Europe

Review

Europe Part 2 Review

Industrial Revolution

• The means of production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machines and from human and animal power to steam power.

• Industrialization started in Great Britain because it had iron ore & coal, rivers for factories, population to work in factories, strong economy from Imperialism and the capital to invest.

Capitalism

• Adam Smith, Father of Capitalism• Wrote The Wealth of Nations• Laissez Faire Economics- government keeps

their hands off business, no regulation.• Economy governed by the natural forces of

supply and demand and competition among businesses.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Postives• Production was faster• Improved Transportation

and Technologies• Roads and Canals built• Steam Locomotive• Railroads grew• Steam Engines• Cotton Gin/ Water Frame

Negatives• Working conditions• Living Conditions (Slums)• Disease• Child Labor• Pollution

Irish Potato Famine

• Under British rule, the majority of Irish farmland had been used to grow crops, such as wheat & oats, to send back to England. The Irish used the potato as their main food crop.

• In 1845, a disease destroyed the potato crop. The British continued to ship “their crops” to England and let over one million Irish die of starvation or disease. Millions of others migrated to the United States and Canada.

Nationalism

– Pride and Devotion to one’s country– Unite or divide a country

Unifies Germany and Italy

Breaks up Austria and Ottoman Empires

Otto von Bismarck- “Blood & Iron” Multinational Empires

Nationalism

Is Positive When…

• It brings people together

• When there is a common language

- Common Culture - Common Traditions• Shared History

Is Negative When…

• It separates people- When there is no

common language• A variety of cultures • A variety of traditions • No Shared History

World War IMain Causes

M – Militarism (glorification of military power)• Arms Race – countries competed with each other to expand their armies and

navies

A – Alliance (nations agreed to defend each other)• Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy• Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia

I – Imperialism • Competition for colonies and Industrialization

N – Nationalism• Rivalry contributed to tensions in Europe

• Spark…Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand• Germany invades Belgium

WWI- New Technologies

– Automatic Machine Gun– Tank– Submarine– Airplane– Poison Gas/Gas Mask

• Trench Warfare• Propaganda- spreading of ideas to promote a

cause or to damage an opposing cause.

End of WWI1918

• Treaty of Versailles – Ends World War I– Blames Germany (war guilt)

• Forced to pay reparations– Payments for war damage they had caused

• Disarm– Reduce their armies and navies

• Give up Territory and Colonies• Germany was not able to rebuild their war-torn country and

pay reparations. The weak, Weimar Republic was blamed for signing the unfair treaty.

Rise of Fascism

• Causes– Treaty of Versailles unfair to Germany– Adolf Hitler • wanted to rebuild the German Army• restore German national pride• policy of expansion in Eastern Europe

– Benito Mussolini • Promised to solve Italy’s Problems

(unemployment, restore national pride, end chaos)

Appeasement

• Giving in to the demands of an aggressor to maintain peace.

• Western Democracies did not stop German aggression.

• Munich Conference 1938- “Peace in our time” Neville Chamberlain

• Germany invaded Poland and Britain and France declared War on Germany… beginning WWII..1939

Turning Points of WWII

Allies- Great Britain, France, U.S.S.R., ChinaAxis- Germany, Italy, Japan• 1941- Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. U.S.

enters war on Allied side.• 1944- Allies invaded France, D-Day. Broke

through German defenses and freed France.• 1945- Allies dropped two atomic bombs on the

Japanese cities of Hiroshima & Nagasaki. Emperor Hirohito surrendered.

Impact of WWII• ~75 million people killed• The Nazi’s genocide against the Jews killed ~6

million Jews (Holocaust).• Land, homes, farms, businesses destroyed.• Nuremberg War Crimes Trials- Nazi leaders tried

for crimes against humanity. Leaders will be held accountable for atrocities during wartime.

• United Nations- World peacekeeping organization.

Cold War• Continuing state of tension and hostility between

the two world superpowers (U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.)• Iron Curtain- Imaginary line dividing Europe

between the West/Democracy and the East/Communism.

• Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan- U.S. gave huge amounts of money to war-torn countries to keep them from falling to communism.

Containment- U.S. policy to limit communism to areas already under Soviet control.

• A Divided Germany– Western Germany – Democratic– Eastern Germany – Under Soviet Control, Communist

• Berlin Airlift- 1948– Stalin (Soviet Leader) closes all land routes that would bring

supplies to West Berlin.– In response, Western Powers flew in food and supplies to

Western Berlin.Berlin Wall- 1961-1989– Fortified wall between East and West Berlin to keep East

Berliners from escaping to West Berlin, democracy and freedom.

Hot Spots in a Cold War

Arms Race- Superpowers spent huge amounts of money to develop more and more powerful weapons; led to tension that the world would be destroyed.

Space Race- 1957 the Soviets launched Sputnik, a satellite into orbit around the Earth.

1969 the U.S. was the first to land a man on the moon.

Opposing Military Alliances– NATO – North Atlantic Treaty

Organization - U.S., Canada, Western Europe will support each other if attacked.

– Warsaw Pact – The Soviet Union and seven Eastern European satellite countries.

– Cuban Missile Crisis- Soviets put nuclear missiles on Cuba, 90 miles of the coast of Florida.

The End of the Cold War

• Détente- the easing of tensions.• U.S. & U.S.S.R. start to “thaw” out and cooperate. Example:

space exploration• Soviet leader Gorbachev instituted economic and democratic

changes• Glasnost- openness to democratic ideas; ended censorship• Perestroika- restructuring the economy and allowed some

capitalism.• 1991- Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War Ended!!!• Russia and President Putin…corruption again.• Ukraine

Yugoslavia-Multinational state created after WWI.

• By 1991, many ethnic groups declared independence and tensions flared.

• In Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbs practiced Ethnic Cleansing, the act of removing or killing a certain ethnic group.

• Christian Serbian leader, Slobodan Milosevic, ordered atrocities against non-Serbian Muslims.

• NATO and the UN took military action and Milosevic was arrested and tried for war crimes and genocide, but he “mysteriously” died in jail…

Economic Interdependence

• European Union- common currency, the Euro.

• Globalization- people and countries connected by international trade, with money and information flowing instantly across international boundaries via the Internet.

• Dependence on foreign oil.