European Antitrust Policy 1957-2004 An Analysis of Commission

Decisions

EC Competition Enforcement Data, AmsterdamApril 10, 2008

Martin Carree

Andrea Guenster

Maarten Pieter Schinkel

2

Agenda• European Antitrust Policy

• Commission Decisions over Time by Type and Origin

• Commission Decisions by Type of Economic Conduct

• Commission Decisions by Economic Sector

• Enforcement of the Competition Rules

• Findings of an Infringement

• Remedies and Sanctions

• Appeals before the CFI and the ECJ

3

European Antitrust Policy• Literature Review

Posner (1970, 2001)

Gallo et al. (1985, 1986, 2000, 2001)

Davies et al. (1999) and Lauk (2002)

Gual et al., Harding et al. (2005)

• Article 81, 82, 86 and Procedural Issues Reg. 17/62

• Data (538, 1964-04)• Reports of the Commission Decisions Relating to

Competition, 1964-98• Report on Competition Policy (1971) - XXXIV Report on

Competition Policy (2004) • Harding et al. (2005), Ritter et al. (2005), Jones and et al.

(2006), Geraldine et al. (2005)

4

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Decisions

5

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Interim Measure

Infringement

Exemption

Negative Clearance

6

1964-77

Negative Clearance

24%

Exemption28%

Infringement48%

1978-90

Negative Clearance

15%

Exemption31%

Infringement54%

1991-04

Negative Clearance

7%

Exemption29%

Infringement64%

7

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Leniency

Commission

Complaint

Notification

8

1964-77

Notification70%

Complaint9%

Commission21%

1978-90

Notification58%

Complaint18%

Commission24%

1991-04

Notification38%

Complaint24%

Commission24%

Leniency14%

9

Negative Clearance Exemption InfringementInterim

MeasureTotal

Notification 73.25 150.75 62 0 286

Complaint 1.25 1.75 92 4 99

Commission 1 3 119 1 124

Leniency 0 0 29 0 29

Total 75.5 155.5 302 5 538

10

Horizontal41%

Dominance9%

Licensing6%

Vertical23%

Joint Venture11%

Procedural6%

Article 864%

11

  Negative Clearance Exemption Infringement Interim Measure Total

Horizontal 29 59 131.83 0 219.8

Dominance 1 0 45.33 3.5 49.83

Licensing 10.5 10.5 9.83 0.5 31.33

Vertical 24 32.5 66.5 1 124

Joint Venture 11 48.5 2 0 61.5

Article 86 0 5 16 0 21

Procedural 0 0 30.5 0 30.5

Total 75.5 155.5 302 5 538

12

1964-77

Horizontal48%

Dominance6%

Licensing9%

Vertical22%

Joint Venture7%

Procedural8%

1978-90

Horizontal37%

Dominance8%Licensing

6%

Vertical28%

Joint Venture12%

Procedural7%

Article 862%

1991-04

Horizontal41%

Dominance12%

Licensing4%

Vertical19%

Joint Venture13%

Procedural3%

Article 868%

13

  Negative Clearance Exemption Infringement Total

Agriculture 1 1 11 13

Mining 2.5 0 3.5 6

Manufacturing 91.5 38.5 177 307

Food & Drinks 6 3 31 40

Textile, Leather & Paper 5 3 8 16

Chemicals 24.5 11 49.5 85

Plastics, Rubber & Glass 8 7 34 49

Metal Products & Engineering 48 14.5 54.5 117

Electricity & Gas 5 1 3 9

Construction 0 4 5 9

Trade & Hotels 6.5 14.5 9 30

Transport 9 2 30.5 41.5

Banking & Insurance 13.5 5.5 7 26

Communication 25.5 9 22.5 57

Public Service 1 0 3 4

Total 155.5 75.5 271.5 502.5

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  Horizontal Dominance Licensing Vertical JV Article 86 Total

Agriculture 7 1 2 3 0 0 13

Mining 6 0 0 0 0 0 6

Manufacturing 136.83 23.83 19.83 89.5 37 0 307

Food & Drinks 17 3 5.5 14.5 0 0 40

Textile, Leather & Paper 8 0 3 3 2 0 16

Chemicals 51 8 1 13.5 11.5 0 85

Plastics, Rubber & Glass 27 4 3 11 4 0 49

Metal products & engineering 33.83 8.83 7.33 47.5 19.5 0 117

Electricity & Gas 2 1 2 2 2 0 9

Construction 8 0 0 1 0 0 9

Trade & Hotels 10 0 1.5 18.5 0 0 30

Transport 18.5 10 0 2 4 7 41.5

Banking & Insurance

21 1 0 2 1 1 26

Communication 8.5 8.5 5.5 4 17.5 13 57

Public Service 2 1 0 1 0 0 4

Total 219.83 46.33 30.83 123 61.5 21 502.5

15

1964-77

Food & Drinks9%

Chemicals23%

Plastics, Rubber & Glass

14%

Metal products & Engineering

43%

Trade & Hotels9%

Communication2%

1978-90

Food & Drinks11%

Chemicals20%

Plastics, Rubber & Glass

12%Metal products & Engineering

28%

Trade & Hotels10%

Communication8%

Banking & Insurance

8%

Transport3%

1991-04

Food & Drinks8%

Chemicals16%

Plastics, Rubber & Glass

9%

Metal products & Engineering

13%

Trade & Hotels3%

Communication22%

Banking & Insurance

7%

Transport22%

16

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Duration

17

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Recitals

18

Commissioner Period Months Decisions Infringements Diligence

Walter Hallstein (acting)

01/58-06/67 113 9 1 0.08

Jean Rey (acting) 06/67-06/70 36 22 3 0.67

Franco M. Malfatti (acting)

06/70-03/72 21 25 11 1.19

Sicco Mansholt (acting)

03/72-01/73 10 13 10 1.30

Francois-Xavier Ortoli (acting)

01/73-07/76 43 25 15 0.58

Raymond Vouel 07/76-01/81 54 56 40 1.04

Frans Andriessen 01/81-01/85 48 63 42 1.31

Peter Sutherland 01/85-01/89 48 77 32 1.60

Leon Brittan 01/89-01/93 48 66 38 1.38

Karel van Miert 01/93-09/99 81 88 41 0.92

Mario Monti 09/99-11/04 50 57 57 0.74

19

Director General Period Months Decisions Infringements Diligence

Meter VerLoren van Themaat

04/58-09/67 113 9 1 0.08

Ernst Albrecht 10/67-12/70 38 25 5 0.66

Willy Schleider 01/71-04/81 124 126 82 1.01

Manfred Caspari 05/81–12/89 107 155 78 1.45

Claus Dieter Ehlermann

03/90–04/95 61 88 49 1.44

Alexander Schlaub

05/1995-08/02

88 97 60 1.10

Philip Lowe 09/02-12/04 27 38 27 1.41

20

1964-77

Horizontal53%

Dominance16%

Licensing6%

Vertical25%

1978-90

Horizontal49%

Dominance15%

Licensing7%

Vertical29%

1991-04

Horizontal55%

Dominance21%

Licensing0%

Vertical24%

21

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Total Fine

22

Horizontal Dominance Licensing Vertical

Sum of Fines 1964-77 10,591 1,650 0 506

1978-90 194,975 53,280 145 15,384

1991-04 4,456,228 850,611 795 478,898

Average Fine per Case per Firm 1964-77 45.2 108.9 0 12.7

1978-90 2,223.5 3,977.3 2.8 528.2

1991-04 48,800.2 50,474.3 11.4 21,337.2

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Marginal Coefficient Coefficient Standard Error

Food & Drinks -0.038 -0.096 0.370

Textile, Leather & Paper -0.125 -0.321 0.567

Chemicals 0.059 0.148 0.348

Plastics, Rubber & Glass

-0.086 -0.216 0.396

Metal products & engineering

-0.121 -0.303 0.347

Trade & Hotels -0.308 -0.774 0.591

Transport -0.218 -0.546 0.386

Banking & Insurance 0.280 0.755 0.614

Communication 0.079 0.197 0.409

Average Party Fine 0.031*** 0.077 0.016

Number of Parties 0.008 0.020 0.011

Duration 0.001 0.002 0.002

Recitals 0.002*** 0.005 0.001

Horizontal 0.041 0.102 0.215

Dominance 0.321*** 0.804 0.281

Vouel -0.026 -0.066 0.323

Andriessen -0.066 -0.167 0.328

Sutherland -0.019 -0.049 0.345

Brittan 0.063 0.157 0.337

van Miert 0.047 0.119 0.380

Monti -0.216 -0.560 0.431

Mean dependent variable 0.46, R²=0.31

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Conclusion

• Shows tendencies and changes in composition

• Historical changes in legal or procedural settings can be seen

• Case reduction and faster processing achieved

• Efficiency versus effectiveness?

• Network Analysis

• Success of Appeal

• Handbook DGComp