europe – a strong partner for sustainable global developmentthe development policy outcomes of the...
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bmz_eu-bilanz_2007_english_sicher.qxp 10.07.2007 11:18 Seite 1
Europe – A Strong Partner for Sustainable Global DevelopmentThe Development Policy Outcomes of the German EU Council Presidency 2007
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The Development Policy Outcomes of the German EU Council Presidency 2007
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Contents
4 Europe keeps its promises
6 Europe stands by its goals, values and principles
8 Europe improves its aid effectiveness
10 Europe and Africa strengthen their partnership
16 Europe and Africa agree energy partnership
18 Europe drives fair trade forward
22 Europe strengthens gender equality
24 Europe is resolutely combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis
26 Europe is strengthening its coordination in the international arena
28 Europe is working successfully in the Trio
30 Major milestones
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The Development Policy Outcomes of the German EU Council Presidency 2007
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Europe keeps its promises
The European Union, with its political and economic
weight, has a special responsibility to be a driving
force in international development policy. With the
world’s largest single market, the EU is the most im-
portant trading partner for many developing coun-
tries and exerts significant influence over the world
trade order. Intensive political cooperation and con-
tinuous dialogue between the EU and its partner
countries are an essential component of global rela-
tions.
The European Union is the world’s largest donor in
the field of international development cooperation.
Together with its Member States, it provides more
than 50 per cent of total official development assist-
ance (ODA) worldwide.
The EU is a signatory to key international agreements
and commitments. They include the Millennium De-
velopment Goals, which are to be achieved by the tar-
get year of 2015, and the commitments on financing
for development made at the Monterrey Conference.
The EU has committed to a timetable to increase the
overall share of official development assistance fund-
ing within the Union to 0.56 per cent of annual gross
national income by 2010 and to 0.7 per cent by 2015.
The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness is another
important international commitment.
The development policy objective
of the German EU Council Presidency was to push for compliance with Europe’s commitments.
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This has been achieved:
Europe is keeping its word and is increasing its development financing.
Germany is making a major contribution here.
In 2006, the EU and its Member States provided a total
of 48 billion euros for development, which is equal to
0.42 per cent of the EU’s gross national income. This
figure is higher than the Monterrey target for an in-
crease to 0.39 per cent in 2006 and therefore sets de-
velopment financing on a positive course.
The timetable can only be implemented if all EU
Member States honour their commitments. To that
end, they will establish national timetables, by the
end of 2007, setting out how the next interim goal
for 2010 can be achieved.
Over the next four years, Germany will in total be
providing an additional three billion euros, or 750
million euros annually, for the fight against poverty.
This is the highest increase in the development budget
for many years. Innovative sources of development
financing are also being explored.
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The Development Policy Outcomes of the German EU Council Presidency 2007
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Europe stands by its goals, values and principles
With the European Consensus on Development, the
Community agreed in 2005 on a political framework
with common development goals, values and principles.
This means that for the first time, a development policy
manifesto exists which is binding on both the European
Union and its Member States.
The primary and overarching objective of EU develop-
ment cooperation is the eradication of global poverty.
Europe is thus making a key contribution to the attain-
ment of the Millennium Development Goals.
The European Consensus on Development also acknow-
ledges our responsibility for shaping globalisation
equitably and for sustainable development, gender
equality, environmental protection and peacebuilding.
It emphasises the partnership aspect of cooperation
and cites good governance as a key factor for develop-
ment. It also underlines the importance of participation
by civil society and non-governmental organisations.
In this way, the EU is contributing its ideals of a sustain-
able and equitable socio-economic order, based on
democracy, the rule of law, human rights, equality
and solidarity, in our globalised world.
The development policy objective
of the German EU Council Presidency was to translate the Consensus into action and move forward
with its implementation.
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This has been achieved:
Europe has reaffirmed the Consensus and is asserting the importance of development policy.
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the found-
ing of the European Union, representatives of the
Member States of the European Union and the Euro-
pean Commission adopted the Petersberg Commu-
niqué on European Development Policy in which they
reaffirm the Consensus as the binding framework for
action.
Development policy, as a policy area in its own right,
has played a key role in shaping Europe’s external
relations for 50 years, contributing its values and ob-
jectives to Europe’s external actions. In this context,
development goals are taken into account in all other
policy fields. A practical example is the Economic Part-
nership Agreements which are currently being nego-
tiated between the EU and the ACP countries.
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Europe improves its aid effectiveness
The European Union continuously reviews its devel-
opment cooperation and initiates reforms to improve
it, with the aim of increasing the efficiency and effect-
iveness of the resources deployed. More, better and
faster aid remains the goal.
Good coordination of assistance within the donor
community helps to avoid overlaps. Better coherence
and complementarity in the development policies
pursued by the EU and its Member States help to avoid
competition between them. More coherence ensures
that development policy objectives are taken into ac-
count in other policy fields as well and that goals in
other areas of policy are not at odds with development
objectives.
A better division of labour among donors increases
the efficiency, effectiveness and visibility of European
aid. This avoids overtaxing the capacities of the part-
ner countries with numerous projects and measures
and makes cooperation much easier for them.
Coordination, complementarity, coherence and a
division of labour are key aspects of the Paris Agenda
adopted in 2005, whose implementation is intended
to improve Europe’s aid effectiveness.
The development policy objective
of the German EU Council Presidency was to identify common principles for a better division
of labour within the EU and boost policy coherence.
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This has been achieved:
A code of conduct for a
better division of labour
European development cooperation is being made
more effective and brought more into line with the
needs of the partner countries. To this end, the EU has
adopted a code of conduct for a better division of
labour and complementarity. Key elements of the
code are greater concentration of donor activities on
fewer partner countries and on a maximum of three
thematic areas within the partner countries. More in-
tensive information exchange is intended to improve
planning and coordination. Implementation of the
code will commence straight away on a voluntary
and flexible basis and in line with a country-specific
approach.
The code of conduct is a milestone and best-practice
model for the international donor community. The EU
is thus taking a lead role in implementing the Paris
Declaration.
Economic Partnership Agreements
combine trade and development
The negotiations on the Economic Partnership Agree-
ments between the EU and the ACP countries take ac-
count of development policy aspects. These agree-
ments are intended to become combined trade and
development instruments. This quality and coherence
were decided upon through an intensive dialogue,
based on partnership, between all stakeholders.
> see page 18
Energy partnership with Africa
promotes sustainable development
The new energy partnership between Europe and
Africa is centred around sustainable development. An
environmentally compatible and sustainable energy
supply will be promoted as a priority. The revenue
from oil and gas exports should be used to benefit de-
velopment and the people of Africa, thereby aligning
energy and development policy goals.
> see page 16
The Development Policy Outcomes of the German EU Council Presidency 2007
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Europe and Africa strengthen their partnership
Africa and Europe are linked by a special partnership
and historical ties. Europe is supporting its neighbour
continent as it takes responsibility for addressing its
urgent development problems and future challenges.
Poverty reduction and attaining the Millennium
Development Goals are especially pressing tasks in
Africa. The fate of Africa and its people has a direct
bearing on Europe.
Despite an often very different perception of the situ-
ation from Europe, Africa is not the continent of cata-
strophes, crises and wars. Today, Africa stands for dy-
namic political and economic reform and offers major
potential and prospects. Many African countries are
showing stable economic growth. Civil society in
Africa is developing rapidly and people are taking
control of their own destiny. Africa is increasingly
emerging as a political actor in its own right.
To achieve sustainable economic and social develop-
ment, Africa needs peace, good governance, trade
links which are fair and conducive to development, as
much free market access as possible for its products,
sustainable investment, energy efficiency, and jobs
and employment for its people.
Europe and Africa need a strong, broad-based and
long-term partnership. Their common interests in
many different areas must be translated into targeted
action. A joint strategy is essential for this process.
The development policy objective
of the German EU Council Presidency was to strengthen the partnership between Africa and Europe.
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The Development Policy Outcomes of the German EU Council Presidency 2007
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This has been achieved:
Paving the way for a joint Africa Strategy
The Strategy for Africa is evolving into a partnership
with Africa. The EU Strategy for Africa is being devel-
oped further by the European Union and the African
Union (AU) into a joint EU and AU Africa Strategy, and
will be the basis for long-term cooperation based on
equality and a strong, future-oriented partnership.
The Strategy is to be adopted at a joint Africa Summit
in Lisbon at the end of 2007.
Implementation of the 10th EDF can begin
The EU’s main financing instrument for cooperation
with the ACP countries is the European Development
Fund (EDF), which supports programmes and projects.
The 10th EDF (2008-2013) is due to come into effect at
the start of 2008. Important political, legal and proced-
ural parameters have been established for this pur-
pose. The programming and implementation of the
10th EDF have been prepared well.
This means that the delivery of funding for the
47 African countries in the ACP group can begin
punctually. In total, more than half of the EU’s devel-
opment spending goes to Africa, making the EU the
African partners’ largest donor.
A more stable peace in Africa
The EU is assisting the AU with peace support and
peacekeeping operations on the African continent. In
view of the ongoing crisis in Sudan, an extra 100 mil-
lion euros have been made available from the 9th EDF
for the African Peace Facility. Additional bilateral con-
tributions will also be made by the EU Member States
in order to safeguard African-led peace operations
such as the AU missions in Sudan (AMIS) and Somalia
(AMISOM).
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The Economic Partnership Agreements
safeguard development prospects
The negotiations on the Economic Partnership Agree-
ments between the EU and the ACP countries have
made major progress. The Agreements are intended
to offer the 47 African countries in the ACP group in
particular better opportunities in the world markets.
This is a key prerequisite for sustainable development.
> see page 18
Better protection for
women and girls against AIDS
Africa is severely impacted by AIDS, with dramatic
economic and social consequences. 70 per cent of all
persons infected with HIV live in Africa; most of them
are women and girls. The EU’s strategy to combat
HIV/AIDS has now been geared towards new challenges
and the special protection of women and girls.
The EU is also providing more funding.
> see page 24
Promoting decent work and employment
Employment promotion plays an important role in
poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millen-
nium Development Goals. People in Africa need more
and better jobs.
The social dimension must be considered in this
context. The EU has agreed a strategy on how employ-
ment promotion can be operationalised within the
context of European development cooperation with
the aim of increasing the supply of decent work.
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The Development Policy Outcomes of the German EU Council Presidency 2007
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Europe and Africa agree energy partnership
Responsible management of energy resources is vital
for the world’s future. This is apparent, not least, from
climate change, whose impacts cannot be ignored
and which will hit the developing countries especially
hard. Energy security and access to environmentally
compatible, sustainable energy supplies are key fac-
tors for economic and social development.
In poor countries in particular, dependency on expens-
ive energy resources such as oil is jeopardising devel-
opment efforts and the attainment of the Millennium
Development Goals. These risks can be reduced
through better energy efficiency and the use of local
renewable energies. The use of revenues from oil and
gas exports must be transparent. Profits must be in-
vested in development measures in order to benefit
the people in these countries.
Europe and Africa have common interests in the en-
ergy sector - security of supply on both continents, ac-
cess to sustainable energy services, climate protection
and adaptation to climate change, and poverty reduc-
tion - which can only be fulfilled through joint action.
A fair and viable energy partnership between the two
continents is therefore essential.
The development policy objective
of the German EU Council Presidency was to work towards an equitable energy
partnership between Africa and Europe.
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This has been achieved:
Energy partnership safeguards development.
The establishment of a long-term, broad-based energy
partnership between Africa and Europe has been
successfully initiated and its development policy focus
secured.
The key elements are: strengthening the dialogue on
energy security, promotion of framework conditions
that are conducive to investment in the energy sector
and boosting investment, especially in renewables
and energy efficiency, use of the revenue from oil and
gas imports for development, increased transparency,
mitigation of climate change and the requisite adapta-
tion measures.
The energy partnership will be a key element of
the new joint Africa Strategy to be adopted at the
EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon at the end of 2007.
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Europe drives fair trade forward
Europe is the most important trade partner for many
developing countries and exerts significant influence
over the world trade order.
Economic Partnership Agreements between the EU
and the ACP countries are to be concluded before the
end of 2007 in order to promote these partner coun-
tries’ integration into the world economy and combat
poverty. For the first time, the aim is to capitalise on
the opportunities afforded by trade policy to combat
poverty effectively and promote sustainable eco-
nomic development.
The Economic Partnership Agreements will set trade
relations between the EU and the ACP countries on a
new footing. The current preferential arrangements
for the ACP countries do not comply with the rules es-
tablished by the World Trade Organization (WTO).
The new Agreements must be in place by the end of
2007, when the current WTO waiver is due to expire.
The Agreements will improve the ACP countries’ ac-
cess to the European markets, thereby strengthening
these countries’ position in international and regional
trade and improving their regional integration. The
Economic Partnership Agreements pursue a broad-
based approach. Besides improving market access,
they also aim to strengthen the ACP countries’ pro-
duction and trade capacities.
This will open up new opportunities for the ACP coun-
tries to participate on an equal footing in global trade
and promote sustainable economic development.
Aid for Trade supports the developing countries’ ef-
fective participation in world trade. For example, it in-
cludes measures for private-sector promotion and
effective institution-building. It thus links economic
development with poverty reduction. Through Aid
for Trade, the ACP countries will be supported as they
implement the Economic Partnership Agreements.
The development policy objective
of the German EU Council Presidency was to prepare the way for the Economic Partnership Agree-
ments to be concluded within the deadline and for the Agreements to be made conducive to devel-
opment.
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This has been achieved:
Trade agreements which combat poverty and promote development
The negotiations on the Economic Partnership Agree-
ments can be concluded within the deadline before
the end of 2007. A key factor facilitating this process
was the EU’s comprehensive and attractive offer to the
ACP countries.
Europe has agreed to open up its single market. The
ACP countries will be granted full duty-free and
quota-free market access in the EU – with transitional
periods for a number of highly sensitive products such
as sugar and rice. The ACP countries are only required
to open their own markets on a gradual and flexible
basis. Sensitive products can be exempted and long
transitional periods will protect the ACP countries’
economies. Flanking measures in the development
policy field are intended to ensure that the Agree-
ments are effective in terms of poverty reduction and
sustainable development.
Numerous meetings and intensive dialogue, based on
partnership, between the EU and the ACP countries
has established a basis of mutual trust and confidence.
In a difficult and complex field, this has paved the way
for the further successful negotiation of the Agree-
ments.
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Aid for Trade to be expanded and improved
By 2010, the EU will increase its spending on Aid for
Trade to two billion euros a year. Half of this amount
will be provided by the European Commission and
half by the Member States.
By autumn 2007, the EU will adopt a joint strategy on
Aid for Trade. This will be binding on EU development
policy and the bilateral development policies pursued
by its Member States. The policy framework for the
strategy has been established, and includes continu-
ous consultation with partner countries, progress
reviews, and the development of a roadmap for the
progressive fulfilment of the 2010 target.
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Europe strengthens gender equality
Discrimination against women not only violates hu-
man rights; it also makes no economic sense. Gender
equality and women’s economic autonomy generate
economic growth and social development. Poverty re-
duction, sustainable development and the developing
countries’ integration into the world economy can
only be achieved if women’s rights are respected
throughout the world.
Gender equality is a cross-cutting political task and a
core Millennium Development Goal. The empower-
ment of women is also a stated priority of European
development cooperation. The EU has established the
promotion of gender equality as a separate objective
in the European Consensus on Development.
Despite much progress, the outcomes of the Com-
munity’s development policy in this area are far from
satisfactory. Clear criteria and practical agreements
on policy implementation are required in order to
achieve genuine empowerment of women.
The development policy objective
of the German EU Council Presidency was to ensure that gender equality is
implemented consistently in European development policy.
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This has been achieved:
Development policy is consistently promoting gender equality.
A clear framework and political and operational cri-
teria for the consistent mainstreaming of gender
equality in all areas of development policy have been
adopted. Women’s interests must be considered in
the political dialogue with the partner countries, in
programming and budgeting, and in the develop-
ment and implementation of concepts and country
strategies. This also applies to areas such as trade,
infrastructure, environment, agriculture, good gov-
ernance, peacebuilding and reconstruction.
In this way, women’s equality and participation will
be recognised to a greater extent in development co-
operation and be subject to greater accountability
than before.
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Europe is resolutely combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis
Every year, more than six million people die of HIV/
AIDS, tuberculosis or malaria. AIDS alone claims three
million lives every year. 94 per cent of the 40 million
HIV-positive people in the world live in developing
countries, and 70 per cent of them live in sub-Saharan
Africa. AIDS is the cause of immense suffering for mil-
lions of people and is a major obstacle to development.
Some countries are so badly affected by the disease
that dramatic economic and social consequences are
becoming visible.
Increasingly, it is women who are suffering and dying
from the disease. Women already account for the ma-
jority of those infected. The number of new infections
is also very high among women, particularly among
young women under 15 years of age. The risk of infec-
tion is three times higher for young women than for
men.
A key factor in combating HIV/AIDS and other life-
threatening infectious diseases are health systems
which are accessible and affordable for everyone and
which can provide decent care for the sick. Health sys-
tems must therefore be strengthened with the provi-
sion of adequate financial resources and well-trained
medical staff.
Qualified health workers are in short supply world-
wide. The developing countries are especially hard hit
by this shortage and suffer additionally as a result of
targeted recruitment of their trained health workers
by the industrialised countries.
The development policy objective
of the German EU Council Presidency was to resolutely support the fight against HIV/AIDS.
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This has been achieved:
The fight against AIDS is being intensified and geared towards new challenges.
The EU’s HIV/AIDS strategy has been updated and
adapted to new challenges. Protecting women and
girls from infection and disease is a special focus of at-
tention. This includes strengthening women’s rights
of self-determination and combating the stigmatisa-
tion and discrimination suffered by persons with
HIV/AIDS.
More money for the campaign against
life-threatening infectious diseases
The EU is increasing its funding to combat HIV/AIDS
and other infectious diseases. The Global Fund to
Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria will receive
38 million euros from the remaining funds of the 9th
EDF.
Combating the shortage of health workers
The EU is launching a package of measures to address
the acute shortage of health workers in the developing
countries and prevent the targeted recruitment of
medical personnel by the industrialised countries. A
joint Programme of Action was adopted for this pur-
pose.
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Europe is strengthening its coordination in the international arena
Global challenges such as sustainable development or
climate change can only be mastered through inter-
national cooperation. The EU, as the world’s largest
donor in the field of development cooperation, bears
a high degree of responsibility here within the multi-
lateral organisations. Stronger coordination is there-
fore required with the United Nations (UN) system, the
World Bank, the regional development banks and
other actors.
The same applies to better coordination in the event
of crises, disasters and emergencies to which develop-
ing countries are often vulnerable and for which they
are often poorly prepared. Examples are the armed
conflicts in Sudan, the earthquake in Pakistan, droughts
and famines in the Sahel region, and the devastating
tsunami which hit South-East Asia in 2004. Better
international coordination can help ensure that
emergency relief such as food aid and reconstruction
assistance reach the affected communities more
swiftly and effectively.
The development policy objective
of the German EU Council Presidency was to strengthen the EU’s political contribution in the
international arena.
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This has been achieved:
The EU has further expanded its influence in international processes and multilateral
organisations.
A joint European position on the reform processes in
the UN’s development cooperation has been estab-
lished and adopted as policy. The European countries
have increasingly put forward unified positions in the
World Bank. Similarly, the EU has stepped up its policy
coordination in the regional development banks.
To achieve more effective coordination in interna-
tional environmental policy, the EU has agreed a strat-
egy to improve implementation of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Con-
vention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention
to Combat Desertification.
New efforts are under way to renegotiate the Food Aid
Convention. This Convention is an important mechan-
ism in setting rules for efficient cooperation on the
provision of emergency relief and safeguarding the
long-term food security of affected communities.
The EU is thus an active player in the continuous de-
velopment and enhancement of global governance. It
ensures that European values are asserted – on issues
as diverse as peacekeeping or the reduction of carbon
emissions.
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Europe is working successfully in the Trio
The start of the German EU Council Presidency was
the prelude to a new and exciting feature of European
politics: the Trio Presidency.
Germany is working closely with Portugal and Slove-
nia - the countries which will hold the next two Coun-
cil Presidencies after Germany – with a joint work pro-
gramme for the 18-month period from January 2007
to June 2008. This allows work to be undertaken on
longer-term initiatives and themes extending beyond
the individual six-month Presidencies, thereby
enhancing the continuity of European politics and
fostering cohesion in Europe.
The objective of the Trio Presidency is
to help shape European development cooperation through joint initiatives.
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This has been achieved so far:
Strategically significant joint initiatives are bearing fruit.
The Trio has produced a joint development policy
framework document and a work programme setting
out the topics and challenges which it is predicted will
face European development cooperation in the future.
The Trio Presidency has commissioned studies on vari-
ous themes, which are conducted under the lead of
one of the Trio partners. The findings are channelled
into the EU’s work and thus influence policy-making.
Under Germany’s lead, a study has been conducted
into ways of improving the division of labour among
donors in Europe. Portugal will contribute a study into
the problem of fragile states, with proposals on updat-
ing the EU’s strategy in this area. Slovenia is planning a
study on the further development of the EU’s strategy
to provide better protection for women and children
in armed conflicts.
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Major milestones
Numerous meetings with development policy actors from government, civil society and the private sector
in Germany, the EU and the partner countries have all contributed to the success of the Presidency.
Informal Meeting of EU Ministers for Development
Cooperation and Informal ACP-EU Dialogue,
Petersberg near Bonn, 12–13 March 2007
Central issues in European development policy fea-
tured on the agenda for this meeting, which also
adopted the Petersberg Communiqué on European
Development Policy. It was the first time that the Euro-
pean Commission and the EU development ministers
met with 30 ministers representing the group of
African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries to dis-
cuss the Economic Partnership Agreements between
the EU and the ACP countries.
Meeting of the General Affairs and External Rela-
tions Council (GAERC) with a focus on development
policy, Brussels, 14–15 May 2007
At this meeting, chaired by German Development Min-
ister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, the EU development
ministers adopted Council Conclusions on key issues in
European development policy. The decisions, which
are binding on the EU Member States and the Euro-
pean Commission, related to all the key development
topics on the German EU Council Presidency’s agenda.
Meeting of the ACP-EU Council of Ministers,
Brussels, 24 –25 May 2007
This meeting focussed on the Economic Partnership
Agreements, which must be concluded before the end
of 2007. The Council of Ministers accepted the joint re-
view of the status of the negotiations on the Economic
Partnership Agreements.
ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly,
Wiesbaden, 23 –28 June 2007
79 parliamentarians from the ACP countries and
79 Members of the European Parliament met to dis-
cuss their cooperation. The Economic Partnership
Agreements were the key development issue on the
agenda.
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Links for further information
www.eu2007.de
The German government’s website
for the EU Council Presidency
www.bmz.de/eu2007
The BMZ’s website for the
EU Council Presidency
www.bmz.de/g8-2007
The BMZ’s website for the
G8 Presidency
bmz_eu-bilanz_2007_english_sicher.qxp 10.07.2007 11:18 Seite 36
Published by theFederal Ministry for EconomicCooperation and Development
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Editor-in-chief Dr Ute SchmittFinal editing Steffen BeitzOfficials responsible Hildegard Hoven, Dr Friedrich KitscheltLayout and design MediaCompany Berlin GmbHPrinted by DCM Druckcenter Meckenheim
Printed on 100% recycled paperPhoto credits Cover: Tradesman, Burundi / Roemers, laif; p. 3: Market vendor, Burundi / Roemers, laif; p. 4: General Mompati
Merafhe, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Botswana, Mohlabi K. Tsekoa, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lesotho,Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, German Development Minister (l. to r.) / BPA, Faßbinder; p. 9: Flags of EU MemberStates/ Reporters, laif; p. 11: EU Development Ministers at Petersberg conference / Tim M. Hoesmann; p. 13: Women,Burkina Faso / RAPHO, laif; p. 15: Côte d’Ivoire fans, 2006 football World Cup / imago, Sven Simon; p. 17: IT students,Benin / Jorgen Schytte, Still Pictures; p. 18: Radio editor, Uganda / Kuenzig, laif; p. 19: Tailor, Burkina Faso / Krause,laif; p. 21: Wind turbines / BPA, Faßbender; p. 23: Rum distillery, Jamaica / Heeb, laif; p. 25: Grape harvest, SouthAfrica / Hartwig Lohmeyer, Joker; p. 27: Rose workers / REA, laif; p. 29: HIV/AIDS activist, Zambia/ Gideon Mendel,Corbis; p. 31: Coffee factory, Ethiopia / Torfinn, laif; p. 32: State Secretary Andrej Šter of Slovenia, German Develop-ment Minister, Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, and State Secretary João Gomes Cravinho of Portugal (l. to r.) / LiesaJohannssen, photothek.net; p. 33: Flags / Tim M. Hoesmann; p. 35: Snapshot of 2007 World Social Forum, Kenya /REA, laif
As at June 2007