EUROPE IN UPHEAVAL, EUROPE IN UPHEAVAL, 1850-19141850-1914

Scott MastersScott MastersCrestwood CollegeCrestwood College(adapted by Darlene Tempelton for AP European History)(adapted by Darlene Tempelton for AP European History)

after the revolutionary changes/idealism of the after the revolutionary changes/idealism of the early 19th c., Europe began to follow a more early 19th c., Europe began to follow a more pragmatic course, determined by more pragmatic course, determined by more practical politicians and reformerspractical politicians and reformers

to varying degrees, they would play a to varying degrees, they would play a key role in one of the period’s more sig. key role in one of the period’s more sig. developments: the Rise of the developments: the Rise of the Nation-Nation-StateState

the force behind this was the force behind this was nationalismnationalism, esp. as , esp. as it was harnessed by individual philosophers it was harnessed by individual philosophers and politiciansand politicians

““new” new” nationsnations would be created, and would be created, and eventually the forces that would lead to eventually the forces that would lead to WW I would be unleashedWW I would be unleashed– the nationalism of this period would include the nationalism of this period would include

not only territory, population, and military not only territory, population, and military capacity; it would also include an economic capacity; it would also include an economic dimension – this created a contest of dimension – this created a contest of imperialismimperialism

FRANCEFRANCE

no longer a monarchy, but a republic no longer a monarchy, but a republic – but – but Louis-Napoleon Louis-Napoleon (Bonaparte) (Bonaparte) was an autocratic figure whose use was an autocratic figure whose use of nationalism threatened this of nationalism threatened this balancebalance

Louis-Napoleon had emerged as a Louis-Napoleon had emerged as a compromise figure in the ongoing compromise figure in the ongoing dispute between the monarchists dispute between the monarchists and the republicansand the republicans– he served as pres. (in the he served as pres. (in the Second Second

RepublicRepublic) and later took the title of ) and later took the title of emperor, ruling as emperor, ruling as Napoleon IIINapoleon III over the over the Second EmpireSecond Empire

As presidents of the 2nd Repub., L-N had to As presidents of the 2nd Repub., L-N had to contend w/ being limited to one 4 yr. term…he contend w/ being limited to one 4 yr. term…he and the monarchists wanted to extend his and the monarchists wanted to extend his rule, leading to a couprule, leading to a coup

– the Assembly was dissolved, universal the Assembly was dissolved, universal male suffrage was intro’d (w/ a property male suffrage was intro’d (w/ a property qualification), leading radicals were qualification), leading radicals were arrested, and the army occupied Paris, arrested, and the army occupied Paris, killing 200 rioters in the process…killing 200 rioters in the process…

–Louis then proclaimed himself emperor Louis then proclaimed himself emperor and promised to restore democratic rights, and promised to restore democratic rights, including a series of including a series of plebiscitesplebiscites where the where the people supported himpeople supported him

He was able to do this as He was able to do this as the economy was the economy was prosperous, w/ …prosperous, w/ …

– railroad constructionrailroad construction– high employmenthigh employment– available creditavailable credit– gov’t assistance/planning gov’t assistance/planning

(seen in the re-design of (seen in the re-design of Paris by Paris by HaussmanHaussman))

By the 1860s, discontent By the 1860s, discontent was on the rise, b/c of was on the rise, b/c of political scandals; political scandals; Napoleon III responded w/ Napoleon III responded w/ democratic reforms (resp. democratic reforms (resp. gov’t, free speech, gov’t, free speech, unions…) that kept his unions…) that kept his popularity highpopularity high

Nap. III did have military Nap. III did have military ambitions: in 1854, he sought to ambitions: in 1854, he sought to protect Christians in the protect Christians in the Ottoman Empire, challenging Ottoman Empire, challenging Russia in the process…Russia in the process…the main thing the the main thing the Crimean WarCrimean War did was to presage what modern did was to presage what modern war would becomewar would becomeit also showed the influence of it also showed the influence of war correspondents and the war correspondents and the need for better medicine need for better medicine ((Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale); and ); and since Russia fared poorly, since Russia fared poorly, France was able to re-establish France was able to re-establish itself as the center of European itself as the center of European diplomacydiplomacy

ITALYITALY

one of the “new” nations one of the “new” nations united in this period – it united in this period – it combined idealistic combined idealistic nationalism, popular nationalism, popular uprising, uprising, realpolitikrealpolitik and took and took place in spite of opposition place in spite of opposition from the pope and Austriafrom the pope and Austria

this movement., known as this movement., known as the the RisorgimentoRisorgimento, , had been had been around since the early 19th around since the early 19th c. and had been kept alive c. and had been kept alive by secret societies known as by secret societies known as carbonaricarbonari

– their early uprisings their early uprisings failed, leading to the rise failed, leading to the rise of of Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini – he – he founded a Young Italy founded a Young Italy society and dreamed of a society and dreamed of a unified Italy based on unified Italy based on nationalism and nationalism and liberalismliberalism

after a series of uprisings, after a series of uprisings, Mazzini established Mazzini established himself as president of a himself as president of a republic in Rome: when republic in Rome: when Austrian and Fr. troops Austrian and Fr. troops tried to intervene to restore tried to intervene to restore the pope, the pope, Giuseppe Giuseppe GaribaldiGaribaldi and his and his Red Red ShirtsShirts tried to defend the tried to defend the city (they had to surrender city (they had to surrender in 1849)in 1849)

the more seasoned politician the more seasoned politician Camillo Camillo CavourCavour stepped forward, using stepped forward, using realpolitikrealpolitik to secure Italian unity – he to secure Italian unity – he cheated in elections, made and cheated in elections, made and unmade foreign alliances, and put unmade foreign alliances, and put Italian unification on the agenda of Italian unification on the agenda of the the 1856 Paris Peace Conf1856 Paris Peace Conf. (he was . (he was partially successful)partially successful)

at this point, Garibaldi and his at this point, Garibaldi and his remaining 1000 Red Shirts (remaining 1000 Red Shirts (i millei mille) ) captured Sicily and s. Italy, meeting captured Sicily and s. Italy, meeting w/ Cavour in 1861 to secure the w/ Cavour in 1861 to secure the Kingdom of Italy under Kingdom of Italy under King VictorKing Victor--Emmanuel IIEmmanuel II (constitutional (constitutional monarchy); in 1866 Venice was added monarchy); in 1866 Venice was added (Italy supported Prussia in its war w/ (Italy supported Prussia in its war w/ Austria) and in 1870 Rome was added Austria) and in 1870 Rome was added when Napoleon. III removed French when Napoleon. III removed French troops to fight Prussia . . . . Rome troops to fight Prussia . . . . Rome then became the capitalthen became the capital

GERMANYGERMANY

RomanticismRomanticism + + RealpolitikRealpolitik Liberal nationalists had worked for a unified Germany since 1815Liberal nationalists had worked for a unified Germany since 1815

The northern states under Prussia created an economic union in 1834 The northern states under Prussia created an economic union in 1834 – the – the ZollvereinZollverein (customs union) – led to economic, industrial, and (customs union) – led to economic, industrial, and

railroad expansion; the belief that a unified state was needed began to railroad expansion; the belief that a unified state was needed began to be recognizedbe recognized

The debate was The debate was between the between the ““Greater GermansGreater Germans” ” (who wanted Austria (who wanted Austria included) and the included) and the ““Lesser GermansLesser Germans” ” (who were pro-(who were pro-Prussia)Prussia)

at this point, at this point, Count Count Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck est. himself as the est. himself as the leading Prussian leading Prussian politician – known politician – known for his use of for his use of realpolitikrealpolitik in in achieving his achieving his political goals political goals (“(“blood and ironblood and iron”)”)

– All Bismarck needed was an All Bismarck needed was an excuse: Denmark gave him excuse: Denmark gave him one when it put a claim on one when it put a claim on the regions of the regions of Schleswig Schleswig and Holsteinand Holstein – both Austria – both Austria and Prussia quickly and Prussia quickly defeated them (and the defeated them (and the Prussian army, armed by Prussian army, armed by Krupp,Krupp, est. its reputation) est. its reputation)

– He then proposed the re-He then proposed the re-organization of the German organization of the German Confederation based on Confederation based on universal suffrage; he knew universal suffrage; he knew this would be rejected in this would be rejected in Austria and that it would Austria and that it would probably lead to war probably lead to war between Prussia and Austriabetween Prussia and Austria

The Pr. army, w/ its industrial The Pr. army, w/ its industrial weaponry and led by Gen. weaponry and led by Gen. Helmuth von MoltkeHelmuth von Moltke, won , won the Austro-Prussian War in the Austro-Prussian War in 7 wks….Bismarck 7 wks….Bismarck negotiated a lenient peace negotiated a lenient peace and created a new Ger. and created a new Ger. Confed. under Prussian Confed. under Prussian leadership (Pr. leadership (Pr. Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm IWilhelm I acted as king) acted as king)Other southern Ger. states, Other southern Ger. states, such as Bavaria, signed a such as Bavaria, signed a military alliance w/ Prussia military alliance w/ Prussia and went on to develop and went on to develop closer economic and closer economic and political relations (Austria political relations (Austria was pushed out)was pushed out)The main threat to emerging The main threat to emerging Ger. unity was France, Ger. unity was France, where Nap. III had won a key where Nap. III had won a key plebiscite in 1870plebiscite in 1870

– this would lead to the this would lead to the Franco-Franco-Prussian WarPrussian War

it began as a diplomatic it began as a diplomatic dispute over succession to dispute over succession to the Spanish Throne (Pr. and the Spanish Throne (Pr. and Sp. still had family Sp. still had family connections = connections = Hohenzollern)…the Fr. Hohenzollern)…the Fr. feared being surrounded feared being surrounded and newspapers in both Pr. and newspapers in both Pr. and Fr. inflamed nationalist and Fr. inflamed nationalist emotionsemotions

– Pr. did remove their Pr. did remove their candidate to the Sp. candidate to the Sp. throne, but the Fr. made throne, but the Fr. made add. demands (that Pr. add. demands (that Pr. wouldn’t try this again), wouldn’t try this again), which Bismarck edited which Bismarck edited and released to the and released to the press…w/ French press…w/ French “honour” sullied, Nap. “honour” sullied, Nap. III declared war in 1870III declared war in 1870

– Prussia won w/in Prussia won w/in months…1/2 million months…1/2 million troops were moved to troops were moved to the front by train and at the front by train and at SedanSedan they captured they captured 100,000 Fr. troops 100,000 Fr. troops andand Nap. III…this, combined Nap. III…this, combined w/ the brutal siege of w/ the brutal siege of Paris, led to the Paris, led to the collapse of the 2nd collapse of the 2nd EmpireEmpire

In the 1871 In the 1871 Treaty of Treaty of FrankfurtFrankfurt, France , France ceded ceded Alsace-Alsace-LorraineLorraine, paid , paid reparations, and reparations, and dealt w/ Prussian dealt w/ Prussian occupation for 3 occupation for 3 years.years.

LATE VICTORIAN BRITAIN, 1867-1914: LATE VICTORIAN BRITAIN, 1867-1914: DISRAELI AND GLADSTONEDISRAELI AND GLADSTONE

democracy had been democracy had been entrenched by this time, and entrenched by this time, and the extension of the the extension of the franchise was an accepted franchise was an accepted part of the processpart of the process– in 1867, the in 1867, the 2nd Reform 2nd Reform

BillBill was passed by the was passed by the gov’t of the Conservative gov’t of the Conservative (Tory) (Tory) Benjamin DisraeliBenjamin Disraeli

working class male working class male householders were householders were given suffragegiven suffrage

– in 1884, a in 1884, a 3rd Reform Bill3rd Reform Bill went through under the went through under the Liberal (Whig) Liberal (Whig) William William GladstoneGladstone, extending the , extending the franchise to male rural franchise to male rural householdershouseholders

late 19th c. Great Britain still late 19th c. Great Britain still saw the same ongoing conflict saw the same ongoing conflict though: reform vs. traditionthough: reform vs. traditionDisraeli tried to profit from this Disraeli tried to profit from this by creating a new by creating a new conservatism that appealed to conservatism that appealed to established landowners and established landowners and the working classthe working class– emphasized tradition, emphasized tradition,

patriotism, and reform; patriotism, and reform; working w/ working w/ Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria, , who emerged as key who emerged as key symbol of his visionsymbol of his vision

– Disraeli also emerged as a Disraeli also emerged as a leading imperialist: he leading imperialist: he made Victoria the made Victoria the Empress Empress of Indiaof India and bought shares and bought shares in the in the Suez CanalSuez Canal, and , and fought colonial wars in fought colonial wars in Asia and AfricaAsia and Africa

– At home, his social reforms At home, his social reforms recognized unions, public recognized unions, public housing, consumer housing, consumer protection, workplaceprotection, workplace safetysafety……

Gladstone and the Liberals followed “Gladstone and the Liberals followed “Peace, Peace, Retrenchment, and ReformRetrenchment, and Reform”, favouring free trade ”, favouring free trade and fewer colonial wars/adventuresand fewer colonial wars/adventures– They also favoured a They also favoured a laissez fairelaissez faire approach approach

and the eradication of outdated laws and the eradication of outdated laws – In this respect, they reformed the army, civil In this respect, they reformed the army, civil

service, and educational institutions, doing service, and educational institutions, doing away w/ away w/ patronagepatronage

– after ongoing Balkan conflict saw the after ongoing Balkan conflict saw the slaughter of thousands of Christians by the slaughter of thousands of Christians by the Ottomans (Disraeli backed the Ottomans b/c Ottomans (Disraeli backed the Ottomans b/c of his concerns over Russia), Gladstone was of his concerns over Russia), Gladstone was back in officeback in office

Gladstone was not successful in his own Gladstone was not successful in his own foreign policy initiatives – conflict w/ the foreign policy initiatives – conflict w/ the BoersBoers and the Irish showed that peace was elusive; w/ and the Irish showed that peace was elusive; w/ his introduction of the his introduction of the Irish Home Rule BillIrish Home Rule Bill he he split his own partysplit his own party

w/ these developments. and those in other w/ these developments. and those in other Euro. nations, a new type of rivalry had Euro. nations, a new type of rivalry had emerged, based on industry, imperialism and emerged, based on industry, imperialism and economic competitioneconomic competition

nationalism in the Balkans was especially nationalism in the Balkans was especially complex b/c of the number of ethno-cultural complex b/c of the number of ethno-cultural groups in close proximity; they were stuck in groups in close proximity; they were stuck in the collapsing Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian the collapsing Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires, and the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 only Empires, and the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 only inflamed emotionsinflamed emotions

the “spark” would thus occur in this the “spark” would thus occur in this region, creating the total war that would region, creating the total war that would transform the 20th c.transform the 20th c.

Germany and Great Britain emerged as Germany and Great Britain emerged as the key powers in this period often the key powers in this period often called “called “The Road to WarThe Road to War” – both ” – both identified their dominance as a natural identified their dominance as a natural outcome of earlier history: the outcome of earlier history: the difference was that in Ger. the old difference was that in Ger. the old aristocracy retained its influence w/o aristocracy retained its influence w/o much trouble, while in G.B. the dispute much trouble, while in G.B. the dispute between the landed interests and the between the landed interests and the people led to constitutional crises and people led to constitutional crises and reformsreforms

SOCIALISMSOCIALISMsocialism had appeal for the growing trade socialism had appeal for the growing trade union movement. as well as those who union movement. as well as those who gravitated to Marxgravitated to Marx– several attempts at real soc. organization had several attempts at real soc. organization had

been made and had not succeededbeen made and had not succeeded– subsequent attempts took a different approach: subsequent attempts took a different approach:

gradualism replaced revolution for many gradualism replaced revolution for many socialistssocialists

this approach came to be known as this approach came to be known as revisionismrevisionism, and it , and it divided the socialist Worlddivided the socialist Worldeven so, even so, Social DemocraticSocial Democratic parties did begin to parties did begin to appear and had success in Ger. and Fr.appear and had success in Ger. and Fr.

– in GB the in GB the Labour PartyLabour Party arose during this period to arose during this period to represent the working classrepresent the working class

– from its inception, the Labour Party was divided from its inception, the Labour Party was divided between the trade unionists and intellectuals (assoc. w/ between the trade unionists and intellectuals (assoc. w/ the the FabiansFabians))

the entrenchment of socialist the entrenchment of socialist ideals had created a sense of ideals had created a sense of crisis in Europe – it was more crisis in Europe – it was more pronounced in the repressive pronounced in the repressive conditions of Eeastern Europeconditions of Eeastern Europe– Russia in 1905 saw the beginning Russia in 1905 saw the beginning

of profound change as revolution of profound change as revolution began to grip the country (during began to grip the country (during the time of the time of Tsar Nicholas IITsar Nicholas II, , 1894-1917)1894-1917)

– Russia was in the midst of an Russia was in the midst of an identity crisis: tsarist repression + identity crisis: tsarist repression + industrialization (much of which industrialization (much of which was financed by foreign capital; it was financed by foreign capital; it created the Russian working class created the Russian working class and the demand for revolutionary and the demand for revolutionary change)change)

The principal The principal Marxist Party, the Marxist Party, the Social Democratic Social Democratic Party, had been Party, had been exiled to Switz. – exiled to Switz. – they were caught in they were caught in the revisionist the revisionist debate along w/ debate along w/ other Euro. other Euro. SocialistsSocialistsVladimir LeninVladimir Lenin authored authored What Is to What Is to Be Done?,Be Done?, defending the defending the Marxist concept of Marxist concept of revolution and revolution and advancing the ideal advancing the ideal of a vanguardof a vanguard

– the majority the majority agreed w/ him = agreed w/ him = Bolsheviks Bolsheviks (while (while the minority were the minority were called the called the Mensheviks)Mensheviks)

– as events in Russia as events in Russia deteriorated (economic deteriorated (economic slump, defeat in the 1904-5 slump, defeat in the 1904-5 Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War), a ), a real revolution unfoldedreal revolution unfolded

the spark was the spark was Bloody Bloody SundaySunday, when the , when the tsar’s troops opened tsar’s troops opened fire on peaceful fire on peaceful demonstrators - this demonstrators - this led to crises across led to crises across Russia, leading Russia, leading Nicholas II to create the Nicholas II to create the DumaDuma in an effort to in an effort to reach a settlementreach a settlementthe Duma’s powers the Duma’s powers were limited and the were limited and the radicals and radicals and conservatives were at conservatives were at odds over the pace and odds over the pace and direction of reform: direction of reform: Nicholas continued as Nicholas continued as an autocratan autocrat

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

Nationalism was the driving force of European politics Nationalism was the driving force of European politics after 1850after 1850In many cases, nationalism united peoples (Italy, In many cases, nationalism united peoples (Italy, Germany) but in others it drove peoples apart (Austrian Germany) but in others it drove peoples apart (Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire, U.S. during Civil War)Empire, Ottoman Empire, U.S. during Civil War)In many nations, people were gaining more of a say in In many nations, people were gaining more of a say in what their governments were like and in what they didwhat their governments were like and in what they didWestern European nations were also becoming Western European nations were also becoming increasingly urban and industrializedincreasingly urban and industrializedSocialism continued to be a driving force towards reform Socialism continued to be a driving force towards reform in many nationsin many nations