europa militaria 003 - world war i infantry in colour photograph

8/3/2019 Europa Militaria 003 - World War I Infantry in Colour Photograph

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Th > ~'~~u B Igia? arn~ 1 "1 s~st~the first Gel",~an~ffen~veva .ian, .y;_but heroicresrstance C10 IU n ot outwe _hi th massrve advantage m numbers and,.. d b the i d._.u - ce ', enjoye ~yt . mvace rs .Th.. silhouette '_f I he Beleian infa tryms n '0 1914, as me of the most , ch: I.~.ICin,Western Europe: th felt sh : ko',.hee vy greatcoat la ' , _ r e - entral cartridge pouchand enormous pack contributed ',:,'hi ,:enerally old-fashioned appearance. As in.neishb uri France, the high eomrna id had been slowto mod mise 'the army;and it was un: ortunate that th fi rst of the planne f'" 'orms of uni form ~-nd

equipment w re int .. 'u.p' ..dby the out- - eak of ho tIliti _....,t 1 un .diat ly becam ~evident that the ".elgian soldii "s outfit was badly adapted to modern warfar . 13'11 - .the first chan ges w ere forcec through aft, - r a matter of w e - . k s: these involve dg,e '. raj simplificari ..n ., dictated as much ' 1 ' 1 , economy as-- 1 ~ bat rlefie~'._conditions .1-'1ac te n ~h{,k : , '. 'it brass plate b arin g .. centr Iregimental number; n I imIni"gll. .res it 'was, coveredw"th this black oilcloth sleeve w~th (I, wh' te-pain .e d

m ' l D J11 be r 1here tha t. C D . [ ' t h e 9 t h Line In r " 2 J n ~ry ~ .e b roe dchin trap: nd red woollen pompon con ributed to the-hako' i 19th cenhu~ app arance.2-. reatcoat of h '8VY cloth, in a shad knc V I t . - 1 ] , as,

gfOS bleu ~I t had a L U . . ed-down lOO~'ar .and f as t - 'n , d 'byIWO I r 'O 'WS of five brass buttons bearing the regimen talnun1 lb~ ' r .On each side a brass hoOt helped support theweicht: of the belt ki~~and there were lWO Iarge sidepoe ' e ts w " thsingle-button 'Haps. The r oi r venIcouldb I. : od by ' two butt [15.; a two-button inregral h lt~b J( ad ju ted '[be (]~ it the rear waist~and the _kirtsc uld buttoned back to tree the legs on the march.Obseur ad by U te coat i : r ~ these phore W 'S a V f { , ~ . f " e ofs~ll~j]ar 00lour, faste n . ~d by a sing)e ~O'W ,of six bu nons"The but -" n -cyp hers are the on ly idi c,adon r th e unit.,~:-.]~c satm stock ed zed with lea lher~r)t'ecf n',the neck from the ch tn g of the srearc at.4'n!~m.vygrey-blue elo h 'LlrOIJSefS, r : L1 ,~ straight.with vertical slash s i d e pockets; ~D integral rear h , 2 W l f~belt a justed the fit at the waist.,S-EU,ack leather belt; the r ct Ing ru t If' bra S iS but, leplate, .b cured her; was worn s l ightmy to th encen re bee use 0 t the _osition of the po ell"6---B ~lck leather cartridge pou ch its U 3 . p fasteue dat t h rear by 'two brassstuds, ' T w O ' rear hoeksengaged'\,,/fh the front ~.races 01du~knapsack, as i n n ' rratcd."'-B~,ck le" -ber ' bayoD,e'u frog w it" - it , trap. TheDr y ' .n et seabbar d ~'.' 'tlen seellslung above th ee _ife nchin - tool, wi;h the strap 0f the t .01carrierho]:ding. t h, e scabha rd st,eady, in the Ge rn' an] fashwlofl.8-,Kuapsack at cow hide , ledgJed with black IeDth_r~ nd :1n d with . gre')' cloth and, w ~ L a c om pa rtm le nt edcalf1l~fram,ework. ]t ,conuuned cbaLnge 0,. c~,o~tbes d

H!.5elV r.atio.ns~ QU. t : X _ - 'nor :8tl' ps, -Uowe:_'stawa,g.of [he bedroU ,and spare boots ..

BIDack -p~ in ted alum in ium ,,_.- .' ti n, 'in sp i re by'he G erman pall _rn: ~l contained l SPOQ,1 ' lwhicl . dou-bled a s a h an dle . It fixed to the knapsack Hap 'by meanso f .a black strap, -18-=Bro\~n,c~,:'thhaversack, 'w"th leather he~tloop, ;,H h td three l"ntefna~f ockets, and ~-l ,rap an d rin .g -0. :1the flap for [- .' attachment of the water bottle, Thhaversack. could be w orn slung round rh o bodv an a

elot h s tr ap ~ i, " 'WI ' she d~I-WateInnJe 'I] aluminium covered wi th khakic~,o~b.,itted wi~ ,h , a hook on a n eck strap .. O,f one litrecapacity, the wau r bOU~'eoo resembl d con .'mpor-,ry German is He..I2--Entrellcbing tool, Linnemann pattern ~carriedfrom U r H ~ :bell by m e ns of a black ~l~_ ther frame wi thtW0 straps.lJ .- - - -Black. le alhier gaiters ~ J aced un [he rrom bymeans o meta ho .ks,1 Stanard.':; ie hoots. : 'r bl ._'--,11 d i , - , - sthe .1 -- l y1~nwse rMJ889' rille of 7.65mm calibre.


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T: ~ ~ ' ~ . I.e~i.Oi~ ~ ~ r p l o l r a l of_~nfa~.try. I R.' girn~n . J . erw a rth _ ~.1 0 1 n .B ,~ t I~~".el~'.(~~lW stphalian) .< . r e p r e . fl' 'c. he c . a I I D . C Ge man soldit - of popu .ar rmagi-nation. Althouj h he t a:' r cently been equipper with, a. moe e rn uniform 'o;fneutra ~eldgra',uco our 'he etains certam . I I , ments 'hand, d dov n,throuzh a longmilita ry tradition w uch sti J recall the w a ~0 18701-71~The spil ted helmet : d t re knee-len th marchi n b .1'0; -: hs d b..' n In 'U',' 'orgene ations in the Prussian, and later the Gerrr .an army, a td had an 1 0 d-fashione.loo k 'in ' t l . e se cond decad of th, . 2 tt century ~Nevr r h el '" . ' 1 ; 'i 1 1 1 : - ' iron d i: ciol ine of

the Kaisers a.-m,y and it e: ,"1 Hen ...quipment-eparticula J . . . the formidableM I . O , n-achine gun , 'which, I. e irm ted t.h:. ~ r l n , c - 1 . mfantrv o 1.11 u~ r uicklvdispelled any illusions about G er-man y .::readiness for 'W' r.~- " 1~9. P:ickell:un~be helrne " the latest irn3 s riesof, im:"lar h lmets .t etching b ek [0 l~42 UWI;. madeof boiled ~ealheI; w r u t i h brass spike a n d f i. ui ra g~ 'i an do : r i c _ red, lil t le prote- tion, IOn campaign the ]:92helmet cover .. wi th a sim 'le 3'pplied Idoth reg imentalnumber 'in 'f'. d .. _ ncealed the he ml-" " 1 frontal plate~'wh'cl~ ar'ed , a . , e c o m i , l 1 f 1 1 'l(~ the re .'iment-and '[heside cockades, I 'f which on e w a in the Imperial col-

I nit and one' i. 1 the' colours of the 1 and O[ state Oiorigin,L-1~rVl:1 -11y , J7 /Ul un i c in f ield grey' cloth t Jasteningwi' l l] a singl row of eigh uttoas whose m ' , ariddesign V" r"led according to the regiment. Most ialantryegimei t 11_ _' t] e tu rned-down ,nlbur" the Iront edg ~an d th e simulated three-button poc:ke ,t f lap ' in the tailspipe ' re d. . -he C l J I L I I f1 ~ p;_ ' ,a ID 'e~ . '11 de' ig n .ceo [1. : ing tounit, but often ..: 5 1 here, w, re '.f '..r:andenbulf' '"sha .e ,. nd ornamented with three bunons .. bls :'"COI~~sta-"us i s m .: rk ed bygoli braid round th e cellar a .nd cuff ,

" he . I], c;~ ir~y she u tder straps were de rachabl e; tlh eyWe! - piped i ill colours id :nftil~('Ilghe army corps to .wh i c h the rcgrument 'helen. I,ed. '&U1d bo c a : re d n umbe ror In. mog : ra ,m iden t il ing th regimen - .l--.Ml '9 olt in L:1l lea ther, fie h s d lui' the:buckle p late varied . ac c ur di n rI' t . th e ,Land-h re '[ i ' l iP'ru~'1~ 1 n bra: - wWh H w hite ,m et~ d c ntral ca.r~ou 'hebear'lng I . l h L C ,rlLL'ian I C ' F I wn .and the I fil"'lo n ~Got! MitU r -~_ \. od W iEh Us~~4-Ml ' " 0 : ca.r .~rildg-e poudlte" in p eb bh ;d ~f in m shbrow n I.al~ r o O . a ch of th e s L - , p(lLH~h ' ~ I n I r w s e t 0 ' _ 1th.rc'e,~ ho,lds~ou.r ,IV~~r01.H:U;~ Id~:ps. of 7,.92m m c:af-' [rrid Jes " r u v ~ F ' " a . total of ] 20 f lounds.,. he w i.ght ~sdistribu" d by I1wetlns of _ ring m('unted behind eachI l r i p ~ ' . - p u. I'~ h)oking 1 [1 Ithe f r o n ' [ brace 10 ' [,hekn~pSiu :k .~I!Ii,;!]:11 .1


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]--MtS84 ktpi, with 'Irk blue 'and and red to':rounded visor and IcJlln'lrap f black le t' , e w ' ~ an'regimental n .mber applied to the band i L I 1 1. " d cut-outdigits. .. he blue cloth campaige cover was the 'soleconces sion to m odern rn i ~itarv eo nd i tions and datedI'ro'm 191~~' r-~BIUJe cotton stock, !fltofted Hk,c a leraat ..: 'J------,v ':~l7 7 grca coat m he avy doth e,f ' the shadeknown as tblued-ieongre ~.,Hardi1y changed '.dnee tbeSec ulld Empire, i t wa .douh e-hreastec ,.with wo rowsl O f .':x Ia~f~ban button s of yel~'ow m etal bearin g agrenade devic e . There w as an Integ ,-aJlrear h,Ed~-bel'for wai~ adj nstme m il t '.and ' R W I O I rear pocket: .w w th accessvi I f e long central v er n , T he kirts 0' uld he buttonedback I' [1 1 campa ign ,_n d ] utten ed Iiea r veil'. a.U .w ed'[h . cuffs to be turned up. ..he low ~ uncomfortablestandin collar b fie ' (1-. I patches, with the regimentalnurnbe sewn ora in CU.~Ol IDt dig~t8.made f orn eoatcloth ..Th is man h,~l;S the [;IWO large red diagenal cuff.stripe o r a c orp or J. The , hou ld er hav de tacha :'1rolled "hQu~dJ!rst raps , M 1 9l3 ., to $1[01' the I 'n.gsof thecquJ '"m n t 5 1~pp in : P. ioff .

Lebel rifle equipment in black leather, ne.sh s"deout, wh i ch incoruorated the old belt wH:h its brassbuckle plate, , ~nd -c o r . n : p r i , ~'d~:

~ T h ree :M T h as o r M 1 . 9 0 5 c a . r n - i f 1 . d g ~ p o u c h es (d if -le r~n .g oll~Y 1 .- the de'ign of rhe rear belt loops 11 m~ Y - ~,h~ped M :[ 89 f2-br,a.ce s ys te'm , ~ .ce d tO I n e bacJ:of. each .. the th ree pouches by a brass ho .k .. . : m 8 ': f T O g for tbe bel's needle bayonet: this.wa ' lOP, .d to the ~ef~ of the belt, Ibu~ i t ii.nd meblackened bronze scabbard are I[on]p~.t!e~yobscuredhere by the ihavc:rs,I(:k _lnd he coar turn-back.

5--'..],9" kn ap sack '~ ,h . i , s ho atd er ,~ ra p~ a ~,. s .o w -.age stra ,~."dl .J black leather, and a . rigid woodenintern 'I f rame; t t l , : S ~')a.ekhad hi ' Idly clh~Ilged s ince ttbeday 01 : OU~$ ......p ,~,eon.I[nll A .u .g l] j~ t ' ~g m ~b_ ~ : rte riOIS~w ai,.e no Io.rllg~r ~i e ,l uded oj.~.nke t~0 '[eln cloth " burwa s ~ .imw t ed to a p 3 .L iro f 0- f-duty s lh oes ~ n ,8 b ag ; a nd [h,e' w n 8 . 5 2 . m T h e s s tin-Ugh~'ly t w ! : r e d ! , ' t iQ ,a J o w t h e w]djcr~shead ba .k in ~hep:ro[!,e Hr.il g. po~.it~c~ L an idivi,; ual1 [1 . , ... [~ on ~ ,h le left c i ie-1here th e ,e u ..c ' , - . : 1 " 0 9 p c ."shove~; a.l:d on,e 00 ' ' t h . s qu ad "s pi.e ee D' cH.mping

equipmen t, Rath r l L; 0 -'he large di" i. o r the :Hal 'P "rt,th is m an carrie th e big 1.03' !, f bre .d. hi b repro-.ented a. squad's d~n~ration,IIJ1==LV.11J892 haversack L .beige cloth _eontai ni m l lg dr 'i I)~ra tio n s ea tino' ' U I ' .ensi s an d , ~ ' n , 1 1 - !~0. . ' ' ' ' " ' 0 ' r'll'-t ~e I n . . m@-- - --, -~-i, l~ , I I , . ! . YJ I ~IJ'ii..;I." 1;/ _I I ! ~ I I ~ j~ twhich :i n p ractice W ~l us ual] y s tu n ~ t . the w a ' e ll' b 11 1 ,Iestra ~7--One~'itre .'..11'17 wat,e' boule ith (\VO '1 ' utamade ,ofnnne ] iroa and covere Iwith .0]0. ' C eO at doth: ~lw a s rnl;ormaUy c , a J . r r i . " d slu ng on th e irigh' hip , and' hehavers ac k on the lefr ..

R.Jedct,.tb ~.ousers, Ml:,61 mod:i' 'ed ~ n 1 9 93 andl,. 9 7 . ; ' the change . ha 1 been m~n~m ,a ll i! . .er,a~gh"-cuttro us ers th ad IB [PO c _ e u t n ea ch s ide I. aim an d n r~ghttr .n t : ' c J pocket . n d a . r ar half-belt "o r it justrn ent,

M'l"l3 ., w ers in black Ieathe . lacing up the'[ftont by me ~UlS 0 r ho oks 18 l nd eye ets~ [hesf' wereadlopited after JlUmen::U1S e.. per imental example .weretried beginntn i, n 1 '97 ..~ B~ack ~BI ther nkle boots, V a ri ou s . _i Jf ere lmodels wer e i. U1 . ' in 1'9l4. pr incipal ly the blah-topp e ' brodequin w i . t : h SL X P . 1 ' 1r ~" .'ey,dets,..a 0 p ted inI 9 1.).. The 'more ece I~t ~.1 2 . patte m had a low er topan d s e v e n pa i rs ,o f e ye le ts ; ' 1 h w s ' ~~ ,1a"imilar 't( tha~

sbow n he re, but w it houIthe rei nfo rein g ri ve ~ at t he" id o f 'th e instep, 'wh ich d id not r< P i rear unti l .t]6.11~"- [8 ' ,' 93 Lebel rifle os em rn c alibre: th is bolt-ac tion \\1 'ea . n utilised the out-dated .'.mpatscheks:y tern, with eight c r ridges accomodau d ~na tubula ;m ~ s a z: iJ M : U n d e r t he bar re I .. The ]R S6 cruci Io rmn ee dle b ay o [] et ha d ,3, 'G e r rn an ;,iIv e r hf i J I a t nd arecurved q u i l t o n,


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' 0 " 1 n the e~ ~ 0" the Great 'W a r '[II C British A rmy was extreme 1 " W!~ :Uequipped............nd wel 1armed ~The le : sons of the most rec .,,[lit coloni a'~'_ampaigns ha,d bee nlearn d=-particula rly those taught at such murderous cost by the South .A ' ricanBoers in I 8'9 9 - .m 9 0 1 2 " The 'most 10 ' vious ref" 'rn was the adoption 'of a simplepractical and inconsp..icU . O ' , " [fP U ' ~ 1 1 f .orrn of kha i l o t h The oerson ~,1 I~q.U ' ; Pi 1 1 - e..n-~W '- 'a -S : _ '-~ ,_.~ .J ,_ . _ l~ . __ W i! W , ' . l I " ~_ c . _ - : . _ . _I. [,_!! I" I~"" ,~. '," ru.l, ~ _ [Ii] ";. I~ 'innovative in both ir s material and its de: ign '.The former was the strong cottonwebbing first seen in the ~,MSns whe n Capt. Anson Mills of the ~ S Army used itfor improved cartridge belts: the various equipment items were now arranged inall i n tegra ted system giv in g reasc n a b h :: distribu tion of weigh t~ The soldier 'spersonal weanon was also 'W ' 1 1 ' m a da ot ..d for mo. . Pf " f ; ' 1 I I W , , '. a', 'f ~ : i I ' J - - 'OJ ' the Shortf azazine. _ ' . ~ I _~ i t...,' r . I_ ~ , . u,~:ll ~ , Ill' ~ _~ JIJ . t l i _ . I _ l(ll, w . "..'. . . , . ',. . ,'. I- l~ ~. -,,'.'E'-"f i " l d ' ifle N : . . ' M .,-k I I- I ' . ' f " 3 0 3 : , " ' " rlibr .,. ; ' . ' t ~ t .' .' d -- "', ib r n , b .'. ',f; , :,n ,le ,_ ~_r,t e O. .. r. .ar, ",0 " . - . " U l " ca~l l l re ' , w 1[1a, en=roun .rem,lolva'~e .IOXmagazine a l lowing sustained rapid f ir e . .Despite their sm a 1 [],U nbers - the Brit ish: rxped i ti ona ry Force put up bloody resistance to the G erm an division : w hichpoured into Belgium and northern France in '[he summer of 1914.1-M ].~ H 1 5se ]~ Vee des s c ap ,in lkha k ru serge, Ii 11e dy ti I~h b l ack oi~sk., rn~ The li m g, ~d v i~or WI'S C 'OYere d w ~tIlkha k i cloth: and then : was a narrow leather chh U i i , w . r a p'Ii~~e,dby tw,O ~H.'lQ.H'~n~orm ' ~ : n . f tons. he metal capbadge varied from regirruleiO- l~(~Iregiment ~here ]~ I' S ihebrass grenade device of the Grenadier Guards, thea my"s senior regiment t),r fOil[,2-M] 02 service d,_e~~,tunic ' i r r m khaki serge, of~~m p l e a nd Iprae tica l C 'U t, w h ich hardl y changed lI Dntil11 9 3 ' 7 _ nl~ ~ l m e d-dow n c o I Iar 'W~Sf ixed by 0 De o r r n . w ohooks and eyes. .here were t o U l ' " frforU pockets with

~I[n'ight button ed ft~ tm ,P ~,t~,e chest p ( . M : : k e . t ~ beingpleated, The shoulders 'were reintorced against theWe1 : ,a rht an d I~h,fl.flngo r tbe equipment 'w i th rectangularc~o~l]patches, There 'were two ~hOT" rear 'vents behind.thif' hi I p S . . -he 0 n ~Iy -u n rn t. is ignia W'O rn (U ~ [he ~u [1~c '~,l[th'iis date were rhe reglmental titles-vbrass Ietrering$,peUi,ng out j]bhf'ltvia[l::;d fonns of l~l~ reigil:vu;!n!~,a'~n;i[ljme,--~-ro.rn on the e'nds of the :shou.lder strap& . In this.cl~:u-!,ple we see th e , a l. '[ le r natwve ~ [ ' y: ~ . epecu ~ [ ,1 iU ' itu tbf'B Tigade o,:f G,ua rd&-WOWIDl t,i'~Ies ' j n whi '[e on n = dc lo t I h" fi e ' ! o N n ~o ' [h e ~op of the s~ eeve, :; ~,3--M'~Q02 serrvj,ce d .e5S '~rOllJsers ~n k,h,al.i se,rg'~~The ~ I e 'S ' i~aoight-c Ul tr o U$~ r~ ha d ltw~)Vlext lc~ I' 8 1 a , s J l ~~depoc 'k,e ' l s~ the":! '\!'ilere worn 'W ~.th. br .a,ces t ~ rnl,d, :hl'~ 12h u t o n s . a '[ ' r . " nged round '[be waj'~t.

M ' 1 9 J8 c o O n a n , '"~eb bing eq:uil I n e ' r D J t, ca fr y in g , ~ . m[he s { ' ) I , ~ . d i , ef'S ' fi:eld mlccessit ' i ~ s 'b y m . e , Z M . n S o ,of a n 'Irne'rcon-ne cI;d s ,ys ,~e 'm ad~1us ted Ily buck ~ .ed5 'U ' a p s. ;, ~t ,cO'u~id b eplJt @ in or ta leW l of~ ~ ,n one prielce by u,nfastle[[irl~, i [hN:beU, .~~f' sepa::rate i~,em5 could be' ,ar r ranged ~,n an [l "mhe :r ,o f d w f r , e 1 i e f l , [ W~'8~ th e urr:irlgel]~ent i:I~.u5'l[[a.~edis ' [[ he '~ma ' r l~h ing ord~.r" ' _ : 0 ] ] " the' ~ d R c , m , a r n l +'! n H 1 H ; ; , l l : - f l mp i s , ~ : h , et r u , tl v e ~ $ a , c k " con ai.!li.ng nnio.ns,e a i[ i n g 1J~ensi ls 'I an d p c r O O l i j ) , ~ ~ , ;F![eiclS.. U n d: e :- r ' [ h w s a r ethe bay-onet '~c;abbard" w w th the enlrenching too] hcJvean ached I r O i it 'b y ~'h",~& ; ' . On 'Ihe rig'll ~ hip i;lrle theen[renchi.lnIIJg IlOO] he"ad in ~ ~ s c a . r , d c . 1 F : ~ biCn~,~[h ' ~ h e w~n,e'],bo t lie 0 f 'IW 0' pi n~s ICit; pad ly" IIlT~nde of ,en_ainl e U J t ? ! ; d ~,t,ce.il

cove red w it h k~l.ak i, c~ol~h" IOn the [ r o n ' r r of th e body ~left ".Iud right .. R _ C i t . 'W 'O ' sets l e a c h of five cartridgepouches: leach f'oucb a c c om n da re d t hr ee five-roundcharge:[ clips, giv ing , a ,,oad , a r f i1150round in ,aU "A ttaehe d to th e shoulder braces and to d L E ~ . g o nal $l'ra.psp ro je c t! Itig b ac k w ; 9J .rd sfro mn '[h e e arrrid g e p ou .c h. s ets - isie ' p ac k. 0 Ii ~r '31 i~~ con t: ,~. ini ,n 'g,. .be greareoa t, eh angesof clot h rn H,g, erc.: the [pug d r u , a g E H l a~ s~raps aU G ' w , e dexterior stowage. The whole set w as based, IJP on a.broad waist b e l ~~ and broad shoulder braces cressine011 'I he back ~;-:-M 1~ O 2 . . k l l i Ia ki elorh puttees ~secured .y tapes . .6--~'m m UQ 't iall boots'. b i i l l , a , e k c l r n e d Io r se r v i c e d're~'sbut oft en un b r n aekened , r l { n ; d greased for field use.'~~bort. M a g ; E U z i n e ' ee Enne~ddfle No.I , M , a ~ r , k n . 1 ?calibre .303in.; this bolt-action ri'l~Ci in rhe hands otbe ~.f~lJ]l ,g-s:e~"Vi~oeegulars I~1'he tina B'EF'" 'W~S c,apaldc( ), ~ve ~ ) ' r '3 p ' id ~ ii.CCU:~3lc f i r 'c, ~.nd 'was l~ byword for~lUm : d i t n e s s , a n d r e H a b i : Im ' t y ,,S --M W9 08 'w f'b b in ,g i , ~ r uB , g ~


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l-M'ru 90'1J 10 ca,p :i rn l C O l 1 E 0 m 1 1 or linen, o r a ,Ii g I~,~ha k ishade', ' w r u - h a leather visor" Leather ch~nstra,ps were1 1 1 1 0 ~ 1J~r,gul~t~n" btl.t were o n ' e : r r u added" 01 1 the froot o'fthe, h a r n l d . w as a pressed ti n eockade pa inted in th eora n~e and b lack I'mI' erial C,OIOUR ..~Ml'~H1 gymna.r.tig'k~'!, a l 0 1 1 ; g , ba~,y shirt-tunictra di ti on a J~ywo r n b~ the Russian p ea sa n lfY '! here inHgb t kbB ,k ,i .cottcn; a, woel l en V IC ' SWO~ ] w as ~SS;IM~;d[c~w i n re r. 'T he stand o r n l , 2 : u t :[l!I,sten,ed w~th two S R I ' 3 1 m of'f-

S l ! ~ : t t , ' but tons . . 'Th is 'pullover' garmen t h ad ,~ fron~ ventflam collar 1 , 1 0 mid- chest I B r n l 1 : y ~ ~fastened ~y tw o or nhrees'm,~m 'bUUCHilS. There were m~n .y variations O rf detail,given the dw s p er se d m a n uf ac tu re of uniferrns.,......typ~taJ: di ff~,renees ru.fi :u:~lud:d chest pockets, ~1~heredeutfs, b u t t o ' m 1 1 p lac ing 'O n th e O ~ J 1 ; n ~ - r ~,)f chesr, ere, The- .. I ld . d b!~charactertsne s 1 0 " , 1 J J : _ t m l e : 1 r straps w e r e fI{;:l:_! remova -ie' shoulder boards' in u~rljfowclm colour 'bei:Ufing ' thenumbe r 1 0 1 [1 ' monogram 'O f the u n ir. -, : J = . . = . . , h i l ] 9 0 7 semi-breeches, C:lf~ f t d ~ in the thigh a,IDe!t~,gh[:at lite knee, 30d, m ade j:n k:h~~d~,;~e~,illohon .,o~W:~,loldepending on th'~ season, There were '[WOI verti-It ' . . . . I , - 'I r;it -C ~ S~ ,t.(L ~po~,&~I~S.4.: ,he trousers tueked mto black ]eather knee-" ..

boot S ., w ' , r n c t n J were worm b:y all ra n ks and catego ries off " l' h bi ~Itroops a p a ;r~ , ' rom I c e : F t a . m . o speeia i18'E~ sue :" a s .iwJc~e~,e.u,nits . They are still wnfD today, v~'n,u~UyDchlLn~ed'i',5--Ten t clotb and greatcoat ') '( 'CUed toge ~her an d'w orn ~m ,8 'horseshoe' rap nd , d:rue ,body. The Mt911g re atc o at 'w a s B 8~:raigh.t ,sw n~l,e~bn eas~edg~rmen ~ fas-t J r e : o e , u by . ivle' brass freru buttons charged wi th theImperi~]il lemg-e; it ba d ~ r t f , a : w g h l t ' cu[fi;'j a .utl an in1e~~a:~rear ha l f - b e ~tw hb two ad j~s~.men,tbu non s . The ten t'8e;~bc~fn ' r o ~ l l ~ d :~ound , ~ , tt .u : rl ie W 'S_ If k h a k i materle] .~The ends of the '[lenrigrle,a,t,to at FO U were strappedtiglltl y 1!{ lgethe :Fand stuIf,~d im te the open M 1 9D9 1 messtin, ' w h : i ' ~ ; " "W,~'~'made ,~;t c oe oe r : : i a J : l lo lJ "!J -'til __ y~ _1I :ll!rg _~ vl -v~ I~- --~ J.'7-'Ml909 aluminium W'8ter bottle covered withkh,aki elodJU.,The soldier's mu'O' ' \ !V3lS S it raaned to she

I~ ~ ,~

bottom, lof Ute -.ottle: lind the assembly w as slnn,g"round the. b~d)J Q IFI, ~ :-e ather st rap.

Le m .~ he r bel ~,~,w i th a, brass buckle pi! ale db,f)l gedwi~b th e two-beaded Imperia] eag~,e,,"o~' Ul,e, ~ype'ad G : )f Jt e d i m 190~.M 1 89 3 b:r'(]'W~lea t~le:f'c ~W " ' 1rj d g; e p ou e: a es ; each ofthe fJa;ir accome dined six fivlg..round C h ~ 1 1 " F , ; g e I-clips ~g4vjnga total load ef 60 'rounds of ritle ammunition.

l'- ~Lrunru; rm,an:n ' ! '~~ypeO'1renching '~ oQ ] .. here ill 3leather ca.r~i,e:r~,the, tpQl itself remained unchanged upt o ' ~he S e eo n d WrOr~d Waf'" bu t th e c arrie - w a 5 , ' ( : 1 1 ad e '~ faV a F ~ O : l l 1 S ; m l '@ l . ' ~ e o o i a l s " 1 i o f t e n in f a i b [ F i . ' c .

ill '1 - I J i . A ' ~ , fH 101 Ii,. o ,II,;r.a; re-ack: th p, be r" 'I,"-,,~"I it' m - ~'d"" rv't !O ' : r e ' ' l ~ ' ' l " " ' h - -.1I. ':==z!~~~,11,;1 , I I . , lJJ~I~,11~, ~ {- .L~ . ~ I~ I ~ uJ~'n ,Ri:lI. ,fa_ ~ ! I . : . J ! - ~ l 1 j" I I I 1 i I '=beige waterpraofed {:Joth, the stra ps o f leather. I~ w ag: f i > ( } r m : a . U y WO, f n slung round ~he b o d y ~ but '[he slingcould be a .rr .arruged~n ~uch a way that it cou ld , ' be wornon t he back Hke a kn ,~ps .ac k, The usual contents were.radons ~Int~im,a ' changes of c~,od'1ig,.,such as rhe foot-c ' ~ , t t b swr~p'P-ed round t h e teet inside Hu: b O O t - 5 1 , ! , smallpersonal ,effec'~s~and 40 more ca.u'r~d~}es,.t;: M'~891 Mo~jn _.-.gal1trifle, calibre 7 ., 6i 2mm , o fthe' model knoiWnJ as "three-l me' . ,hlr long !O"C~G';tbayeaer, M189't, was carried permeneutly 'ffx,cd' therile s h n :g WaS o: ~ ~,Ie'i.the',.


12/65

13


13/65

SCOTTI,'" H I I IN5 -=1 -' E 1 1 9 1 - 1 4 ,

T'h .Scottish 'Hi" -1 and infantrym an w aI '1 I;'erhs 'p - : " I S : , the mo st - , ; r ~ SU I ' o : J I iI'll strikinz of ail,. - .:...... '= I I , . "" , !!! ~ _ r.J t i . . . . '_11 Ii- _ ',JL . .;], - "' o I l. ' _ " [(~I ..I, .;Jj"" ,!I'~=IO ,"~'th,eWestern European soldiers w ho went to war in 1 " 1 . ' - " The same 1 0 " alr totr id itio n w hich m ade him su,c ,:, o rm i ... 'b-e f ightin g man had preser e" elerne D ' - . .. 'f h. dr .. ~ ., '~ . - , b . I0__us t a nonal nanonai costum e=-rnost noticeabl h c_ ~len, .arry bonnet withit,diced 'band" aud the kilt, Only I hie J i .iahland units- tradi lionally but by nownot exclusively r ecmited in the hills of northern ard 'W I s ern Scorland-c-retainedthe kilt, In. 191 , there '\ 1 ere five regir ents eac of W ID ba talions which weredi "i nguished on e from the othe b,, dif e e 1-, ces in the ( dengar ' - kilt a- d h ,I D '" ,' ~tops: the rest of t ,I e mi orm was almos ide .ntical to that 0 the IOI ' i her British, ~ , , - n tr: r g . ime n ts. - h ie 'U .,iform i 1 1 1 1 ' tr a ed is that 0:' th ' Sea fo ' 1 1 , Highlande r'"whose Znd Balta" ion was one of eight 1 . ighland battalions whi '~11went to' FI,a. ice inAugust . '9 ' 4 w i, It th eI-fhe '. lengarry had ' 'e'en' dopted '~-I. the who!'infan'lry 'in he ' 1 8 ', at undress headgear. Jn mustSeottis h regi mien ts it 'was retai De . d Ii ~I place of. th eservice dre 5Scap'l the usc lor absen ce o f varinu ,J y dicedtund: wdentifymng differe.n~ units , Th Seaforths worethe usual dark hlue ribboned bonnet, witl a redpompon, a and diced h . ed . w hw 'e an d blue, ~ndt'eregimen' 1 -8 g on ". ill, acking.'- :M~902 s er vi c e dress t II nic ~ of the .dou blet C 'U t

:i ssue d to Scott i s, h regi m en ts, with lhe f '0n ~ ~k irts el 11awa y l i i I [l1d I rO'U nded: the S,[3] nda Id tu n te w,a, 0 ften tssu edin stead a" the \\',. r pr gressed, and r tailored at unit~eveLh.e on~y msigni worn in .9~4 w't~,e t ' ..brassshoul Ier ti tle s o m. the " oulder U" ps.J-." 8 khaki webbing equipment. as deseri edom p,U), The' ssembly 1 0 1 this marching order" 'W,~I j 'S asfon ws:- The bayonet Iro 'wasslid .0[1[0 the belt on the r n e f thip: ~:re ~ ebbin g entre nch i ng b)' : helve Ihid: r w surck I d to 11with 1'\"1'0 traps. The teft .nd Tio,~ pouch

. t!'[S "'f'c' the ~":(l~ed i, I the front 1. 1 th . belt.-WI I . houlder . r a c e . . ; , were buckled to 'the uppe.:rrear o r the pouch sets, leaving a length I O : f webbingJan ing bellnd. th e set an protruding und,er [,he beh~

The braces, p ,35sed over ' t t h c sh 'u 1 de r " , ,cro ..:cd :i ~ them~dd.'l~of the balck, ,(1 d P' "Sled ~h " ugh ILu kle' reUl [be.a k I ' ~he ' b e. :"t. T h m l S 1, f~ r, u:r b r, i: }, ce en d s h an g in ghelow 'Ihe be t" a[,~ 'I : frorlil 1 3 . . d ~~,c 'k,and n .Ill . rO'~la nd 'b a.c k,_,To the two end,s, h an gin g on 'l he rig l 1 ~ ' [he e . l1 tn ' !: n lch ~rn 11g ~o l] b e', d rC a~rie r w a buck] cd 'I ~,he 'e'n J5 of therace cngag~ng wi th fhe water boul.t~ Ci: niier whh::h'un, i lye ~he ~O, :~h ad c' rrier,- _ I th e tv ,.o Ie lit} h ..11,' 'in on the I, n ' t t l Ii'ver8lif l.ck

w'a buc' ,. ' l o : d,~h alngi n g .. n ' the t. '1 hi II I ove r. the bayon . ~an d h)o'l helve.- ,~h o ! ' va,1ilsc' (k.n apsac[ {) w '- ~s ,. 'uac-hed by tw oI uc k ~e's t ,o [h e upper w ear of ~h,e;shou ~d . 'r braoe's. Twoflar ,O\V d i , I D l i . , g o na . ' l st- ~p " pia'.'- i ng back\ ard., rOlJ- d thehd" f~rom the ear ' O : f tl 1 ,ammunlif. In po~u:h C't 'Scnga,gt::d ,vit: tbe' 'buck~,e. of t[he two ,e ,t rnal pac I . '.s,trap~ \~I:l,\,.'h were CInch )red by loops under the v.alllis,e

. t each. side; an d ~b ,,'ee tternal s tr ,. " .th en p sse I'!Pnd across I he pack to b c des 0n : .t s :i nn,.r '[0,,)' su face...The wh ole 'weigh ~ 0I ~hie ammunition ~ belt k it andpack . W : " I D S thus distributed as ~\I ' 'I y ;~s p o ss ib le .4-he .i~t a ~cngth 'of woofte n cl h : bou' . v'. "nyards long I', I~ rra ns e d in 'ace.. , d i , m ' ~ eo ts . ~ xeept atth . two en ds.w oun :..round Ua w ~ ito as to leave thURI- lea .ed part a "[he . ront ~nd ... U r ed with tw obu ekle d sf raps at the side. r ach I e g r n rne nt ha d is ownd w tinCI 'i vie ta rtan ,i ~ 1 1 [he case ()if 'he S ea fort hs '[haekenzie sett: bu~ aU un it. on campaign worecovered kits ~ .,~ 'h' ,,,,",ilt ',c ' .a.. m- (Imghl- Ib ero w n d 'T cH I . ap of1 ' I I ' I , hNc L~ bli ,IL . I ~ ., ! I ! ~, , ., , I, . I , ',"~ II l i l a ]completely obscured the col urrfu I I rtan I f the kil .an d w h ch 'at I ' I e n e d . by buck lcs on the nigh 1. 1m Iro n ~ alarge lapped po ket replaced th porran of full and'w,~lk~,ng-O'I~J'l dress, 'which W,~'S never worn tnlearn p aJ lg n .

In m 9 " ~ 4 [he' mer ' . ( f ea -, kilted regiment couldalsr Ib .. dist~ngusl;t d - : l y the particul . r, nrn f U n .i rheckered WOOUCIll 'ho .e-tops' ~ 1:H~5Je'were cplacedmore or ess at once by khaki stockings, -,.-The hose-tops or stockwng: 'wen!' hie d up by

gar~ers,.. ".lfh v"'~""be 'Has,hes 0:[ d'if e , t: : n~ . shap: . S r' n dco]ours de pe n ,I n g on the un~ .He, -vy c.loth gai~e'i rs, . of 1 1 1 oLd " p at te :: rd as h;s .hape. - oovered, th~' '~'~ocking' an d 1 ot~ at th 'b ~g,in -

'n j' i r r u ~ ( ) ~ h e 'wa:r ' ~hey were 1 5 '. o n . re p ,l ao cd by ~ : I 0 1puUees_ The' ~ ; r - 'lers had 'C'~,g:hlsmJ '~U. : ide hUUOflS an d aI e a the r '5t!r ' ,~.p u [n .d ~ r 'Ihe" n s tep'.Hobnailed '.! mmu~ i~ io n 'b oo ts'_


14/65_. ------


15/65

F,E-eH ISPRI 95

I~a~~~a:~n:~~~~~f~~~:l~:~~~_~~~~i:;a~~:: : ! ~ c ; o ~ nn!~:h:~::vidently going to last much onger than had been imagined ....A, new uni orrncolour symbolically termed 'tricolour cloth and woven o .a mixture ot ~ r e d ,white" .','d bl ,- 'ith ~,. ad" h.a d b , e r e n ch 0" 'if ' r' e0 1 ~ 'e W , "' ' . (d ' ' . ' . . ' " b.'.' ' , " : " ~ '." th' _.:. ' tb r ~ . " ' ~ I~ o r . ' . : - b ,."3 " n , I _ . , l I . ! l I e I i . , . fea . .5: ._.' . .._ ., ... ..'r"' __ ,_ al_.,. yS ..eOf,e '. e ou _ I re,al\. o w a r ~ , unever issued. Ironically, i'~turned out that a]] the dyes even 'the famous 'garance'red=were obtained from Germany; and France wasi educed to seizing the stocksof a: rench subsidiary of a . German company, Indigo blue "was readily available,but nO'1 alizarine red (",gar:anc.e~)~Thus the n ew 'weave w as reduced to tWiOI colours,blue and white: and thus b:y the chances of war. was born I he l ight b ue shadewhich passed into history as 'horizon blue' .''],=Mlt9l4 k e , p r i ~ a simplified v ersi on o f the traditio-nal shape T T he 'c ~1t h use d . in t I J r u s example is ~Eng~is.:hbh;u=!'''grey\ an imported fabric used 'w n 1'914~,W5 to ,~ ' , p ' c l e m e i " '" hQ~,..l_'iiI'IIi'ii""C~j""r1l1 F re 'Tfi,"-'~' ' r i o ' : ! !'0 ' u r , , . . . . . p ' ~ '- J I l l . 'Y ~,_~ ~! ! ! H '~_ ~,~ U. ,I"" I 'b-a!:lI .....u ,1 :- . u " '" " w ~ ,,!;;,.." I . I!.r!m-&l.".r And'-g.[tS gOrggles; m,a.n), varying models 'wereused from May 19 m 5 onwards.l-=The blue co n on stock ,; I~ LS D jus t visibl e is , t.hecollaro the pre-war dark blue v e st e ~ a nine-button'stable jaeke ~~ with . red Oo]j,iHr patches beari ng darkbl ue r eg imen tIl D um bers.4=- :~ ' -~9 'm 4 simplified greatcoat i [ 9 J 'horizon blue . Toen 1 . bof h c ost an d d eliv ery t im e the- leading d!es~gne[ ofthe d.ily" Paul Poiret, produce d in S ep tember 1914, tbisslngle-breassed pattern with six front b'U.Uol1 'S" TheI ,~lrg,ea] ~ingQrd,~!3.[U 'ears th e : y,e Uo w patches w it h darkblue regimental numbers and. ' p i p i m l , g _ s introduced no r[ hi e: i n f ar ll tt ry by reghl~ations of 9 Decem b er il l 9] 4, . Some

C : {HU~ bad 'tw o b re ast p oc ke ts ' w ID th bu t toned 'Haps,'$Omerijln~ oae on the righ~ side, as here. Buttons werer n . n w t r n a ~ ~ yof simple tour-note design; the old patterncharged w~th a grenade device were late revived, hutin white metal painted grey ..blue. The dark blue staron the ~ ,ef~arm is a 'n on -regulat ion badge worn byI:ii1I fa ii"Ii,'j.'''''\I "":...niUilt~.!lUI J _l~~W~J!,.J ~~v _ ,lL~~

.c Anti-gas sache r, here' the very f i rs t model-the"Compress Cl", Issued ru n ' \ ~ ' a . y 'l9~5. T o e sachet, tied'b y a tape to ~b~'oat button. was made of rubberisedc~oth; w :t ,comtawned, ,a J 'Pad of o@uon . ' i.mp f eg~a. n~d ~1!! irbhyposul,phtte arld carl~ona~eof soda" wbich ttbe' $o~die'rw,as 'S lilip po sc d t! o c~ap over his . no 'e an d m 01Lnh lite a'mode n il !-s m o.g m ,a s k ' ru n c as e of gas u . d r e ; : r t .6r-S [e,e~ 'fjkun pn) '~lector. , ,A~th oug.h in sorne' 'waysslow 1 .0 'mod e- rn :i se ~ f l ~ l H ~ F,re .n ,cn army " i : V : i 3 J S 'the f ir .s ~ toadop~. an y 'k : irrudof head 'pro'tec t ion . 'f r O ' m , M a:rd:1 ] 91 5 a;'brain p,~n" r ,eca]~ing t~c l?t.b, ce.ntu,ry ~'cenNdier:e" W,~,5russued for 'we,~.[U[[de r dle kepi. This. unpoplldarr d , e v r n c e w as (Hl1y a hasty ~J~op-,gapunli.] the issue of a . true;helmet. ~rh~ch h,a.d been dec~ded u.pon ' ~ r1 F,eb:ruary1915.7-' ebe1 rifie !equipm,ent. Th:i~ \V ,as essenti.aUy

un r h ang,ed s jnoe ,A U ~1 l]J Sl ] 914, apart from the r u s S ' l l e rc .dth e : l 1 . r e w M1'9 iJ3 bel~wi~h ,8 ) two-pn:~ulg,buckle,

:~Ca.'m'p3i,gn pack. Throughout the war tile Frenchinfantryman would retain 'the 'basile p ac k i ss ue d at theout bre ak of 11osti Ij ties, by now Qomplete~y au t = o : f -date. From the end of 1914,ODw,I'[d his burden was~,ncre,aJsed.by the addition to the knaps ark of ro n edblankets and 3J tent section, complete W i U I D ' r n ' t s p egs an d,cords, The Jtn,~.p$ack, illustrated here is a s rn Hip],.ti e dmo c le ~ rOlf W 3 . ' m " t ime man u f ac t ure, i n , g rey-b le :f ab ri c ' "An item ' from the squad's campaign equipment (here,a, : ( : [ ) l d w f I , g canvas bucket) and an individual tool (here,tbe M1879r Portable spade) a.T\C attaehed UJ r t be pack inregu~a.t i,gn manner, ~bebrown leather carrier tor thespade mdicates :l~l~,man ufacture .,_______'.1892 haversack here a wartime-made exam-p le in green~sh ,grey fabric.lO=,M1877 0' e-litre water be Ule~covere d ,jn oldgrey-blue co a tt clot b ell-M: 1 .914 trousers of , p', a. ntQlo n - cu i o n e style" ~oO'sein the d ' I D i g h and [~glh.t from th e knee down, to' be \,,",,0 rn' w r n til pu ttees. , :xamples ma m,~f3C~U w-ed, j n ~a . '~ e '[ '914 and,e,arly lSH.5 were often made o~ coarse corduroy invarious drab shades=horizon blue cloth 'was at thattime reserve d 'for ktpis' a n d g re ate oa ts. Theoretica lly

tb es t tr ou se rs sh ould have be en w orn un d e r the b~ueo ve ra l Is , ts su e d . since 1914 to cnnceal the old redtrousers, but issue was , e rranc.l2-:P'u.uees in neutral drab Id(~rUh~long the mark ofthe Chasseurs Alpins, these b~( : :aul1,e 'gerN; ::T 'a~i ,;sue :forfbot troops a~ tll e rend of 1914. ,13-M 1~;n2o ot s, : Ia c' kw n g the reinfrO~[c-e'ment ['iveu al'the s;ide.l4- " ] 8g6l93 ,Leb e ~ r i r H , e ~ 8 rn,'m, ,e a I b o r e , In d ru tsb. ~y c r D ,e l ,


16/65

'---------) 17


17/65

~1 4

I

1 8 ,

Wh,en the advan ces of summer 1914 ground 'to, a, halt" and th e front linesstabi i s e d 'for what threatened 0, be a-longwa r . the G ,' , C , " rm a n , ' '1 II '( '- m 'j W ' : - , " " 8 " ' ! i : ' i "0 ' : ( = eed,-'. - - - . - - - - - - " ' " " . w . It j (I, , II!;.. , ,Jj, .., -'" , Lit, ,.. J - , _." '~' rc, 'to reconsider an elaborate uniform which h,~d been devised in peao time. I'hehuge numbers of men deployed and their lavish consumption 0 '1@JIkinds of storiesto -k th G / . " , (" ', ' , ,' ' I - , ' .,',,'c: -". ,".'" t ' b ,,-,~,,~,"", '"d t "',k,-,-," 'I I, . dimi -,-,.h e d ifF t~"""~-""0,;, e ',e man comrmssanat , y surpr.~,s,e"ane s olecpues oururnsne at atarmmgYates~The Allie .maritime blockade of the Central Powers also created shortagesof raw materials from 1'9'.5 on; and German industry was obliged to apply itsingenuity to the production ot synthetic and substitute materials=-the famous'er...etz products which gave the world a new term ~A ' 1 i \ - th e ~ le ''N I ,',~ , If the f i gh ' '~ "ng soldie ~ s " tb e ' : : " - ' 0 ' " st ..- C' C" , - - ed iat " ' ' e ' i ' " ' ~ I t " " :' '.,r},Iit' th ' ste ad'"[ . 1 1 l. ,, ,~ W" y ~ , .' , ' , II .. .. - ", r ~ ,'!"~ ," .' .. l~r I '. ms (n1m, .le r :SU,i,Wd"O]! e is ea, ,yreplacement of lea ther by vulcanised fi bre. 0 '1 bras: by painted ~Ion, ,aJl,d of, - " f ' ,c ' I " , " . , , ; & , . . . , c ' , : - ' , ' , " , - , , ' in bv . .' - ' ~.'~' 'd ' d . '~OC mad " " ~ " ~ f e ' ~ '" f" "C~ nat '_.-'~ T' ' ' I ' ' ,umrorrns ot pre-war quauty .y srmpnnea r esigns mane 0 " mrenor rna enai .. " If!appearance of the 'German infantryman had alreadv begun to change by the er d.o f th~ ' ~ 1 " " 2 '" t " e " ' 3 l i " o ' ,I : th ", ,1 I L , , _ ' ! ! i , ; . . nrst 'y _ , ( J " r J J . , e w a r . . ,,- ,~,:]_:1.5helmet 'P the last of '~ he spi ked: Pickel-naub,,! series l' soon to be: replaced by' a new steeld e s :r ug n _ ,Inmost cases the skull ;of th~shelmer remainedin boil ed ~eathe.r 'II but the re were also examples madeof felt, of co mp re ssed leardboa:rcl~, and o~ thin m etal(wh~ch offered no se r~uus, protection). The helmet

f iUi~g5 were in all cases of 'whit[e men] I al loy p'a in.~edgrey - The :sp jke, judg,ed to be ~O;~)0bviously visible,W;aJ:5 DOW Irem ov ed .o n c am p ai g n by m ean s of , 2 J j socke ~fixing. The cloth helmet cover therefore lost i ' t t sownp oin t: a .ndi also Jo r r e a s o n s of' C O I 1 J J c e : ~ l m e ' [~~ ' . its red~egimental numbe [5",

M 1'9:~,4unic, a simplified version of the Ml9(]rUU). The cut W:3JS more clcse-fitting ~the tone, of the fie ldgrey cloth became rather darker and, greener; ,and thefancy cuff rp 'alche~ a n d false ski rl pocket f m ; ~ PS I wereomitted. The cuffs themselves became deeper; but ah e'".'CO braid \~faSnow ,display'ed o~ly on the coUi'i~['.'heshou der straps 'O f field grey cloth 'werre now piped inw hite for ;~~~:Infa.n.uy formations, 'with u n it n um be rs 0'[[me n ogram s embroidered in red; ~hiestraps w'e''e nowSe:WD dO'WD ,a'~rhe sh ould er 'se am s" . T he, b lac k ,a nd w :bw t eribbon worn ~rn,he second runic buttonbole marks anaw'avd of tbe In]fD Cn):ss 2nd I C l a s s " ,

" ' " , l;g9S belt., uow b la ck .e n.e d" a nd , w r n l h an , TroDbll,lclde ' p ~ . a [ , e pain 'l~ed 1 1 " e l d gre'y: ; o.~de:r ' tw'o-,me'~,a~bLH:k ~e :p~ :a~es~;~i~!n . U$tf' w 'e n : S i r n l l ~ h 9 J F i l l y piIDinted over.,4--M] 909 ca:rtfl idg,e pouches; ~be.Dew : re gu iJ 3ioionsca,ned fo r the'm to be. ,blacke ned., bu'l nh c na t u: re o f the' I , c e u t n e r ' used ma .d e 't hi s d i fn,cult I~OIac]l1ieve , c o n s , is en t l y ~S-h, e 'so~drner ilh.ilstr-,a.~ed 'Wf,a:rs '~jiBh~enedf i , e J delquipmen ~.j W i t l h o u~ the , c um b~F som lC M 1 .895' k n . 3 J l f J -s a c k ~ Tlbe cons;ider.atd e ' V i l l e i gb { o,f [he cf:l'ftridgepouches. w it h a fu~~oadof 120 rounds ~,ed[0d~eu , s e 0~the ,ihrea,d bag" slin.g as, ,f,} n.eck brace m . l l ~be:absence 0:[

t h e ' kn . i1 1 [p s a c 'k _ " :s f O n Y Z G r d braces.fi-','.I~jH5 gasmask; the ~ G : u m : r n i m a S ' J u : ' ! comprri sed,a, 'm ,a~k , o f rubberised f .l br i, c a n d ,a , de:~,a,ch,able f iU,er

c artri dg e, 'w hi,c h were carried (w w th a 'spare cartridge]w 'n a ' s trong c~o~ h bag , l ooped t,o [true be ] ~~'7-M 1915 'stick' hand g m - e nade,

'f\;1 I].87 ' b re ad ua g' ~ in th is c as e ,~ war t ime ex am-ple in poor q'llality grey f3bri c.'! J -- -- -' ' :1907 W';:Itier bonle, also of ~'e'-j'au:t manufac-'Iure ~ in ename l led 'i ron here covered wit h bmw ncorduroy j probably of civilian origin, The. attacbment

SI~:f~P''sys~emlwas reduced .0 i~ss~mp~,efit fo rm,Ul-M'1887 entrenching spade m .n its leather e a r i e r ,sec ured to the scabbard of tbe 'M1.8 '98l1 '9.05bayonet bya, strap.~I-M, 1 .9~4 ~f.ouse'll's,; these were ideat iea 1 . r u n eu t andpocket debtrnl,~,h) i the M , 1 ,9M ' f l'O pattern but made o,f ,I

'~S'~O,ILtegrey' ,clotlh----St'e'illgm'u. This, was ehosen when itw as diseoeered tha,~ the Feldgnn,~ ~HJUse:r5 r:~:pid,~yfaded in use: thi 5 darker sh ade Iasred lo nger ~The red' p i 'p h I @ ; d O l w I D . the outer seams was reta i n ed ,.l~: M:m 866 I l l ] archi fig boots in 'tan ~eat.he r; 1 -hesewere ordered to be blackene d m :m 1'9l5",~"~: M .'89 '8 M ,a user rH 1'e;~ 7 . 92m~1l Ic~Hbn:.I, -, M 1 8 9 \ 8 1 1 ~05' bay' {l iioe ~ . 1 0 r i g 1 . I 1 a1~yinrrodllu~ed fo r

t:he fioot: ar~i~lein"y,!wifh. , a ~ e a j 't h e . w scabbard ~it was issued.Erom, 1915 I~O the whole inrfan~'fY ,8,f.,m w ~ th ,~ , , t l D J ' r d i , e rn lJ~ ' t ta ' l S 'C2 ibbanrd. u!p lacrnng th e ,~O[D}~e'f a r D J d m O J i e : f r f " ' . a r g H e" . -8 '98 infant~y ba,yonet.


18/65

19 1


19/65

2 :0

,

Lke, .~.ostu~ope 0,.~- f !1ies, ,the .I~,arans p~t _n h~n d ..a radica~ .r,'ofrJ o~ field___unif Ifn at the ..I~, g . w n n ngo f t h e 2 ..h [e ... tury. ,t tt a I ,m., Italx wa I .Ilied [0t. e A u> tr i-Hungarian 'nlpi e and Germ ar ~ an ,', I h[ . influence ol f the latter =~aft~'r h er p restigiou victor- 0 '1 '170-7-,:.as considerabl .. In t 9 0 [ . It~'_Ladop ed, like Austria-Hungary, a 'U iform colon simil: J' to I he [G..erman Felderauof 19 1 , 7! ' in raly's case I his w a s term . d simi ' I~, : 'grigio-verde', ~~.ey green' ,. grey-gree n shade WHr also chosen for te ather equipm .._nt from 1907 onward, ":" .'Th c. l izht infantry or 'Bersaglieri, founded b .. a otain IF- ' ' ' andr La'M rmo a. 183'6 dr.ll;[" Th m ' h ~ '" '" dl . 11 .In , ":', Vl re ,3 corps ,",e ite ~.... ese . w .l g! : ' _ i_ 1 a rtr un its were rep, ati~' Y " . pioyeoduring Italy' various 1'9'h century campaign "'",ani' acquire are-put tion '..."[1' dash.courage, and pr: ct ical :.xne rience During the Great War tt,. y.:. en credi ec 'withlrrning the t de in Italv's f '_ vour w 'n : - .anv ba t l e s , . , heir '1 raditioru I. undre "i~head: rear"! inherit: Id rrom Crimean can paigns alonaside th o urks wa: a crimsonfez w i t h a blue ta ..::,1 . ,J.-M 187], hat, [l :. pte ssed Ie ~~a n d ; Wmulate d lea~ erwith bl cit. recn cock 's-Ie ther 'pilumr(~;'Im 'he' right" id e ~ m h i s ! h , . ',3 d : re a r W B S p ec u l w ,a' to tt h e - B e r :s a, gl ie ri . T h e

frontal cockade 'in tee, white and, green bore ast, mped brass bad e in th shape 0: a {~a:m,ing 'gre-nade 1 an ng 'the regimental number and crossedrifles, On campaign the h, twas fitted with a, grey clothaef. er bearing the badge embroidered in black om ag e' - g r . ' ee n ackground ..TI' :Jj ,eh.a~ wa ..;;o r c ou rse. un su i-'I a b Ie forD "01ode rn w ar fare amd was ~a1:1~rrepl aced bythe .,] ] 6 .',.eel neimet: this, to 1""V3 .5 fitted , m n ~ n~.B fJ~l,~{j'ner! p~ume '.,,,

M 199 hU'~C in g,r ig i (J~ve,,de >J with a standingcollar and a nc'.. ront, There were no v i! s~ b r n l. xternalpocke~s- The cuffs were pointed ..an I " r ben! " 'were '[W'OIs h o rt re a r vents wh i l c~h f , E l l l s ' [ [ e ' D e d ! w j, th . but ton .Althouah obscured here", '[h coli ar patches we re crim-son, I earing the shu" of Savoy worn by all Italiansoldier "

,_~1.' 9' t n ' r~H : ;, er s ~hese were laced at th ankles,and had ~\Vo'diagon a~.,~depocke ts4-'.. 9. 9 P' .ttees, w h ich rep laced the old black,ga~[e~s previou l y worn at the time 0" th e o ut, . re ak 0'war .5--',.1 I, ankle boot" in brown leather; these were, o vid' d W,'b cle ats for mountain U e.

,M ~ 9 il l 2 cape. This shert grey-gree n cap w asru s rued to [ i 3 ] U in . rr r-y at the outbreak of the war", It h a da fallin .collar fUSL ned ..i~b L o l I ' " and bearing theubi q u ito us S' ar 0 f Savoy; a hi dde n btl t {o n fa ste n e d tinechest.7- '907 personal equipmene, made of lie thewhich was c he mic ally , reared 11 0 give ill gre ish colour,The h '. h:,d ' simple one-prong buckle; unusually,[he bt ace to SU.ppOf'1 t~e 'weight of the be lt kit wa sootthe 'Y' or ~XIar angemr IU favoured in other annie ~

but a j;ng~. ~oop p,~'s: !h~n,g.ound the ' I l ,eck ,and down ~h,efront aga~~n.Th re ~v,a'sa match"ng i b m , r OD' 't [r 'Og~mnd a

p3;1r , o : F d01lJ b le cartri d g e pou che s fo,r 1he Ca rcano.S mm ~mm'Uln~tw l ' In.~-'r,llJ.'.B '107 haversack. Tf i was made of heavy elm hw i ~h leat he i ' [ 'uing 5 a nd coul d be a ~ran Ifd ei uhera aknap ac -:,or .'. a h . av [~ rs ac k ,. as . l DU i U u n a ti on s . Itaceommo dated a n rb e . oldier' r ~ mmediate n ecessifie's.

M 1 89 . b ayo ne t,),1: MH19'." rcano ca bine, 6,5nllll"IJ calibr, _rh'swas he Italian 3.my> standard c libre. e C' JI''lnew as origi n a I y d esign e d as c val w .y weapon, 'btutw astater i ued to a :1~j h~ tn on s. I ' had a . P erm an en tr ..l ~f ixed fold ru n,gbayr~D e t,


20/65

--- ---


21/65

,C' IO-- .,\-

A:;~o~~[ J ~ = ~~ c : ; r ~ ~ g~~~li:~d~~hl~~:~rh~~l~O~l~;~:::b~~trench wa ,are, which, -,o'lild last until well into .9,~ Lik the othe armies, thtritish discovere that their issue clothing and equipment needed adaptation toth e n ew r- '31 .'ties of p sitional warfare und 'I' increasingly ,,.._'3VY artille ' M ' _ fire, inall wei thers.A f '[ I . , . d' Bi ,. ~ h .new : ., [: y 10" volunte ers was n isec in 'Ir~taln., t. replace tr n V i e ' s " I '10USlosses suffered by hi. first B" :F (up to 900/0 in iost ba talions committee to th ~ear y campaigns] The unexpected demand for uniforms and equipment fo cedmany of: h S,' volunteers of 'Kite ~'"re s army' J' tn in in c.i ilian clc thingr stocksin en.' .e .. for training had already been rushed to the 'foot where the Regulars~ i dId f ' I I I d h kin w i ,. k improvised as best t -0 e : y COi ' Ii:'. an grat ~,'.IJ..t Y n C 1 V:_ _ ieaoats 'Inwinter jerkin:which made them Iook like '..oldiers in,'the 'Cr~mlea~he rigid service dress ca'p 'nowgave . ay t .'a soft mod, ,]with et-down .. "3T [.nd n: xk flaps, giving better protectionagainst cold. The smart s i' houette o - 1914 W'S a fl. : I d y changing under p I ' e S S U , : F _ , , , ' ,trench condi lions ~'1-, 1915 trench c a r populady known as the 'Gor'blirney', p .. - 'w b W y in reference ~othe reaction of .egu.-lar N co, to m ~ s unsoldierly appea anee . Es sentia Jysirni ar to the rigwd vel"> m o n1 'I h" d a soft visor andunstiffened crown, and deep neck an d ear' aps whichbuttoned round the 3 iC ' in bad weather, a.d werturned up . nd buttoned 0 .:.f' the Clown when not inuse _The re ' w , a . no chi nst rap ~Re g r u me W 1 tal ba Jges we re ~as befo e j w orn [ 'n I he band ~this is that O 'f he King'sRoy a~ Rifle Corps, on :j I~'S reei "len ta J scar let clot hhajdng p, "ct... .. . . .. .. .. 19"OZ service dress tun ic, : .,o~Rifle regimentsall ',i 'e and button were black: note the i:.RRj,reg i .me n~~~ ti~:Ie on the shau Id e if S'[ raps, The riftema ksman 's k it - ,' t-arm ba : 'I e on the 1_f 't cu f is m n

hr $- , however,P H ' " ' E , : pe anti-gas hood 'in w t s ' , m , a . U two-burton

!5 a t c he I .. . R u ,.h .d "n [0 se rv ice a te r h 'avy Cal' u alti e: ,under : as attack ~HYpre on 22 ..23 April ~915" thephenate lllJ " mine hood of rlanne ] ILne : wrth cottonwas impregnated w m ' l h I hese chemicals ..which suppo-e ,eU) ' n eu ral ised thr e ff e c ts of gas: W 'w as fined w~!r'~\-\I'IOg l3 J s ' [ ey e p ie c $' 1 anda rubber valve through wh ich~h 'wearer exha ~cd.

M J 9: [ elq u i p,m 'e n t in l a com bi m ', tion 0r lcatheand webh ing. Ori '-In all' n tendc d :'or tra inine on ~l)',~I'lwas i~.ed ~n larg number to the n ew volunteerb:JI[a~ion'due to a shortag . of webbing, It compris da belt 'Wi.lh , i J . . '1m,'1 "e'~ c . i:LPl~ sholJlJJ.der hr'!ce', bayonelf n 'J I ~ . entrelnch~ng '[00'1 he ~lve (; t la(hment:~ ~ o ~ ~ h , e !.1c" rrict;; Y al~'r butU carl ir~ . nd '[\1./ ht, e "lIchc:e3ch ho,~d~n 5~Jrou.m.ds-~he:,'e I .HS 1 : e ( ~ ~ I jm g ~be i(],~d' 1,-u ._"",,"arC ' 'e ,uipn:tcn 'l. ~ L 'ea'[her wa:h;;:r botdeclOveII!' ~lIu~,tratcd ~IS no'l ~~ [3f1pica el(a'rnph:,:-~the dlo hc{'[vering was (} He'" Uy c[,L jJ~,n,ed., I K~i l ' pH ,c k an d haver~~ac k . W~f[C o f w 'c h. iI1g w i th I cl J., d'H :~ SU o IPS, Up' .. 1 . 9~ Xso nllC u rrn J;j ; co Uld S~: ' I '~ be "e!e n 'w e J :i ~1g '[h : i - s e q U I' p -

ment lin the ranches; 'where pos sible, webbin . and1 ather sets were not. mixed within O n e unit, bu '.therewer~ exceptions ,.,S_:TI,_I t m[es tin, or .i .g . in~ :d ly . arried inside d le h ,a , ',er-sa ck ~ no v iu,creasi n gl Y ' ,(jppe ared s lu n gOld' w dc i~m - onf ,..knapsack in ~t. drab clot' [ cover; ~h. increasedamounts ot am m unit io n . ~ grenades, an d I othe r itemsrequired i: . the rench -8 left no r om or i:..~ e D~..ect'on UW [ ( D . i - part mess. L n change d lit Ie in basic designb 'tween 'he' Napoleonic War and 197.

M 1[ .' 0( 2 service d ess tro u . .ers .7-S~r~cd. non-regulation position for car ying theeat' l,g utensils ready to hand seen in periodphetogr phs,,'. Khaki c~o~hputtees ..- - = = - - , . - ' ] o b n a U , d 'a "muniti rl boots'.18---' MLE rifle No-l Mark III .JLrn. calibre.I.l-Breec:h cover, (0 protect [the acnon of 'the riflefrom, wet 3 --,d 'm ud. -


22/65

--- - .-


23/65

A{V

, 4 - '.

RV"'; :..,

Th,e improvisa ions 10'( autumn 1911 - , _ . _ the terrible winter' of 1 9 1 , 4 - , 1 5 and t h_ partial and piecemeal appearance of new horizon blue uniforms in,spring - 1 . 1 5left the I "'renc;h infantry wi t h a t very ,~- l t l . . 'y appearance. During .he second half of]!915 ;3:' egree 0' sta -dardisation was ~,chi . ed: rom that pointon the lrom lininfantryman dress ...dfrom head to foot in the new uniform.begai i 10 -e'lemb], th~,th -,c ~. i, ,_. '11'-, '''', ' " fo -a ' . . ' , .- . - . :i . the ',~ '-, 1 - " ' : " ' ~ " . - " . '9 " D ' '. ', ., , ' , . b . . 9 1 1 4 , 0 " " '. : : . . " de l . r e J .c a . J l.m , a .g e O l ' le s e le n [.I.1.~Jte r e g u 8,1 O l n . s , O I J L : . ec em .le ;.r '. 'J,' __~ '. ole n e w ,an l : -essential element was now added: the ".:eel helmet, JJ~' French. were th fi- ~ t toreceive a general issue of helmets, which : i ' ~ 'was hoped would reduce 'he very hig... ' -t'~ .- o f' 'h ' '- " ,d , ' . . ' . ' ' - ,d f .. -- . b '1 - 1 , t ' : ' . l s h - - '. . - . - .-c '" ' . ," ." - .. '~-II;o e d . ' f " - ' " t I "~ . .proportion . I'. ea. wouno rrom :u. ets ano ," rapnei; it w as suppneo !O rrom , 1 1 - etroons from September 1915~,he definiti ..e outline of the 'Poilu' had nov -e beenachieved: 'the 8- 0 1 .dier who would be, tested by fire and s eel in 'f Ie holocaust ofVe dun ..I.-MI]5 Adrian patrern steel helmet, Its S U P P I ~ Y ''w as, a n im eS i ve :f e, at- m o re . th an rhree m~n:i 'In were---I _. - - - - -mad ;.;m . ,stributed before th nd0.[ l 9 1 5 ,. t nfor tu-n a tel Yi the pro ect iom it offe red 'w as , in crier no rh a t ofth e '~~ghlty- later ,a . :d he" vier, British and Germanmodels; he Adrian weighed onlv .7Skg fl . b :n .o~.)and w as rade of mi~d ste el, Hs complex h, pe was.cop . i. d f ro .m th at 'worn by con temp .rary f ir er n e n ; i~compdsed a skull ~ a two-part brim an d an ~ppHed

raised crest, , '.~th al i pre S . " : metal badse on the frunt,this dw [fe ri n g with arm of service, Issued w"ith a blue-gre paint finj-h it was provided rom ~Iat 11915with ".more concealing fabric cover in ~ilh~blue 0 khaki,2 - 1 1:I~ue'otton stoek.3-- -=M 11914/'~:5 g _ e,a~coa. ,A t th e en d 0'" 1 '9 . 5 J' to al ow

" ' 1 1 I'~ rryi ng of a fu the I fl' serve of ammunition, a.1.:!l!J_ e Ireinforce d pocket 'wi'[ h a two- bu n on , Il- ap w a s,ud .. d 0 leach .'. dc . Thi: mo jifilca't~lo[l W',8: made It "already existing I CO i stocks, and there was often, ,3 .contrast between '[he S[~'l~jd,esof clot ssed; ~h_ illus-traicd c oat ils I J a p a le , im po rte d rabrjc, but 1 'he.'addedsi de po c ke '[(]u .t vi :,1b le betwee [I, ~.'~:rna s k and h,ave Ij-sack .1 and the backing t o var iou s applied ~n5i.gfi1a are ofstand; rd h O ! r i z ( N T b blue, noticeably darker,

Th yel,.~ 3rIl11-00 l-service c


24/65

25


25/65

GEV ~ I I,

.hie regulations of .21 September 19'15 standardise various modificationscarried out sin ce the beginning of the. war - - the blackening of leather equip-ment. etc~-an.ld also introduced both a. new greatcoat, and a new all-armscampaign tunic, the 'Blase' ~Early in 1 '916 the useless Pickelhaube was replaced byan impressive and efficient steel helmet first seen at Verdun. Now th ~Germaninfantryman, 'too" had arri red at the appearance which would be characteristic ofthe latter half of the war, very different from rhe silhouette of' 1 '914 ,~This, austere,d a b I . t ' : ; ' t - ' woul d ' h ' 'd ' '1 , . h . . . . . . b e f~'-... t h e A ~ . - - - -. . . " ., . : ' . - . T - 'h - . . . . . - , ' m , t ..... - f - 1 . - ' . ,.ra au u" w , m na " ' ~ Y c" ange nerore .,e Arrmsnce. e ' 0 I11 ,Y ouc .. ,0 co IOU,_['was provided by the bayonet knot - in distinctive CO~OUf'S identifying the soldier'scompany ~ . his grenadier of the 84th Infantry wears assault equipment, hisknapsack laid aside for a lightened arrangement of immediately necessary i tems,"

I,-M lt9l'(]Sz:~'hIlJ,ebn/ ~hot-pressed from a hard s~' I ' i -co u =I]cke I s teel ~ more expe n si v e ~h an AU ied be me u s ,wh~,c:h we re eold-pressed ~ It was a il SI O heavier(2Mb.1('I'~hoz./1,.2kg) ~ an d &a ve better protectio n jof a c e . ' e a I r s an d neck. ' [ had aile ffeien t ~m t e r n al si 2 : in:Jsy stern of ~eat~l,~fi" tabs and pads ~ and use d the old'M ~R91 chinstrap, Two external hl~ aUowed the fit-'I , i n g '"at n eed ~0f an ex t n Q J - te e I p l a t e sb ap e d to ~he f ro n tof the s,k.uU.-tbc 'S,ri'np,~nze..r'-fo,r use by sentriesand other p,art icu~2nl.y exposed personnel, Issued witha [ield gn~y paint fi n ish, so me he l me t s w e re- laterpainted m il an angular multi-coloured camouflage pat-'Iern ot dul ~red/browns l ochres ~gree D is , a . 1 I I 1 d ' b h w l e l greysdivided by btack li ne s. V ari ou s f ,a ,b :r i:ccovers w ere also'Used for extra conceabnent, the 1' l1@\St common beingof l ig ht k .h ,a ki sandba,g material

1 -' :M ' 9 ' 1 4 , Inic: our grenad ier has no t ye ~ reeei vedthe M 1 '91 .5 B . l l J , J e~=:in l! f ac [ , a~~,ype-s 0f tunic icludlngth e" . .1 '5 ~ 0 7'10 w ~ r~ s lU iJ ~o be ~ee[l,~.Ill~us:erigh ~ through'iiI:,..". 'W"lf In " " " " " a ~~ I ,OC ! I l ' ~ ' l , ; i ' " ! i ; IR ' stvl '"'his if.l1riiJiil,ii"' lacks ,..uff eatches. W 1 1 , . . ; . 1 tI L, , . I II . " . . . ~ l i: :I ,u . I, I! jJ j .I [ uu;:r;,;J ,~!L l , i; ! I' ' I LU,W_i!l."" " o [ i J l . ' b : t i I . . ; J , 'LU.. !1,,\i!!I.l[ W ~II;~and simulated '~,ki'[tpocket f laps, The white p~p~ngofthe shoulder st raps 'was now common to , a ' ~I Iu n e'i rnlfal try; :nOi~C'red '],84'~e,m bro idered at ~he ends.

_' ' '_- ' .~ ' , . , , , l I l ' 1 .915 G',u,~n~nima,~kernIIlOW carried ru n .I gn~!y,~painted 'metal canister which gave better prerectionthan th e o~d c~othbag1 but w hich d id 'DO'[ i n c lude aspare filter caJ1"hri .dge. The canister w as carried on asling; the mask could be arranged W " [ } the 'alert' posi-tion on the chest +

M1915 assault pa,ck.~ C ! o l D J s , r u s ~ i n ~ of ~he M 1 [ 9 1 . 5greatcoat rolled in the M]892 tent c~oi~h"tbe endsstrapped together, a.nd the roll arranged round theM 1'910 mess ~ip]je'If'e a war-time example r u n ena-melted metal painted : f f i .e~d g re y . . The slin~ of the'breadbag' and several straps aUow the pack to bearranged and slun.. w .n ~bis. 1 D a - n D e : f , .5' .M 1 8 87 ! 'b re adb3~,j','1 1 ere an e : r s a t . z mode ~ jll ,greyc r u o ~ h ~ with OD~:Y a 81n g]e [ : U a c ' h m , e r ( J , t ~ICfuOpl 0 ' 1 i l . tthe 'flap".6='Ml'~(J7' w'a'tier' bott~ej also of , e ' , ' j ' u t z economy'm,alDn~~!ct.ure ~n ::dIBet iron em.(}nl~~ed . ' U . e l d grey lcQvlered wi~h OO(3LfS,e,oth 'O i l a oe u tr aJ.lsh.ade.

1-' -lndividual teel, here the .M~887pick-hatchet inits black leathc Ii' c a rr i e r T8-8ayomet of w;a, time manu. aeture J its, h jl aWldscabbard ef steel painted field grey" secured ~othe '~OOI~helve in th e USU3JI 'w',af to, stop , ' : t f I , a p ' p r n . n g , and clatteringwhe [] ~hie sa ldier was on H~emove. The j, Tro '{Jder orbayonet kno~ was s~il~of the traditional pre-war type,the v ario us o O~ Q 1 u re dsections identifying the cumpany

aceo rdin~ to a complex' sequence: this eembin arion i s ,that o,rthe ~Och Cornpany.9=tM l89.5belt; this, and one Of f . ,t he ~ r n ' P k ~ GO rtridgepouches, has 'been bta ,ckened as ordered m September' n~HS, the other has not--this, kind of mixed equipmentwag I I I0'1 uneom mau unde Iifront line ccnditiens.1 ,0 - - .. .' 19 '1 4 , t [ f 'C . H J , S e . Its in stone !rey; 'w'.artjme-madeexamples often .~ackee I 'b e regular ~on led sea m piping.11~,M. "~.' 6 6 , boo~s r n n btackened leather.12-,:. 1 :898 Ma use r r i :H~, 1~2mm.calibre; ~b~sg'hog1s of ersa r z mJm ,(lu fa c tn re 'I [of fabric w~'lthi'ea:~be.r.end s. -


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A L , P I E I 1 - -I I G H I T I . 1 1 .

ININ

A~~'~:a~;~~~:~l~i=~~;~~et!~nb:~:~~~~~f~~~~~~~d~wl~~~urgent reforms than the red-trousered 'lignards', They were also very attached totheir special 'uniform", which contributed '[,0 their threatening reputation amongtheir opponents. Since the savage fighting 'i n the' Vosges mountains at the end of914 '1 the 0:'- '_- -:i,. h'" d . hristen dthem the ~BL"k' De , : ~11 , . ~_~ , : : : - , Chass " I . . ren d_ e ",'.ernlla.ns, .3 " . . ,C .lIS Ilenel, . ~ ~em ~ ,e .. .~ac. , leV,t~.s -.In,: " ,a s.$ !e ur ,egen. "edited to tlb:'more accu - a t. e'B lue Devils ,.The uniform they were wearing at theoutbreak of war su vived for a year and a half without major modification ..TheChasseurs ,3 Pied kept their 'uniform of kepi, greatcoat and trousers entirely ,ofblue, with yellow distinctives: and, the Chasseurs Alpins-v'alpine light 1Infa.,ntry"-' k : . '.t ---~ t o . . ' ~ e '" a " - : ~ ,~ ., ' 9 " 1 1 6 ~ th e ~ ' ,1 i ' " 'e' 'p.. ..ci~IIu n ~ I 0 ' . r' 'Iin"1 0 '" f b 'e " et '3 ' - d ~ """~ ' 0 1, i epl Ull ,1 1 'lily =- e Ie J '],JJ. i:)i1L,.-


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The"'att]~_ ~f tJH~~SO~l'me'".~h.ic,:hopened 0_" July 1?16 'w''t.~ a . major Br~ti,hatts ck .. In fact la, ,e, un _ 1 1 19 ":,::': emb : r th I 't year [ In a sen :- [I f ope ration "Iwhich W[O' rl d COtS ' the Allied and Axis art i ie ab nr I , ',!UO,.'0 ' cr sua lie', eacb. It ]'"h ' 1 l . . . f i " 'b' t.. h b '~'. h fferi f 1 [oweve r, 'tJ,i[, ' r st oay 'W . ten 1 a.~ om c_' 'I 0 ",' 'm ':10u , ~ " cC t --e ' ,-1 ",'Irln:g',[0' 11- " ornmyof the ,f= ,- t War ~This as 1'1: ' f irst In jor off; .nsiv '-'I', Britai n" '" !oN :W Am y - ,largely composed of volunteers :"'heir patriotic z ,allW :" ,':~ rna ,c:h d . . 'to all ppear-a nces. ' C ' y a pilau and resources which justifie - ,:reat confidence, Instead, I July1 :] I, tu rn er _ 'out to' be, t ":~most C [ O L ' ~ ,tly , ,'"ngl _':_ ay in t h ie Briti h a rm x 1) - hi" , ory: sorm6, \,000 men were kills d wounded or mace prisoner w ith in " fw hours ~ forminimal gai .".Wi .h regarc , to the ap'p'"~ranee O '_ he infantr yman , tw n ew r Iement: ar ~immediatef netic abl: : the stet 'shrapnel helme "" md 1'1, sysi em of ,,'I Iouredunit emblems 'WOI -n .':n 'he unifort ..., "h soldier illustrated wears the ba tleinsigma ad P ed b 1 y 'A" Comp ~my, 1 .sl Bat alion ' .ancash in "lI'SU ier '.l~,-, ,ark I steel hellmet, known as 'Brodie" after irs

inventor, manufactured Lom ':' (JV, mb, r t915; b: July] !16 a mHW io n h ad been defivered. The design ,'-,veI "rot.cc~ion from air-berst shrapn el an d shell f - ag =ments and allowed easy mass producticn U~ru [ l ,g I., -Iad-n e W d ~ ~ ' " nu n,g"nese steel with a ~ e g' It 0" 2Wb,2~/2 z.I .97.8k,g r With t ic adoption o~unit b att I ., insignia IonIIIe u ni fo rm , ~ b ad ge s an d sym ho Is w e re often pa rn n ~edon th e he mel-here a represe tation of the :yen~~whackle tr ad iti on a lty w o rn Ull pea ".time full dress ' cad-,S " w by 'rh, Lancashire ~Hti i l i .ers~-~~: ,1902 .'D I tumc ,. I descr bed 1 p -,"ous

p i a , ' !I 1 e ' 5 . "he red cloth triangl e s .C- n 't o 'e' ch uP'P 'rsleeve ~den tified 29'h D ~vw S " on '! v e te r an ' S ot r the G 3,] ~i- ,polli campaign who adopted ~~on ;-rriva in France' n:Maf ,c ] I 1'916,~ he units of the diviio:n a~ -0 worep, ' tches in , tradirional re giment I colours on the backbe'hJ\>v~h -collar: quick lUl11i iderni:ficadon ~n tbe attackw as, ' ost i,m Jp Irt I'(U, an d th'S p sirion : vas . lcarest :(,f(, Ilowing waves of tro 'P'. In 'the: st B ,',Lancashi CFusil irs ~he 'red an d ye How wer'e an r n,ged, in geo-m l , e t r i, c patlch, "'["I[entifyirn,' the 'c o mpan ' i e&--a, dia~m, , n - , red lef, and ye U IIW nght, "d ntified ~',Company. I Th,e n ee d : fo r q u.i,c k. idenuifcat'[)n had b, en' ! I e o o g l l m s e d " 1 1 1 the Boer 'War'il w he m oo~ou red fI as.he"s,W I ,'0 0 -e~met co' 'cr: th prlr ctice ' 'was reintro-duced :duaUy , nd une'Y ',enly "om, m]d~ 1915,~-,:U~,byn o mean:s al di'V s.ion s , hId : a d , o p , r u , e d s y : s . . ~ : ems of ba.u~ej'sigmja. ~y nlld 19 6[m ) Th,e s ~ n g1e chevron Ion each~de,eV 'eidefl~ifie ,a lane ,ocolW'jporal .. dlle ,m l ,rt junior nln-COmm]~ss i ,oned ,ran k. Tll1e v[erf[ca I _ol d b r r a r i : d ba r sewnto the 'left f;or ,a:rnl is : E l l , WOl'lmld strip:' as 'in' ihJ.ted ": n916. , h~s f [ cg , i nJ1_D l w , [ br,ass shoulde ' s ;~rap ' t~tL,."intbe; fo['m o r 'be' ' lJsj ie ' 5, 'ad~truo 'al "fiam,'ing gTe.lJade~OYler '~Lf~.l-M 1[9 0S w eb'~in g e lq ui pm en . ,a ', d e . s;c :r ~b ed o __p r-

" OlU S 'p ge :~L This , i I S , the a:rr i f f ingement 'known as 'fightai ,ug o_der- r wit,h '~h. have rsa ,[ c :k 'wo rn ,on [he back ;"ndcontaining 'me-s, f n e,ardngl 'tens~s, s . . h a ing ki:t" a

groundshe et..and t. 0 days ' rations of eorne d belt!:f an db i sc u ~ s ' " N '[ie' ~ha ~ '[he L wer se ~ 0'" ahree cart r:ij, ,iepouches . 'eof the modified ~art In in t educed fromOctober ' ] 1 1 4 L . witlh strap fasteners ~n: read of simplep r e s s s~ud~,':when , l ' r i ng in the p,f 'One positi 0 1 1 1 1or fnun'I ench - 'a_ p Sm n '1 :Iep,, ted t' .'_J th ' origin, IP or emaH'}-f carne unfast ned, w"'th accidental 1:0S famrnun i ' io n ~~-IIC ' : ' X ' trz amrnuni lion bandolier, a si1 . It: c no mcontainer with tve pockets each holdin two five-ou nd cl ips,S-S,atc;hern for the IP I ',a .ti,~g,~~ood,~Genc i31 service shovel. ", no i . t was clear thatassau l t tf'OOPS ha d to have tools which a U.. w ed q u"c ~repai and ICon 'ol idat ion of e i_emy I ' r ich. s , :'0' 'tb ' tthey c o uld '\~ithst n d 'the alm i'~ "n .evit ,-de ,_I iL~ IW~ ' ry .f ire ;~.f:ldcounter-attacks which 'the Germans werequ .ck to urnI,~a sh [ [n a J n , c ap tu re d posi ion, 'P i c ' ; . .sh vels, large W W T cutters empt andbags c nd ev n

C l OW t of barb ed w ire mi gh a dd to the alre ad)! he a, ,y: Io ad o f a s~ a. uU i n .f an tr y., ~M ~902 SD'-rouser~,.,~,K,lh,a,kw c uttees,' 9 - - - = 1 - - 1 , : ~ na l r ue d , 'n 1 m u n .i . t i o n b o o L '_I', "M E m-UINOI.I Mark J " 3 'sl~ghHysimplj~tled version 0': tt 'h,, M ,a r' k r '1 in [110 duced in ] ~ ;n ,l-Ml9:')" t, 'ayonet. i 'ed for the a~'SauWt.TtL

1 ill] 'm o , r 'fi,c atio n nv ciiv le d r-e m lo v I, of th ,e la rg eIq u: i tun.,2-Ml"." - in g r r J . e s ~ i n g .IDJ.--Win~ c'Lllte:rs for ,aUiohrmenu to 'the 1 1 i f t e " No.':, rk I]~ they wOJrk,ed by pushino' the ri 'He fon~rard

" , 8' inst at, and, f win : : ' c;au~b~ be~we'en t Le cu t er] 18WS"


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I, ' , 'I I Y , . ' Y " " .

Ia.I."s 1110r'Jl le:'1 f ontiers li e thr . IU . , 'h some of the most mo .nt, inou :~,ountrx in:.u.ropei and in I. "ctober 1,.72 the Kin,', 'I'~, rn of Italv ordered h raising ot 15exp e " 1 ' ren tal A'pine C~IOn p a :nie '.'for d e f msive f ht I" n g ';;'n "h . hich z "'1 ". ,~" ed " ' I Y, I ......, .~ . ' ~ . I I. , Ii I I . I_ . I !l. " ~'._ ~.~. _ ' . 11 v .!. , I , , w , ' _ t , J ) _ II~." I 'Ji:" I "I," I ~G en ..Perruch etti, rh ese ' : . lpini' w o:r a n umber of specia un ifo rm arid equ ipmen titems compa jbl w ith their :"'P' ial role", n 1 1 'I th: ,.Ipini w f' the first It lia'' ' ' ,troops to experiment with uniforms of neutral colour" to carnoufh ge them in. thegre " r .. k: terrain wh re they per ted. The g r _ y-gree 1 , uniform was a success,and w a' X~"" ; " nded . . to th e w . .vhol arrnv in 1 9 ' 1 0 9 ' Am " n " g I al..' ..b ~' ifi ' troop of the. . ' _ . C i " ~ _ _ l_ _ '_ _ . " " " . , II . .' _ _ I) I , . . ~, . __ . ~ I ._ I.)I I I I ~ ' ~ I " ,.G " ..3 1 t War , th e Alpini mad ..~ gr. at: acrifices dur ing th e fighti n g in . .he eastern ,:.lp..aaainsa Austrian tr . ,01 ' ..1 ".

1 - ,,' 19 'm0 hat, m delled on .' shape C[h,6E~ cteri ,icof rhe regruon .n the 19th centu y ~ and dopted after a nIJrI ' ccess ul '-,rperiment 'with a mck '~l;=sh,ped b ,d-gear, This felt hat. w ' h r n c h [proved v e r y popular, is stillin 'y tad y asicalty unch fig" d" The ro tal adge ,e rn b IrO ide red ~IJ hi ac ",I shows ( , I , b u gl e -horn w i .t h . th eregimen "I num 'C e in I" be eentreand ross d rif ie' " thewhole surmounted ~y a spread eagle. On rhe left sidewas a pompon in battalion colour (white, red, green 0.b t rueresr 'e c t iv '~.Y).,. n d it b lack c ro ." -fe t' r p J nne;thi s ] as l~was . w h ite '0r se n w o r 0f tcers..2r-' ...9 :9 tunic, " 1 1 ' " sn ndw ng c o] ar and H .y front.he co~ L J: [patebe s (b e arin g [he Savoy ". O J r- c om rmon to,d~ taJ"an " 1 o W d w e r s ) 1 were in .reen 'o r this arm 0"s e r v ic e . The cuffs a re pain t e d ; o n e " c l l i " IDhould er a r o l I ,.:,' cloth h . " p . d prF, . ve nt le qu l,' ment '~~afl from slip -p i n g. Rilegulation tun ies had n o Ie'Xte r '.0 ' poc ke ( .I ,andthe ide ooc . .ts visible on '( ! h i . tample are 3personaladdition or the owne r . There w .re two s ho rt re ar v en tswirh sinsle button fastening. ,A f f i , e ~~Idressins was

c . r ried i. n a n i nt erior p o eke t ,J-M1.'909 trousers, in be same re. -green a tbetunic; ,"he se'were of straight cut, g thered at the anklesby ta es, "rid h~ d . two oblique side pocket ~". Wo : ,Uen sock . These were at 1 1 rst issued on Iy to.rnountai I U 1 t t roops, b ~ were ~.tter e x te nd_d '0 all

infantry l l i i , h t i l l 1 ' ' ' , in mountain r rr in.S-: ).09 p utte es: .L ik ethe W' Uemstockings, thesewe _.origina l y pecu iar to mountain rro ' . I P . but were

~ate r issue d mu c h mo w e wi de l y ,I6--M].9l2 ankle oots in brown Jearher. C1J.~ ' h " ' g o atth sn k te for . ppor~~ and _ro: idled with c l imbingle ieats. gain, ~hs original A , fp, inl i s s ue rtem was,extended to aU :i.nfantry committed to the 'moun'rainf f,' 'mI'~. w lL",._'. '. 9 07 equip.l: :nent Iudy was, ,R on e ,amo. Thgthe

c.ofl1batantt nations. in issuing m , e a t h e l r h a:rn e ." colouLiredI~O:m.. c lh th e un~fonl1tse1L U c orn si s~ ed o f a . he'~[w ith ,"sing~ =:P lfo ug : uck~e, m. ba onet fr g, i b ' ,ace passing.from th e h elt , a. ro un d ~h e 'n e el . 8J:1.di b ac k ~ .g ai n . .a W 1 d ~w odOll b~'eC3Jfif1i dge p)uche .8 M 1 .89 '~baJyon e I~ in ~e(Ihe r sc,abb ard .

'_.' .1'907 haversack, accomodating rations an dsm al ~ : p ' . rson c d e r C : e c ~ s , "I .' M .l'Y(l1 \\.t, ter bottle, m ad a 0f "C op a if O w "v iUo,~wood w " ~h ~ w o n strapping, and. a leat ne tab by wh ic l itcould be fL ed to the belt or to th e h: versack.l~-.: 91,6 '~ , ' ,~ i~ 'a ente Z~ g asma sk carried in ,

green-painted jnet, I, ,e'nis er; wood" or even card-board were B , so used fO I his. A black-painred i nsc r ip -1 '1 In mad ,.Amy on e who IDes h i s . : sk is risking death:keep 'i t by you at an times' ",'-M I ~r M:,2un,nlwch-Carcano ritt '" 6.5tJilJmcalibre,


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.,SS'I- Nil.','ER,N F - : 1 0

. O I T winter CI(] rnpaigning the Russian ::oldier was issued wit 1the same basicuniform as for s mmer but maea i~:r woollen cloth ..OVI_f this was W 11aheavy, generously cut greatcoa and, fur or fleec cap~ centuries-long exper-ience of th e r i s . ur of extre me cold 'we' ither prompts d vario r . . s ot -,1"- improvisedmodifications, N . , erthe 1 ,,11 I the preble ns of sup "Iying a h ug. - 'ar: ,I 'y slpr a . .' alons,i' 'Vast fron were never solved with any consistency by the Imperial Russiancorn rand, Tl e ::light, a . . d '11C , orale. of the '[ronto , i k - ' .readily declined D ,' iderthe te rible o tdition and i e aulf betw. en offic rs a:nd 1111 '_" widened. Thiseventua 1 1 y led t,( .. he mu inies of '91 7 " ' 1 ' the replacement of the Imp ...ial regimethe goverr r ru .n t .ed by Kere n ',1 '_~"', t .e seizu e of pow Iby th .. B olsh : ,- 'vi ,", who in March ""918 signed the Pie' ce of !'Irest- itovsk with the Germans 'husreleasing large enemy forces to reinforce t h l : . '


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I ;R.E_ - _ - I E : , ~ ' T -H 0-,,'N G i l " , L , IG I " I .Y , 191, ..

Fom ..ne ~r~t da, s o~ the war 3_ con"t~n stream of foreig~ volun~,el'; 3_UOW dmh I-Fe' uon o IOiU' ", .a"'e . r egime - 'I' of the famous Foreig 1Legion 'i stiffen 'db /eterans from Nort , C , Thes I .u rit .wer: dr ,.,.,'I-, in the blue and , re .Iineinfan .r..uniform, their allegianc .. t, their famou: corps being ,- ,;rked onlfew me mspicuous disti nctions, In sprin] 11"" lik the re st of th ." infantrv theLegion regiments received hori..on blue uniform .. 1915 also :.aw a reduction inn umbers ~ due both 'to verv 'heavy bat I' casualties an d 'to the detachm: nt 0'.1. ' ~ I , f, I ,arrg:. contingen ts tose rve wi h th,:~~ nation J arrm ".~B I ,g i :~~ 'i I t , r , Iian, "R

.ussran,In October 115 the. Le, ion units 'f 'I. rna' ring on t h , . c 'Welt rn : ront we .re" e 0' _anisec into a sing e march re . g ' : r u m en '_ d.e::~g'n "Ji. ed tb 'R ,M ,', D" t'~,_ '" fA . '. '. ..lJlflng ~le'winter 1915/ .'heir 'horizon blu uniforms '\V' re re . ' I ' ~3Cr .d ._.,. musta d-k 1. kiequi- aient w hich " as or Je oed for all units from th '''fr~c in za rison : 'rrr ~, t ..in thi '.khs ki that th '_R~" c were d its . f with ,u~lor.',; i~hared 'with th .( Regiment d'infanterie coloniale de M, roc') the honour O ,_ being the mos t h . avilydecorated F ench regiment of the entire 'war".]-?vt' . '~ 5 Adrian helmet: issued in grey-bluelinLh. thL W,8J repaint d khaki in I''] to match r J l _rest 0" '[ he n , c: ; .un iform . The Le non did not have a,dis, inetive he'l [net badge ~ wea r~ng the gren ade an dRF' motif of the i n f an t ry as ,8j whole,

K h , _ k i cotton stock.3 'M r n 9 ' m 5 grearc ,u t in mustan -khaki. In Au ust

1 1 9 1 ' l; atter a.crisis ~nuniform . u p ' p W y th e ' .. m .i u r y ofW'ar decided to .t P production 0' the: s impl i I dM rn 9 ]4coat and to r jI I 1 . ' L reduce a . ou b e -breasl ed co atof: classic cut. "he larae f : 8 1 1 I . r u n g collar and [he 'twocartridge pockets ilf.Wd,e side. were reta'ined.: otherwisethe 'coat returned to 'he" 1817 desi n, with "WO r ows-_ of six. front buttons, and 1 alse cuffs with a buttonedrear 'venL_, h~~C(Hl , also made '~~ orizon blue. .. a.issue to the, :'.frr:i.cal1 ,units in winter 191 . J] 0 1 . The ' : '0: y: . I ' is l rn n c t W ' V f : S , p e. cu b arr ["0 the Le j.. we re t be cOrUaIipatches bearing ~ W 'O p ip w n g 5 an d the egion 's traditio-l ima.grenade' bad ge .. i m l . [he' reen chosen , as, ' (he Legion 'Sdisti nettve colour under eh e '9 Deeemb r 1914 regular-'ion'. Un;H the 'b e einnin of 19l7he,~uches wererccraneula _4-- he co lect ive cital ion lanya rd or : loll.I""(J,g' r e '.in troduced w n~ ,~pt~'1q 1 6- P or two OF three citations rn nArmy orders units received this in [he green ,and red of'h ribbon o,f the 'Croix de Guer re . "e RML' ', ' ..

~J1USb flou red on '''- 'une 19T h~ : ndwore' dds ~anya.rd'~r y',ear. OUf' ' Ig : i .o.nnar ire~, a \-V.ller',n of 00 .. nial1C,~mpl.jgn .. w e IS three ind~v~du 11 :m.eda':hr'M e d ,a J ,' , U e. MilHta i,n~; ~"rob~de G " erf,e and Mth1 .a~n ,e 'C olon ia 1e . ' "

' B ~ ' U r e w,coUen body~beb" 4 L2m I (more than 1 'f'.)~on:~" This sash 'was. 'ty-, i ,c~J, ,( Afric'a.n un.~ts"prov~drun,g\)1 l: arm ~,h o n c oL : .'le ,s ert ni b .ms an _ , ' , a. ck sUPIPO 'f '1 fo,rhea:v,i~ ~aden m,en o n long m a r c ' h e s. Th,c Zo - ,_ , a . ~ . , " rId, o re i,g n L e. gi on WOf1e ~t, 'in th'is CO]IOt.U~lor, ,3 , , a l l , d e s it

'was worn v r u s: ib i~ , over ih coat and under th ' bell' q u w p ' m i e i l.&-Box f :~.he ,-'.2 g,as'ma;.k, here painted khaki,1-Lebe~ m - i n e equipment in the new b row"n leatherve sion: M'19 3/14 be h . "' :, , :1,8921 '1 ' 91 , 4 b races, and 'h reeM~9'~:IPOIUC-, es.:~Caln.p\3~o"n I ack ~ '[h> r, the same as , i m . stratedand, descri ed on'p 24-~5, i th the sub itution ofanother litem of squadcamping cquipme 'nl~the large

Iboi .tf!;Jlo~~"or dixie 'i hen 0 - ,~ $ i T i L T J p I'm 'lf~d wa r. i1 ' I D l , epattern wi tho 'U,~ a handle on the cover, and with a non-Fe H ecti ve ,r'eyi , h : 1 1n ~sh., _1 "92 haversack in light hr,' !:'\~lnclo h..

~[I'. r v . f ~,17 .o-litre water ".[ .1 \ \~ -nh kh ki; clorhc ver; b regulation the bottle was supposed to be5 1 , l U 1 . ~ . ~ i ~ h th e smaller SPOUI[ r'~'an.:I..1'~,P~'~~/,aIQnculoue tt 1"0use r s . M 1 9 W4 . of C' actl~he sa me p attern ,a- [he ho izoH blue trous rs won' bythe Me~rop. ,~itanmfantev. In rh eo ry i 1cate ories ofinfantry were: ~.apposed to h' ve yeUov seam p ip ing,but un de r -be ' condition. of wartimemanufact re thws'was ofte n om itte d.12~,K'hakj puttees. The mustard-khaki shade used_ :o .b ese un i '0 ms was unSI~'b ' , : a nd one 'm an migh i~

d i ' S p ~ , 2 l Y a vade~y of tones im . t ,t: rlif re'rent pan' r O ' [ hiout"t. IG'en _ ' r a l : ~ y ~he Pre , : ,ch -m.ade fa , c~_jc 'wa~ 0 . a.eWlnwer shade' uhan 'lh. b r O v . , l J l 1 e : r [} laU~'r~, !EI,Wi .-ortedf om B , n 't ai n ' "I,J' ,:_],91, b O O r' '- , 'mod11 l,ed 1916.14 - ~ . 1 9 f J 1 1 1 : r:~fte,. ca lwb ,f: m'm" , kno\lI ( fn ,__~ d le,Berth! , ' r: t:H!'f"" '11C ' Second plaUe n ~" w th a . lra' ~h ' bO~l

h,andle" U : :i ' lined wirh ~u- M: 1'915 bayonet . vi.rhoulquw,on.


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BEI- .~ ~ ~_ _ _ _ _ , ' , - ,-.STI- - I -. I ,

A-,i.l.J.~.~t~a~:.~~~nl'_des'~i.'~eldI ]~ pp~ . - 5 . - , '.bleu~if;o[m_al~,>q,~ipmen' i s~ t_ , _ _~othe Belgit D, infantr: man at the outbr sax e the Great War were f)O,mpetelyunsuitable fo the condit ions ef modern warfare, From the 'first ba L' of ,r u,gu, , t- 1 9 . 4 i t was .Jlear tha the a chaic shal 10 and ventral car ridge pouch nee ledreplacement I and that he pack n eeded Iightening, At the . nd of 1914th .. infant ...who fought on the Ys 'r received a simp i . Ie', outfit bill I this .'s purely transitio-nal while a corm Ie ("Y new uniform an d eq' .ipment w .re pr:: .' ' ,' . red,In i9'15 the n ,.:.'appearance of .he Belgian in ant y:man W" s sett ed." 't wasclearly inspired partly by that of th e French S' I I. ier 3 1 1 ( 1 1both t h l ' helmet and th.gasrn a ,,'-;, , 1 . _ re supplied 'b y France. Ill.' uni orm was made a k raki serged- B' .' L, d h m . ' "1: . h i " . , Lnocure rom "ntam u!', wever ...I,Dr ,t: I : . : e. U, pment - very simnar to t e ,irl.' snM " " 9 '0 ' 1 8: _ -" - -. t , t ' - , ' , ' - - ' - d : , , . , . r . ~ '" . . b ' t h - M ' ' - ; - : ~ ' " . ' ' - " . ' ' ' , ' T h " B " " " " " , " " . : ' ' _ -, '_~ ... '. p a.1 ern , wa,-,nl, ,> ' : In fl.,a]n y .~ e ,,I .s cOI,m,plany


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1 1 1 ' - " - 11 1 1 : , -

. ' . this uniform the Italian army was "o'nllnitt,d, to the Gr :'a't W' . 0:0 the side 0'('.tb .llies rather than that of th e Central Power largely due to a Briti hd ~ . 1 1 . - - - , ti . -. , "'.-it~'i 'h " 8 8 ' : 2 - ' T: .'- 11 A ' fl- '~ " ' . . .. .. . ith G": '. . '.-' .rd A -'-. . .'Ip.~ '.rna c n a 1 , 1V I . . ,i l ... :_ .... fl. J j, e . '- '.[ a nc . '. ' \V1.",.. I . ' . er ' ,an'. an '. . , .U :.tria-I ungary had been prompted largely 'b y colonial rivalry wi th , I ranee: and.. ustria-Hungar - I t ly"':~former imp rial rul f-COf[] by the: IC' I em on a B rg~ade compriin - the 2.:1s~ a.d'rnd Iantr t Regi-me nts. Lik.e aUsu ch pa tche 5 it be.a , : ~he star 0 '" S~ l I JV 'OY+5-M1901 [alb r e ,quwpmen l 1 1 ] ; : 5 . iUu.'tr,a.edandde~c Ibe d 0'l1 I'p. 20 and. 32. ,r: M19 F /' ammun~t.moli1, poucbe, Each 0: th - 'tw inpocket.s r u n . e,~,u~houb~e poulch .be]d f{]'UT cht.-[["er Idip'e , c ' [ (s.i' c,artrid, .' ~g w v w n g '~e r'fl,eman a b' I w e 10 , d

of 96 ou.n d .7~ 1he 'indi,vidua' [100] here'i a h tcbel ,carr~ed.~mnM1891 ho,~der..w h f ch a ~s oa,~~oVh~She a t u . , c h m e W 1 ' t of the-.~8'91 b a Y ' ID e t i r n j~sl.e,~uhe:rcabbard.:S=M 1 9U '7 ' h aven.ac k, runcan.V3 'wwlh I ,e; ;uher slra.p,

w t had e"te nal. 1. 0 ps J~w n thettachm, 'nl o~ V3.f-'au sst oiwage 'I in,c]udi n _ the a l_ r bo u I.e" .11s . pact'VIlas 'he most ~mpor ' :ant .i n J e ir,em. o r fh lLal',' D.o ld i,~ ' : r , . ,ca'mpam e[l, equ~p'rnen'i1 s ince ~t,coldd be r~&gede i[he' , E S j S ! , ! i J j [ ibn~ .p a,c 'k Iii' .as a :s] ung h ,\Ie ['sack'll and~ .c como a te d hi., _a~ions ,an h[s Sf laID! p' rsona.11eff(",c ls~ -

9-----Ml'9 ' ' W ' { H 'c _r boetle, 0" old... hioned "keg"design and made' of pop~,~r 0 '1" willow wood; a leathe,. tachment aU " w e " i-,to be Ii .ed e ither to ~ L .elt oto ~he haversack,1 .. 1916 ~P ~ . v a ~ , c _me .... asm as k ~ t h i s e x m ple

C arried ~n a green-painted meta. can i ste r but ofte neen w~'h .3 . 'container of wcod or eardboar d. ~.~n~nsc id(Hl re mi nde d iI Je Q -W 1 1er to keep w t lIDandy at a I ~times, on p, hI o , r death ...11-M19(J,' trousers, srrais ht-cut 0.: the same [fey-- reen cloth a f e tunic and tigh .ened at r' e anklewith ~r 'Pes . The e wei r two slanted s id e p oe : et .l:J-Wo : ,UeI1 Stoe! '.~n g ",lefe.l1l n- e g u 1al 'm bufrom 1 91 ,' . ',[tw r s the ,-wer _ tolerated,tJ---:~':1.9.9 puttees ~ng:rc -gn en ctorh ~ .0. " .giLaUyI ! i : m i u , e d to the .A lp l r id , :hese were issued '0 ' '[lit: 'wholearrm 'w _ en [~,a~y'ntered the wa r ,1 , , : t v l ' r u 9 m . : 2 b r(HV.n 1 , aJ .r u 'h er ~ n ~ ~ e b oo t . s . 0 ~ d . ilfDlaU y.'ntemded .o r i[b e moun .a:in troop . ~hey~.ere:ro vid e .'w~'th heSlvy .hob , ~Us a n d c le ats ;, when 'h e Ib rd k of ~ heI.hl~ia.ni:nf":ntry ' \- ~as commi t i'ed to Im.oun~~n Ilght' n gt.he b'- ots. w n~. . ' 'ued I 'n a w id,e:rbasi .

, .~,nf1~ l iche:r-!C,a.rcano f'inc:. 16.5mm-e' tand,fIlIrdi arm 0< the .~ ' ta:I ,aflarmy.


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RIIAN ~-",:,5 ."U I, I I T A I 1 . , ' - 1 - ' , l' AN,

", .rom an early stage 0", the bloody cor frontation which d v .1ope d betw . II I'. Austro- Iungarjan and Ita lian 'troop!', n the Wt r's '.[IU'i hem Euro ~.[I." . 'ront, - o t h s id ell: ' o'I'r- " .d a ~ . ' ult ' u l n - ~ t , . . h n - : - l - ,0 .in linesI ~ I . ...:J , .' " I , . . _ Ii; ,_ w ' . ' " . " _ _ II Il '_mountain positions were more or less static as thev were o,n th,~'~' . st rn II "1 r:an these assault ir!Q,P'Swere used to br ak th e 1 .- 0 d~IOICk, by rnounting sudd,raid, and 'to gath r intell igence by daring, reconnai ': i a nce missions, The J , tal 31army named their


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. .

S I ~ : : : _ . _ U t T II I " F I A N R . . . .M -- -ONT,1917~ J ,.,'"-=--- . -

. rom the. beginning of the war on this southern European ' r IOI'n~,t he: d i f fi cu lt ie s"f ,t hie r ou n ain "..rr j n ' and .'hi.. S '" id na tur _ of the . us : I. , . .1.ung.a riann i . lines ~ imposed i" I ICi~ 1pr bl ms II, th It, ian arm y ..Especiall: in t~L. Ic_north- .e ,t rn s ctor, the prosper t of mounting major of -:_si - 'I'~ wa: dauntine:the di fficul ty o f , ~ .S,' .mb l i n a and mov Wns U ' ~ ',m ien ' .II " large am" un ts of rnateri ,.:_1 ,and th e exposure of all but ste alths movement s "10 e III my a rt ille ry rob erve ,S Ionh'w ,:_r groun d more 0' l e . ." : confined offers '~'V". tacti c to small-s ~ a . 1 1 1 O raid : . ndi cc u 1 ". g m issiom '. . n .eq "_'ntl- ~ specia :." a ul t .: t i l . " I', W I re for 11~ d 1_ '0 c ' _rr'out thes 'corn..mando-stvle tasks: ano "n tit ,....formed u 'it wer incorporated 'l~'" b 1~ Th' . di '.. (,b ~d ,'. j " . ~ .W"I mn 1 '11 'ant!'. ,'3 ta ion ::,. inese .' n I t , E , " ' : 0 1 [ : one: '. S'O ra a mJ~~I ID,o 'nmconventional offe nsive 0," erations, when they wen committed 1 '1 seizin g kee nem y p ositio ns to clear the wa , for thei .comrades Jn 1 9 1 7 th o s . ereo . anised b, en Captain Barr i receivins uni form and quiprnerr itemsadapt ,~df r their kine ,..fmission ~ .he f f _,T' IlIUne r s in the ost mod rn " ' : .U ~lac' ic face " d . . .xtraordinary haz . ds, an d a . re sutation un iqur in the J , tali ,0 1t rmy,]-1\1 t.:16 helmet. After '.arious uns ~'ita cn r-'_xp riment U:.Jy ad pted thi .lesit n b sec on "heFrench A:. rian "UI P '. es .e d f rom :- sin gle piece ofsteel. n wa . issued r n [ ] a I r,ey~.'.reen III inted fini .h, ..irhthe bra nch- of -5 ervice badge an d regim I11~,,~,~ u mberstencitled 'On the frunt, As in the other comba tan t

iii rmies, . lmets were s O n generally worn with anti-. ftective cloth co : e, . f drab shade .~hich varied w [ ] xaet OOI~1 nr depending upon n'1lalC:ial age an d-...'.'therin P,1~:rv119(ji9 ttlnic ~n 0 e =greenclot In , of ~I d esi ~nsimilar ' 1 . . 0 1nat issued to the Bersaglieri c.ylcle t roops , h, ad an .'P eu coUar. here bearing pa tche s in ~b e black

,COlOUE d~'.tmerive ro the : , a , b 'o n : . I " I : . ' th e Vem tw anRepublic, upon whom [I'e Arditi ch ~re 1- ' 1 nodel their'ra-dilL I n s " . Bre . 1ockets w e r e . made both w ith ndwithout pleats, and wmth single-button naps , . A , ~ , a .t rg ,'poacher's' pocket was provided 31 tbe bac ~to holdTheveno exp~'ols,i~.cb" rges, Three large Iont bu~t,o:rns""en concc.a~f: d by [t :Hy ; ,al d there \\i'~re tVI/'Obun,onl dbelt I,oops. Oln 'the le:f s,eeve can 'b e s 'e en t!h e arm-of-' ~er~l ' i c_ badg; J __ ..i 1_ d "rea.tbed ~.ilh la ur e' l rOr O ra ''. ., em,b ro: ide r ed in black, I. n a '_rey- gree II I back:i,ng,.

Rre gula,~i o n rn ss ue \v () o m I .e n s,weate.r., g r f : ' y -gliee n . . ncolcn r ~nd w Ib a ro n neck; i'[ was, modeHed on 3. typeissued ~ the A~pini'.4-,11("- 9 trOll' I~~'."mi~a[ to th"'f; wO r n by he~Jpi l ' l ' i ,Ul m or~ g ;e ,~ ~o us~ y ,CUlt ~n '~be . J ig h (0 gi..I feah~~ . ,as of moV ' ,emen t . .5-WooUen sl, ckin, s; a~ail'l borrow,ed frOom the

'fii1ll0u.nhl i i i l l tnJOps" 1 L W n i l ~ O r m j ' '[he:se w e r e cons~deredmore IP'ractica~ tha.ll puttees.6-'. ')9112 brO'wW].eatber ,~n.kle boo~s high.in the

,nk l 'n d lued with clwm,i ina nai s ,and cieat'S.,,- ....907 leather elqu~p[t"1e:nt . This, was. 'educed ,Ito

he rn in im u m l f . t . r the A rd i i i's pecis I, lrn~'.S L O 1 1~ . ~h -'beUan d ,- ; single ' r n r nm i n o n p uch , the wei ght beinsufi. I _iently supported bv the tunic b r n ( ~ . ps ...' Th e alI-purpose M 1 ,(],7 have rsaek, II I e. W '(hea - . - '~aul [ [0 (a.lliry qua n tilies of hand '_ren ades ..9-'.916 'Poliv, Jen~~: "asm, sk in its P' intedmetal oontai ,-erI W a.ter bottle 0 the model which replaced lrue'I~dwoode n tt y p~~ . a more convert t . ~ 1 1 na l , natte i i i. :_d. i~houeue . ,~ it WaJS made of I'; lurninium covered withg:["le'y'-gn~;~tlloth '. an d ~ooped to tt he he Iu by a ' $ . ' 1 ra p.ml[JI[ l( .I th e A rdill ru t w as t r ad i: t ' IO n a l to car' y b, andy asofte n '. sw' ter,I,-Fw,g' r i ng k'R'iEe\l here Lh~ regulation issue,al'hou~h ~mp,0" ID ~ kni: es anc lubs for h a n d -to-

~,31 d figl;l ti 1I1~ W~ c om n seen amon , these raide _s., _ h ~ s ~ypew as mad e ,.:om an M]B7{) 'Vet te rli bayonet,' w it h woodeu ,gd p s ~ and a b la c '.e n ,e d Ie at h er V tet ~ e r1 "...ca.bbarrd.


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.he reform ofFrench uniforms ac ..l 'VI.. d under the, iffieult conditi ns of 1914and " 5 had monopolised the efforts of [hie authorities I nd ,(I comparablere'o In of pe sonal equipr ,_,lenhad taken place, Sadly an improve In .nt '..hich I ,"din rae been ap :Iro'ed in 191:>'=~'bere .i~'C.me nt [of the slings [ofthe haversack andw ,t"T bott I._ 'by attachmerr s fixing th ~rn direct 'Ybel ' [W the 'belt kit- had ".1[_. n'fc -,',....: . ' , . : , ~ - , tl,~., t ' . - , " ; 1 1 A ' '' . , I ' " ' ; : ~ th ... I, 1 ; ,it~ .' .... -.-'" =:.. . .. 'it f t h o . ' , F " ' , . . bI,org [en 1D me urmou. ::,_,In au 1U - e regu anon . quipmem [0 ,_ fl n .infantryman remains d throughout th ' war more or less unchan ed from thatworn at the end of the previous Ice]"ury .If i was cumbn us and uncom 0 tabk ' O ! ' O the :-':arch ~ the full .napsackquq nnent w as simply inpl rssible for troops going "' to th .. assau t 0\1" r th , . , ; , h , 1 -ch .rned moions ape of the W esn rn Front: Conseq - u - ' .n lv the hig.h C : O ' r m .a.nd~ " Jr r " . . _ _ _ _ I 1 ' ,_ . . , " J 1 J _ j J ll .._ ! I'. '_J . ,1. ;IU , _

I:V ritually .~uthorise l d , a ight cc ned ass ault order": or Olen in the leading waves,'I ,~M 1'915 Adrian ne rtern ..reel .ehnet. In erest-i.ng~y~ Irom summer 1916 onwards the cloth hehne Icove ,S were ordered abandoned on the gfounds that

" ' . raps, of c~o~ l1 -w b rnc hwe Fe n a tu ,aID ! fd t hy" due to,t ench eonditions-c-were being carried mto head ounds wi h serious me ical consequences. Stocks of ~ I olu t{ ! ' 1 :y ma t : ; rJ I r .-b l'U l . .. paint w er issued insu I [(1,and new helmets wer > ibed in this w, '~ 'y at th actories. Our' assault 'trooper al' ;' . o p t e d a ' t ' j , o Ju ' tw [ , , Into ccasio 1 1 all'Y" i[['~e I, ..e. ' in the French a Im,y::splashes, 0 b .ow n . green ,and ochre pa i n t over the"fey-blue 'base in an attempt ,a m camonflage ,l--B,lue cotton stock.} ,~'. 9' 4/15 tunic , Although . sued t e rc s!o~-dier, I ~ h i s .was s ee n u su (!U _y a s ,(I, barrack ~and ~ l . a L , w n g ~out garment be~l[II the hn s: the ,,'ea~oo_ wa the~p in cipal b' ule garment', and the hjHJ1~[Cwas [ Q i m ]~1w'O r r nunde [ J [ ' 1m t i V ' . .fY cold wea be r. Orn1 re occasions ..however ~ lb e . t u n ic was worn alone dnri n ,g s um weop .rations. The tunic had a standmg collar, and fa ,_rened b a book-ar d-eve and tve sm~ll unw' ' 'orm but-~ons; cuU ' nd'Should .rs were qu~t,ep~ai[l.There weretw o side pockets, and on the left sid 'on Y ,3 ,bum ]oin:.,be' t loop. T he 00 Imr patches b 'ar the eyphe . : _ m . Ip ip ings of [be 51 st IIIa n ~ tr y R. c. 'gim,ern r; the ad d iW O ~ la]oloure d di c, in trodueed i1 . L i m y l '916,,~identified 'heba.Uaholl-,n, I1e- . yel 0 . ' for ~h 3rd B.aUal ion . , On. th eLe 't U P I P

europa militaria 003 - world war i infantry in colour photograph

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