolicies to conform with “integrated funding concepts”.


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Social exclusion and social integration


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The Evaluation of Social Policies Against Social Exclusion at the Local urban Level


EC contribution: 600.000 ECUStarting date: 1 January 96Duration: 24 months

EC scientific Officer: Fadila Boughanemi

Coordinator:

Dipartimento di Scienze SocialiUniversita di TorinoVia S. Ottavio 50I-10124 Torino Italy

Prof. Chiara SaracenoTel. + 39 11 812 54 39Fax +39 11 812 54 02e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Universitat de BarcelonaDepartamento de Sociologia yMetodologia de las Ciencias SocialesFundacio Bosch I GimperalBarcelona, SpainDr. Marisol Garcia

Universität BremenZentrum für SozialpolitikBremen, GermanyDr. Wolfgang Voges

Fondazione Felicita ed EnricoBignaschi e FigliMilano, ItalyProf. Enzo Mingione

Centro de Investigaçào Sobre EconomiaPortuguesaLisbora, PortugalProf. José Antonio Correia Pereirinha

Université Rennes 2Laboratoire de recherches en Sciences SocialesRennes, FranceMr. Marco Oberti

Göteborg UniversityDepartment of Social WorkDr. Bjorn Gustafsson


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The Evaluation of Social Policies Against Social Exclusion at the Local Urban Level

This research project aims at developing an evaluation methodology of the impact on the processesand causes of social exlusion of measures of integrated income support at the local urban level.

The goal of the project is threefold:

1. To develop a comparative model for collecting data and build indicators in the area of socialpolicies

2. To develop a comparative methodology of evaluation which might be useful not only forresearchers but for policy makers, at least a t the local level

3. To train a transnational group of social policies evaluators.

Integrated income support measures are meant to comprise:1. Nationally or locally regulated systematic measures of income support, i.e. “Revenu Mininim

d’Insertion” in France, “Sozialhilfe” in Germany, “Minimo Vitale” in Italy, “Programas deacçâo social e communitarian” in Portugal, “Ingreso Minimo de Insercion” in Spain,“Socialbidrag” in Sweden

2. Measures which either comulsorily or de facto integrate income support in order to help thosereceiving it to develop their own capabilities: training and job insertion programmes, counselingservices and activities which help the individual or the family to recuperate relational andbehavioral skills and capabilities.

The main result of the project, an evaluation model of social policies against social exclusion at thelocal urban level, will be designed to be used not only by social analysts but also by policy makersand local administrators to monitor their own decisions and policies.The carrying out of the project will give rise:1. To the re-organization and exemplary utilization of existing data sets2. To the development of a methodology for constructing data bases in social policies3. To the construction of comparative indicators of efficacity and efficiency of policies4. To the comparative evaluation of the performance of integrated income support measures in six

countries (FR, D, I, PT, ES, SE) and between 12-17 cities.5. A follow-up meeting will be organized in November-December 1996 on the basis of

consolidated national reports including an evaluation of the polilcy performances and of theneeded changes in the data bases.

6. A concluding meeting will be organized in September 1997 where an overall evaluation of theproject will be made, on the basis of consolidated national reports and cross nationalcomparative reports on specific policies/situations. They will include an evaluation of thepolicies under study and a report on feed back by local actors.


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Emergency and Transitory Housing for Homeless People: Needs and best practice –Eurohome


EC contribution: 300.000 ECUStarting date: 1 janvier 1996Duration: 2 months


Coordinator:

European Federation of NationalOrganizations Working With theHomelersRue Defacqz 1B-1050 Brussels

Dr. Dragana AvramovTel. + 32 2 539 41 74Fax :+32 2 230 91.92e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

The Interdisciplinary Centre forComparative Research in the SocialSciencesVienna, AustriaDr. Ronal Pohoryles

The Danish National Institute of SocialResearchCopenhagen, DanemarkMs. Inger KocNielsen

Dipartimento di Scienze del Territoriopolitecnico di MilanoMilano, ItalyDr. Antonio TOSI

Stakes:Unit for Independent Living incooperation with Social Research UnitNational Research and DevelopmentCentre for Welfare and HealthFinlandMs. Anja Leppo

Scientific Research Institute “Kivotos”Athens, GreeceDr. Aristides Sapounakis


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Emergency and Transitory Housing for Homeless People: Needs and best practice –Eurohome

The research project aims at:

1. Assessing the contribution and evaluating to what extent the existing public and voluntaryservices for homeless people meet diversidied type of needs. The objective of assessing needsfor urgent, transitory and permanent accomodation for homeless and potentially homelesspeople will be attained by means of research reports solicitated from leading researchers.An analysis of the institutional set up and types of services available to homeless people isnecessary in order to identify types of unmet needs, on the one hand, and to identify models ofbest practice on the other.Special focus will be on the analysis of the efficacy of the voluntary and of the public sector inproviding specific types of assistance to homeless people.Advantages of integrated versuscomplementary programmes will be assessed for different categories of homeless people on thebasis of types of housing assistance needed in terms of urgent accomodation , superviseddwellings or permanent accomodation.

2. Identifying models of best practice and evaluating criteria for evaluating models of best practiceto assist and reintegrate homeless people which could be implemented throughout the EuropeanUnion.Selected innovative and exemplary projects for the reintegration of homelessand of badlyhoused people into adequate housing will be described and analyzed. The analysis will build oninformation about the social contexts in which projects are developed,aims, set-up, informationabout the staff, sources of funding, target groups, expected outcome of the project andevaluation of the efficacy.

3. Distributing information about feasible projects to assist homeless people throughout theEuropean Union. The project will be implemented through four research topics focused on keyproblem areas of concern for researchers, public authorities and other social actors, in particularservice providers and NGO’s.

Four seminar to address the indentified topics will be held :1. May 1996, Research topic 1 : Surveys on homelessness – “Data Available on Homelessness,

Data needed for the Analysis and Recommendations to Official Statistical Offices”.2. November 1996, Research topic 2 : Services available to homeless people – “Urgent and

Transitory Accomodation Needs and Provisions”.3. March 1997, Research topic 3: Groups facing the risks of homelessness – “Vulnerable Groups

and Social Safety Nets against Homelessness”4. September 1997, Research topic 4: Models of best practice – Integrated Approach vs

Complementary Services.

Each research topic will give rise to one executive report, four research papers focused on the temeof the research topic, conclusions of the research topic and following activities. A monographentitled: “Coping with Homelessness: problems to be tackled and best practices” will be publishedin December 1997.


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Employment precarity, Unemployment and Social Exclusion (Domaine III.1)




Coordinator:

Nuffield CollegeGB-Oxford OX14 INF

Dr. Gallie DuncanTel. + 44.1865 278 676Fax +44 1865 278 520e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Fondation Nationale des SciencesPolitiquesCentre de Recherche en Economie etStatistiqueMalakoff, FranceDr. Serge Paugam

SocialforskningsintituttetResearch Unit for Welfare and EconomicStudiesCopenhagen, DanemarkMr. Niels Ploug

Johann Wolfgang Goethe UniversitaetFachbereich WirschaftswissenschaftenFrankfurt, GermanyProf. Dr. Richard Hauser

Faculty of Social Sciences of the CathociUniversity of NijmegenDepartment of SociologyNijmegen, The NetherlandsProf. W. Ultee

Economic & Social Research InstituteDublin, IrelandDr. Christopher Whelan

Universita degli studi di TrentoDep. Di Sociologia e Ricerca SocialeTento, ItalyProf. Antonio Schizzorotto

Stockholm UniversitySwedish Institute for Social ResearchStockholm, SwedenDr. Sten-Aake Stenberg


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Employment precarity, Unemployment and Social Exclusion (Domaine III.1))

The three-year research project will examine the processes that link employment precarity,unemployment and social exclusion. The research will be comparative, involving 8 countries :Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, The Netherlands, Ireland, Italy and Sweden :

It will involve three components :1. The measurement of the cumulative disadvantages associated with employment vulnerability

and the analysis of the way this has changed from the mid 1980s to the beginning of the 1990s.2. An analysis, in part based upon longitudinal data, of the causal relationship between household

and social relations and economic integration3. An analysis of the relationship between the form of welfare state provision and the extent of

cumulative disadvantage/opportunities for re-integration, in order to provide theoreticalinterpretation of the results of the statistical analysis.

The countries selected provide major contrasts with respect to labour market institutions andwelfare provisions. The implications of theses institutional differences will be examined throughcomparative analysesThe comparative analyses will be based on two types of data set:1. National cross-sectional and longitudinal data sets which will be aligned for this purpose.2. European Community household Panel which will provide direct comparability.

The project will lead to the provision of standardised variables across a range of national data sets,new statistical tabulations and a set of interpretative papers.Each of the eight teams will deliver two working papers which will give rise to a synthetical report.A meeting will be organiszed in year 1997 in order to allow for a subsewquent presentation anddiscussion of findings with representatives of NGO’s and relevant European institutions (CE, EP,ESC…)


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European Low-Wage Employment Research Network(Thematic network)




Coordinator:

Faculteit Economische WetenschappenRijksuniveriteit Groningen – RUGLandleven 5 Postbus 800NL-9700 AV Groningen

Dr. Wiemer SalverdaTel. + 31 50 36 33 666Fax +31 50 36 33 720e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Institut d’Economie Régionale du Sud-OuestPessac, FranceDr. Stephen Bazen

Association du Centre d’EconomieRégionaleCentre d’Economie RégionaleAix en Provence, FranceProf. Gilbert BehayounDr. Nicolas Skourias

Università Cattolica des Sacro CuoreIstituto di Economia Dell’Impresa e DelLavoro, Milano,Dr. Claudio Lucifora

University College LondonDepartment of EconomicsLondon, United KingdomDr. Stephin Machin

Limburg Institute for Business andEconomic ResearchResearch Centre for Education and the LabourMarketMarket, The NetherlandsDr. Andries De Grip and Dr. Lex Borghans

The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars ofthe University of OxfordInstitute of Economics and StatisticsOxford, United KingdomDr. Mary Gregory

London School of EconomicsCentre for Economic PerformanceLondon, Great BritainDr. Jonathan Wadsworth

University of AberdeenDepartment of Economics, Old AberdeenAberdeen, United Kingdom,Prof. Peter J. Sloane and Dr. IoannisTheodossiou


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European Low-Wage Employment Research Network(Thematic network)

This thematic network aims at:1. Doing conceptual and methodological work to construct and integrate existing data on low-

wage employment2. Determining the feasibility of common indicators of low-wage employment and social

exclusion.3. Establishing the need for a special European database on low-wage and social exclusion4. Contributing to innovating the analysis of low-wage employment problems as a two-sided

phenomenon, it being a mechanism of social exclusion and a labour market process at the sametime.

5. Establishing a “Contact on Low-wage Employment” operating a “light” data-base on low-wageemployment research containing information on on-going research on the subject as well as theactivities of the Network.

6. Giving an overview of policy responses to the problems of low-wage employment payingparticular attention to the possible advantages of concerted actions.

The network will involve organisations that do practical work in the field (users) with the aim ofdeveloping a close cooperation in matters of policy analysis, seeking maximum reinforcement ofthe Network’s contributions on policies to prevent and combat social exclusion.Drawing in more researchers active in the field in order to stimulate scientific debate on data,analysis and policy with regard to low-wage employment and social exclusion, particularly inMember countries not yet covered. The following persons already agreed to act as an observer ofthe Network : Ana Cardoso (Universidade do Minho, P), Antje Mertens (Humboldt University,Berlin), Brian Nolan (Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin), Ronald Schettkat(Wissenschaftszentrum, Berlin), Véronique Sandoval (DARES, Paris).

A new study of available data on low-wage employment will be undertaken by way of state-of-the-art reporting. It will be focussed on :1. The social and demographic concentration of low-wage among the low-skilled, age/sex-groups

and private households, and its significance in terms of social exclusion.2. The economic concentration and significance of low-wage employment, in sectors of the

economy and in types of jobs (e.g. atypical employment).3. National and European developments in low-wage employment.

Close cooperation between researchers in different countries and the possible replication of researchfrom one country in another will be used as means to innovate the analysis of low-wageemployment. The activities will be structured in a programming of three periods subsequentlycentring on data, analysis and policy with a sequence of a seminar and a conference on each subject.

Three seminars will be organised:1. 5-6 July 96 – Seminar on Data, Oxford2. December 96 – Seminar on Analysis3. December 97 – Seminar on Policy4. The outcomes will be presented at the corresponding conferences, where also invited speakers

will be present to comment upon the results and/or present their own views


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Migrant insertion in the informal economy deviant behaviour and the impact onreceiving societies


EC contribution: 720.000 ECUStarting date: 1 february 1996Duration: 30 months


Coordinator:

Istituto di Scienze Economiche (ISE)Universita di ParmaVia Kennedy, 8I–43100 Parma

Prof. Emilio ReyneriTel. +39.521.902.433Fax +39.521.902.402e-mail:

Partners:

Universita di GenovaDipartimento di Scienza dei ProcessiCongitivi, del Comportamento eComunicazioneGenova, ItalyProf. Alessandro dal Lago

Universitat Autonoma de BarcelonaDepartament de SociologiaFacultat de C. Politiques i SociologiaBarcelona, SpainProf. Carlota Sole

Re-Integration Centre for ReturningMigrants (K.S.P.M.)Studies and Research Department of theK.S.P.M.Athens, GreeceDr. Antonios Papantoniou

Centro de Estudos SocialsCoimbra, PortugalProf. Dr. Maria Ioannis Baganha

Technische Universität BerlinInstitut für Soziologie ForschungstelleBerlin, GermanyProf. Dr. Rainer Mackensen

Maison des Sciences de l’HommeCentre de Sociologie de l’Education et de laCultureParis, FranceDr. Abdelmalek Sayad


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Migrant insertion in the informal economy deviant behaviour and the impact onreceiving societies

The role of migrant workers in the growth of the informal economy, the spreading of deviantbehaviour among migrants and the shifting of many migrants into the illegal economy, the negativeattitudes of receiving societies towards migrants are generally studied one at a time and country bycountry.The research project aims at getting over the usual division among the different approaches and tocriticise the common opinion that neglects how immigration has an important “mirror effect” for theproblems of the receiving societies.

It will deal with the following issues.1. The integration of migrants in the informal labour market: what competition with domestic

workers?− Studies either on local labour markets or informal jobs will show if migrants compete with

domestic workers or replace them in the lowest strata of non standard labour demand. Manyvariables can have an impact on this process both at micro and macro level. As regardsmigrants, the research will focus on their migratory projects, that can be very differentaccording to country of origin, gender, education, age and receiving society as well. A morecomprehensive typology of the contemporary migratory projects will be defined over theplain opposition between temporary stay and settlement.

− The socio-economic features of the receiving countries and the access policies will be takeninto account as control variables at macro level. Their changes over time and differences bycountry will be analysed in order to have a significant frame of reference.

− The project will inquire if many migrants really cross the borders between the informallabour market and the illegal economy and which conditions eventually promote thisphenomenon.

2. Deviant behaviour among migrants: from micro-criminality to the illegal economy.− An in-depth and critical analysis of statistical data on migrant criminality will be made.− Relation between migrants and domestic people in the illegal economy will be investigated:

competition, substitution or subordination?− It will be shown what connection exists between clandestine immigration and integration in

the illegal economy.3. Social attitudes towards migrants and the urban securitarian movements: the project will aim at

verifying the hypothesis that the general attitudes of domestic people towards migrants aredifferent from the specific reactions to migrants who have deviant behaviour or are involved inthe informal and even more illegal economy. Three typical cases of interactions betweenmigrants and domestic people will be studied.− The reactions to migrant workers performing high “visible” activities in the cities, both

informal and illegal.− The reactions that are related to direct competition between migrants and domestic people in

the illegal economy.− The conflicts related to the huge insertion of migrant workers in some sectors of the

informal labour economy.The channels though which the information about the criminality of foreigners reaches the localpopulation and the part played by these channels in the formation of attitudes will beinvestigated.


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4. New versus old receiving countries.In the new receiving countries of Southern Europe the new trends in migratory phenomenon canbe seen in an almost pure state; Germany and France as old countries will be taken into accountas reference for the comparative analysis.

To support the comparative analysis, a synthetic picture will be drafted about the economic andsocial structure of both each receiving country and local society where field researches shall becarried out. A special emphasis will be laid on the spreading of the informal/illegal economy and ofthe criminality.In order to evaluate and validate the results of the project a monitoring group of potential users willbe set up. This group will be made up of representatives from the studied cities and from NGO inthe migration field both at national and European level.At least four meetings will be organised to manage the project, including two meetings in Brussels:March 96, September 96 (in Brussels), November 96, September 97 and April 98 (final meeting inBrussels).


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Gender and Citizenship: Social Integration and Social Exclusion in European Welfare States(Thematic network)


EC contribution: 200.000 ECUStarting date: 1st June1996Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

Department of Development andPlanningAalborg UniversityFibigorstrade 11DK-Aalborg

Ms Birte SiimTel. +45.98.158.522Fax +45.98.153.298e-mail:

Partners:

London School of Economics and PoliticalScienceDepartment of Social Policy andAdministrationLondon, United KingdomProf. Jane Lewis

Georg-August-UniversityInstitut für Sozialpolitik,Fak.Sozial WissenschaffenGöttingen, GermanyDr. Ilona Ostner

University of UtrechtDepartment of General Social SciencesUtrecht, The NetherlandsDr. Trudie Knijn

Universita degli studi di TorinoDipartimento di Scienze SocialiTorino, ItalyProf. Chiara Saraceno

Stockholms UniversitetAdvanced Research School in ComparativeGender Studies,Stockholms, SwedenMs. Barbara Hobson

Der Georg August UniversitätInstitut für Sozial PolitikGöttinger, GermanyMs. Mary Daly

Université Paris 7Centre de Sociologie des Pratiques et desReprésentations Politiques,Paris, FranceDr. Jacqueline Heinen

University of TampereTampere School of Public HealthTampere, FinlandMs. Liisa Rantalatho

Institute for Social ResearchNorwayDr. Arnlaug Leira

Université Libre de BruxellesCentre d’Etudes Latino-Américaines del’Institut de SociologieBruxelles, BelgiumDr. Berengère Marques-Pereira


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Gender and Citizenship: Social Integration and Social Exclusion in European Welfare States(Thematic network)

This Thematic Network aims at:1. Producing new knowledge about gender as both a concept and a variable for analysis in the

comparative work on social citizenship that delineate the sources of women’s social exclusion,and the multiple forms of social integration in different policy contexts.

2. Producing a state-of-the-art summary of existing approaches to integrate gender in theframework for comparative work on social citizenship and welfare regimes synthesising mainstream literature and feminist analyses.

3. Producing a compilation of national case studies that illustrate the multidimensional features ofwomen’s social exclusion and the multiple forms of participation in work and politics.

4. Developing a framework for integrating the gender dimension in policy machine and forevaluating policies in terms of gender impact.

Five seminars will be organised in order to achieve these objectives. Each of them will present:− An overview of the main surveys and publications in the field− A state-of-the-art knowledge− The national/local diversities in the discussed fields− The benefits from applying a comparative perspective− The needs for a new research.

The Seri of seminars will be outlines as follows:1. Start up the project + 4 months: “Citizenship and new forms of social exclusion and social

integration women’s double roles as working mothers”.2. Start up the project + 11 months: “The causes of women’s exclusion and integration – the

problems in engendering citizenship”3. Start up of the project + 18 months: “Public policies towards social and political equality – what

difference politics make ?”4. A mid-term assessment meeting will take place immediately after this seminar.5. Start up of the project + 25 months: “Women’s political identity, practice and power –

gendering agency and political institutions”6. Start up the project + 32 months: “The transition of gender, welfare state and democracy –

women as agents or objects of social change?”

The carrying out of the project will give rise to five intermediate reports and the final overall.synthesis report


246

TRANSLAM: Social Integration by Transitional Labour Markets : New pathways for LabourMarket Policy


EC contribution: 1.100.000 ECUStarting date: 1st Jan 1996Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

Research Unit : Labour Market Policyand EmploymentWissenschaftszentrum Berlin fürSozialforschung GmbhReichpietschufer 50D-10785 Berlin

Prof. Günther SCHMIDTel. +49 30 25 49 11 30Fax +49 30 25 49 12 22e-mail:[email protected]

Partners:

University of GöteborgThe Centre for European Labour MarketStudiesDepartment of EconomicsGöteborg, SwedenDr. Dominique Anxo

Tilburg University,Faculty of Social and Behavioural SciencesTilburg, The NetherlandsDr. Jan van Wezel

Institut Supérieur de Mathématiques etd’Economie Appliquée (ISMEA)Mutation – Espace – Travail & Emploi –Industrie & Services (METIS)Paris, FranceProf. Bernard Gazier

University of Manchester,Institute of Science and TechnologyManchester School of ManagementManchester, United KingdomProf. Jill Rubery

Institute for Employment Studies (IES)Brighton, United KingdomMr. Nigel Meager

Economic & Social Research Institute(ESRI)Dublin, IrelandDr. Philip J. O’Connell

Universidad de Alcala de HenaresDept. de Fundamentos de Economia eHistoria Economica,Madrid, SpainProf. Luis Toharia

Universiteit van AmsterdamHugo Sinzheimer Instituut,Amsterdam, The NetherlandsDr. Robert Knegt

Netherlands Economic InstituteDepartment of Labour and EducationRotterdam, The NetherlandsDr. Jaap De Koning


247

TRANSLAM: Social Integration by Transitional Labour Markets: New pathways for LabourMarket Policy

The research project aims at;

Developing a theoretical analysis supported by institutional indicators of the nature of transitionallabour markets to facilitate social integration, the types of transition which occur under differentinstitutional arrangements, and performance indicators on an aggregate level for social integrationand exclusion.

In this framework it is foreseen:

1. To examine the transitions provided by flexible working time arrangements, in particular part-time work. Patterns of working time flexibility will be examined in relation to householdstructures, to understand how working time flexibility is related to changes in householdcomposition and how this can prevent or encourage forms of social exclusion. Innovativemethodological tools will be developed in order to allow for an integration of quantitative andqualitative methods. Cross national research will be developed to show how the mechanisms ofsocial exclusion operate within the specific national institutional framework.

2. To evaluate active labour market policies in terms of their capacities to prevent social exclusion(especially through work sharing and job rotation policies) and to support social integration(especially through training policies and intensive placement services) Special emphasis will begiven to the implementation and organisation of policies. The theoretical aim is to lay down thefoundations for a new political economy of labour market policy merging possibly in aproductive way the paradigms of new public management.

3. To establish why education and training systems fail to secure a sufficient level of basic skillsand competencies to prevent drop-out and inequality of access to education and training oversome length of a person’s educational and occupational trajectory. In other respects, success ofre-integration policies for the unemployed and long-term inactive which emphasise skillacquisition and skill upgrading will be dealt with. In order to advance comparability ofanalyses, an explicit attempt will be made to combine the perspectives relating to theinstitutional and individual – level factors which determine the demand and supply of educationand training.

The carrying out of the project will give rise to the bringing out of 4 publications:− “Social Integration by Transitional Labour Markets Theory and Evidence”− “Social Integration and Working Time: International Comparisons of part-time Work”− “New Pathways for Active Labour Market Policy”− “Training and Human Capital Investment: Prevention and Cures for Social Exclusion”

A conference will be organised in November-December 1998 to present and discuss the chapters ofthese publications.


248

L’émergence des Entreprises sociales, réponse novatrice à l’exclusion sociale en Europe(Thematic network)


EC contribution: 300.000 ECUStarting date: 1 June 96Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

Centre d’Economie SocialeUniversité de Liège, Faculté d’Economie,de Gestion et de Sciences SocialesSart Tilman, Batiment B 33B-4000 Liège

Prof. Jacques DefournyTel. +32.41.662.751Fax +32.41.662.851e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Comité Européen des Coopératives deProduction et de Travail Associé (CECOP)Brussels, BelgiumMr. Enzo Pezzini

Universita di TrentoIstituto Studi Sviluppo AziendeTrento, ItalyProf. Carlo Borzaga

Centre de Recherche et d’Information surla Démocratie et l’Autonomie (CRIDA)Paris, FranceMr. Jean-Luis Laville

The Open UniversityCo-operatives Research UnitMilton Keynes, United KingdomMr. Roger Spear

Centro de Initiativas de la Economia SocialBarcelona, SpainMs. Isabel Vidal

Stockholm UniversitySchool of BusinessStockholm, SwedenMr. Yohanan Stryjan

University of HelsinkiInstitute for Cooperative StudiesHelsinki, FinlandMr. Tapani Köppä


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L’émergence des Entreprises sociales, réponse novatrice à l’exclusion sociale en Europe(Thematic network)

Depuis les années 70, on assiste dans pratiquement tous les pays industrialisés à un développementremarquable du “troisième secteur”, c’est-à-dire d’initiatives socio-économiques quin’appartiennent ni à la sphère des entreprises privées traditionnelles visant le profit, ni à la sphèredu secteur public.L’importance de ce troisième secteur, de plus en plus souvent appelé “économie solidaire”, estaujourd’hui telle que l’on peut affirmer qu’il est largement associé aux grandes fonctionséconomiques des pouvoirs publics :− fonction d’allocation des ressources avec la production de biens et services quasi-collectifs;− fonction de régulation de la vie économique.

Dès lors, la persistance d’un chômage structurel élevé, les difficultés des politiques socialestraditionnelles et la nécessité de passe à des politiques plus actives d’intégration, amènent toutnaturellement à se demander dans quelle mesure le troisième secteur peut contribuer à relever cesdéfis et, éventuellement, prendre le relais des pouvoirs publics dans certains domaines.Deux catégories d’entreprises sociales, celles qui visent l’insertion par le travail et celles qui offrentdes services à des groupes défavorisés, donneront lieu à la réalisation et à la confrontation d’étudesparallèles dans 7 pays (B, E, FI, F, GB, I, SE) dans un premier temps puis dans les autres pays del’Union Eur. (IE, D, PL, GR, AT, DK, NL, L). Le réseau thématique aura pour but dans ce cadre:− d’assurer la cohérence globale des travaux menés dans les différents pays ainsi que leur

confrontation régulière;− de structurer les collaborations scientifiques internationales.

Les principaux cadres de référence théoriques qui seront exploités sont les suivants: théories desnonprofit organizations (NPO), analyse des entreprises sociales comme composantes de l’économiesociale, analyse de certaines entreprises sociales comme organisations non-marchandes,“Production of Welfare Approach”, et enfin, analyse des services de proximité.L’étude de chaque catégorie d’entreprises sociales dans les sept pays sera structurée en 3 étapes:− Une approche descriptive (cadrage historique, typologie des différentes formes d’entreprises

sociales).− Une analyse dynamique (résultats atteints par les entreprises sociales en terme d’intégration

sociales, impact des politiques publiques sur elles).− Une analyse prospective (conditions d’un développement des entreprises sociales,

reformulations éventuelles de certaines politiques publiques d’intégration sociale).La mise en oeuvre du projet donnera lieu à sept sessions de travail commun qui se tiendront à Paris(début du projet + 2 ou 3 mois), à Trento (début du projet + 10 ou 11 mois), puis à Stockholm et àBarcelone (début du projet + 12 à 24 mois) à Milton Keynes et à Helsinki (début du projet + 24 à 36mois). Une réunion d’évaluation finale se tiendra à Bruxelles à l’issue du projet.

Les travaux de recherche se traduiront par :− la confrontation des résultats avec les acteurs du terrain au moyen du réseau européen CECOP;− la création d’un corpus didactique sur l’entreprise sociale;− des travaux préparatoire à la création, dans le cadre du programme Socrates, d’un Master

Européen en Economie Sociale intégrant les expériences du réseau Thématique:La transmission à la communauté scientifique, aux acteurs de l’Economie Sociale, aux autoritéspubliques nationales et européennes des résultats obtenus dans le cadre du réseau thématique par ladiffusion de publications et l’organisation de réunions d’information.


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A European Benefit-Tax Model and Social Integration: A Preparatory Study



EC scientific Officer: GenevièveZdrojewski

Coordinator:

Department of Applied EconomicsUniversity of CambridgeAustin Robinson BuldingSidgwick Avenue,UK - CB3 9DE Cambridge

Ms. Holly SutherlandTel. +44.1223.33.52.00Fax +44.1223.33.52.99e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Ecole Normale SupérieureDepartement et Laboratoire d’EconomieThéorique et AppliquéeParis, FranceProf. François Bourguignon

Université Libre de BruxellesDepartement d’Economie AppliquéeBrussels, BelgiumProf. Danièle Meulders

Universita di Roma “Tor Vergata”Centro Interdipartimentale du Studisull’Economia Internazionale e Lo SviluppoRome, ItalyProf. Nicola Rossi

Uppsala UniversitetDepartment of EconomicsUppsala, SwedenProf. N. Anders Klevmarken

Government Institute for EconomicResearchHelsinki, FinlandMs. Aino Salomäki

London School of Economics and PoliticalScienceSuntory and Toyota Intl. Centres forEconomics and Related DisciplinesLondon, United KingdomMr. John Hills

Stichting Economisch Instituut TilburgEconometrics SectionTilburg, The NetherlandsProf. Dr. Arie Kapteyn

King’s College LondonAge Concern Institute of GerontologyLondon, United KingdomProf. Anthea Tinker


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A European Benefit-Tax Model and Social Integration: A Preparatory Study

This Thematic Network aims at:

Examining the technical feasibility of constructing an integrated European policy simulation modelbased on micro-data for the analysis of the impact of policy on social integration at both nationaland European levels. This objective will be achieved by collecting the information necessary toassemble the components of the model.

The preparatory study will examine design strategy and feasibility in the following six areas: dataavailability, data comparability, policy structures, data-policy compatibility, behavioural responseand computing strategy.To perform the simulation of the impact of existing national policy and policy directions at aEuropean level, the micro-data need to contain appropriate information for each household (orgroups of similar households). Establishing the extent to which available data are sufficient for eacharea of policy simulation and defining which policy areas may be modelled in a common wayacross countries is at the heart of the model building project.In order to establish to what extent the paper exercise that is designed for all 15 countries doesdetect all the problems that would be encountered in the practical construction of the model, twopractical case studies will be carried out (for UK-France and Germany-UK) using national micro-data and subsets of policy areas.

Establishing the need for such a model among potential end-users, including:− European Commission services,− European Trade Union Federation (ETUC);− European Employers’ Organisation (UNICE);− OECD;− ILO;− Consumer organisations (national and international);− Non-governmental organisations (family and pensioners’ association, women’s lobbies etc.:

national and international− National fiscal administration, social security administrations, trade unions and employer

federations.− The European Parliament and national parliaments.

A non technical explanatory booklet will be published. It will present the case for the model, withillustrations of example simulations, showing how an integrated European model can meet theneeds identified after discussion with the responsible people of the institutions listed above.

A conference will be organised in Brussels in February 1997 for potential users, and will report onthe results of the whole study.


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Social Strategies in Risk Society


EC contribution: 800.000 ECUStarting date: 1st June 1996Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

Department of SociologyUniversity of East LondonLongbridge Road, DagenhamUK – Essex RM8 2AS

Dr. Prue ChamberlayneTel. +44.181.590.7722Fax +44.181.849.3616e-mail:

Partners:

Sextant CoGRSocial & Economic Research andConsultancyAttica, GreeceDr. Elizabeth Mestheneos

Universidad Autonoma de BarcelonaDepartamento de Sciencias Politica ySociologiaBarcelona, SpainDr. Luis Lemkov

Martin-Luther-UniversitaetFachbereich ErziehungswissenschaftenInstitut für PaedagogikHalle, GermanyProf. Thomas Olk

Université Paris 7Laboratoire de changement socialUFR de Sciences SocialesParis, FranceDr. Numa Murard

ITER s.r.l. Centro Ricerche e ServiziNapoli, ItalyDott. Paola Caniglia

Goeteborgs UniversitetEuropaprogrammetGoeteborg, SwedenProf. Martin Peterson


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Social Strategies in Risk Society

This Research project aims at:− Applying members expertise in social theory, social policy and life history methods to issues of social

citizenship and risk in modern society: to deepen understanding of social differentiation and subjectivityin the process of social exclusion and integration in contemporary Europe; to develop proposals for moresocially facilitative yet differentiated mechanisms in social policy

− Combining knowledge and insights gained through existing social research and policy experimentationat local and national levels. The project will deepen understanding of how the contradictions of socialsystems are addressed and “lived through” in individual lives, and develop concepts which treat welfarecitizens as active, moral and emotional agents within the constraints of modern risk societies.

− Bringing together members’ widespread expertise in the conduct of qualitative social research,particularly in the use of biographical and life history methods, and to refine such methods as practicableresearch instruments for cross-national work.

− Evaluating the capacity of specific welfare and social systems;

Concepts will be developed and policy recommendations concerning the meaning and strengthening of thesocial sphere will be made, animating debate between researchers and policy makers though national policygroups involving e.g., officials from DG V, XVI and XXII, civil servants, regional and local governmentpersonnel, political party representatives, NGOs, life and pension fund officials, in order to close the gapbetween social theory, policy, practice and experience. Cross-referencing between national groups will befacilitated to those with a European-Wide field of operation. The project will be done in two stages:

1. A combination of a comparative analysis as a thematic network with a core of small-scale, highlyspecialised research, based on biographical and life-history methods, and especially on biographical-interpretative methods. Six social groups will be studied in each of the seven countries: single parents,whether through choice, divorce, separation, or bereavement; the long-term adult unemployed frommanual occupations; members of ethnic minority communities, both recent immigrants and fromsubsequent generations; university graduates without stable employment; young persons under 25without higher education and without stable employment; early retired/older persons. The initial andfollow-up questions will explore economic situation in relation to: market; economic situation in relationto state income support – social insurance, pensions etc. – or family-based support systems; family.Community/neighbourhood networks; control, whether state or voluntary sector; subjective self-definition in relation to experiences of past and present, and expectations of the future.

2. An investigation of “flagship” agencies whose interventions are focussed on the 6 social groups whichwill be structured by the following themes: institutional control and mandate of agency, and its relationto other state, market, third sector or informal infrastructures; resource base of agency; culturaltradition/legitimation of agency; agency’s definition and treatment of client group; agency’s definition ofits service or primary task; relationship of self-definition by agency to external definitions of function, byexternal bodies and clients; assessment of effectiveness of agency, particularly of its ability to empowerclients, and to animate forms for social support and integration in the context of social differentiation andcultural pluralism.

Ten meetings will be organised including notably:− At the project start up + 23 months, a concluding meeting of “Stage 1” which will give rise to a final

report entitled: “Social Strategies in Risk Societies: a comparative study of social exclusion andintegration among six social groups in 7 countries.”

− At the project start up + 35 months, Policy Advisory Group meetings which will communicate the finalreport on stage II entitled: “Social Strategies in Risk Societies: a comparative study of social flagshipagencies in 7 counties.”


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Migrants and Minorities in European Cities: The interaction of Economic, Spatial and SocialFactors in Generating Pathways to Social Exclusion

(Thematic network)




Coordinator:

European Research Centre on Migrationand Ethnic RelationsUniversity of UtrechtHeidelberglaan 23508 Utrecht

Dr. Malcolm CrossTel. +31 30 533564Fax +31 30 539280e-mail

Partners:

Université de LiègeLaboratoire d’études des migrations, Facultéde Droit/Politicologie GénéraleLiège, BelgiqueDr. Marco Martinello

Université Paris 7Unité de Recherches Migrations et SociétésParis, FranceProf. Sophie Body-Gendroit

University of CologneResearch Institute for SociologyKöln, GermanyProf. Jürgen Friedrichs

Universita degli Studi di MilanoDipartimento di SociologiaMilano, ItalyProf. Guido Martinotti

Universidade AbertaCentro de Estudos das Migracoes e dasrelacoes interculturaisPortugalProf. Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trinidade

Universitat Autonoma de BarcelonaGrup de Recerca Immigracio I MinoriesEtniques,Departmen t de SociologiaBarcelona, SpainProf. Carlota Solé

The University of LiverpoolDepartment of SociologyLiverpool, United KingdomProf. Robert Moore


Migrants and Minorities in European Cities: The interaction of Economic, Spatial and SocialFactors in Generating Pathways to Social Exclusion

(Thematic network)

This Thematic Network involves research teams from eight states of the European Union (fivefrom Northern Europe, three from Southern Europe) in order to help testing a theoritical model forthe explanation of social exclusion as it affects some of the most vulnerable groups in europeanmember states. The model proposes that social exclusion is a function of the interaction between:1. The match between skills and opportunities for employment2. The physical access to those opportunities3. The social barriers to entry into employment4. The argument is that social exclusion can be viewed as a product of what jobs are available,

where they are located and how they are filled. These are considered as independent processes,but ones which interact in generating the balance of constraint and opportunity on which socialexclusion ultimately depends.

The thematic network aims at:1. Identifying forms of social exclusion and the pathways throuh which they are generated for

migrants and minorities in differnet types of cities2. Assessing the effects of economic changes and national and city-level on generating pathways

to social exclusion3. Considering the reasons for variation in the employment fortunes of different groups of

migrants and ethnic minorities when compared with the indigenous population.4. Analysing the neighbourhood effects on social exclusion in different urban contexts when

compared with household and individual sectors to build a repertoire of social indicators forboth forms of social exclusion and for the pathways throuhg which they are reached.

Five “state-of-the-art” meetings will be organised and will generate a comparative volume relatedto eight states of the European Union (five from Northern Europe, three from Southern Europe), onthe following thems:1. Economic restructuring, industrial change and migrants in cities – Utrecht, October 1996

(NL,UK)2. The dynamics of social integration and social exclusion at the neighbourhood level – Paris,

March 1997 (F, BE)3. Comparative research on migrants in cities: data availibility and data needs – Milano – october

1997 (IT)4. Migrants, minorities and the reform of the welfare state – Köln, March 1998 (DE)5. Migrants in cities: new directions in economic and social policy – Barcelona, October 1998

(ES, P)A book providing the synthesis of all the arguments will be published at the end of the project.


Family Structure, Labour Market Participation and the Dynamics of Social Exclusion




Coordinator:

School of Social SciencesUniversity of BathClaverton DownUK-Bath BA2 7AY

Prof. Christopher HeadyTel +44 1225 826292Fax +44 1225 826318e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

FAFO, Institute for Applied Social ScienceOslo - NorwayDr. Ivar Loedemel

Zentrum für SozialpolitikGermanyProf. Wolfgang Voges

Institut für Volkswirtschaftstheorie & Politik - Abteilung SozialpolitikAustriaProf. Christoph Badelt

CESIS - Centre for Studies for Social InterventionLisboa - PortugalDr. Alfredo Bruto da Costa

Centre for Research in Social Policy, Loughborough UniversityUnited KingdomMs Sue Middleton

Centre of Economic Research & Environmental Strategy (CERES)GreeceProf. Panos Tsakloglou


Family Structure, Labour Market Participation and the Dynamics of Social Exclusion

Objectives

The project has four main objectives:

1. to increase the understanding of the processes of social exclusion and social reintegration inEurope by using an explicitly dynamic approach;

2. to examine and compare the extent and impact of social exclusion among men and women attransitional stages in the life course;

3. to establish the ways in which the policies of EU member states affect the risk of socialexclusion during these transitions;

4. to explore the relationship between public and private solidarity in combating social exclusionassociated with life course transitions.

There are three important aspects of the way in which we will address these objectives. First, weare taking a dynamic approach, looking at the way people become socially excluded or reintegratedand making use of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). The dynamic approach isa fairly new approach to the study of social deprivation, but one that has already shown advantages,similar to those obtained some time ago by labour economists who decided to study employmentby looking at inflows and outflows. Second, we are concentrating on the risks of social exclusionthat arise at particularly significant stages of the life-course: the movement into adulthood,becoming a single parent, ill health or disability, and retirement. This is not to say that factorsother than these key events are not important. Instead, we are saying that it is worthwhile to have astudy that concentrates on people who are experiencing these transitions, and examines otherfactors (such as unemployment or welfare provisions) in the context of those transitions. Third, weare taking advantage of the comparative nature of the project to analyse the consequences ofdifferent mixes of public and private support to people who are socially excluded or are at risk ofbecoming so. The countries covered in our study serve this purpose well by providing a wide rangeof experience: from Norway, where public support is generally thought to have eradicated poverty,to Greece and Portugal, where public support plays a much smaller role than families and non-stateorganisations.


European Panel Analysis


EC contribution: 518.954 ECUSStarting date: 1 September 1997Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

ESRC Research Centre on Micro-SocialChangeUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkUK-Colchester CO4 3SQ

Prof. Jonathan GershunyTeL +44 1206 872957Fax +44 1206 8731541e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Deutches Institut für WirtschaftsforschungThe German Institute for Economic Research (DIW)Berlin - GermanyProf. Gert Wagner

The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)Dublin - IrelandProf. Brian Nolan

Katholieke Universiteit Brabant-Tilburg UniversityThe Work Organisation Research Centre (WORC)Tilburg - The NetherlandsProf. Dr. Ruud Muffels


European Panel Analysis

Objectives

The panel project has two objectives:

1. To produce a comparative European longitudinal micro-database on employment, income andsocial protection, living standards and family or household circumstances, using the ECHP,combined other European panel materials to extend the topical coverage and historical rangeand also to negotiate with the responsible national authorities, in partnership with Eurostat, forrelease of these datasets to other researchers.

2. To use this database in the investigation of a number of issues concerning the nature anddynamics of social exclusion and integration, and their causes and consequences; specificallyexamining and seeking to explain similarities and variations among European countries in: thepatterns of household income stability or instability over time, movement into and out ofdifferent forms of employment status, formation, growth, diminution and dissolution ofhouseholds.


“Muslim Voices” in the European Union : The Stranger Within


EC contribution: 628.903 ECUSStarting date: February 1997Duration: 24 months


Coordinator:

Centre for the Study of Globalisation,Eurocentrism and Marginality (CGEM)Department of Sociology, Coupland IIUniversity of ManchesterUK-Manchester M13 9PL

Dr. Pandeli M. GlavanisTel +44 161 275 2516 / 2501Fax +44 161 275 2462e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Facultés Universitaires Saint-LouisBruxelles - BelgiumProf. Luc Van Campenhout

Institut Européen des Sciences HumainesFranceDr. Ahmed Jaballah

Zentrum für Türkeistudien / Institut an der Universität EssenGermanyProf. Dr. Faruk Sen

University of Amsterdam, Faculty of PsychologyAmsterdam - The NetherlandsMr. Paul Abell

CGEM / SociologyUnited KingdomDr. Pandeli Glavanis

Arabic Studies & Islamic CivilisationUniversity of Geneva - SwitzerlandDr. Fawzia Al Ashmawi


“Muslim Voices” in the European Union : The Stranger Within

Objectives

The aim of this research project is to examine the nature of “social exclusion, marginalisation,economic deprivation and cultural disadvantage” for individuals, groups and communities withinthe European Union in light of the recent initiatives to enhance “economic growth andcompetitiveness”. In order to achieve this, the project will focus on an important and increasinglyvisible European ethno-religious community, namely European Muslims (citizen, residents andimmigrants).

The project will achieve this objective in three stages:1. An analytical, descriptive and comparative account in the eight European countries (listed

above) of the different ways and processes by which Muslims in Europe have been sociallyexcluded and marginalised.

2. An analytical account in six European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Holland,Switzerland and the UK), of how the expansion of new forms of informal (for example homeworking), and formal employment articulate with both the “new” socio-cultural values (femalesegregation) and the variety of forms of “legality” which characterize European Muslims, andwhich contribute to the development and growth of a separate solidarity among all EuropeanMuslims.

3. The development of specific recommendations with regard to the formulation of policies whichaim to enhance the social re-integration of European Muslims.


Youth Unemployment and Processes of Marginalization on the Northern EuropeanPeriphery


EC contribution: 300.000 ECUSStarting date: 1st February 1997Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

The Norwegian Social Research InstituteNovaMunthesgate 29/31N-0260 Oslo

Dr. Torild HammerTel +47 22 54 12 00Fax +47 22 54 12 01e-mail: [email protected]

Partners:

Umea University - Department of Family MedicineSwedenDr. Anne Hammarström

The Economic and Social Research Institute - ESRIIrelandDr. Philip O’Connell

University of Glasgow - Department of SociologyUnited KingdomDr. Andy Furlong

University of Göteborg - Department of SociologySwedenMr. Jan Carle

University of Iceland - Institute for Educational ResearchIcelandMs Thordis Sigurdardottir

University of Helsinki - Swedish School of Social SciencesFinlandMs Ilse Julkungen

The Danish National Institute of Social Research - Labour Market and Working LifeDenmarkMr. Anders Rosdahl


Youth Unemployment and Processes of Marginalization on the Northern EuropeanPeriphery

Objectives

The main aim of this project is to develop a clearer knowledge of processes of marginalizationaffecting young people through comparative research among the countries within the northernEuropean periphery. The research will highlight strategies and processes which protect againstmarginalization, as well as trajectories which carry a high risk of subsequent unemployment.

The main research questions in the study are:• How are different levels of youth unemployment in different countries with different

educational, labour market and social policies related to the marginalization processes and howdo different career trajectories lead to the integration or social exclusion of young people ?

• How are young people’s trajectories related to the previously identified problems amongunemployed youth. How are mental health problems, drug use and criminality, related todifferent level of unemployment insurance and job search behaviour in young people ?

• How do different active labour market measures in different countries influence the ways inwhich the long term unemployed cope with unemployment in ways which prevent socialexclusion and marginalization ?

In order to conduct this study, we will carry out surveys among representative samples of betweentwo and three thousand young people in each of the seven countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland,Ireland, Norway, Scotland and Sweden).

Representative samples will be drawn from national unemployment registers in each country witheligible respondents defined as young people between the ages of 18 and 24 who have beenunemployed for a period of at least three months over the previous year. The samples willtherefore consist of young people with a variety of work histories who, at the time of theinterviews, are located in a full range of positions inside and outside of the labour market. Thissurvey design will be conductive to a comparison of young people with unemployment experiencesome of whom have managed to establish positions in the full time labour market, others who havere-entered full-time education and others who have remained unemployed, withdrawn from thelabour market or become marginalized in some other way.

________________________________________________________________________Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme

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The Policies of Social Integration in Europe.




Partners:

Centre National de la RechercheScientifiqueCentre de Recherche sur la Politique,L’administration, la Ville et le TerritoireInstitut d’ Etudes Politiques de GrenobleSt Martin d’Heres - FranceDr. F. Bafoil

Università Commerciale Luigi BocconiPOLEISCentro Studi e Ricerca di Politica ComparataMilano - ItalyProf. M. Ferrera

Coordinator:

Institut für sozialforschung an der JohannWolfgang Goethe-UniversitätSenckenberganlage, 2660325 Frankfurt/Main - Germany

Mr. Adalbert Evers.Tel: +49/69/7561831Fax: +49/69/749907Email: [email protected]

Université de LausanneInstitut des Sciences Sociales et PédagogiquesISSPLausanne - SwitzerlandDr. F.X. Merrien


265

The Policies of Social Integration In Europe

The scientific objective of the research project is to compare different national systems of collectiveaction which are involved in the process of developing, legitimizing and implementing policyinnovations in the field of labour-market related policies of social integration. The policyinnovations which are investigated aim directly at the solution of the problem of social integrationby contributing to the reintegration of different groups of unemployed, above all unemployed youngpeople, into labour markets and into local societal networks.


The general hypothesis of the project is that the innovativeness and effectiveness of systems ofcollective action in the field of labour-market related policies of social integration depends on therole institutionalized and non-institutionalized actors on an intermediary level are playing. Thereason for this is that they are able to adapt measures and programmes to the pecularities of regionaland local conditions and labour markets and to take advantage of the social integration potential ofexisting primary social networks and local civil society. But only those systems of collective actionare able to fulfill this role effectively which are not closed but encourage the participation of asmany actors as possible. Such open systems allow for a greater role of cooperation and keep downthe disruptive effects of conflict, they increase the learning capacities of the participating collectiveactors and they foster the emergence of new ideas, values and paradigms in the process of socialintegration policy formation and innovation.

On the basis of analyzing statistical data and making interviews with experts on different levels ofcollective action the project will explore different national systems of conflict and cooperationbetween collective actors regarding labour-market related policies of social integration and theeffectiveness of these systems. As a result of comparing different national systems in WesternEurope (France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland) and in Eastern Europe (the former Eastern Germany,Poland, Bulgaria) the project will be able to identify model-like constellations of actors, institutionsand ideas which are favorable and conducive to policy innovations in the field of social integrationand to effective policy implementation in this field.

Intended outcomes:

On the basis of these results the project will be able to suggest recommendations for improvingexisting systems of collective action in Western Europe on the one hand and for building upefficient systems in Eastern European countries undergoing processes of transformation on the otherhand. These recommendations may furthermore contribute to effective policy interventions of theEuropean Union on the local level in order to help solve the problem of social exclusion and socialintegration, above all of young people, in the countries of the existing or an enlarged Union.


266

Urban Development and Social Polarisation in the City




Partners:

Universidad del Pais VascoDepartamento de Economia Aplicada IFacultad de Ciencias Economicas y Emp.Bilbao - SpainDr. A. Rodriguez

University of OxfordSchool of GeographyOxford - United KingdomDr. E. Swyngedouw

Universidade de AveiroDepartamento de Ambiente e OrdenamentoAveiro - PortugalDr. J. Cabral

Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenInstituut vr Stedebouw en Ruimtelijke OrdeningLeuven - BelgiumDr. L. Albrechts

Università degli Studi di PaviaDipartamento di Studi Politici e SocialiPavia - ItalyDr. S. Vicari Haddock

University of Central England in BirminghamBuilt Environment Development CentreBirmingham - United KingdomDr. A. Middleton

Coordinator :

Centre National de la RechercheScientifiqueIFRESIRue des Canonniers 259800 Lille - France

Dr. F. MoulaertTel: +33/3/20125852Fax: +33/3/20125831Email:[email protected]

Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid RotterdamCentre for Social Policy StudiesRotterdam - The NetherlandsDrs. G. Oude Egberink

Roskilde Universitets CenterDepartment of Social SciencesRoskilde - DenmarkM. J. Andersen

Humboldt - Universität zu BerlinInstitut für SozialwissenschaftenBerlin - GermanyProf. Dr. H. Haeussermann

National University of Ireland - MaynoothDepartment of GeographyMaynooth, County Kildare - IrelandMr. B. Bartley

ITER - Centre Richerche e ServiziNapoli - ItalyDr. L. Carola

University of the AegeanDepartment of Human GeographyMytilini - GreeceDr. P. M. Delladetsima

Wirtschaftsuniversität WienInstitute for Urban and Regional StudiesWien – AustriaDr. F. Tödtling


267

Urban Redevelopment and Social Polarisation in the City

Objectives

The thesis of this research is that large scale urban redevelopment projects (UDPs) promote socialexclusion and polarisation. It is examined whether this thesis holds or if, on the contrary, large scaleurban redevelopment fosters social integration of citizens into the urban society.The research project aims at reconstructing the global and local aspects of the large scale urban(re)development projects and how they affect the integration/exclusion of citizens in the localeconomy and society.

Brief description

The units of analysis are UDPs, which are implemented at the cross-roads of global processes suchas global investment flows, dependence on immigrant labour, transnational information flows,value-added networks and super-national decision-making processes. At the same time UDPs arelocal, capturing the global trends and incorporating them in a particular local setting.

Four stages are identified:- The analysis of thirteen UDPs in twelve Member States and the factors of socialpolarisation, exclusion and integration which these projects embody.

For this purpose, the dynamics which relate each project to the wider urban fabric will beexamined.- The analysis of relationships between global economic restructuring and processes ofintegration and exclusion in the city.- The assessment of the impact of specific politico-institutional environments at the level ofthe European Union, the Member States, the regions and the localities, on these processes.- The development of a research methodology which allows for the transversal analysis ofUDPs, their exclusion/integration processes and their institutional contexts.

Intended outcomes

In order to strengthen the impact of the research findings, the final results will be published afterconsultation of an expert seminar. Furthermore a CD Rom visualizing the case studies as well as ashort book for a wider public will be produced.


268

New Local Policies Against Social Exclusion In European Cities.Ecosocial Approach and Social Impact Assessment in Social Work




Partners:

Landeshauptstadt Magdeburg JugendamtYouth Welfare OfficeMagdeburg - GermanyDr. Gottschalk

University of JyvaeskylaeDepartment of Social Sciences andPhilosophyJyvaiskylai - FinlandPh. D. Järvelä

The City of Jyvaeskylae.Social and Health Care OfficeJyvaeskylae - FinlandMr. Möttönen

Coordinator:

Franchschule MagdeburgDepartment of Social and Health StudiesMaxim-gorki-Str. 31-3739108 Magdeburg - Germany

Dr. MatthiesTel: +49/391/6716290Fax: +49/391/6716293Email: [email protected]

European Union OfficeDe Montfort UniversityDepartment of Social and CommunityStudiesLeicester - Great BritainProf. Ward

Leicester City CouncilEuropean OfficeChief Executive’s OfficeLeicester - Great BritainMr. Winstone


269

New Local Policies Against Social Exclusion in European Cities. Ecosocial Approach andSocial Impact Assessment in Social Work.

Objectives :

Since the integrative function of the labour market in European post-industrial societies is seriouslyweakening, the significance of citizens’ living area as a key environment of social integrationbecomes crucial. However, the living areas of European cities once built for working people ofindustrial society, do structurally ignore the comprehensive social needs of unemployed citizens oftoday.The main objective of the project is to influence the local policy making from the marginalizedpeople’s point of view concerning social environment as a risk /a resource for social integration in thecontext of different European urban areas. To effect these processes on the local level of policymaking, new analytical approaches for identifying the interrelation between social exclusion/integration and the quality of living environment are extreme necessary.


The research to be undertaken will try:- To provide effective methods of social work, that enable especially the unemployed citizens toimprove their environment through participation (Social Action, Community Empowerment, Self-employment).- To apply the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) as citizens’ and social work’s tool to influence cityplanning and local decision-making towards a new social sustainability ((re)constructions, service andtraffic politics, space utilisation).- To advance the European social work’s theoretical knowledge on the ecosocial dimensions ofexclusion processes in different urban contexts (combining the system theoretical and ecologicalapproaches and the new urban poverty research).The included cities represent different paces and states of modernisation of European pos-industrialsocieties. The unique competencies of each partner directly contribute to the detailed objectives of theproject and enable an innovative mutual European exchange.

Intended outcomes:

The project’s results on the European level will be advanced practicable models of social integrationand policy making as well as a new theoretical perspective to social exclusion processes emphasisingthe ecosocial dimensions in social work. These results will be applicable in different kinds ofEuropean post-industrial urban areas, that all share the mentioned new urgent risks.


270

Social Integration through Obligations to Work? Current European “Workfare” Initiativesand Future Directions




Partners:

Centre de Recherche et d’Information surla Démocratie et l’AutonomieParis - FranceDr. J. L. Laville

The Danish Institute of Social ResearchLabour Market and Working LifeKøbenhaven K - DenmarkMr. A. Rosdahl

Loughborough UniversityCentre for Research in Social PolicyLoughborough - United KingdomMr. S. Mackay

Coordinator:

Fafo Institute for Applied Social ScienceBorggata 2BP. O. Box 2947 Togen0608 Oslo - Norway

Dr. Ivar LoedemelTel: +47/22/676000Fax: +44/22/676022Email: [email protected]

Universität BremenZentrum für SozialpolitikBremen - GermanyDr. W. Voges

Rijksuniversiteit UtrechtVakgroep Algemene Sociale WetenschappenFaculty of Social SciencesUtrecht - The NetherlandsDr. H. J. M. Coenen


271

Social Integration through Obligations ro Work? Current European “Workfare” Initiativesand Future Directions

Many European countries are experimenting with “workfare” programmes requiring people to workin jobs established by public authorities in return for social assistance.

Objectives

The project has three objectives:- the development of an analytic framework and evaluation methodology for comparativestudies of “work for social assistance" (workfare) policies- the description and evaluation of current and previous programmes, building on thatframework.- the development of recommendations for programme evolution, and priorities for additionalresearch.

Brief description

This project will research workfare programmes to produce a comparative model (taxonomy) ofsuch schemes and a review of their empirical outcomes, informing both research and policydevelopment.The research builds upon the statement that (usually targeted at young recipients of socialassistance) workfare is proposed as a solution that will assist re-integration, reduce costs,discourage dependence and/or target social assistance on the most needy.Evidence previously gathered from six countries demonstrates both a significant history of workfarein Europe, and a recent expansion in the number of such programmes. Current and future trendssuggest workfare will become more important. Programme evaluations have been conducted, or arein progress, based on a multiplicity of objectives and which have reached a range of initialconclusions.The research will commence with a review of existing knowledge, designed to build a conceptualmodel of workfare. This will provide the basis for re-analysis or re-evaluation of existing data andinformation, and data collection in two countries where workfare schemes exist but have not yetbeen evaluated. Existing impact studies will be supplemented by process studies in all countries,important since implementation often differs from policy.

Intended outcomes

The integration of new and existing research studies will indicate those features of schemes that arerelatively effective, and those less so. In order to supply information supporting both research andpolicy development, the problems faced in moving from policy to successful implementation willbe identified.


272

Predicting the Impact of Policy-gender-auditing as a Means of Assessing the Probable Impactof policy Initiatives on Women



EC Scientific Officer: F. Boughanemi

Partners:

University College CorkLaw FacultyCork - IrelandMs S. Mullally

Sociology of Law InstituteLund - SwedenMs M. Gillberg

Coordinator:

The University of LiverpoolFaculty of LawFeminist Legal Research UnitChatham StreetLiverpool L69 3BX - United Kingdom

Ms. S. NottTel: +44/151/7942820 or 7942809Fax: +44/151/7942884

Facultad de Ciencias Politicas y SociologiaDepartamento de Sociologia IVMadrid - SpainDr. F. Arranz

Universidade Fernando PessoaDepartamento de Ciência PolíticaPorto - PortugalDr. Casqueira Cardoso


273

Predicting the Impact of Policy : Gender-Auditing as a Means of Assessing the ProbableImpact of Policy Initiatives on Women

Objectives of the project:

This project addresses the continuing significance of gender as a factor in social exclusion in theEuropean Union, despite measures to tackle gender-based discrimination. It will develop aprocedure for gender-auditing that could form an integral part of the law and policy-makingprocesses of the European Union and its Member States. In this manner• the likely success of policies designed to eliminate social exclusion arising from gender can be

assessed• other policies which are apparently gender-neutral could be the subject of a gender-audit since it

is often these very policies which work to women’s disadvantage and undo some or all of thegood which social integration policies based on gender may have done.

• at a time when the European Union and individual Member States have committed themselves to‘mainstreaming’ equal opportunities, that is integrating equal opportunities into the process ofpreparing, implementing and monitoring all policies, measures and activities at Community,national, regional and local level, it will be of considerable benefit to European and nationalpolicy-makers if all policies and legislative proposals could be assessed for their gender impactbefore they were put into effect.

• women will move closer to achieving substantive as opposed to formal equality.


The process of developing a mechanism for gender-auditing will involve the following steps• the preparation of country reports by each partner identifying those national mechanisms which

are currently used to address women’s concerns and experiences in their state’s law and policy-making processes.

• an evaluation of how well or how badly individual mechanisms work using a variety oftechniques including interviews with officials, a review of relevant documentation and two casesstudies, one on sexual harassment and the other on equal treatment in relation to pensionable age.The case studies are particularly important since they will provide an insight into the significanceof such factors as when recourse is had to a particular procedure, the role which women play inthat procedure, the quality of any data that it employs and whether events following any impactassessment, such as the need for political compromise, diminish its usefulness.

• the identification of those features which in a national context have produced an effective meansof addressing women’s concerns. At the same time, however, an awareness must exist of howinfluential a particular country’s law and policy-making processes have been, since they mayaffect either positively or negatively the ability of policy-makers to address gender-basedconcerns.

• the development of a model of gender-auditing which will be discussed and evaluated at acolloquium held toward the end of the project.

• the publication and dissemination of the data accumulated during the course of the project.


274

La Construction Sociale de l’Emploi(Thematic network)




Partners:

Universitat Autonoma de BarcelonaInstitut de Ciencies de l’EducacioCerdanyola del Valles- SpainDr. J-M. Masjuan

Centro de Estudos de Economia Industrialdo trabalho e da EmpresaPorto - PortugalProf. Ruivo

Coordinator:

Groupe de Recherche sur l’Education etl’Emploi23 boulevard Albert IerB.P. 339754015 Nancy Cedex - France

Dr. B. FriotTel: +33/3/83967080Fax: +33/3/83967079

Instituto di Ricerche Economiche e Sociali“Lucia Morsini”Torino - ItalyDr. G. Cerruti

University of LeicesterCentre for Labour Market StudiesLeicester - United KingdomDr. A. Felstead


275

The Social Construction of Employment(Thematic network)

Objectives:

The goal of the thematic network is to analyse together the issue of social exclusion causes,according to the societal employment dynamics. With the help of existing research works, it willtest the following previous hypothesis in the participant countries: social integration is not only aproblem of work, but it is mainly linked with the participation forms in employment; the State as apublic power has an increasing role in the definition and payment of unskilled employmentsituations whereas the employment situations of the upper skilled part of workers are linked withprofit more than with wages; the employment macro-social dynamic, which determines theindividual trajectories, is a societal one because of differences between countries in socialconstruction. The network will question the dilemma unemployment-wage, which is often seen asthe only alternative, and analyse the conditions of an added-value sharing out which could be moreprofitable to the employees. A better comprehension of the political actions context is a way topropose some path, especially for youth integration, according to integrative elements ofemployment dynamics.

Brief description of the work content:

The first year will serve to share national knowledge by two meetings: the first one about thedefinition of employment notion and the second one about the recent transformation of itsconstruction in each participants country. During the second year, the network will aim to elaboratea common conceptual framework with a meeting about national historical dimensions ofemployment and a second one about social exclusion according to employment transformations;then, two meetings during the third year will serve for works broadening and valorisation: the goalof the first one is to confront the common framework with the researches of two other Europeanteams; the purpose of the last one will be to diffuse the network results to the EuropeanCommission. Each meeting will be prepared by two previous reports for each participant team, anational and a critical one, according to a common methodological framework. The last one willtake the form of a conference in Brussels.


276

Self-Employment Activities concerning Women and Minorities: Their Success or Failure inRelation to Social Citizenship Policies




Partners:

Aalborg UniversityDepartment of Development & PlanningAalborg - DenmarkProf. Dr. Feiwel Kupferberg

University of CreteDepartment of Sociology / HistoryDepartmentRethymno - GreeceProf. S. Papaioannou

Universita ‘Degli Studi Della CalabriaDipartimenti di Sociologia e di ScienzaPoliticaArcavacata Di Rende - ItalyDr. Walter Privitera

University of DundeeDepartment of Political Science and SocialPolicyDundee - UKDr. Gabriella Lazar

Coordinator:

University of FrankfurtDepartment of Social and Political ScienceRobert Mayer StraBe 560054 Frankfurt/München - Germany

Prof. Dr. U. ApitzschTel: +49/69/798 28728Fax: +49/69/798 22539

Centre for Research on Women’s Issues“Diotima”Athens - GreeceMs. M. Liapi

University of UmeaaDepartment of Sociology and Department ofEthnologyUmeaa - SwedenProf. Dr. A. Aalund

University of GreenwichSchool of Social SciencesLondon - UKProf. Dr.F. Anthias


277

Self-employment activities concerning women and minorities

Objectives of the project

The project focuses on the evaluation of social citizenship policies in relation to self-employmentactivities implemented by member countries of the European Union. Those policies will examinedwhich aim to promote self-employment as prominent active social integration strategies, targetingto women and minority groups, as groups most likely to be threatened by exclusion and also asgroups with a growing propensity towards self-employment.

Brief description of the research project

The globalization of the economy, the contraction of jobs in formal sectors, as well as long-termunemployment of an increasing number of people as led many to the decision of starting up theirown business, in order to integrate themselves into the labour market. Self-employment has thusbecome a social strategy for individual integration. Policy targets taking into account starterstrategies shift from welfare towards active social integration. New concepts and instruments ofintegrational strategies aim to improve social integration on the level of self-employment projects.

The research is founded upon the explicit hypothesis that active social integration policies aiming atthe promotion of self-employment of unemployment women and migrant minority members canonly be successful if their specific socialisation under unstable biographical and work conditions isrecognised and compensation is provided for their discontinuous working careers.

The empirical methodology of this project will challenge this hypothesis through the systematiccollection of life-histories and work-histories from samples of women and migrants whoparticipated in programmes geared to active social integration. These samples will be matched withsamples of migrants and women who have become successfully self-employed without benefit ofthese programmes and policies.

Through this challenge testing of the hypothesis, it is aimed to formulate concepts for effectivesocial policies related to efforts of members of socially vulnerable groups.

The project will establish an European-wide research infrastructure with the instruments of acommon database and software training in qualitative data analysis. Policy makers an dadministrators will be equipped with well grounded answers for questions arising by thedevelopment of consultation and training programmes.


278

Inclusion through Participation




Partners:

The Copenhagen Business SchoolCentre for Social Integration andDifferentiationCopenhagen- DenmarkDr. Hornemann Moller

Vrije Universiteit BrusselStudy Group in Technological, Economic andSocial Change and Labour Market ResearchBrussels - BelgiumProf Dr. Vilrokx

Departamento de Sociologia y Metodologiade las Ciencias SocialesCatalunya - SpainDr. S. Garcia

Coordinator:

Utrecht UniversityDepartment of General Social Sciences, Workand Social Participation GroupHeidelberglaan 23584 CS Utrecht - The Netherlands

Dr. Van BerkelTel: +31/30/2535155Fax: +31/30/2534733

Political Economy Research CentreSheffield - United KingdomDr. M. Roche

Colégio de S. JerónimoCentro de Estudos SociaisCoimbra - PortugalProf. P. Hespanha


279

Inclusion through Participation

Objectives :The objectives of the research project can be outlined as follows:1. To analyze and compare views on inclusion and exclusion from two connected but at the same

time distinct perspectives: firstly, views on inclusion and exclusion underlying social policies;and secondly, inclusion and exclusion as experienced by different groups of citizens.

2. To gain insight into determinants of success and failure of integration policies;3. To gain insight into the following logical sequences that underly most social policies:

unemployment causes exclusion; paid work causes inclusion; unpaid work in itself cannotcause inclusion;

4. To present recommendations concerning future social policies.

Brief description of the research project:The research project investigates the inclusion presumptions as well as the integrative effects of a rangeof social policies aimed at the inclusion of the unemployed. It does this by confronting the views onand objectives of inclusion that these policies embody with experiences of inclusion and exclusion ofpeople participating in these policies. The project critically assesses the inclusion potentials of bothpaid and unpaid work for different social groups.

From the above objectives the following research questions are deduced:1. How are the concepts of inclusion and exclusion defined in national and supranational (cq EU)

social policies?2. How is participation in various forms of work related to experiences of inclusion and

exclusion? To what degree are these experiences determined by cultural orientations of thepeople involved?

3. What conclusions can be drawn on the basis of the answers to the former questions for theconcept of citizenship in general and for social policies aimed at inclusion in particular?

These research questions will be studied by:- analyzing views on inclusion and exclusion underlying social integration policies;- reviewing empirical research and current research projects into experiences of inclusion and

exclusion;- carrying out empirical casestudies into experiences of inclusion/exclusion of different groups of

people who are taking part in social policies stimulating participation in various kinds of (paiden unpaid) work;

- making an international comparison of social policies and their integrative impact.The results of these research activities will be published in research reports. Each step in the researchprocess will result into a separate report. The final report will also include recommendations regardingnational and EU social policies aimed at integration through forms of participation.


280

Causes and Mechanisms of Social Exclusion Smallholders




Partners:

Lunds UniversitetDepartment of SociologyLund - SwedenDr. Goran Djurfeldt

Rural Sociology GroupDepartment of Social SciencesWageningen - The NetherlandsProf. Dr. J. D. van der Ploeg

Coordinator:

Institute of Urban and Rural SociologyMessogion 14-1811527 Athens - Greece

Dr. C. SafiliouTel: +30/1/4281079Fax: +30/1/4281079Email: [email protected]

Centre d’Etude et de RechercheTechniques-Organisation-PouvoirsMaison de la RechercheToulouse Cedex 1 - FranceDr. Anne-Marie Rieu

Karetian Research InstituteJoensuu - FinlandMs. Maarit Sireni


281

Causes and Mechanisms of Social Exclusion of Women Smallholders.

Objectives :

The main objective is the study of the causes and key mechanisms of social exclusion of womenfarmers in Greece, France, Sweden, Netherlands and Finland, countries with varying degrees oftraditional family and gender ideologies. Since women farmers are most often smallholders andexperience social exclusion both as smallholders and as women, it is important to also examine thekey mechanisms of the social exclusion of all smallholders. A number of indicators of this type ofsocial exclusion will be also examined. Hence the specific objectives are:

(a) To study the main overt and hidden causes and mechanisms of the social exclusion ofsmallholders and particularly of women farmers;(b) to assess how agricultural profitability and the unemplyment rates of rural men and womenaffect the degree of feminization of farm enterprises and the exclusion/integration of womenfarmers:(c) to identify the main strategies of smallholders aiming to counteract exclusion processes and toexamine the impact of these strategies on women farmers' exclusion or integration chances;(d) to identify women farmers' strategies (and their effectiveness) aiming to counteract exclusionprocesses;(e) to assess the effectiveness of existing policies aiming to integrate women farmers in agriculture;(f) to examine the validity of identified indicators of smallholder' and women farmers'exclusion/integration.

While the EU Common Agricultural Policies set in motion powerful social exclusion processestoward smallholders, women farmers' social exclusion is primarily caused by still lingering andpowerful traditiopal, patriarchal values concerning the appropriate roles of men and women in thefamily and society. These values are still particularly powerful in rural areas. They de-emphasizewomen's active roles in agriculture andsubvert policies aiming to facilitate women farmers' integration.

Data will be collected through interviews on the basis of a questionnaire with unstructured andsemi-structured questions. Most questions will be the same in all countries but a number ofquestions will refer to country-specific conditions.About 200 interviews with men and womenfarmers and a number of illustrative case studies will be obtained in each country. Also a number ofinterviews will be undertaken with representatives of agricultural institutions and farmers'organizations.

The projected benefits of the project are:

(a) the broadening and refinement of the concept of social exclusion of women farmers;(b) the identification of sensitive indicators of smallholders' and women farmers' integration inagriculture;(c) the documentation and increased visibility of the agricultural roles of women farmers;(d) the identification of social policies, indigenous individual and collective innovative strategiesthat can help diminish the social exclusion of women farmers; and(e) the examination of the conditions under which the impact of women's integration in agriculturecan be beneficial to agricultural productivity, quality of production and environmental issues.

A strategy for the dissemination of data in each country, to local and regional development agents,farmers' organizations and national policy makers, has been agreed upon by all project partners.


282

Full Employment in Europe(Thematic network)




Partners :

TU WienInstituts für Finanz und InfrastrukturpolitishWien - AustriaProf. E. Matzner

University of LondonQueen Mary Westfield College,London - United KingdomMr. J. Grahl

CEPREMAPParis - FranceDr. P. Petit

South Bank UniversitySchool of Urban DevelopmentLondon - United KingdomProf. S. Aaronovitch

Universität Wien - Economics DepartmentWien - AustriaProf. E. Weissel

TU DelftWTM, Department of EconomicsNL - 2600 GB DelftProf. A. Kleinknecht

Universitat Autonoma de BarcelonaDepartament d’Economia AplicadaBarcelona - SpainProf. M. Etxezarreta

Coordinator:

University of BremenInstitut für Europaïsche Wirtschaft undWirtschaftspolitikBibliothekstrasse 1BEGO, Wilhelm-Herst-Str. 1AD-28359 Bremen

Prof. Dr. J.HuffschmidTel : +49-421 218 3072Fax : +49 421 218 4597E.mail: [email protected]

Freie Universität BerlinFU Berlin Fachbereich Politische WissenschaftBerlin - GermanyProf. E. Altvater

Technical University of DenmarkDepartment of Technology and Social SciencesLyngby - DenmarkDr. J. Pedersen

Fackföreningsrörelsens Institut für EkonomiskForskningStockholm - SwedenDr. G. Dahlstrom

Université de Paris ISéminaire d’Economie du TravailMutations Espace Travail Industrie StrategiesParis - FranceDr. L. Hoang Ngoc

Université de Paris 13Centre d’Etudes de Dynamiques InternationalesVilletaneuse, Paris - FranceProf. J. MazierNational Technical University of AthensDepartment of General Studies15780 Zoegrafou,Athens - GreeceProf. Ioannis Milios

University of BolognaDip. Scienze EconomicheI-40125 Bologna - ItalyProf. Paolo Pini


283

Full Employment in Europe(Thematic network)

The general objective of the Thematic Network's work is to re-introduce and substantiate theconcept of full employment (FE) into the economic policy discussion in the European Union, on theCommunity as well as on the national and regional/local level.

More specifically this includes the following three sub-objectives:

- The development of an analytical understanding of the endogenous and external reasons, why fullemployment has been widely abandoned as economic policy goal (e.g. changes of economicstructures, technological developments, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of internationalcooperation, the acceleration of internationalisation/globalisation);

- The elaboration of the necessary modifications and differentiations which must be made in a fullemployment strategy in contemporary Europe as compared to the three decades after World War II;

- The concretisation of the instrumental and institutional side of an appropriate full employmentstrategy as a multi-layered policy on the European, the national and regional/local levels, payingparticular attention to the mutual links between the different levels.

The TN will proceed in four working groups (WGs).

In the first WG the conceptual, historical and institutional dimensions of full employment andthe development of these dimensions since World War II will be explored, taking into account thefar-reaching changes of the structure of the workforce as well as of the international competitiveenvironment.

The second WG deals with the macroeconomic requirements for a sustainable strategy for fullemployment including, apart from well established fields like monetary and fiscal policies, alsoquestions of income distribution and of ecological requirements.

In the third WG the role of working time arrangements in a strategy for full employment will bediscussed; this includes the analysis of different models of working time arrangements in variouscountries (e.g. Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany et al.)

The fourth WG thematises structural aspects of full employment policies. It will firstly deal withregional policy in the EU on a national and on the European level. Secondly the field of technologypolicy will be adressed.

The TN organises working group meetings to which interested experts will be invited and publicannual conferences which will discuss and synthesise the findings of the working groups.Intermediate papers of the working groups and the results of the network will be published.


284

New Employment Opportunities in the Third Sector. An Evaluation of Innovative Policies forSocial Integration in Europe (NETS)




Partners:

Lunaria AssociationRoma - ItalyDr. G. Marcon

Universität BremenInstitute for Local Social Policy and Non-profit OrganisationsBremen - GermanyDr. R. Bauer

Coordinator:

Università di Roma “La Sapienza”Dipartimento di Economia PubblicaVia del Castro Laurenziano 900161 Roma - Italy

Prof. M. MellanoTel: +39/06/49766347Fax: +39/06//4462040Email: [email protected]

Fundacion Francisco Ferrer i GuardiaBarcelona - SpainMs. G. Martins


285

NETS New Employment Opportunities in the Third Sector

Objectives

The aim of this project is to identify the contribution to social integration and employment creationin Europe which may come from what (for ease of use) is called “third sector” (nonprofit, sociallyuseful activities also known as “third system”, “social economy”). Their job creation potential andtheir ability to address new needs will be assessed, and alternative policy actions will be evaluated,considering their economic efficiency and effectiveness, and the impact on social integration.

Brief description

A large-scale statistical survey of third sector organizations will be conducted, with questions ontheir activities, economic dimension, employment patterns and on the impact that different policiesare likely to have on their performance. The survey will be carried out in three European countries- Germany, Italy and Spain - representative of the different problems and institutional frameworkspresent in the European Union.The results of the surveys will be combined with information from the sources already available andwith in-depth interviews to major players and policy makers in the field. Further studies willconsider:- the impact of different policies which might be more feasible and effective at the level ofthe European Union- a range of policy alternatives with clear evaluation of their advantages and disadvantagesand special attention to the needs for harmonization.

Intended outcomes

A database containing empirical data will be produced for both researchers and policy makers and awide audience book will be published.During the project, a strong interaction - through meetings and National and European Fora - isenvisaged between researchers, representatives of third sector organizations and policy makers atthe national and European level in order to assure consideration of all contributions to the policydebate and the widest dissemination of the results of the project.


286

Evaluation of Local Socio-Economic Strategies and Disadvantaged Urban Areas




Partners:

Centre for Housing Research & UrbanStudiesGlasgow - United KingdomProf. Ivan Turok

Fondaziona Idis - Istituto per la diffusionee la valorizzazione delle cultura scientificaNapoli - ItalyDr. Valeria Fascione

Beleidsondersteunens RuimtelijkOnderzoek Universiteit van AmsterdamB.V.Amsterdam - The NetherlandsDrs. Elisabeth ter Borg

Govan Initiative LimitedGlasgow - United KingdomMr J.R. R. Hendry

Association Jeunes et CitéLaxou - FranceMr Jean-Luc Dumas

Coordinator:

Institut für Landes-undStadtentwicklungsferschung des LandesNordhrein - WestfalenP.O. Box 10 17 64Köningswall 38-4044137 Dortmund - Germany

Mr. R.. Zimmer-HegmannTel: +49/231/9051-100Fax: +49/231/9051-155

Royal Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Regional PlanningStockholm - SwedenDr. Göran Cars

Laboratoire de Sociologie du Travail et del’Evironnement SocialNancy - FranceProf. Maurice Blanc

Büro für WirtschaftsentwicklungDuisburg - GermanyMr Ercan I. A. Gorres

MKB Fastighets ABMalmö - SwedenMr. S. Andersson


287

Evaluation of Local Socio-Economic Strategies in Disadvantaged Urban Areas.

Objectives

The overall aim of the project is to evaluate the impact of local economic development strategies inurban regeneration areas, to understand the processes and circumstances that condition theireffectiveness, identify areas for improvement and define appropriate policy responses.

The research aims at :• analysing socio-economic effects of local development strategies as employed in urban

regeneration areas in six European countries• understanding better how different institutional and organisational structures and

interrelationships conditions the effectiveness of local economic development strategies• identifying areas for improvement and designing effective policy solutions• enhancing conceptual framework on the scope and relevance of local economic development

initiatives• conceptual and methodological work on constructing and integrating data and indicator systems

for monitoring locally based economic regeneration approaches.

Brief description of the research project

Local economic development strategies aim at the integration of disadvantaged communities bymeans of generating employment and increased incomes, and the revival of the whole localeconomy in deprived urban areas. The project has built users into its design and is based on‘tandem’-solutions- that is the co-operation of a research partner and an associated local partner ineach of the participating countries - to undertake the research.

The project proposes a multi-dimensional evaluation approach based on quantitative and qualitativemethods in order to verify conclusions abut the impact and scope of economic developmentinitiatives in combating social exclusion in regeneration areas. The proposed evaluation concepttakes into account the influence of macro factors and organisational structures on the policieseffectiveness.

The main results of the research will be better insights into more and less effective institutional andorganisational structures and interrelationships for promoting a local economy in disadvantagedurban areas. A better understanding of the circumstances in which certain policy actions are moreeffective than others will be developed. The definition of relevant performance indicators andbenchmarks will provide a base for comparative analysis in a range of European countries. Policyoriented reports and a manual “Best practices in local economic development” will help policy-makers to design effective policy responses to the common challenge of supporting effective localeconomic development in urban regeneration areas.


288

Border Cities and Towns: Causes of Social Exclusion in Peripheral Europe


EC Contribution: 315,000 ECUStarting Date: 1 December 1997Duration: 36 months

EC Scientific Officer: F.Boughanemi

Partners:

Queens’ University of BelfastDepartment of Social AnthropologyBelfast - IrelandProf. H. Donnan

Universidad de MalagaFacultad de CC, EE y EEDepartamento de Economia AplicadaAndalucia - SpainProf. A. Garcia-Lizana

ISIG-Istituto di Sociologia Internazionaledi GoriziaVenezia Giulia - ItalyProf. A. Gasparini

Coordinator:

University of the AegeanDepartment of Geography17 Karantoni Street81100 MytileneLesvos - Greece

Prof. L. LeontidouTel: +30/1/7225986 & +30/251/29579Fax: +30/1/7237196 & +30/251/2378Email:[email protected]

King’s College LondonDepartment of War StudiesLondon - United KingdomDr. J. Gow

Université de CorseLASSOJEP - Laboratoire des SciencesSociales Juridiques, Economiques &PolitiquesCorse - FranceDr. X. Peraldi

ISCTE - Istituto Superior de Ciências doTrabalho e da EmpresaDepartamento de SociologiaLisboa - PortugalProf. Matias Ferreira


289

Border Cities and Towns: Causes of Social Exclusion in Peripheral Europe

Objectives :The goal of the project is to place the periphery of Europe firmly into the debate on socialexclusion, empiricaly, theoreticaly, methodologicaly, but also politicaly, thereby throwing light onthe causes of social exclusion in Europe in general. The five objectives are:

• To understand the causes of social exclusion not highlighted in current research, which basicallyfocuses on poverty and unemployment on/near the core of Europe;

• to examine differences/ similarities between regions and groups in peripheral Europe, andconstruct relevant typologies appropriate for places which belong simultaneously on the EUborder and in less-favoured regions;

• to identify alternative ways of investigating and measuring social exclusion;• to develop new strategies for combatting social exclusion, with particular attention to grass-roots

creativity rather than top-down policy;• and to bring closer together research institutions involved in the investigation of social exclusion

at the European periphery, with a view to extending the present network across the border in thefuture.

Brief description of the research project:Of the seven partners realizing the project, six are located in EU regions experiencing trebleperipherality: they are on the external border, in less favoured regions, and away from Europeandevelopment corridors at the same time. In addition, three of the partners are located on marginalislands. A departure from existing research, and therefore policy, is thus sought. Exclusiveemphasis on changes in the political economy (“productivist” approach) and the welfare State(“welfarist” approach) will be criticized here. It is proposed to investigate alternative and additionalsocio-cultural causes of social exclusion by targeting spatial peripherality, and the objective andintersubjective construction of social exclusion.

Theoretical and methodological innovations include alternative approaches to economicconstraints (embeddedness) and the role of the welfare State (intercepted by reciprocity); themediation of structural causes of social exclusion by culture and intersubjectivity; and the fusion of“deconstruction” and “unpacking”, i.e. of postmodern and critical realist epistemologies (hence, thealternation of intensive / extensive research in the work packages).

The outcome of the project is expected to lead to the reformulation of theory and thereforealso strategies for combatting social exclusion. Each participant is expected to valorize localknowledge and grass-roots strategies in a commentary, reformulation and “indigenization” ofcurrent policies to combat social exclusion, which ignore border localities and do not targetproblems of the European periphery in an effective way. By criticizing the “productivist” and“welfarist” approaches (usually top-down policies) and highlighting socio-cultural aspects and theconstruction of identity, unknown, “hidden”, causes of social exclusion and grass-roots action willbe highlighted. Their neglect is repeatedly manifested through the damage it creates in the processof European integration, peace and cooperation, especially on the border.


290

Trade, Inequality and European Unemployment(Thematic network)




Partners:

Centro de Estudios Monetarios yFinancierosMadrid - SpainProf. S. Bentolila

Athens Institute of Economic PolicyStudiesAthens - GreeceProf. Kollintzas

Centro Studi Luca d’AglianoTorino - ItalyProf. R. Faini

Coordinator:

Centre for Economic Policy Research90 - 98 Goswell RoadLondon EC1V 7DB - United Kingdom

Mr. S. YeoTel: +44/171/8782900Fax: +44/171/8782999Email:[email protected]

Ecole des Hautes Etudes en SciencesSocialesDépartement et Laboratoire d’EconomieThéorique et AppliquéeParis - FranceProf. F. Bourguignon

Centre d’Etudes Prospectives d’EconomieMathématique Appliquées à laPlanificationParis - FranceProf. D. Cohen


291

Trade, Inequalities and European Unemployment(Thematic Network)

This thematic network will analyse the relationship between the process of globalization and thetwin in-equalities of incomes and of access to jobs, two key factors affecting social exclusion.

Objectives

The network aims:- to bring together the disparate strands of research on this topic- to foster collaboration between groups of researchers who tended in the past to work inrelative isolation and so- to develop a consensus on the analytical frameworks which are appropriate to analyse thetwin in-equalities of incomes and of access to jobs.

This thematic network deals the rise of inequalities is unquestionably one of the most decisivefactors shaping the political agendas of most OECD countries.In the US, rising wage inequalities are at the heart of debates concerning the role of minimumwages on the one hand, and of tax policies on the other. In Europe, the problem is manifested inworkers' inequality in their access to jobs - unemployment - and the debate concerns the degree offlexibility needed to circumvent this inequality.

The network will help develop a coherent framework for the analysis of the causes ofunemployment, which takes into account factors such as international trade, market integration andglobalization, and `skills-biased' technological change. It will also contribute to our understandingof the patterns of unemployment and social exclusion, by bringing together researchers from thefields of international trade and labour economics with specialists in income distribution, focusingin particular on the relationship between inequality in the distribution of wages and the distributionof incomes across households. This relationship seems to be an important factor in explaining thevery different ways in which inequality manifests itself in Europe and the US. This has implicationsfor policies designed to address inequality and exclusion in Europe: policy prescriptions based onthe US experience may be seriously flawed if applied within Europe.Finally an attempt will be made to clarify the relationship between attitudes towards redistributionand the political feasibility of policies designed to address the problems of inequality, socialexclusion and unemployment, whether through redistribution or reforms to the operation of labourmarkets.


292

Youth Unemployment and Social Exclusion


EC Contribution: 708 676 ECUStarting date: 1 January 1998Duration: 30 months

EC Scientific Officer: Fadila Boughanemi

Coordinator:

Universität BremenResearch Unit WorkUnemployment and Personality (FB II )Grazer Str. 228359 Bremen - Germany

Prof. T. KieselbachTel. : +49/4212182825Fax : +49/4212184309Email: [email protected]

Partners:

University of BolognaDepartment of SociologyBologna - ItalyProf. M. La Rosa

Universitat Autonoma de BarcelonaFac. Politiques I SociologiaBarcelona - SpainDr. Prof. L. Lemkow

Unit for Suicide ResearchDept. of PsychiatryUniversity HospitalGent - BelgiumProf. C. Van Heeringen

Greek Network of Health PromotingSchoolsAthens - GreeceMs. K Sokou


293

Youth Unemployment and Social Exclusion

Objectives :

The project aims at empirical research on the causes and key mechanisms of social exclusion, andamong them, especially unemployment. The project concentrates on the most important group: theyoung.

The empirical research work in the six countries is, on the one hand, dedicated to different nationalproblems of youth unemployment, and on the other hand follows different scientific orientationsand methodologies, namely sociological, psychological, psychiatric and cultural.

Brief description of the Research Project:

Research will be undertaken on the vulnerability of specific groups of young people and on theprocesses and stages of social exclusion often associated with unemployment. The project followsthe concept of victimisation on three levels

- the loss of social features connected with employment;- the experience of continuous exclusion from paid employment with accelerating “daily hassles”;- the selective evaluation of the unemployed by their social surroundings;

and aims to identify critical steps in the process of victimisation in order to formulate social optionscounteract it.

Each partner contributes specific expertise to the project: in particular, the partner from a publichealth institution will study self-perceptions of shame associated with financial difficulties, and. thepartner from a university hospital will research attempted suicide (the most radical form of self-exclusion from society). Other partners will focus will focus on labour market factors (the weakbands of the labour market for youth), and the cushioning effect of the informal economy - which isfor many young the only entrance to the labour market. A number of issues will be addressed suchas the relationship between family support and control; a more psychological approach to identifythe stages of victimisation.

The work in the project is coordinated along three phases which are terminated in commonworkshops, at which the results and contributions from the six countries will be compared anddiscussed:

- the definition of concept of social exclusion: analysis and description of the forms it takes in thesix countries;- empirical research (data analysis and qualitative interviews) with different socially excludedgroups or groups-at-risk; and,- the identification and evaluation of innovative options of institutional and political interventionand counteraction.


294

Labour Demand, Education and the Dynamics of Social Exclusion




Partners:

University of AarhusCentre for Labour Market and SocialResearchAarhus C - DenmarkProf. Pedersen

Centre National de la RechercheScientifiqueGroupement de Recherche en Economie etStatistiqueFranceFrancis Kramarz

Ludwig Maximilians Universität MunchenSeminar for labor and Population EconomicsMunchen - GermanyDr. R. Rotte

Economic and Social Research InstituteDublin - IrelandDr. Barrett

Lunds UniversiteitDepartment of Economics HistoryLund - SwedenProf. Bengtsson

Coordinator:

Centre for Economic Policy Research90-98 Goswell RoadLondon EC1V 7DBUnited Kingdom

Prof. ZimmermanTel: +44/171/8782900Fax: +44/171/8782999Email: [email protected]

Bar-Ilan UniversityEconomics Research InstituteDepartment of EconomicsRamat-Gan - IsraelProf. Neuman

Istituto Universitario EuropeoDepartment of EconomicsFirenze - ItalyProf. Ichino

Facultade de Economia da UniversidadeNova de LisboaLisboa - PortugalProf. Pereira

Centro de Estudios Monetarios yFinancierosMadrid - SpainProf. Bantolila

University of EssexESRC Centre on Micro-Social ChangeEssex - United KingdomProf. Booth


295

Labour Demand, Education, and the Dynamics of Social Exclusion

Objectives

The project will explore the post-1970 effects of technological change and market integration on thedemand for labour with different levels of education and skills, and on unemployment and theprocess of social exclusion across Europe. The proposed research has three key objectives:- to analyse the effects of technological change on the demand for labour in terms of education andskills,- to develop new indicators of “social exclusion” and new analytical techniques to explore thedynamics of exclusion for problem groups,- to investigate how different labour market, educational, immigration and social policies havemoderated this process, and to suggest alternative policy directions.

Brief description of the projectThe project is designed to test a specific and highly important hypothesis: that social exclusion canbe regarded as a step-wise and potentially reversible process. The analysis will therefore, emphasisethe processes of exclusion and inclusion, not merely the characteristics of those already excluded orincluded. This has important policy implications, since it allows for the possibility that exclusioncan be halted and even reversed. New indicators will be designed to take full account of themultidimensional nature of social exclusion: these measures will reflect not only income and labourmarket outcomes, but also other aspects of exclusion such as housing, access to public services,crime and health.Because there is neither a consensus on the appropriate policy responses, nor a common set ofinstitutions with which to manage change, labour, immigration and education policies differ greatlyacross EU countries. The changes described above must therefore be evaluated within a Europeancontext in order to find appropriate solutions to the problems of technological change and socialexclusion. Such an evaluation will be carried out within the framework of this programme.In order to analyse the above issues, a number of explanatory variables will be used. These willinclude, on the supply side, factors such as work skills, number of years of labour marketexperience, education, language skills, age, gender, cultural factors (including religion), urbanexperience, and social background (family characteristics); and, on the demand side, variablesrepresenting factors such as economic structure (qualifications, 'ethnic' jobs, etc.), degree of marketintegration (the 'EU effect') and business cycles. Institutional factors will be taken into accountthrough an examination of immigration and integration policy, labour market and unemploymentpolicy, and policies for education and vocational training.

Expected outcomes:Results from the project will circulate in the “CEPR Discussion Papers Series” and will bepresented at public discussion meetings organized by CEPR.


296

Réseau Thématique Européen sur: le Travail, les Jeunes et le syndicalisme


EC Contribution: 140,000 ECUStarting Date: 1 December 1997Duration: 24 months


Partners:

DGB Landesbezick HessenMalbourg - GermanyMr. Rolf Schmucher

Research Department of PEO EuropeanSectionNicosia - CyprusMr. Vasos Uasiliou

Centre Confédéral de la Jeunesse - CGTMontreuil Cedex - FranceMs. Christine Escalier

Study Office of CGTP-INConfederação Geral dos TrabalhadoresPortuguesesLisboa - PortugalDr. Joaquim Dionisio

Coordinator:

Institut Syndical d’Etudes et de RecherchesEconomiques et Sociales - ISERES263 rue de Paris93516 Cedex Montreuil - France

Prof. Ms. Anita ArduraTel: +33/148/188437Fax: +33/148/188337

Interrégionale WallonneLes Jeunesses Syndicales - JS - FGTBBruxelles - BelgiqueMs. Rebecca Fievez

Secretaria de Juventud de la Confederationsindicade comisiones obrerasSecretaria de Juventude de C.S.CC.OO.Madrid - SpainMr. J-L Sanchez Garcia

TUC YouthTrade Union Congress AssociationLondon - United KingdomMr. Mark Holding

College de FranceParis Cedex 05 - FranceMr. Frédéric Lebaron


297

Réseau Thématique Européen : le Travail, les Jeunes et le Syndicalisme

Objectives

The creation of a European network on the theme of Work, young people and trade unions shouldmake it possible to tackle the issue of social exclusion/integration in Europe, by examining theinteraction of these three fields. The problems, which young people are facing, seem to be the samein different European States, even if they arise in more or less different ways according to thecountry. Every society is concerned about them in relation to the future. Given existing studies onthe subject, it seems necessary to go into greater depth in this field of research. It is rare for changesin work to be studied from the point of view of developments amongst young people. This is evenmore the case, as far as a comparative approach at the European level is concerned. However,young people’s living and working conditions seem to say a lot about on-going changes.Furthermore, young people’s working and living reality and the way they evaluate them and theirrelationship to work have something to do with the way they relate to trade unionism.

Brief description of the research project :

The proposed network will be made up of representatives of European trade unions (and similarbodies). It will make it possible to know about trade union policies, proposals and opinions onsocial exclusion/integration, as well as its mechanisms, causes and policies that are implemented...Meetings will be organised by each partner of the network on a particular aspect of the generaltheme of “Work, young people and trade unions”: young people’s relationship to work,destructuring/restructuring of social identity, training, trade unionism, relations betweengenerations, payment of young people’s work and their wages. It will not be a question of simplypresenting existing studies country by country, but also of having discussions about most significanttrade union experience, the way social actors perceive of and analyse the situation and initiativestaken in the field.Research work and tests could be envisaged subsequently.


298

Redundancy as a Factor of Social Exclusion


EC Contribution: 313 000ECUStarting Date: 1 December 1997Duration: 24 months


Partners:

Instituto Richerche Economiche e SocialiEmilia RomagnaBologna - ItalyProf. G. G. Balandi

Wissenschaftszentrum Nordrhein-WestfalenInstitut für Arbeit und TechnikGelsenkirchen - GermanyDr. M. Knuth

Universitat Rovira i VirgiliDepartment of LawTarragona - SpainDr. Martinez Abascal

Coordinator:

Centre National de la RechercheScientifiqueLIRRHEPlace Anatole France31042 Toulouse Cedex - France

Marie-Laure MorinTel: +33/5/61633880Fax: +33/5/61633860E-mail: [email protected]


299

Redundancy as a Factor of Social Exclusion

Objectives

The objective of the study are:- To highlight the similarities and the differences in the selection process leading toredundancy in 4 different EC Members (Germany, Spain, France and Italy)- To assess the effect of the different public or private mechanisms designed to combat thesocial exclusion of the employees concerned- To contribute to the debate on the implementation of current EU Directives onredundancy and possible future modifications.

Brief description

The research is directed at the loss of employment, in particular through redundancy. Redundancyrepresents a major risk leading to social marginalisation for two main reasons. Its first victims arethose who can be considered as fragile. Furthermore, in Europe in general redundancy is one of themain causes of loss of employment and it is well known that it leads above all to the phenomenonof longterm unemployment.

This research will deal with four questions:- To what extent do prevailing redundancy laws and corporate practices and procedures leadto the risk of exclusion- Once a redundancy decision has been taken what responsibilities are incumbent on the firm- What are the mechanisms and measures provided by the State to avoid the process of socialmarginalisation- What interaction exists between the responsibilities of the firm and the role of the publicauthorities in this area?

All forms of redundancy will be addressed, whether they be collective or individual, with or withouta social plan or other such procedures.Three actors involved in redundancy will be studied: the employer, the social partners and lastly thepublic authorities and their respective roles and responsibilities will be analysed. The goal is then toanalyse and to assess all the measures, both inside and outside the company designed to avoid thejobless worker sinking into social exclusion.


300

Effectiveness of National Integration Strategies Towards Second Generation Migrant Youthin a Comparative European Perspective




Partners:

Stockholms UniversitetCentrum för InvandringsforskningStockholm - SwedenDr. C. Westin

Otto-Friedrich-Universität BambergLehrstuhl für DemographieBamberg - GermanyProf. Dr. R. H. Dinkel

University of LancasterCentre for Applied StatisticsLancaster - United KingdomDr. R. Penn

Ecole des Hautes Etudes en SciencesSocialesCentre de Rcherches HistoriquesParis - FranceProf. Dr. Schnapper

Coordinator:

Otto-Friedrich-Universität BambergEuropäisches Forum für MigrationsstudienKatharinenstrasse 196052 Bamberg - Germany

Prof. Dr. HeckmannTel: +49/951/37041Fax: +49/951/32888E-mail: [email protected]

Universiteit van AmsterdamInstitute for Migration and Ethnic StudiesAmsterdam - The NetherlandsProf. Dr. R. Penninx

Universidad Pontificia ComillasInstituto Universitario de Estudios sobreMigracionesMadrid - SpainDr. R. Aparicio Gomez

Université de NeuchâtelSwiss Forum for Migration StudiesNeuchâtel - SwitzerlandDr. A.. Wimmer


301

Effectiveness of National Integration Strategies towards Second Generation Migrant Youth ina Comparative European Perspective

Objectives

The proposed research:- will examine national policies and strategies aimed to integrate second-generation migrantyouth within different European societies as to their relative effectiveness- aims to permit a systematic assessment of the nature and extent of integration of youngpeople by comparing simultaneously national differences and differences between the children ofinternational migrants and autochthonous young people.

Brief description

The main part of the research involves an empirical assessment of integration strategies in France,Germany and Great Britain. This will be supplemented by a range of secondary analyzes of parallelphenomena in The Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, Finland and Switzerland.

Central to the research are the twin beliefs that issues of integration are central to the effectivesocial, economic and cultural development of Europe and that the experiences of each country canand should inform the development of best practices both within and across the nations thatconstitute the European Union.The research will try to fill a gap in the contemporary social scientific knowledge about theintegration of the children of international migrants within contemporary Europe. As yet, there islittle rigorous empirical research into the effectiveness of the various strategies that have evolved toresolve this central dilemma.

Intended outcomes

The project will involve policymakers in the research, to be coordinated by a series of local steeringcommittees. Furthermore dissemination will be promoted by informing an established forum onintegration and migration policies (a continuous seminar of senior officials in Germany) as well asby cooperating with the European Thematic Network Migrant’s Forum.


302

European Citizenship and the Social and Political Integration of the European Union(Thematic network)




Partners:

University of ExeterDepartment of PoliticsUK - Exeter EX4 4RJ, DevonDr. D. Castiglione

Universita degli studi di FirenzeDipartimento di Teorica e Storia del DirittoIT - 50129 Firenze, TuscanyDr. E. Santoro

Advanced Research on theEuropeanisation of the Nation StateARENAN - 0317 OsloDr. A. Follesdal

Universität BerlinFachbereich Politische Wissenschaft and derFreienD - 14195 BerlinDr. U. K. Preuss

Universidade do MinhoInstituto de Letras e Ciências HumanasP - 4710 BragaProf. A. da Silva Estanquiero Rocha

Coordinator:

The University of ReadingDepartment of PoliticsP.O. Box 218WhiteknightsUK - Reading RG6 6A

Prof. R. BellamyTel : +44-118-931-8928Fax : +44-118-975-3833E.mail: [email protected]

Universita degli Studi di SassariDipartimento di Economia,Istituzioni e SocietaIT - 07100 SassariProf. V. Mura

Institut für Höhere Studien undWissenschaftliche ForschungDepartment of Political ScienceA-1060 WienDr J. Melchior


303

Integration of the European Union(Thematic network)

This Network will assess the extent to which European citizenship could and does promote theidentification of Europeans with the institutions of the Union. It investigates three broadapproaches: the civic nationalist, the cosmopolitan globalist and a mixed model, elements of eachbeing present within existing EU and Member State definitions and arrangements. All three areassessed in terms of their compatibility with national and other allegiances, on the one hand, andtheir ability to avoid invidious and potentially destabilising exclusions of particular categories ofpersons, on the other.

This central aim involves the following eight specific objectives:1. Developing a conceptual framework for the analysis of the evolution and impact of the policy ofEuropean Citizenship based around a comparison and critique of two broad approaches towards thecitizenship ideal - the civic nationalist and the cosmopolitan globalist - and the possibility of a thirdapproach that combines elements of these two.2. Comparing citizenship traditions within the following states: Britain, France, Germany, Italy,Spain and Norway, with a view to exploring the possibility of a composite European civic identity.Particular attention will be paid to the different ways these traditions relate social and economic tolegal and political rights, and their greater or lesser inclusiveness. Points of compatibility andincompatibility between the traditions will be highlighted.3. Tracing the development of the policy of European citizenship, and assessing the evidence for itsreflecting one of the three conceptual models.4. Examining evidence, such as that supplied through Eurobarometer polls and the monthlyEuropinion surveys and similar national studies, of either an emergent European national identity orthe continued presence of, and tensions with, national allegiances.5. Examining evidence of a cosmopolitan globalist approach based on either universal human rightsor functional ties within the EU. The rights based judgements of the ECJ and appeals to theEuropean Ombudsman respectively, will provide the prime focus of this research.6. Exploring the evidence using similar data but including an investigation of tensions/complementarities between national and European judicial, administrative and legislative bodies,for a multiple or mixed conception of citizenship based on elements of both models, where differentcriteria are used for different purposes.7. Assessing the practical impact and desirability of the three models of citizenship in terms of theirsocial and political inclusiveness.8. Exploring the institutional consequences of adopting each of the two main models and differentversions of the mixed model, both in terms of changes to the existing constitutional arrangementsand the need to devise novel political institutions and mechanisms of accountability and welfareprovision, or to adapt current ones.

The network will organise the following five workshops: 'Traditions of Citizenship: Towards anOverlapping Consensus?'; 'Civic Nationalist and Cosmopolitan Globalist Conceptions ofCitizenship'; 'One or Many? : The Nature of European Identity/ies'; 'Models of Citizenship andForms of Social and Political Exclusion and Inclusion'; and 'The Constitution of EuropeanDemocracy and Social Policy'.

Papers and reports will be made available on the Web and two volumes are planned on Citizenship,Identity and Inclusion; and New Forms of European Democracy.


304

Social Exclusion in European Neighbourhoods - Processes, Experiences and Responses


EC Contribution: 300 000 ECUStarting Date: 1 February 1998Duration: 18 months


Partners:

University of WestminsterSchool of the Built EnvironmentLondon - United KingdomMs. Allen

University of Newcastle Upon TyneCentre for Research on European UrbanEnvironmentsNewcastle - Upon Tyne - United KingdomDr. Madanipour

Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia CivilGrupo de Ecologia SocialLisboa - PortugalMs. Freitas

Instituto Universitario de Architettura diVeneziaDipartimento di Analisi Economica e Socialedel TerritorioVenezia - ItalyProf. Padovani

Statens ByggeforskningsinstitutHørsholm - DenmarkMs. Vestergaard

Coordinator:

Kungliga Tekniska HögskolanValhallavägen 79100 44 Stockholm - Sweden

Dr. G. CarsTel: +46/8/7907938Fax: +46/8/7906761Email: [email protected]

National University of Ireland - MaynouthDepartment of GeographyMaynooth, County Kildare - IrelandMr. Bartley

National Technical University of AthensDepartment of ArchitectureAthens - GreeceProf. Vrychea

Institut für Landes undStadtentwicklungsforschung des LandesNordrheim - WestfalenDepartment of Urban Planning andInfrastructureDortmund - GermanyMr. Sierau

Centre d’Etudes Prospectives d’EconomieMathématique Appliquées à laPlanificationParis - FranceM. Lipietz


305

Social Exclusion in European Neighbourhoods - Processes, Experiences and Responses.

Objectives

The objectives of the research are:- To explore and develop qualitative and quantitative indicators which identify theprocesses of social exclusion at the neighbourhood level and apply them to a range of EUcountries through comparative analysis- To describe, and get a deeper understanding of everyday life in socially excludedneighbourhoods- To identify and compare forms of policy intervention in terms of how they act toaffect social exclusion- To identify the specific effects in terms of social exclusion of current EU policies andpractices.

Brief description

This research will examine social exclusion in the context of daily life in neighbourhoodswhere those who experience deprivation and disadvantage in contemporary Europeansocieties are concentrated.

As the key hypothesis of the research is that resources allocated to these neighbourhoodsoften are used ineffectively, the research will address following:- The lack of knowledge about the process leading to exclusion: how do various social,cultural and economic conditions interrelate and impact individuals- The need to extend the limited knowledge about socially excluded neighbourhoods byusing more effectively available resources about these groups (their ways of thinking, values,needs and aspirations)- Thirdly, the evaluation of present polices and measures in order to develop neweffective policies, strategies and methods to combat exclusion and promote social integration.The aim is to identify relations between various types of measures, in making priorities and inco-ordinating initiatives taken by various actors.

Intended outcomes

In order to support the impact of the research results - among others - new teaching materialfor higher education will be developed. As traditional methods for addressing social problemshave partly come to an impasse, the research aims at providing new inputs for teaching ofsocial welfare.


306

Comparative Social Inclusion Policies & Citizenship in Europe : Towards a NewEuropean Social Model (Thematic network)




Partners:

Centre for Social Integration andDifferentiationDK 2200 N - CopenhagenDr. I. Hornemann Moeller

Utrecht UniversityFaculty of Social SciencesDepartment of General Social SciencesWork and Social Participation GroupNL - 3584 CS UtrechtDr. R. Van Berkel

Centro de Estudos SociaisColégio de S. JeronimoLargo D. DinisP - 3000 CoimbraProf. P. Hespanha

The Interdisciplinary Centre for ComparativeResearch in the Social SciencesA - 1050 ViennaDr. L. Giorgi

Vrije Universiteit BrusselCentre for Technological Economic and SocialChangeB - 1050 BrusselProf. J. Vilrokx

Coordinator:

Sheffield UniversityPolitical Economy Research CentreElmfield Lodge 132Northumberland RoadSheffield UniversityUK - Scheffield S10 2TY

Dr. M. RocheTel. : + 44/1142226457Fax : + 44/1142755921E.mail: [email protected]

Middlesex UniversityCitizenship and Public Policy GroupUK - London N17 8HRDr. E. Wistrich

Bremen UniversityInstitute for Intercultural and International StudiesD - 28334 BremenDr. Th. Faist

Universitat de Barcelona Sociologia yMetodologia de Las Ciencas SocialesFacultat d’EconomiquesES - 08007 BarcelonaDr. S. Garcia

Centre de Recherche et d’Information sur laDemocratie et l’AutonomieF - 75017 ParisDr. J.-L. Laville

Fondatione Felicita ed Enrico Bignaschi e FigliI - 21023 MilanoProf. Enzo Mingione


307

Comparative Social Inclusion Policies & Citizenship in Europe : Towards a New EuropeanSocial Model

Strategic rationale: The project is animated by the contemporary crisis of traditional post-warEuropean social models, given structural socio-economic change in late 20thC Europe and globalsociety more generally. These traditional models might be interpreted as having aimed, withvarying degrees of success, to achieve ‘social inclusion through common social citizenship rights toemployment and welfare’. Key strategic policy questions to be considered are: i) What new formsmight social inclusion policy and social citizenship policy take in the European Union and itsmember-states? And ii) What can we learn about such new forms by comparing the roles played by‘civil society’-based actors and agencies (such as families, volunteer organisations, localcommunity organisations) in work and welfare policy in various work and welfare regimes,including those distinctive of North and South Europe?

Objectives: The project will analyse and evaluate policy contexts and conditions, frameworks andprocesses - across the majority of EU member states - which are relevant to the promotion of socialinclusion through new approaches to work and welfare.

It will particularly focus on those emphasising: i) flexible and innovative forms of work and relatedforms of welfare, and ii) the development of the role of civil society in general in work and welfarepolicy.

Within this overall general objective the project will analyse and compare a range of social modelsand ‘welfare regimes’, including those distinctive of Northern and Southern Europe, taking accountof the differing mixes of state-based and civil-society-based forms of work, welfare and inclusionthat they may contain. It will review exclusion and inclusion problems and policies in these socialmodels connected with the major forms of social division, i.e. class, gender, age and ethnicity inrespect of work and labour market participation. Case studies of particularly significant innovativepolicies and practices, such as Local Exchange and Trading Systems (LETS), will be undertaken.The project will develop an analysis of the ‘inclusionary potential’ of a range of European socialmodels and, relatedly, a citizenship-based approach to the evaluation and future development ofsocial inclusion policies within EU member states and also at the EU level.

Findings: The project expects to find that social inclusion policies which give a positive andconstructive role (a) to flexible forms of work, and (b) to principles of citizenship and civil society- other things being equal (e.g. material resources) - are more adapted to and effective in the socio-economic conditions facing contemporary European societies than are traditional forms of socialpolicy.

Background: This Thematic Network consists of an established grouping of social researchers in11 centres from 10 member states of the EU (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy,the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom) concerned with the comparative study ofissues of social exclusion, inclusion and citizenship.


308

EUROMOD: an Integrated European Benefit -Tax Model


EC Contribution: 1 162 883 ECUStarting Date: 1 December 1997Duration: 36 months


Partners:

Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”Centro Interdipartimentale di StudiInternazionali su Economia e lo SviluppoRoma - ItalyN. Rossi

Ecole Normale SupérieureParis - FranceF. Bourguignon

Université de BruxellesFaculté des Sciences Sociales Politiques etEconomiquesBruxelles - BelgiumD. Meulders

Technische Universität WienInstitut für Volkswirtschaftslehre undWirtschaftspolitikWien - AustriaG. Hanappi

University of OxfordThe Warden and Fellows of Nuffield CollegeOxford - United KingdomA. B. Atkinson

Universidade Técnica de LisboaInstituto Superior de Economia e GestãoLisboa - PortugalC. F. Rodrigues

Coordinator:

University of CambridgeThe Chancellor Masters and ScholarsDepartment of Applied EconomicsSidgwick AvenueCambridge CB3 9DE - United Kingdom

H. SutherlandTel: +44/1223/335288Fax: +44/1223/335299Email:[email protected]

Economic and Social Research InstituteDublin - IrelandT. Callan

Universitat de BarcelonaDepartamento d’Economia AplicadaBarcelona - SpainM. Mercader Prats

Government Inst. for Economic ResearchHelsinki - FinlandHeiki Viitamäki

Stichting Economisch Instituut TilburgSectie EconometrieTilburg - The NetherlandsK. De Voos

European University Viadrina at FrankfurtInst. for Empirical Economics and EconomicPolicyFrankfurt (Oder) - GermanyG. Wagner

Ministry of Finance - Division of Income PolicyEconomics DepartmentStockholm - SwedenI. Eriksson

Handelshøjskolen i ArhusCentre for Labour Market and Social ResearchArhus - DenmarkP. J. Pedersen


309

Euromod: an Integrated European Benefit-Tax Model

Objectives

It is proposed to construct an integrated benefit-tax model covering all 18 European countries,focused on social and integration policies and their implications for the economic resources ofpeople who are socially excluded. The ‘model’ will be independent of any particular theoreticalperspective, relying on the richness of the information provided in available household micro-data.It will therefore be of considerable use in the evaluation of a wide range of policy proposals inmany contexts over a long period of time. The model, EUROMOD, will provide a consistentEurope-wide framework for the analysis of public policy changes and their impact on the sociallyexcluded. It will make a significant contribution to European social science research infra-structure,and hence to the objectives of Area III.5.

It is proposed to build EUROMOD in conjunction with a group of potential users of the model’soutput. In addition to actually constructing the mode, a preliminary set of analyses will be carriedout in collaboration with this group. These analyses will focus on some major issues related to thepromotion of social integration.

The immediate aim of the proposal is to build a durable and robust framework for Europewidepolicy analysis over the short-term. It will also provide a platform for more speculative andexperimental research exercises in the future. The model will be built with both these objectives inmind.

EUROMOD will be of value both in assessing the consequences of consolidated social policies andin understanding how different countries may contribute to the common objective of reducing socialexclusion. It will be of as much significance in evaluating national policies as in evaluating policiesat the level of the European Union.


310

Towards a European System of Social Reporting and Welfare Measurements


EC Contribution: 652.959Starting Date: 1 January 98Duration: 36 months


Partners:

Universität MannheimZentrum für Europäische Sozial ForschungMannheim, GermanyProf. Dr. P. Flora

Paul Lazarsfeld Gesellschaft fürSozialforschungWien - AustriaDr. C.W. Haerpfer

Budapest University of Economic SciencesResearch Group on Household and FamilyBudapest - HugaryDr. Z. Speder

Polish Academy of SciencesInstitute of Philosophy and SociologyWarsawa - PolandDr. W. Adamski

Eidgenössische Technische HochschuleETH ZürichProfessur für SoziologieZürich SwitzerlandC. Suter

Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicInstitute of SociologyPraha – Czech RepublicDr. J. Vecernik

Coordinator:

Zentrum für Umfragen Methoden undAnalysenSocial Indicators DepartmentD-68072 Manheim 1 - Germany

Dr H. H. NollTel: +49/621/1246172Fax: +49/621/1246100Email: [email protected]

Centre d’Etudes de Populations, dePauvreté et de Politiques Socio-EconomiquesPanel Comparability ProjectMr. G. Schmans

Handelshøjskolen i ArhusCentre for Labour Market and Social ResearchArhus - DenmarkP. J. Pedersen


311

Towards a European System of Social Reporting and Welfare Measurement

The objective of this proposal is to set the base for a sciencebased European System of SocialReporting and Welfare Measurement . This involves:

§ advancing existing and developing new and innovative concepts, methodological approaches andempirical tools;

§ better utilizing existing data bases and developing new ones where necessary;§ applying those concepts, tools and data bases to urgent problems of social exclusion and socio-

economic inequality;§ establishing a network of cooperating research teams, which could be quickly mobilized as

correspondents for short-term information and could establish the core for longer-termendeavours like a “European Social Report”.

Research within this proposal will focus on three subprojects:

(1) Developing a European System of Social Indicators (EUSI). As a result of research within thissubproject the scientific community, policy makers as well as other potential users shall beprovided with a theoretically as well as methodologically well-grounded selection ofmeasurement dimensions and indicators, which can be used as an instrument to continuouslyobserve and analyse the development of welfare and quality of life as well as changes in thesocial structure at the European Level.

(2) Stocktaking of Comparative Databases in Survey Research. This subproject has the objective todevelop and establish a dynamic information centre, which is providing the EuropeanCommission on the one hand and the scientific community on the other hand with a retrievabledata base of survey data and survey questions about social reporting and social welfare.

(3) Access to Comparative Official Microdata. This subproject aims at improving the knowledgeabout availability, content and comparability of major official surveys that are relevant forsciencebased social reports on Europe and servicing the science community, policy makers andthe interested public worldwide with this information in a user-friendly and efficient way.


312

Globalization and Social Exclusion




Partners:

Centre for European Policy StudiesEconomic PolicyB - 1000 BrusselsDr. P. Brenton

Institut für Weltwirtschaft an derUniversität KielForschungsabteilung IV -Entwicklungsökonomie undWeltwirtschaftliche IntegrationD-24105 KielDr. M. Lücke

National Institute of Economic and SocialResearchUK - London SW1P 3HEMr. R. Anderton

Coordinator:

University of WarwickCentre for the Study of Globalisation andRegionalisationGibbet Hill Road, CoventryUK - West Midlands CV4 7AL

Prof. J. WhalleyTel: +44-1203-524547Fax: +44-1203-523032E.mail: [email protected]

Universidade do MinhoCentro de Estudos de Economia e GestãoP-4700 BragaDr. A. R. Cardoso

Stockholm UniversityInstitute for International Economic StudiesS-106 91 StockholmProf. H. Flam


313

Globalization and Social Exclusion

The principal objective of this project is to determine the role played by international trade ininfluencing the employment and relative wages of unskilled workers in Europe.

This task will be undertaken using a combination of data analysis, econometrics, case studies andsimulation modelling and will take account of differences in industrial structures, social policies andtechnological change and labour markets and labour market policies in individual EU memberstates. The project will investigate how firms and industries in Europe have responded and adjustedto increased international competition from low wage economies. The implications of this analysisfor the design of appropriate strategies for responding to future supply surges of low-skill productsonto European markets from low-wage economies will be fully explored.

A central hypothesis to be tested in this research is whether adjustments within broad industrialsectors in response to increased trade are more important than the inter-sectoral adjustments thathave been the focus of previous research on the labour market impact of trade. In short, a centralresearch issue is whether international specialisation driven by more trade in low wage goods isincreasingly becoming defined by specialization within, rather than across, industrial categories.

A key element of the project will be the collection of the most suitable data on trade, industrialcharacteristics (output, prices, investment, employment, wages), technology, labour marketstructures and national tax and social policies. These data will be collected together and madeavailable as a single database.

The results of the project will be widely disseminated, in the first instance via the discussion paperseries of the participating institutions, and later through conferences for both the academic and thepolicy-making and business communities.


314

Misleading Trajectories - Evaluation of Employment Polices for Young Adults in EuropeRegarding Non-Intended Effects of Social Exclusion


EC Contribution: 457 000 ECUStarting Date: 1 March 1998Duration: 36 months


Partners:

Università degli Studi di BolognaDipartimentao di Scienze dell’EducazioneBologna - ItalyProf. L. Guerra

Instituto de Ciências SociaisLisboa - PortugalProf. J. Machado Pais

University of CopenhagenPsychological LaboratoryKoebenhavn - DenmarkDr. S. Moerch

Asociacion Regional y Europea de AnalisisValencia, SpainDr. A. Lopez Blanco

Coordinator :

IRIS e.V. Büro RübingenSchlachthausstrasse 9D-72074 Tübingen - Germany

Dr. B. StrauberTel: +49/7071/551696Fax: +49/7471/91452Email: [email protected]

Faculteit der Sociale WetenschapenLeiden - The NetherlandsProf. M. Du Bois-Reymond

University of GlasgowDept of SociologyGlasgow - United KingdomDr. A. Furlong

Technische Universität DresdenInstitut für SozialpädagogikProf. L. Böhnisch

University College CorkDept. Applied Social StudiesCork, IrelandProf. W. Lorenz


315

Misleading Trajectories - Evaluation of Employment Polices for Young Adults in EuropeRegarding Non-Intended Effects of Social Exclusion.

Objectives :

The aim of the thematic network is to develop comprehensive and empirically enriched Europeanknowledge about the mechanisms of social exclusion of young men and women(young adults up to35 years) in the context of high unemployment rates all over Europe. The analysis will concentrateespecially on the effects of employment policies for young people in 9 European regions. It startsfrom the thesis, that -especially in the face of a continuing dynamics of generally decreasingemployment opportunities all over Europe - measures concerning the labour marker integration ofyoung men and women often have non-intended disintegrative effects themselves.

Brief description of the Thematic Network :

The network will develop new forms of inter-cultural scientific exchange between the partners,which all have broad experiences in the fields of theoretical and applied social and youth research.It aims at a mutual widening of research horizons by: the development of a common (European)framework of evaluation criteria for secondary analysis of national data/studies; rationalising andinitiating a series of actual and planned local/regional studies of the partners with reference to thisframework; evaluating cross cultural interviews between the partners. Thus comparative materialwill be provided regarding negative effects of integration polices as well as the generaldevelopment of knowledge on this issue The framework as well as the studies will take dueaccount of gender and ethnic and regional perspectives.

In addition to normal mechanisms two major dissemination activities are planned:

- a European hearing: “Mechanisms of Social Exclusion of Unemployed Young Women and Men”,

-the publication of a “recommendations” paper for European and national policy makers in thefield of social exclusion of unemployed young people.

The aim is to provide knowledge and enhance understanding of the disintegrative effects ofemployment polices as regards the young. To promote the implementation of appropriate(counter)measures, the network partners will use their knowledge to initiate a series of smallerlocal, national and European level events, dealing with specific aspects of the problem.

Note: This activity also links to Areas II.1, II.3 and III.4 of the workprogramme


316

Employment and exclusion(Thematic network)


EC Contribution: 269.915 ECUStarting Date: 1 Nov. 1998Duration: 30 months


Coordinator:

Université Libre de BruxellesCentre de sociologie du travail, de l'emploi et de laformationAv. F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 124, 1050 Bruxelles,Belgium

Prof. Pierre DesmarezTel.: +32-2-650.34.30Fax: +32-2-650.33.35E-mail: [email protected]


Université d’Évry Val d’EssonneÉvry- FranceDr. Sylvie Célérier

Keele UniversityEurop. Employment Relations Research UnitStaffordshire – UKDr. Steve Jefferys

Nene College for Higher EducationCentre for Research into Employment, Work and TrainingNorthampton – UKProf. Helen Rainbird

Universidade de Lisboa,Instituto de Ciências SociaisLisboa – PortugalProf. Marinus Pires de Lima

Göteborg UniversityInternational Studies of Working LifeGöteborg – SwedenProf. Birger Simonson

Università di Roma «La Sapienza»Dipartimento di SociologiaRoma – ItalyDr. Antimo L. Farro


317

Employment and exclusion(Thematic network)

Objectives. The principal objective of this research is to compare results from various countrieson the links between different types of employment and ‘exclusion’, to control for the effect of keyvariables, and to identify approaches that will assist policy-makers tackling social exclusion. Thereis now considerable data available on different types of employment and their evolution, whileexclusion has also been widely studied in Europe. However the articulation between these tworemains problematic, and it is very important to understand better how and why different types ofemployment, particularly precarious employment, leads to exclusion. International comparisons onlinked themes suggest that this articulation varies according to the country; it also varies dependingon individuals’ gender, age, national origin and level of educational attainment.

Access to social protection is at the heart of the process of exclusion. We are therefore particularlyinterested in this aspect. From this angle we wish to examine the extent to which different degreesof access to social security systems relate to the employment context; contexts which range fromthe long-term unemployed to those in the most stable and best paid jobs. The same issue is posedby issues of access to old age pensions.

Brief Description of the Project. A common analytical framework, emphasising both definitionsof the processes of exclusion and of their causes and differential effects according to social classand labour market segmentation will serve as the starting point for a consideration of the results ofthe studies carried out by the different research teams. It will enable us to collect together theexisting relevant data, to give it a European dimension, and to provide a richer comparativeexplanatory narrative. We have decided to tackle exclusion from the perspective of the reductionand even removal of several different resources. The resources in which we are particularlyinterested are those of incomes from work (immediate and deferred) and from access to socialsecurity.

The first stage of the network’s activity will be to establish, in each country, a hierarchy of jobsfrom which, in terms of a greater or lesser access, they deliver the two types of income mentionedabove: income from paid employment, whether immediate or deferred through to old age pensionsor social security benefits.

Subsequently, thanks to a consideration of the results obtained in the different countries, thenetwork will focus on the organising structures and central determinants of these job hierarchies.We are particularly interested in four of them: the numbers of hours worked; the frequency andduration of periods of unemployment; job mobility; and experiences of joblessness.

Intended outcomes. The understanding of the articulation between different types of employmentand exclusion will allow us to reply to a series of questions that are rarely considered whenthinking about exclusion, and which suggest the existence of many interarching connectionsbetween research domains that are generally developed separately. These questions concern howlegal and collectively agreed definitions of work regulations, the significance of government policyand the effects of restructuring and of sectoral changes impinge on the mechanisms of exclusion,and also whether qualifications play a part in structuring employee attitudes towards precariousatypical jobs.


318

Working on the Fringes: Immigrant Businesses, Economic Integration andInformal Practices

(Thematic network)




Coordinator:

University of AmsterdamInstitute for Migration and Ethnic StudiesRokin 84, NL -1012 KX Amsterdam

Dr. Jan RathTel.: +31-20-52.53.627Fax: +31-20-52.53.628E-mail: [email protected]


Delft University of Technolog OTB ResearchInstitute for Policy Sciences & TechnologyDelft – The NetherlandsDr. Rob. Kloosterman

Centre for Social InnovationVienna – AustriaMag. Regina Haberfellner

University of PoitiersMigrinter, Poitiers- FranceDr. Emmanuel Ma Mung

Technical University of BerlinInstitute of Sociology

Hebrew University of JerusalemDept. of GeographyJerusalem – IsraelProf. Eran Razin

Fondazione BignaschiMilan – ItalyDr. Mauro Magatti

Liverpool John Moores UniversitySchool of Social ScienceLiverpool – UKDr. Giles Barrett

Berlin – GermanyProf. Christine Kulke


319

Working on the Fringes: Immigrant Businesses, Economic Integration andInformal Practices

(Thematic network)

Objectives. The main objective of Working on the Fringes is the establishment of an internationalnetwork to study immigrant businesses. The objective can be rephrased into the following researchquestions: How has immigrant entrepreneurship evolved in the last two decades both in terms ofdistribution over the various sectors of the economy and of competitive strength, and what are thestructural determinants of the observed trends in the selected countries? What kind of profiles ofinformal economic activities do the immigrant entrepreneurs display, how are they related to activitiesin the mainstream economy on the one hand, and, on the other, to the regulatory framework ( inparticular the welfare state) and the enforcement regime? Which significance has to be attributed tothese (semi-)informal economic activities in terms of combating social exclusion and socio-economicincorporation of immigrants into mainstream society in the long run? How is the crucial dilemmabetween upholding the law and facilitating immigrant entrepreneurship approached in the selectedcountries, what are the underlying determinants and which best practices can be identified for theirdealing with these issues?

Brief Description of the Project. The participants will produce a critical review of the internationalliterature (books, reports, articles and other documents) on the issue; organise a series of internationalmeetings in order to enable the exchange of information, insights and policy experiences; disseminatethe results a) by organising meetings of researchers and practitioners, b) by publishing a series of threevolumes with contributions of the participants, c) by building a website on the Internet, and d) bymaking available a hybrid CD-ROM in the English language (in collaboration with the TransnationalKnowledge and Communications Centre on Ethnic Entrepreneurship EMPORIUM, which is located inAmsterdam).

Intended outcomes. By initiating a thorough cross-border comparison, the general underlyingdynamics as well national specifics with regard to the role of immigrant businesses in the informal andthe relationship with the formal economy will be analysed. Juxtaposing the different policies (both theofficial and the enforced) with respect to informal activities and their outcomes embedded within theirrespective national political and socio-economic contexts will enable us to construct a range of policyoptions and best practices from a critical perspective. This broad, theoretically underpinned, evaluationwill significantly contribute to both the formulation and the implementation of fruitful, effective andfeasible policies towards (in)formal economic activities. Policy makers and other practitioners will,therefore, be prominent among the end-users benefiting from these research endeavours.


320

Local level concertation: the possible role of social partners and local levelinstitutions in regulating the new forms of employment




Coordinator:

Istituto di Ricerche Economiche e Sociali - IRESLombardiaVia Filzi, 33 -20124 Milano - Italy

Prof. Ida RegaliaTel.: +39 -2 – 66.98.24.41Fax: +39 -2 – 66.98.08.34E-mail: [email protected]


Institut für Sozialforschung und Sozialwirtschaft e. v.Saarbrücken – GermanyDr. H. Kotthoff

Universitat Autonoma de BarcelonaDept. de SociologiaBarcelona – SpainDr. A. Lope Peña

Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques(CERAT)Grenoble – FranceDr. O. Meriaux

University of WarwickIndustrial Relations Research Unit (IRRU)Coventry, UKDr. P. Marginson


321

Local Level Concertation: the possible role of social partners and local-level institutions inregulating the new forms of employment

Objectives. The general objectives of the project are to survey, analyse and organise the systematic andpermanent monitoring of the relations among the social partners and the role played by public institutions atthe local level in the regulation of work and employment relations, especially those of non-traditional type.The aim is to provide policy-makers and the actors of social dialogue with rigorous, up-to-date andcomparison-based data and knowledge, in support of measures for the prevention/ reduction of the socialexclusion linked to the growth of new forms of employment and work. Its intention in particular is to shedlight on the possible positive role that (under certain conditions) social dialogue and concertation might playin this regard.

The key questions addressed by the study will be:

1. under which conditions are the social partners and the local/regional institutions more likely to undertakean active regulation of the new forms of employment and work?

2. what forms is such regulation most likely to take (joint definition of specific rules, proceduralnegotiation, patterns of tripartite concertation, etc.)?

3. what is the coverage of a regulatory process of this kind? In other words, which of the new forms ofemployment and work are more likely to be covered by new rules?

4. what is the content of the new regulation and to what extent does it differ from the rules applying to‘traditional’ forms of employment and work?

5. which are the expected consequences of the trends observed on economic efficiency and social welfareand integration?

Brief Description of the Project. Operationally, the project will proceed through

1. a quantitative survey of employment relations at the decentralized level in a selected number of keyregions in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK), focused on the regulationof ‘atypical’ work and the new forms of employment;

2. case studies on particularly significant corporate experiences and on the action and role of institutions atthe local level in regulating formally or informally the new forms of employment and work;

3. the design of a permanent qualitative-quantitative monitoring system (observatory) on two key topics:industrial relations at the decentralized level and local-level concertation of the regulation of new formsof employment and work;

4. the dissemination of the research results and the potentialities of the monitoring system to the socialpartners, policy makers, scientific community.

Given the nature and objectives of the research, it is planned to set up monitoring groups, at the local andEuropean levels, consisting of representatives from all the parties concerned (unions, employers’associations, self-employed workers’ associations if they exist, public institutions) with which to discuss andassess the progress of the work from its first stages. Formal meetings with the monitoring groups will beconvened on conclusion of each major stage of the project.

Intended outcomes. The project will produce two general reports and a final overall synthesis report, aswell as the design and experimental setting up of a permanent monitoring system. A conference will beorganised in Brussels at the end of works for potential users and will report on the results of the wholeresearch project.


322

Evaluation comparée de la mise en pratique d´une politique européenne de luttecontre la précarité des jeunes dans les pays de l´UE


EC contribution: 866,000 ECU Starting date: 1 November 1998 Duration: 36 months


Coordinateur:

Zentrum für EuropäischeGesellschaftsforschungPostfach 102238, Kreuzlinger Str. 12, D-78442Konstanz

Prof. Franz SchultheisTel.: +49-7531-91.46.01Fax: +49-7531-91.45.61E-mail: [email protected]


Centre de Sociologie EuropéenneCollège de FranceParis/FranceDr. Frédéric Lebaron

Institut du travail de la Confédération généraledes travailleurs grècs (INE/GSEE)Athènes/GrèceDr. Yannis Kouzis

Université Libre de BruxellesInstitut de SociologieBruxelles, BelgiqueDr. Andrea Rea


323

Evaluation comparée de la mise en pratique dúne politique européenne de luttecontre la précarité des jeunes dans les pays de lÚE

Objectives. Le projet vise à reáliser une comparaison systématique et approfondie desconvergences et des divergences dans les situations de précarité des jeunes au sein de quatre pays-membres de lÚE. Il sáppuiera en particulier sur l´études des éléments imbriqués suivants:

- les représentations sociales des causes de la précarité des jeunesla division du travail de protection sociale entre la famille et lÉtat, telle quélle séxprime à traversles rapports entre droit privé (obligations alimentaires) et le droit social (formes de revenuminimum garanti, etc.)les dispositifs institutionnels nationaux visant tout spécialement la précarité des jeunes et lesreponses potentielles à ce problèmeles premières évolutions socio-politiques qui font suite au sommet du Luxembourg et lesargumenttaions politiques et scientifiques qui les accompagnentle débat global autour de la précarité et du chômage dans les quatres contextes nationaux et la placequý occupe la précarité des jeunesles discours autour de la précarité, les champs sémantiques des concepts utilisés et les formes derecours à des normes de justice redistributivelúsage de lídée dúne reduction du temps de travail dans les débats visés.

Brief description of the project. Notre recherche tente d´élaborer et déxpérimenter une approchepluri-methodologique de la comparaison interculturelle du rapport social à la précarité des jeunesen faisant le choix dúne combinaison systématique des perspectives micro- et macrosociologiqueset de methodes quantitatives et qualitatives, dont le denominateur épistémologique commun setrouve dans ce que lón pourrait appeler un constructivisme reflexif. Dans un premier temps, ilságira de mettre en place une déconstruction et une reconstruction critique des catégoriesnationales de représentation de la question de la précarité des jeunes dans nos 4 pays et de faireapparaître les fondements de leur“so-und-nicht-anders-Gewordrenseins“ (Weber) respectif, puis desáppuyer sur dúne analyse structurale comparée des champs nationaux de gestion sociale duproblème visé. Lánalyse comparée des structures socio-économiques et politiques se trouveraensuite retraduite en terrain dínvestigation ethnographique comparée: dans quatre villescomparables selon les critères dúne construction systématique dúne comparabilité maximum, lesquatre équipes de recherche vont mettre en pratique un instrument de recherche et une demarchemethodique analogues (entretiens qualitatifs avec des jeunes et avec des représentants de toute unepanoplie dínstitutions publiques et semi-publiques chargées de la gestion de la question socialevisée).

Intended outcomes. Ces monographies locales construites selon les règles dúne homologiestructurale et dúne analogie fonctionnelle maximum serviront à faire paraitre et comprendresociologiquement les interdépenances multiples entre particularités économiques, socio-structurales et culturelles dans les 4 contextes nationaux visés et à mieux identifier les conditionsde possibilité, mais aussi les barrières et les filtres contextuels sópposant à la mise en place dúnepolitique sociale européenne future.


324

Enterprise and its Transfer to Combat Social Exclusion (ENTRANCE)




Coordinator:

University of WarwickCentre for Education and IndustryWestwood, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

Mr. Jack PeffersTel.: +44-1203-523.948Fax: +44-1203-523.617E-mail: [email protected]


Association for Industry-CommunityThink IndustryTel-Aviv, IsraelMr. Shmuel Weiss

The Social Sciences FacultyBarczi Gusztav College of Special EducationBudapest, HungaryDr. Csba Banfalvy

Universitat de ValènciaFac. De Filosofia I Ciències de l’EdocacióValencia, SpainDr. Joan Aparisi Romero


Enterprise and its Transfer to Combat Social Exclusion (ENTRANCE)

Objectives. The principal objective of this research project is to develop a model capable oftransfer across the European Union, the rest of Europe and beyond that effectively develops the“enterprise” of 14 to 19 year old youths in danger of social exclusion resulting from social andeconomic disadvantage.

“Enterprise” is defined as that attribute needed for successful business start-ups and otherproductive activities and includes knowledge, attitudes and skills related to autonomy, creativity,decision-making, collaboration and the pursuit of collective goals.

The project aims to document indicators of quality in the development of enterprise educationand training programs across Europe in the target age range of 14 to 19 years and to assess therole of social partners.

A model will then be created and refined for the development of enterprise in the target groupand will be tested in a range of specific locations across Europe.

Brief description of the Project. The project is structured around five work packages eachdealing with a specific aspect of the project. Clearly much needs to be learnt from currentexperiences in the diverse settings across Europe. In particular an inventory of currentknowledge and practices will be built up in each of the partners’ countries. This fact-findingexercise will be supplemented by semi-structured interviews with key educational researchers,policy-makers, practitioners, and business people active in this area. The models developed inthe first step will then be tested in each country by national research teams which will conductin-depth fieldwork with youths at risk and with their teachers. The key characteristics andparameters of the problem will be identified.

A third step of the project will interpret and compare the situations in the countries studied andestablish dialogue for the feedback of experiences and the comparison of approaches adopted.The experience gained will be synthesised along with the outcomes of case studies in the fourthwork package.

Finally the results will be disseminated widely through a coordinated series of national andEuropean level seminars.

Intended Outcomes. New processes, procedures, systems and methods will be identified forassisting the integration into society of 14-19 year olds at risk of social and economic exclusion,through the development of “enterprise” skills.


Les nouvelles formes de gestion publique de la déviance en Europe


EC Contribution: 1,035,000 ECUStarting Date: 1 December 1998Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

Maison des sciences de l'hommeCentre de sociologie de l'éducation et de lacultureParis 75006, France

Prof. Remi LenoirTel.: +33-1-46.54.22.34Fax : +33-1-49.54.26.74E-mail: [email protected]


Facultés Universitaires Saint LouisCentre d'études sociologiquesBruxelles – BelgiqueProf. L. Van Campenhoudt

Zentrum für EuropaîscheGesellschftshorschung e.v;Konstanz – GermanyProf. F. Schultheis

Centre de recherche de la société grecque del'académie d'AthènesAthènes – GrèceDr. N. Panayotopoulos

Erasmus Universiteit RotterdamFakulteit van WijsbegeerteRotterdam – HollandeProf. J.W. Duyvendak

Collège de FranceCentre de Sociologie EuropéenneParis – FranceProf. P. Bourdieu

Université Libre de BruxellesEcole des sciences criminologiques "LéonCornil"Bruxelles – BelgiumProf. L. Mary


Les nouvelles formes de gestion publique de la déviance

Objectives. Ils sont au nombre de trois. Le premier consiste à prendre la mesure des nouvellesformes de déviance liées aux changements économiques et aux politiques qui leur sont associées.La hausse de la criminalité, en tout cas celle de l'attention qui lui est portée concerne surtoutcertaines catégories de populations -les "jeunes " et les "immigrés"- et des lieux, dans les"banlieues" et les "cités", qui sont hautement symboliques des sociétés contemporaines (écoles,stades, transports publics, supermarchés).

Le second est d'observer les réponses à ces nouvelles formes de déviance et d'analyser lestransformations des modes de gestion publique et privée auxquelles elles donnent lieu. Enfin,troisième objectif, le projet vise à mettre au jour les principaux obstacles sociaux et institutionnelsmajeurs à la construction d'une Europe sociale.

Brief description of the project. Les travaux portent sur trois niveaux:

1) Le rôle de l'État dans la formation et la diffusion des représentations sociales que sont ce qu'onappelle les "problèmes sociaux". Pour comprendre les mécanismes sociaux qui sont au principe dela relégation de certains groupes sociaux, il convient d'analyser les politiques étatiques quicontribuent à engendrer les difficultés directement rencontrées et observées sur le terrain par lesméthodes ethnographiques ou sociographique. Il s'agira de mettre en relation les différents types dediscours avec les propriétés à la fois institutionnelles et sociales des acteurs et de rappeler enchaque cas les enjeux professionnels et sociaux qui sont en cause.

2) Monographies comparées des villes représentatives de la mise en oeuvre des nouvelles formesde contrôle social. Outre la collecte des données administratives, statistiques et médiatiques, il seraprocédé à des entretiens avec les acteurs qui participent au maintien de l'ordre social.

Ces derniers produisent, en effet, un ensemble de savoirs sur le monde social. L'objectivation deces experts du social et du pénal doit permettre d'accéder aux formes conscientes ou inconscientesdes types de "savoir-pouvoir" qui contribuent à l'émergence des nouveaux dispositifs de régulationsociale de la déviance.

3) Analyses critiques des instruments habituellement utilisés dans les comparaisons internationales.A partir d'entretiens et d'observations directes auprès des acteurs et services concernés, serontdécrites les conditions de production des statistiques, des nomenclatures, de toutes les informationsqui participent à la construction de l'objet et des usages qui en sont faits.

Intended outcomes. Le premier apport du projet est, dans un domaine particulièrement sensiblequi touche tous les pays d'Europe, de dégager des propositions donnant tout son sens à unepolitique européenne. La contribution de cette étude au processus de "social learning" en matièrede gestion des problèmes sociaux favorisera les échanges interculturels dans une Europe socialesans frontières. Enfin le troisième bénéfice est de développer un mode d'analyse qui, sans renier lesapports de disciplines fortement constituées et aux traditions nationales bien définies, met en causeles clivages d'ordre divers (institutionnels, scientifiques) et débouche sur des propositions que seulel'approche comparative est en mesure de produire.


Between Integration and Exclusion: a Comparative Study in Local Dynamics ofPrecarity and Resistrance to Exclusion in Urban Contexts (BETWIXT)


EC Contribution: 899,323 ECUStarting Date: l November 1998Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences SocialesCentre d'Etude des Mouvements Sociaux54 bd Raspail, 75006 Paris, France

Prof. Daniel BertauxTel.: +33-1-49.54.25.59Fax: +33-1-49.54.26.70E-mail: [email protected]


London Research CentreLondon – UKMrs. Sue McIntosh

Università di TorinoDpto. Scienze SocialiTorino – ItaliaDr. Manuela Olagnero

Economic and Social Research InstituteDublin – IrelandDr. Tony Fahey

University of UmeaDept. of SociologyUmea – SwedenProf. Thomas Boje

Universidade Nova de LisboaFad. Ciências Sociais e HumanasLisboa – PortugalProf. Casimiro Balsa

STAKESNational Research & DevelopmentCentre for Welfare and HealthHelsinki – FinlandDr. Matti Kortteinen


Between Integration and Exclusion: a Comparative Study in Local Dynamics ofPrecarity and Resistrance to Exclusion in Urban Contexts (BETWIXT)

Objectives. This research project aims at describing, not so much the ways of life of people alreadyfallen into poverty or exclusion, but the processes through which households and individuals inprecarious but somehow still balanced situations get off balance and are caught into the first stepsleading to poverty and exclusion. Our focus will be on the efforts of these households to resist suchprocesses, and on the resources which, if available to them, would make these efforts successful.Through this research project we aim at identifying the most damaging shortages in resources, or themost blatant lack of access to resources ; problems which, if they were addressed, could allowmillions of households and individuals across the European Union to successfully resist being caughtby the downward spiral towards exclusion.

Brief Description of the Project. Our methodological choices derive from the conclusions of expertsin poverty research, which have realised the built-in limits of the statistical approach and in particularthe difficulties it has in grasping the dynamic, multidimensional, and local aspects of exclusionaryprocesses. We propose to associate statistical work and case studies in the following way: first, in eachof the chosen cities (London, Dublin, Lisbon, Helsinki, Toulouse, Turin, Umea), we will begin byassembling the existing statistics so as to draw an urban map of precarity and poverty. From this aparticular neighbourhood will be chosen, where there is a concentration of households in situations ofprecarity or downright exclusion. We will make a case study of this neighbourhood, focusing on thevarious kinds of resources it offers to its residents, and the concrete relations of access (or non-access)to such resources. Then we will make detailed case studies of thirty households, chosen so as to coverthe whole range of types of situations of precarity and exclusion. We will concentrate on their efforts,present and past, to maintain or restore equilibria of their economic, human, and 'morale' resources. Inparallel we will organise focus groups made up of residents. Analysing such data, comparing ourfindings, relating them to nation-specific public policies will bring a better knowledge of processes.

Intended outcomes. Policy recommendations: The implications for policy at local, national andEuropean levels of our results on what helps or hinders people in their attempt at staying out ofexclusion will be traced.


Income Maintenance and Earnings Situation: a comparative bottom up Europeanstudy

Contract No: SOE2-CT-98-3071

EC Contribution: 520.000 ECUStarting date: 1 December 1998Duration: 36 months

EC Scientific Officer : FadilaBoughanemi

Coordinator:

Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLaboratoire Georges Friedmann- Paris IURA 2048, 16 bd Carnot - 92340- Bourg la Reine

Catherine LevyTel. + Fax : +33-1-42.78.83.56E-mail: [email protected]


Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Interuniversitair Instituut voor Studie van de ArbeidBruxelles – BelgiumStephen Bouquin

South Bank UniversityLondon – UKAnne Gray

Centre de Sociologie du Travail,de l'emploi et de la formation - TEFBruxelles – BelgiqueM. Alaluf

Universität HeidelbergTheo. Fak. SozialethikHeidelberg – GermanyMartin Gueck


Income Maintenance and Earnings Situation: a comparative bottom upEuropean study

Objectives. The main objective of the research is to formalise a matrix of analysis to compare theliving conditions of the beneficiaries of welfare/labour market measures and very low paid workers(below the poverty threshold) in the four countries (Germany, UK, France, Belgium) and the wayin which their social and labour market situation develops over time. Its construction will beundertaken systematically through the branches of fieldwork. Starting from the national policystrategies through which employment measures and responses to poverty operate, a secondaryobjective of the project will be to contribute to the definition of the conditions of a possibleEuropean harmonisation of income maintenance systems: what are the criteria and representationsof the concept of poverty in the various countries; do these take precarious jobs and part-time jobsinto account? How have systems of social protection and access to benefit entitlements evolved?

Brief description of the project. The project is centred on systematically drawing together thecontributions of research workers and "grassroots" actors:

1) an overview of income maintenance systems in each country; their relative weight in socialprotection;

2) three surveys, complementary to each other, to see to what extent there is a place forspeaking of segmentation of the labour market, of trajectories of casualisation and of socialexclusion and, on the other hand, to study the real social impact of these measures on thepopulation affected;

3) Linking studies on the perceptions of social policy by the recipients of welfare benefits andaccess in practice to benefit entitlements;

4) verify whether a full acknowledgement of the multidimensional character of poverty canhelp meet actual, not just formal, needs;

5) Determine the connection between industrial action and results in terms of benefit (levels),differences between countries and at regional level by country; take part in general debateson incomes, working conditions and dissuasive effects of minimum guaranteed incomes.

Intended outcomes. Starting from the everyday reality of beneficiaries, assess and compare actualaccess to the whole array of benefit entitlements (income, health, housing, education, culture,) thatmake up social citizenship.

Analyse the stakes in the various countries and elaborate recommendations for public policymeasures in the field of social protection and employment.


The Spatial Dimensions of Urban Social Exclusion and Integration:a European Comparison


EC Contribution: 1.250.000 ECUStarting date: 1 December 1998Duration: 30 months


Coordinator:

Universiteit van AmsterdamAmsterdam study centre for the Metropolitan EnvironmentNieuwe Prinsengracht 130, NL-1018 VZ Amsterdam -TheNetherlands

Prof. S. MusterdTel.: +31-20-525.40.62Fax: +31-20-525.40.51E-mail: [email protected]


Humboldt UniversityDept. of Social SciencesBerlin – GermanyProf. H. Haüßermann

King's College LondonDept. of GeographyLondon, UKProf. C. Hamnett

Elaborando S.C.R.LMilano – ItalyProf. J. Kazepov

Universiteit UtrechtFaculteit Ruimtelijke WetenschappenUtrecht - The NetherlandsDr. R. van Kempen

Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenInstit. voor Sociale en Economische GeografieHeverlee – BelgiumProf. C. Kesteloot

Georg-August Universität GöttingenSoziologisches ForschungsinstitutGöttingen – GermanyDr. M. Kronauer

Università degli Studi di NapoliDipartimento di SociologiaNapoli – ItalyDr. E. Morlicchio

University of BirminghamCentre for Urban and Regional StudiesBirmingham – UKProf. A. Murie

INED Institut National d'Etudes DemographiquesParis – FranceDr. P. Simon

Universitaire Faculteiten St.Ignatius AntwerpenCASUM Onderzoekgroep ArmoedeSociale Uitsluiting en MinderhedenAntwerpen – BelgiumProf. J. Vranken


The Spatial Dimensions of Urban Social Exclusion and Integration:a European Comparison

Objectives. The project focuses on spatial patterns of social exclusion and the extent to whichconcentrations of deprivation add to the problems of developing effective policy responses. Theresearch will investigate and compare the extent to which groups experiencing social exclusion arespatially segregated in different European cities and to explain the factors involved in differentpatterns of segregation. It will examine how far spatial segregation exacerbates exclusion andmakes the task of combating exclusion more difficult. Finally it will consider the impact ofdifferent policy initiatives designed to combat exclusion on areas where there are concentratedproblems of deprivation and exclusion.

Brief description of the Project. The project is organized in four main work packages:1. statistical analysis of economic restructuring, changes in employment and unemployment and

the development of new occupational structures at national, regional (i.e. the selected cityregions) and local scales;

2. analysis of the spatial patterning of social exclusion in the selected cities;3. neighbourhood survey: neighbourhoods will be selected in two different urban settings in order

to highlight the major dimensions of social exclusion and to clarify the spatial effect on it;4. analysis of policy effects at neighbourhood level.

Intended outcomes. The expected outcomes include:

a. Reports- A comparative report on economic restructuring and social exclusion and on the spatial

patterning of social exclusion in the selected cities. This report will be delivered at the end ofthe second semester, i.e. after 12 months.

- A comparative report on social exclusion and integration in the selected neighbourhoods.This report will be delivered at the end of the fourth semester, i.e. after 24 months. It will notinclude the analysis of policy effects in the neighbourhoods as such.

- The final report will present a synthesis of the former reports and explicitly address theresearch questions formulated in the objectives. Thus it will include the findings on thepolicies combating social exclusion, but also an assessment of the modes of economicintegration as a framework for understanding social exclusion and integration, an assessmentof the neighbourhood effects on exclusion and integration, a comparative analysis of socialexclusion and integration strategies for particular social groups emerging from the neighbour-hood surveys (such as ethnic minorities) and finally, recommendations on taking spatialpatterns of social exclusion into account in strategies to enhance social integration.

b. Policy conference

c. Books and articles

d. Data


Growth, Inequality and Training



EC Scientific Officer: Maria. CarvalhoDias

Coordinator:

University College LondonCentre for Economic Learning and Social EvolutionDept. of Economics, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E6BT, UK

Prof. David UlphTel.: +44-171-380.78.62Fax: +44-171-916.27.75E-mail: [email protected]


Université Catholique de Louvain-la-NeuveCenter for Operations Research & EconometricsLouvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumProf. Claude d’Aspremont

Zentrum für Europäische WirtschaftsforschungDept. of Labour EconomicsMannheim, GermanyDr. Viktor Steiner

CERESAthens, GreeceDr. Thomas Moutos

Fondazione Eni Enrico MatteiMilano, ItalyProf. Alonso Gambardella


Growth, Inequality and Training

Objectives. The aim of this project is to provide a better understanding of the interaction betweengrowth, innovation, R&D and inequality. It will do this through developments in economic theory,and through a comparative international empirical investigation of the experience and performanceof a number of carefully selected EU and non-EU countries.

Brief description of the project. With this project we wish to:

1. extend the recent discussion of the changing distribution of skills and wages in the workforceby incorporating both demand-side factors and supply-side factors.

2. on the supply side we wish to look at both the evolving distributions of the supply of skills indifferent countries, but also the factors that determine the acquisition of skills, and hence theresponsiveness of skill supply to technology shocks.

3. undertake all this analysis in the context of an explicitly comparative study of the links betweengrowth and inequality across different countries. The primary aim is not to better understandwhat has happened in any single country, but rather to provide a single coherent framework thatcan help us understand the varied experience across countries.

4. provide a coherent intellectual framework in which to understand the links between growth andinequality. In such a framework both the distribution of wages and the pace of technologicalchange will be endogenous, and will be determined, at least in part, by the effectiveness ofvarious institutions in providing incentives and opportunities to acquire requisite skills.

5. use the empirical and theoretical insights obtained from the above analysis to provide asystematic analysis of policies that can enhance long-run economic performance, where themeasure of performance will encompass both growth and distributional considerations.

6. undertake all the above analysis at macro, meso and micro level, through a combination oftheoretical, econometric and case studies.


The Bazar Economy in the Euromediterranean metropoles: informal marketactivities, transborder migration networks, commercial centrality, and codes of

honour(Thematic network)




CoordinatorLAMESCentre National de la RechercheScientifique (CNRS)5, rue du Château de l’Horloge, B.P. 647-13094 Aix-en-Provence

M. PéraldiTel.: +33-442-52.41.24Fax: +33-442-52.43.70E-mail: [email protected]


ORSTOMDépartement Conditions de Vie et développementParis-FranceS. Bredeloup

Villes et MouvementsPerpignan-FranceA. Tarrius

Université de TarragoneDépartement d’anthropologie socialeTarragona-SpainO. Romani

Middlesex UniversitySchool of Social SciencesEnfield-UKV. Ruggiero

Université de GênesDépartement d’histoire moderne et contemporaineGênes- ItalyA. Molinari

Université GentCriminologieGent- BelgiumP. Hebberecht


The Bazar Economy in the Euromediterranean metropoles: informal marketactivities, transborder migration networks, commercial centrality and codes

of honour

Objectives. What we define as « bazar economy » constitutes a set of activities pertaining to thevast constellation of « underground economies ». The economy of the bazar characterises thecommercial apparatus shaped by articulation of nomadic transborder networks and sedentarymarketplaces through which licit but unwieldy products and illicit products circulate and aremarketed on both sides of the Mediterranean. We hypothesise that these apparatus constituteboth a privileged site of engagement in the north European economy for migrants populationsfrom the south, as well a place to which former immigrants mobilised by the Fordist economyand currently sedentarised in the north European metropoles are relegated. We furtherhypothesise that the coupling of nomadic networks and sedentary commercial apparatus favourarrangements, whose status lies between the formal and the informal, legality and illegality, andwhich the actors have mastered.

Brief Description of the Project.

1. A series of exploratory studies:• -on the concrete forms of informal commercial exchange in four strategic urban areas of

contemporary Europe: Tarragona/Barcelona, Marseilles, Vintimiglia/ Genoa, Paris/Antwerp ;• -on the ways migrant, nomadic, and sedentary populations have become rooted in exchanges ;• -on the relational and social frameworks that organise and especially those that make it

possible to cross moral, political, and institutional borders ;• -on the relationship of commercial zones with both major informal market places (Abidjan

and Istanbul in particular) and other « production districts ».

2. A theoretical reflection, drawing on anthropology and economies, concerning the informalcommercial dynamics and the modalities through which they take on social and territorial formsin contemporary urban worlds.

Intended outcomes. The expected outcomes of Ecobaz consist in two related points:

1. a better understanding of a phenomenon which is either underrated by classical economy, oroverrated in its social, political and moral concern because of a supposed link with criminalactivities ;

2. a wider and better agenda for local policies or local actors which are now confronted to whatthey often call « criminal economy » in their projects of local development in the inner cities.


European Network to Develop Policy Relevant Models and Socio-EconomicAnalyses of Drug Use, Consequences and Interventions

(Thematic network)




Coordinator:EMCDDAEpidemiology Department23 Rua Cruz de Santa Apolonia, 1100 Lisboa,Portugal

L.G. WiessingTel.: +351-1-811.30.16Fax: +351-1-813.79.43E-mail: [email protected]


IFT - Institute for Therapy ResearchMünchen - GermanyMr. R. Simon

University of GlasgowCentre for Drug Misuse ResearchGlasgow - ScotlandMr. G. Hay

University of KeeleDept. of Medicines ManagementStaffordshire - UKDr. M. Frischer

University of YorkCentre for Health EconomicsYork - UKDr. C. Godfrey

University of Rome - Tor VergataDipartimento Di MatematicaRome - ItalyProf. C. Rossi

National Institute of Public Health and theEnvironment (RIVM)Division for Health Services ResearchBilthoven - The Netherlands,Dr. J. Jager


European Network to Develop Policy Relevant Models and Socio-EconomicAnalyses of Drug Use, Consequences and Interventions

(Thematic network)

Objectives. This proposal aims to bring together and consolidate existing networks of experts inprevalence estimation and dynamic modeling of drug use. The goal is to develop a set of tools toanalyse data on drug use, its consequences, underlying social, economical, and health factors andprocesses and to explore the feasibility of applying them to evaluate policy options orinterventions. The project aims at fulfilling the following general objectives:

1. Stimulate and consolidate newly existing multi-national networks of experts, integratingcomplementary disciplines essential for studying drug use.

2. Develop statistical and dynamic models of drug use, leading to improved prevalenceestimates and analyses of spread, consequences, causes and interventions, and enhancedEuropean comparability.

3. Explore the feasibility of applying these models to evaluate policy options or interventions.Examples for testing the applicability of the models will be selected in the course of theproject.

4. Generate proposals for further research.

Brief Description of the Project. The project will cover three thematic fields, 1) prevalenceestimation 2) analysis of diffusion 3) economic modeling. It will consist of six work groups whichwill analyse one theme each. Each participant will co-ordinate one work group drawing onnetworks of European experts from previous EMCDDA projects. The project covers networkingcosts and will concentrate on the exchange of information about ongoing research and initiatives.The six working groups are:

1a. Prevalence of problem drug use at the national level.1b. Prevalence of problem drug use at the local level.2a. Time trends and incidence of problem drug use.2b. Geographic spread of problem drug use.3a. Costs of drug use and cost-effectiveness of interventions.3b. Analysis of economic markets and policy measures.

Intended outcomes. The project will consolidate a multi-national, multi-disciplinary network ofexperts in drug use. Activities will focus on the development of new tools (models and guidelines)to analyse epidemiological data on drug use. Existing estimates will be improved and preliminarynew estimates be made of prevalence of drug use at national and local level in the EU, ofgeographic and temporal spread of drug use (incidence) and of socio-economic consequences andprocesses. More insight will be obtained in factors and processes underlying drug use andhypotheses will be formulated on the spread and causal processes of drug use. The project willfurther result in dissemination among experts of modeling methodology as applied to the drugsfield and increased awareness of the potential use of modeling among policy makers.Recommendations will be done for improving data collection on drug use indicators used in themodels. The output will be disseminated in the form of meetings, publications (scientific and non-scientific), the Internet (EMCDDA Internet site) and, if additional funding is obtained, a large finalseminar of all participating experts with policy makers.


New Forms of Employment and Working Time in the Service Economy


EC Contribution: 1.099.971 ECUStarting Date: 1 January 1999Duration: 30 months


Coordinator:

Institut Arbeit und TechnikAbteilung Arbeitsmarkt14, Muncheistrasse, DE- 45886 Gelsenkircher

Prof. Gehrard BoschTel.: +49-209-1707.147Fax: +49-209-1707.124E-mail: [email protected]


University of JyväskyläDepartment of Social Sciences & PhilosophyJyväskylä – FinlandDr. Jouko Nätti

Université Libre de BruxellesDépartement d’Economie AppliquéeBruxelles – BelgiumDr. Robert Plasman

University of ManchesterInstitute of Science & TechnologyManchester – UKProf. Jill Rubery

The Danish National Institute of SocialResearch, SFISection for Labour Market and Working LifeCopenhagen – DenmarkMr. Anders Rosdahl

Université des Sciences & Technolog. de Lille 1Faculté des Sciences Economiques & SocialesVilleneuve d’Asq Cedex – FranceProf. Jean Gadret

Università Degli Studi di TrentoDipartimento di EconomiaTrento – ItalyProf. Paola Villa

Göteborg UniversityCELMS – Dept. of EconomicsGöteborg – SwedenDr. Dominique Anxo

European Trade Union Institute (a.s.b.l.)Bruxelles – BelgiumMr. Reiner Hoffmann

University of Utrecht, Faculty of LawInstitute of EconomicsUtrecht – The NetherlandsDr. Janneke Platenga


New Forms of Employment and Working Time in the Service Economy (NESY)

Objectives. The overall objective of the project is to analyse the effects of new forms ofemployment and working time in the service sector and service activities on the opportunities for aredistribution of work likely to promote employment. There are three underlying questions:

What is the actual incidence of new forms of employment and working time in service activities; doworking time preferences match with or diverge from these working time realities?

What are the most important determinants of new forms of employment and working time inservice activities?

What are institutional preconditions and policy options on the state / collective bargaining / firmlevels which may foster employment promotion by redistribution of work?

Brief description of the project. The project will cover 10 European Union countries: Belgium,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the UnitedKingdom.

Its quantitative parts include the analysis of data relating to the diffusion of new employment andworking time forms in the individual service industries, i.e. deviations from the traditionalpermanent, full-time employment relationship with standardised working time. Data analysis willalso include individual working-time preferences, broken down by employee category, familystructure, income, etc., as far as possible.

The qualitative parts include case studies which will help to identify basic industry and activity-specific reasons for the emergence of certain new forms of employment and working time inselected service industries and activities. Selected examples of innovative policy approaches andtheir practical implementation on the establishment level shall be covered.

The final analysis will tackle the question of what new opportunities for the collective regulation ofindividual working-time preferences are emerging. Will it be possible to redefine “standardworking time” in a more complex way, one that includes the diversity of working-time choicesmade by and between individuals in the course of their working lives, with a view to identifyingpossible starting points for a greater diversity of measures designed to redistribute work withinsociety?

Intended outcomes. In association with the European Trade Union Institute the project team willorganise a conference that will serve to initiate dialogue between researchers and practitioners onthe topic investigated in the project and the findings obtained. Those invited to participate willinclude policy-makers at national and European level, as well as representatives of employers’associations and trade unions and of the industries included in the study. The most significantfindings from the project and the conference will be published in an easily accessible summaryaimed at a wider audience of practitioners.


The European Political-Economy Infrastructure Consortium




Coordinator:

The London School of Economics & PoliticalScience The European InstituteHoughton Street, London WC2 2AE, UK

Dr. Howard MachinTel.: +44- 171-955.71.85Fax: + 44-171-955.75.46E-mail: [email protected]


European University InstituteSan Domenico di FiesoleItalyDr. Andreas Frijdal

Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung GmbHBerlin, GermanyMr. David Soskice

Fundacion Instituto Juan March de Estudios e InvestigacionesCenter for Advanced Study in the Social SciencesMadrid, SpainProf. J-M. Maravall


The European Political-Economy Infrastructure Consortium

Objectives. The main goal is to establish, operate and evaluate over three years an effectivetrans-national research infrastructure for the improvement of advanced training of social scienceresearchers within the EU.

A characteristic of this consortium is the innovative way that it combines elements of a researchactivity with those of a research network in a single interdisciplinary interacting project.

Brief description of the Project. The consortium seeks to develop advanced research trainingby establishing a structure for dialogue and the exchange of ideas and data between establishedsocial scientists, public policy makers, business leaders and doctoral researchers. Two series ofadvanced research workshops each involving some 51 doctoral researchers will be launchedcovering three key topics of the TSER work programme:

• innovation in public institutions and services• postgraduate education and research training, the labour market and economic growth• inequality and economic growth.

An on-line research database and research exchange network and on-line journal will beestablished for the mutual information and cooperation of social science researchers in the EU.The on-line journal in particular will be developed as a continuing academic vehicle fordissemination of research results.

Intended Outcomes. The project is expected to make a significant contribution to strengtheningthe shared knowledge base and analytic capacity of European social sciences, especially in thecontext of European integration, by providing young researchers with appropriate advancedtraining, focused on developing a European research culture and on developing a network forcontinuing exchanges. Furthermore, the project will stimulate multi-disciplinary research and thecontinuous interaction between the scientific, business and public-policy communities.


EXSPRO: Social exclusion and social protection - the future role for the EU


EC Contribution: 600,000 ECUStarting date: January 1999Duration: 24 months


Coordinator:

South Bank UniversityEuropean Institute, Business School13 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK

Prof. Iain BeggTel.: + 44-171-815-82.79Fax: + 44-171-815-82.77E-mail: [email protected]


University of LeuvenDept. of SociologyLeuven – BelgiumProf. Jos Berghman

University of CopenhagenInstitute of Political ScienceCopenhagen – DenmarkProf. Per Kongsh?j Madsen

Center for Economic Research and Environmental StrategyAthens – GreeceDr. Manos Matsaganis

Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIDHE (Institutions et Dynamiques Historiques de l'Économie)Cachan – FranceDr. Robert Salais

University of HelsinkiDept. of Criminal Law, Judicial Procedure and General Jurisprudential StudiesHelsinki – FinlandProf. Pekka Kosonen


EXSPRO: Social exclusion and social protection - the future role for the EU

Objectives. Europe's ‘social model’ is facing a crisis of confidence. It is under threat from budgetarypressures, from international competitive imperatives and from concern that it may no longer work.Social exclusion is increasingly seen as one of the most intractable and damaging problemsconfronting European society. Member States are having to rethink the roles of their social protectionsystems in countering social exclusion, even though there is no unanimity on the definition of theterm. The aim of the EXSPRO project is to undertake a comprehensive analysis of these issues thatwill contribute to the development of policy to combat social exclusion. It aims to root proposedpolicies to promote social inclusion in a broader understanding of the links between welfare andwork. The research will then examine the respective roles of Member States, the EU level and otheractors in tackling social exclusion.

Brief description of the project. The project will consist of linked modules of work designed bothto shed light on theoretical debates about social exclusion and integration and to translate these intopolicy relevant terms. A core aim of the project is to examine how far the EU level of governmentcan, while respecting subsidiarity contribute to social protection in a way that advances socialintegration and diminishes exclusion. The project will be organised around three broad strands ofwork, but will also aim to answer key research questions. The three broad themes to be addressed are:

Ø CONCEPTS AND VALUES. This will entail the development of concepts for analysing socialexclusion in the EU setting, and identifying the value systems, ideologies and popular beliefsbehind the processes of, and policies towards, social exclusion. Similar conceptua-lisation isneeded of social protection and the values that enable it to address the new challenges of socialexclusion.

Ø PROCESSES. This will build on existing work at national level on the processes behind socialexclusion to obtain an improved understanding of the links between European integration andsocial exclusion. It will include comparative work, but will also elucidate how Europeanintegration influences the causes and spread of social exclusion, and the capacity of governmentsto deal with it.

Ø POLICIES. Social policy formation and implementation are the outcome of complex bargainingbetween disparate groups. In this process, the EU level has, arguably, not been able to develop itsrole. This theme of the research programme will draw on experience of past policies aimed atcombating social exclusion to identify lines for the development of EU policy.

Intended outcomes. The over-arching aim of the research programme will be to provide acomprehensive analysis of how responsibilities for social protection might evolve to enable a betterresponse by the different tiers of government to the challenges posed by social exclusion. It willachieve this by generating new theoretical and empirical findings, and by communicating thesefindings to the policy community The project will have a strong commitment to effectivedissemination and exploitation, with a coherent strategy for publication of the work; workshops andconferences; and presentation of the analysis to practitioners and policy-makers.


Family Reunification Evaluation Project (FARE)


EC Contribution: 640.000Starting Date: 10 January 1999Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

Psychoanalytic Institute for Social ResearchPasseggiata di Ripetta 11, 00186 Rome, Italy

Dr. Raffaele BracalentiTel.: +39-6-32.65.24.01Fax: +39-6-32.65.24.33E-mail: [email protected]


OPEN UniversityDept. of Sociology, Faculty of Social SciencesMilton Keynes – UKDr. Peter Braham

Fondazione Eni Enrico MatteiMilan, ItalyDr. Alessandra Goria

Berlin Institute for Comparative Social ResearchBerlin, GermanyDr. Jochen Blaschke

Universite de Caen Basse NormandieLaboratoire d’Analyse Socio AnthropologiqueCaen, FranceProf. M. Didier Le Gall

Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic RelationsStockholm, SwedenProf. Charles Westin


Family Reunification Evaluation Project (FARE)

Objectives. General: To provide a European overview of policy for family reunification ofimmigrant families and a better understanding of the current problems that reunified immigrantfamilies face in order to better ensure the well being of these families and to reduce the possibilityof their marginalisation and mal-adjustment.

Detailed: 1) to evaluate the process of granting family reunification from both qualitative andquantitative perspectives, 2) to evaluate the consequences of family reunification looking inparticular at the kind of changes which occur in the family structure and how the family adjusts tothe new environment in the host country, 3) to evaluate the reunified family from both sociologicaland economic perspectives, 4) to delineate existing support policy for reunified immigrant policiesin order to gain a better understanding of the areas in which these families need additionalassistance 5) to develop a standard European criteria for family reunification policy ranging fromthe process of granting family reunification to support policies for already reunified immigrantfamilies.

Brief Description of the project. The problems and influencing factors involved in the process offamily reunification and integration at this time are poorly understood and need to be furtheranalysed. Such an analysis will be carried out by this Project with the goal of illuminating theintricacies of the problems confronted by the reunified immigrant family and the ways in which thereunified immigrant family is currently formed. The impact of family reunification upon diversestructures of society (housing policy, the labour market, social assistance systems, urban settlementand urban relationships) will be evaluated from both a sociological perspective and an economicperspective. These analyses will be crucial in gaining a better understanding of the areas in whichreunified immigrant families need additional assistance. In the context of these initial findings, ananalysis of existing support policies for reunified immigrant families will be made. The Project willthen develop Standard Criteria for a common European approach to reunification of immigrantfamilies policy.

Intended outcomes. The Project intends to provide valuable tools for policy makers to assist intheir task of harmonising European policy for reunified immigrant families (ranging from theapplication and evaluation process to integration and support policy measures of the reunifiedimmigrant family). The Project will also produce tools for immigrant community associations thatwill serve as a means of familiarising these communities with the rules and criteria of familyreunification and assistance available for reunified immigrant families. The research culminates inthe drawing up of standard European criteria of policy for immigrant family reunification whichwill be widely distributed in the partner countries and will provide a basis for creating familyreunification policy which is adapted to the current scenario in Europe.


European Identity, Welfare State, Religion(s)


EC contribution: 560.000 ECUStarting date: 1 December 1998Duration: 24 months


Coordinator:

Università di FirenzeDipartimento di Studi Sociali82 Via Cavour, 50129 Firenze, Italy

Prof. Arnaldo NestiTel.: +39-55-27.57.749Fax: +39-55-27.57.750E-mail: [email protected]


University of ThessalonikiFaculty of TheologyThessaloniki, GreeceProf. Ioannis Petrou

Seminar für RelgionswissenschaftHannover, GermanyProf. Peter Antes

Planning and ResearchN. Moudania, Greece

Ben Gurion University of the NegevDept. of Government & PoliticsBeer-Sheva, IsraelDr. Maurice Roumanii

Associazione per lo studio del FenomenoReligiosaFirenze, ItaliaProf. Alfredo Jocopozzi

Dr. Costantinos Migdalis


European Identity, Welfare State and Relilgion(s)

Objectives. The main objective of this research project is to stress the articulated and multiplerole that religion can exercise regarding the issues of European Identity and the contemporaryproblems of the welfare state, particularly of social exclusion. Contrary to various expectations,Religion has recently emerged as a crucial dimension of European political, cultural and sociallife as manifested through its appearance as an important element of the so-called “politics ofidentity”. The objective of the research project is to study, on the one hand, the process ofconstructing a European identity sensitive to cultural diversity and the particular contribution ofreligion to its formation, and on the other hand, the current crisis of the welfare state and thevarious ways through which religious institutions and ideas can help in order to overcome thecurrent crisis or impasse and to foster and promote social integration.

Brief description of the Project. Our research will employ both ways of approaching thequestion of the welfare state and religion; to analyse the varying role of religion(s) in theconstruction of specific and particular organisational models of the welfare state across variousEuropean member states, and second, to study the role of religious and non religious, non-profit/charity/co-operative organisations in local welfare settings. At a more practical level, itwill demonstrate the various ways that religion can help excluded groups through the locallyorganised religious services and associations. The analysis will also extend to cover non-explicitreligious group activities, which still however, might be influenced by religious ideas andconcepts.The other dimension of the research project is to study the process of constructing a Europeanidentity which will be sensitive to cultural diversity, and the particular contribution of religion toits formation.

This research proposal is multi-disciplinary, and adopts the socio-historical comparativeapproach to the study of various European societies and more specifically, Germany, France,The United Kingdom, Italy, Greece, Sweden and Belgium. It is structured around four relatedpoints: a) The positions of various religious institutions on work, welfare and Employment. b)The contemporary response of religion(s) to the crisis of the welfare state and to Europeancultural diversity. c) Services and practices offered by religiously inspired bodies. d) Research onnon-explicitly religious bodies.

Intended outcomes. It will be demonstrated that under certain conditions, religion plays acritical role in shaping the landscape of European cultural diversity, that it can have a significantcontribution towards the construction of a European identity and for the integration of variousexcluded groups and of ensuring consensus and stability. It will be shown that the Europeanidentity must not be based on an essentialist argument of a common civilisation which excludesand marginalises the “other”, but rather on the basis of collaboration and solidarity that we willdevelop in the future. The structuring of a productive and democratic dialogue, the creation of aEuropean public space and the mutual understanding of cultural and religious diversity,inevitably demand a comparative study of religions and their views on these critical issues today.Furthermore, it is important to inform policy makers of the current situation in Europe so thatfuture policies are more appropriate and effective in solving pressing social problems.


“Working and Mothering: Social Practices and Social Policies”Thematic Network


EC Contribution: 234.000 ECUStarting Date: November 1998Duration: 30 months


Coordinator:

J.W. Goethe-Universität FrankfurtFachbereich 03Robert-Mayer-Str. 5, 60054 Frankfurt,Germany

Prof. Ute GerhardTel.: +49-69-798.22.053Fax: +49-69-798.28.024E-mail: [email protected]


Queen’s University of BelfastDept. of Sociology & Social PolicyBelfast – N. IrelandProf. Mary Daly

Lund UniversityDept. of SociologyLund – SwedenDr. Ingrid Jönsson

Universiteit UtrechtSchool of Social & Economic PolicyResearchUtrecht - The NetherlandsProf. Trudie Knijn

University of OsloDept. of Sociology & Human GeographyOslo – NorwayProf. Arnlaug Leira

Nottingham UniversitySchool of Sociology & Social PolicyNottingham – UKProf. Jane Lewis

Centre d’Etudes de l’EmploiNoisy le Grand – FranceDr. Marie-Thérèse Letablier

Universidad Carlos III de MadridDept. de Ciencias Politicas y Sociologia,Madrid – EspanaProf. Constanza Tobio

Università degli studi di FirenzeDipt. di Scienza della Politica e Sociologia,Firenze – ItalyDr. Rossana Trifiletti

___________________________________________________________________________________Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme

351

“Working and Mothering: Social Practices and Social Policies”(Thematic network)

Objectives. The thematic network will analyse the effectiveness of social policies and the impactof social strategies on everyday life. It will bring into focus the question of how women, andfamilies in general, manage to combine working and mothering in different European countries.Although a lot is known about this important problem of women's double burden and a great dealof investigation has already been done in the field of equal opportunity policies, there is littleknowledge about how the current generation of mothers actually puts together a set of strategiesthat enables them to reconcile the conflicting demands of paid work and motherhood. Theunderlying hypothesis is that women's use of public, private and market resources and theirsocial practices not only depend on different national welfare settings but on income levels,education, family structures, variations of cultural networks and social policy measures as well.A crucial aspect of the project lies in its comparative orientation.

Brief Description of the Project. The thematic network consists of five seminars which areintended to accompany national research. Researchers from nine European countries will analyzedifferent welfare state solutions and investigate changing demographic and social exclusion withregard to a relevant group that stands for the future of European countries and the EqualOpportunity Policy of the EU. The research interest concentrates on mothers with young childrenwho are living with husbands or partners, as this group is best suited to analyze women's socialpractices, their different resources in everyday life and the changes in the definitions ofmotherhood and fatherhood.

The thematic focus of the five seminars reads as follows:1. Comparative perspectives on working and mothering (Empirical data and comparative

concepts)2. The elaboration of theoretical perspectives concerning women’s work and family life3. Research frameworks and methodologies especially with respect to micro studies in the

field of social policy4. The evaluation of available provisions and policy deficits5. Future perspectives: Intergenerational changes and life cycle processes

Intended outcomes.1. Producing new knowledge about how women manage to combine working and mothering

in the context of available supports and policy infrastructure. The foci will be on socialpractices and social strategies of women's and families' everyday lives, on social cohesionand inter-generational solidarities and cleavages in the context of different welfareregimes. Thereby the gender relationship will be highlighted with reference to socialchange;

2. Evaluating and analysing existing social policies in the light of women's experiences;3. Providing information and research results of national case studies as well as of a series of

literature reviews;4. Developing and testing a theoretical, conceptual and methodological framework for micro-

level studies in the field of social policies.


CASE- Social exclusion as a multidimensional process: subcultural and formallyassisted strategies of coping with and avoiding social exclusion




Coordinator:

Institut für Rechts und KriminalsoziologieMuseumstrasse 5, Postfach 1, A-1016 Vienna,Austria

Dr. Arno Pilgram / Prof. Heinz SteinertTel.: +43-1-526.15.16Fax: +43-1-526.15.16/10E-mail: [email protected]


Johann Wolfgang Goethe-UniversitätInstitut für Sozialpädagogik und ErwachsenenbildungFrankfurt/ Main –GermanyProf. H. Cremer-Schaefer

Universität LeipzigInstitut für SoziologieLeipzig – GermanyProf. Georg Vobubra

University of DurhamDept. of Sociology & Social PolicyDurham – UKProf. Ian Taylor

Universidad Automa BarcelonaDept. de ciencia politica I dret publicBarcelona – SpainProf. Elena Larrauri

Istituto Carlo CattaneoFondazione di RicercaBologna – ItalyProf. Mario Melossi

Stockholm UniversityDept. of CriminologyStockholm – SwedenProf. Henrik Tham

University of GroningenFaculty of LawGroningen – The NetherlandsProf. W.J.M. de Haan


CASE - Social exclusion as a multidimensional process: subcultural andformally assisted strategies of coping with and avoiding social exclusion

Objectives. Social exclusion is seen as a multi-dimensional, gradual and reversible process inwhich resources between dimensions can be used to compensate each other. This dynamic ofsocial exclusion and the struggle to avoid it will be described in empirical detail in its relation tocharacteristics of “official” social policy and the resources supplied by it.

Fields of social exclusion to be explored will be: exclusion from wage labour, from means ofsubsistence, exclusion from administrative resources, from demand for a person’s qualifications.The special situation of women, youths, the elderly of migrants and educationally under-qualified persons will be studied.

Brief Description of the Project. The empirical material to be collected in 7 European countries(AT, DE, ES, GB, IT, NL, SE) as examples of different welfare regimes will consist in “episodes of(impending) social exclusion” (in the different fields). These narratives of problems and howthey were managed will be collected in interviews in a community-study framework. They willbe analyzed to identify the resources needed for favourable outcomes. This can be related (andoften constrasted) to the resources available in different positions under different social policytraditions and their developments under the impact of “globalization” and European integration.

At the same time community workers and other persons influential in the community will beinstructed on instruments useful for the identification of local problems of social exclusion andthe resources that can and have to be mobilized. In comparative analyses the characteristics ofdifferent welfare regimes conducive to providing resources against exclusion will be identified.

Intended outcomes. It is the aim of the project to identify innovative strategies of coping withsocial exclusion (indifferent fields) that mobilize community, and other social-network andpolicy resources. Social welfare regimes and their developments will be compared in theirability to provide resources actually needed in such coping strategies vs. the liability of suchprogrammes to turn into instruments of social exclusion themselves. Analyses should identifyconditions for the adequate provision of resources to avoid and cope with situations of socialexclusion by social policy on all levels.


Youth Unemployment and Social Exclusion in Europe


EC contribution: 550.000 ECUStarting date: 1 January 1999Duration: 36 months


Coordinator:

Norwegian Social Research Institute, NOVAMunthesgt. 29/31 -0260 Oslo, Norway

Dr. Torild HammerTel.: +47-22-54.12.00 (13)Fax : +47-22-54.12.01E-mail: [email protected]


University of GlasgowDept. of Sociology, Glasgow, Scotland Andy Furlong

Université d’ Aix Marseille II et IIIGREQAM, Marseille, France Patrick Werquin

Universidad CompultenseFacultad de Ciencias Politicas, Madrid, SpainJose Luis Alvaro

Università di SalernoDipt. di Scienze Economiche e Statistiche, Salerno, ItalyFloro Ernesto Caroleo

University of HelsinkiSwedish School of Social Sciences, Helsinki, FinlandIlse Julkunen

University of GotenburghDept. of Sociology, Gotenburgh, SwedenJan Carle

Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesanstalt für Arbeit (IAB)Nurnberg, GermanyHans Dietrich


Youth Unemployment and Social Exclusion in Europe

Objectives. The main objective is to study how different welfare strategies and fiscal structures indifferent countries influence the risk of social exclusion among unemployed youth. The followingresearch questions can be identified:

·Do non-standard forms of labour force participation, such as part-time or temporary work or workin the informal economy, represent a step towards social exclusion and labour forcemarginalisation or can they be regarded as a step towards permanent work careers ?

·Comparative data will enable us to study young unemployeds’ probability of entry to postcompulsory education in countries with different educational systems. What is the proportion ofun-employed youth who return to education, and what kind of factors seem to influence suchcareers ?

·How do different welfare strategies with mixes of public (insurance systems) and private (family)support influence job chances of youth unemployment in different countries ?

·To what extent do unemployed youth feel integrated in their society and how does this impact onthe rights and responsibilities of citizenship? Are unemployed youth excluded politically in thesense that they do not participate or engage themselves in politics, and what kind of politicalattitudes do they have ?

·Previous research has revealed large differences in work ethics or work involvement betweenEuropean countries. What is the relationship between stigmatization, mental health, work invol-vement and job search activity ?

·The project will also analyze young peoples’ experience with different measures in a comparativeperspective, and assess the extent to which such measures increase job chances or return toeducation.

Brief description of the project. Comparative surveys of representative samples of unemployedyouth have been carried out in Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Iceland, Scotland and Ireland.Data collection is now complete in the five Nordic countries and in Scotland.

The project focuses upon the north/south dimension of the youth unemployment problem. Toachieve this aim we have include a further four countries in the study (Spain, Italy Germany andFrance). To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study which focus upon youthunemployment in Europe. Comparative surveys will be carried out in France, Italy, Spain andGermany in 1999.

Country spesific reports will be made in 1999/2000 and a book about youth unemployment andsocial exclusion will be ready in 2001.

Intended outcomes. In each of the countries, researchers will disseminate findings widely amongpractitioners and within the academic community continously through the project period. Theproject group will also give priority to keep in contact with practitioners and national goverment’sministeries, and other interested parties to be able to provide information about main researchresults which have implications for policy. A European conference of youth unemploymentinvolving both policy makers and the research community will also be arranged at the end of theproject.


Social Exclusion and Dialogue- enhancing the communication skills of profes-sionals involvedin social rehabilitation: a possible solution to unemployment


EC Contribution: 134.500 ECU Starting date: 1 January 1999 Duration: 28 months


Coordinator :University of CaenLaboratory of Cognitive and PathologicPsychologyMultidisciplinary Pole MODESCO, 14032 Caen– France

Prof. Jean VivierTel.: +33-2-31.56.62.63Fax: +33-2-31.56.53.81E-mail: [email protected]


University of ExtremaduraDept. of Psychology & Sociology of EducationBadajoz – SpainProf. Isabel Cuadrado

University of JoensuuDept. of PsychologyJoensuu – FinlandProf. Yrjo-Paavo Hayrynen

University of Nancy IILaboratory of PsychologyNancy – FranceProf. Alain Trognon

University of BolognaDepartment of PsychologyBologna – ItalyProf. Stefania Stame

University of MoscowPsychology Institute of Russian AcademicsMoscow – RussiaProf. Vitaly Rubtsov


Social Exclusion and Dialogue - Enhancing the communication skills of profes-sionals involvedin social rehabilitation: a possible solution to unemployment

Objectives. The aim of the project is to investigate and modify breakdown (non-contiguous lines ofcommunication) and malfunction (misunderstandings) in conversations between, on the one hand, theunemployed and socially excluded and, on the other, professionals involved in social integration andrehabilitation. The originality of the project lies precisely in the fact that it focuses not only on theinteraction between these two groups but also on modifying the attitudes and behaviour of theprofessionals involved.

Brief description of the project. The subjects (participants A) who are studied are unemployed andsocially excluded; they belong to one of three categories:- those who have illiteracy problems;- those emerging from a phase of mental illness and moving towards social integration and

rehabilitation;- migrants who have difficulty with the language of the host country.

Targeted professional groups also come under three headings (participants B):

- instructors in a traditional-style apprenticeship situation offering training and tutoring;- occupational health physicians;- administrative personnel whose duties include conducting initial interviews in the job

application process (employment officer or equivalent post).

There are two principal hypotheses:

First, when the unemployed and socially-excluded dialogue with professionals, communicationbreakdowns and malfunctions occur because, generally speaking, mutual understanding and referenceto « common ground » are not fully operative and sometimes not operative at all. Consequently, theinitial assessment protocols - indispensable for successful rehabilitation - are ineffective.

Second - and this is linked to the above hypothesis - is the idea that knowledge of the mechanismsinvolved in assessing communication breakdown and malfunction can help to modify professionalpractice in the ways described above, and, secondly, that promoting a less self-centred approach(particularly through modification of referentiation processes) can further this aim.

Intended outcomes.

1. The project aims to reduce social exclusion by increasing the likelihood of effective communicationbetween the excluded and professionals involved in social rehabilitation.

2. The objective is to develop, on a Europe-wide basis, a model of ongoing professional training forthose involved in the key sector of helping the excluded back into the world of employment.

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