Dirk JACOBS

Université Libre de Bruxelles

SURVEY findings of the EURISLAM project (part 1)

Wednesday 20 June 2012, 13h30-14h15

Plenary Session (studio 5, Flagey)

Technical fiche (1)

• SURVEY Total N=7256 of which 4942 with Muslim background

• 6 Countries: Belgium (N=1197), UK (N=1185), the Netherlands (N=1188), France (N=1185), Switzerland (N=1184), Germany (N=1317)

• Standardized questionnaire focussing on socio-cultural attitudes

• Computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI)

• In each country a control sample of the ethnic majority group (target n=385)

• In each country a targeted sample of people with Muslim background (Moroccan, Turkish, Pakistani or Ex-Yugoslav origin, target n per group 250 or 150)

• Goal: strike a balance between cost-effectiveness, minimal sample size requirements and information on all ethnic groups in our six participating countries

Technical fiche (2)

« Muslim » samples constituted through double procedure:

(1) Use of onomastic method (name recognition) of digital phone book records (both land lines as cellular phones) aimed at identifying people of Moroccan, Turkish, Pakistani and Ex-Yugoslav origin

(2) Polling agency contacts and screens constituted samples whether theyare of the aforementioned national origins and were themselves Muslimsor of Muslim descent

Use of trained multilingual interviewers (national languages plus Arabic, Turkish, Urdu, Bosnian & Albanian)

Technical fiche (3)

NL DE CH UK BE FR TOTAL

National majority 385 390 383 387 386 383 2314

Ex-Yugoslavian 151 256 249 150 153 150 1109

Turkish 250 253 253 250 256 250 1512

Moroccan 250 256 147 148 255 257 1313

Pakistani 152 162 152 250 147 145 1008

N 1188 1317 1184 1185 1197 1185 7256

Table 1: Sample sizes for Muslim groups and ethnic majority

non-Muslim comparison group

Technical fiche (4)Table 2: Response rates Belgium

BE

National majority

Numbers dialed 1946

Successful interview 19,8%

Refusal 32,2%

Incorrect number / Screened out / No contact 56,2%

Response rate (eligible contacts) 45,1%

Ex-Yugoslavian

Numbers dialed 749

Successful interview 15,6%

Refusal 32,2%

Incorrect number / Screened out / No contact 52,2%

Response rate (eligible contacts) 32,7%

Technical fiche (4)

Table 2:

Response

rates

Belgium

(continued)

BE

Turkish

Numbers dialed 1247

Successful interview 20,5%

Refusal 35,2%

Incorrect number / Screened out / No contact 44,3%

Response rate (eligible contacts) 36,8%

Moroccan

Numbers dialed 2247

Successful interview 11,4%

Refusal 29,8%

Incorrect number / Screened out / No contact 58,8%

Response rate (eligible contacts) 27,6%

Pakistani

Numbers dialed 1247

Successful interview 7,3%

Refusal 23,2%

Incorrect number / Screened out / No contact 69,4%

Response rate (eligible contacts) 24%

Gender

Blue = male

Green = female

Overall, equilibrated samples for gender

For ex-Yugoslave and Pakistani groups more men

Born in country

Blue = born outside of country

Green = born in country of residence

Pakistani in UK more often home grown

GenerationBlue = born

outside of country from parents who never lived in receiving society

Green = born outside of country from parents who migrated to receiving society

Yellow = born in country

Nationality of country of residence

NL DE CH UK BE FR

Ex-Yugoslavian 86,8% 39,1% 41,8% 70,7% 78,4% 77,3%

Turkish 83,2% 33,2% 46,2% 78,8% 88,7% 60,8%

Moroccan 93,2% 75,4% 52,4% 39,9% 82,7% 68,5%

Pakistani 90,1% 69,8% 56,6% 81,2% 76,9% 66,9%

Rate of state citizens lowest in Switzerland

Nationality of country of residence

In paid work

NL DE CH UK BE FR

National majority 55,6% 50,4% 63,7% 64,1% 56,2% 54,3%

Ex-Yugoslavian 49,7% 64,5% 74,3% 42% 62,1% 60,7%

Turkish 60,4% 48,6% 60,9% 39,2% 52% 46,4%

Moroccan 63,2% 63,1% 68,7% 41,9% 58% 47,1%

Pakistani 50,7% 41,1% 63,8% 50,4% 44,9% 50,3%

Employment sectorNL DE CH UK BE FR

National majority

Employee 79,4% 82,7% 89,3% 87,9% 88,5% 88,8%

Own business 15,4% 8,7% 9,4% 6% 6,9% 9,2%

Freelance (interim) 5,1% 6,6% 1,2% 6% 4,6% 1,9%

Ex-Yugoslavian

Employee 90,7% 80% 92,9% 81% 85,3% 85,7%

Own business 6,7% 15,8% 6,5% 12,7% 8,4% 13,2%

Freelance (interim) 2,7% 4,2% 0,5% 6,3% 6,3% 1,1%

Turkish

Employee 74,8% 82,1% 88,9% 71,1% 73,7% 81,9%

Own business 23,8% 13,8% 7,2% 13,4% 16,5% 16,4%

Freelance (interim) 1,3% 3,3% 3,9% 15,5% 9,8% 1,7%

Moroccan

Employee 88,6% 87% 89,1% 88,7% 68,9% 89,3%

Own business 9,5% 6,2% 9,9% 8,1% 11,5% 10,7%

Freelance (interim) 1,9% 6,2% 1% 3,2% 19,6%

Pakistani

Employee 58,4% 70,8% 89,1% 82,5% 50% 79,5%

Own business 40,3% 18,5% 9,3% 8,7% 43,9% 20,5%

Freelance (interim) 1,3% 9,2% 4,1% 8,7% 6,1%

Language competencies

NL DE CH UK BE FR

Ex-Yugoslavian

66,9% 75,4% 73,3% 70,7% 64,0% 69,4%

Turkish

60,3% 55,2% 72,1% 76,4% 53,7% 71,6%

Moroccan

73,2% 78,9% 89,8% 77,1% 85,1% 77,5%

Pakistani

74,2% 57,2% 65,1% 93,6% 63,3% 73,7%

Language compentency (% rarely + never problems with

national language)

Problems with national languageProblems with the national language (OLS)

Ref: France/MoroccanB Std.

Error

β t Sig.

(Constant) 1,810 0,109 16,555 0,000

United Kingdom -0,095 0,055 -0,031 -1,736 0,083

Belgium 0,314 0,054 0,102 5,803 0,000

Netherlands 0,469 0,055 0,155 8,562 0,000

Germany 0,343 0,050 0,125 6,785 0,000

Switzerland -0,089 0,053 -0,031 -1,700 0,089

Ex-Yugoslavian 0,163 0,046 0,063 3,551 0,000

Turkish 0,406 0,041 0,171 9,793 0,000

Pakistani 0,229 0,046 0,084 4,986 0,000

Male -0,111 0,032 -0,050 -3,469 0,001

Education in years -0,030 0,004 -0,105 -7,304 0,000

(Self)employed -0,133 0,032 -0,060 -4,096 0,000

Religious

identification 0,002 0,015 0,002 0,126 0,900

Bridging social capital -0,050 0,004 -0,172 -11,627 0,000

First generation 1,202 0,040 0,544 30,075 0,000

1/2 generation 0,282 0,042 0,120 6,705 0,000

• Men have lessproblems than women

• Higher educated have less problems thanlower education

• People in employmenthave less problemsthan people withoutemployment

• The first generation(and the one and a half generation) have more problems thanthe second generation

• Migrants having more bridging capital (more contact with majoritygroup) have lessproblems

Problems with national language in Belgium

How often do you have problems with the national language(s) in a conversation

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

Yugoslavian 39,2% 24,8% 30,7% 4,6% 0,7%

Turkish 34,5% 19,2% 31,4% 5,9% 9,0%

Moroccan 70,2% 14,9% 11,8% 1,6% 1,6%

Pakistan 44,9% 18,4% 26,5% 2,7% 7,5%

Problems with national language in the UK

How often do you have problems with the national language(s) in a conversation

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

Yugoslavian 54,7% 16,0% 12,7% 9,3% 7,3%

Turkish 61,2% 15,2% 15,2% 2,4% 6,0%

Moroccan 59,5% 17,6% 14,2% 6,1% 2,7%

Pakistan 85,2% 8,4% 6,0% 0,4% 0%

Problems with national language in the Netherlands

How often do you have problems with the national

language(s) in a conversation

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

Yugoslavian 45,7% 21,2% 27,2% 4,6% 1,3%

Turkish 42,6% 17,7% 28,5% 8,4% 2,8%

Moroccan 54,4% 18,8% 23,6% 2,8% 0,4%

Pakistan 64,9% 9,3% 23,2% 1,3% 1,3%

Problems with national language in France

How often do you have problems with the national

language(s) in a conversation

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

Yugoslavian 54,7% 14,7% 23,3% 6,0% 1,3%

Turkish 64,8% 6,8% 13,6% 9,2% 5,6%

Moroccan 72,0% 5,5% 15,4% 4,3% 2,8%

Pakistan 63,4% 10,3% 16,6% 9,0% 0,7%

Problems with national language in Germany

How often do you have problems with the national

language(s) in a conversation

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

Yugoslavian 50,4% 25,0% 16,0% 7,4% 1,2%

Turkish 36,9% 18,3% 24,2% 14,3% 6,3%

Moroccan 57,8% 21,1% 16,4% 4,3% 0,4%

Pakistan 43,5% 13,7% 25,5% 14,3% 3,1%

Problems with national language in Switzerland

How often do you have problems with the national

language(s) in a conversation

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

Yugoslavian 55,1% 18,2% 20,6% 4,5% 1,6%

Turkish 54,8% 17,3% 19,0% 6,5% 2,4%

Moroccan 82,3% 7,5% 8,2% 1,4% 0,7%

Pakistan 46,2% 18,9% 25,2% 6,3% 3,5%

Identification with host society

NL DE CH UK BE FR

National majority 84,2% 78,7% 79,5% 85,6% 77,2% 83,0%

Ex-Yugoslavian 60,5% 47,5% 49,2% 15,5% 56,3% 59,0%

Turkish 50,0% 11,2% 34,7% 17,2% 24,8% 38,5%

Moroccan 66,3% 44,5% 63,1% 33,1% 58,0% 42,7%

Pakistani 68,2% 33,0% 60,5% 22,6% 60,7% 63,2%

National identification by Muslims (and a control group of the national majority) in Europe

(% strongly + very strongly)

- Striking finding: identification low for Turks in Germany

- Caveat in UK the question was « identification with England », which creates a bias

Identification with host societyNational identification by Muslims in Europe (OLS)

Ref:

France/Majority

B Std.

Error

β t Sig.

(Constant) 4,219 0,088 47,943 0,000

United Kingdom -0,473 0,046 -0,154 -10,244 0,000

Belgium -0,140 0,048 -0,042 -2,903 0,004

Netherlands 0,142 0,050 0,041 2,866 0,004

Germany -0,387 0,047 -0,122 -8,265 0,000

Switzerland -0,003 0,047 -0,001 -0,054 0,957

Ex-Yugoslavian -0,877 0,045 -0,267 -19,402 0,000

Turkish -1,311 0,044 -0,450 -29,708 0,000

Pakistani -0,735 0,050 -0,216 -14,622 0,000

Moroccan -0,765 0,047 -0,240 -16,273 0,000

Male 0,031 0,028 0,013 1,072 0,284

Age -0,003 0,001 -0,041 -3,277 0,001

Education in years 0,021 0,004 0,064 5,377 0,000

(Self)employed 0,111 0,029 0,046 3,796 0,000

Religious

identification -0,026 0,013 -0,027 -1,984 0,047

• Men identify more than women

• Higher educated identify more than lower educated

• People in employment have higher identification

• Older people identify less with host society

• People with strong religious identification identify less with host society

Feelings of acceptanceFeelings of acceptance by Muslims in Europe as fellow citizens (OLS)

Ref: France/MoroccanB Std. Error β t Sig.

(Constant) 3,452 0,154 22,442 0,000

United Kingdom -0,638 0,072 -0,175 -8,839 0,000

Belgium -0,057 0,068 -0,017 -0,832 0,406

Netherlands -0,163 0,069 -0,049 -2,343 0,019

Germany -0,414 0,065 -0,135 -6,356 0,000

Switzerland 0,034 0,067 0,011 0,516 0,606

Ex-Yugoslavian 0,113 0,057 0,039 1,969 0,049

Turkish -0,347 0,052 -0,131 -6,629 0,000

Pakistani 0,110 0,058 0,036 1,878 0,060

Male -0,162 0,041 -0,066 -3,977 0,000

Age -0,007 0,002 -0,074 -4,593 0,000

Education in years0,006 0,005 0,020 1,218 0,223

(Self)employed 0,156 0,041 0,063 3,795 0,000

Religious identification-0,069 0,018 -0,063 -3,774 0,000

Bridging social capital 0,062 0,005 0,191 11,336 0,000

Experienced hostilities -0,283 0,041 -0,110 -6,933 0,000

• Women feel more accepted than men

• Higher educated and people holding a job feel more accepted

• Older people feel slightly less accepted than younger people

• People with strong religious identification feel less accepted

• People with bridging social capital feel more accepted

• Those who experienced hostility by majority group feel less accepted

Acceptance of Muslims as fellow citizens

• No gender or age effect

• Higher educated and those holding a job have more acceptance

• People with bridging social capital are more accepting

• People having experience hostility by Muslims are less accepting

• UK citizens least accepting, French most accepting

Acceptance of Muslims as fellow citizens by majority group (OLS)

Ref: FranceB Std.

Errorβ t Sig.

(Constant) 3,439 0,197 17,422 0,000United Kingdom -1,208 0,082 -0,539 -14,762 0,000Belgium -0,479 0,092 -0,172 -5,220 0,000Netherlands -0,218 0,098 -0,072 -2,233 0,026Germany -0,402 0,091 -0,154 -4,433 0,000Switzerland -0,195 0,088 -0,074 -2,208 0,027Male 0,033 0,048 0,017 0,693 0,489Age -0,002 0,002 -0,042 -1,502 0,133Education in years 0,019 0,008 0,060 2,337 0,020(Self)employed 0,076 0,052 0,038 1,468 0,142Religious identification -0,001 0,020 -0,001 -0,053 0,957Bridging social capital 0,058 0,014 0,114 4,279 0,000Experienced hostilities -0,188 0,069 -0,067 -2,734 0,006