702132/702835 European Architecture B

Romantic Classicism

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authenticity

reductionism NEOCLASSICISM

sublimity

neoclassicismROMANTIC CLASSICISM

innovation/radicalism

Aristotle

[in poetry] the structural union of the parts should be such that if any one of them is displaced or removed, the whole will be

disjointed or disturbed.

Cordemoy (1706)

architecture should be reduced to simple independent elements, none of which possess

merely decorative functions

Fénelon (1714)

a Grecian structure has nothing in it that is merely ornamental

Laugier (1752)

the rustic hut justifies the use use in architecture of only columns, entablature and

pediment

the Primitive Hut: frontispiece from

Laugier, Essai surl'Architecture, c

1753

primitive hut, by William

Chambers

John Harris, Sir William Chambers: Knight of the Polar

Star (University Park [Pennsylvania] no date [c 1970]), pl 4

'Plans for two designs for a Dairy in the primitive manner of building' by

John Soane, 1783

Pierre du Prey, Sir John Soane(London 1985), frontispiece

FRENCH EXAMPLESFRENCH EXAMPLES

St-Germain l'Auxerrois, Paris, choir redecorated with fluted columns, by Claude Baccarit and Louis-Claude Vassé, 1756

Miles Lewis

St-Sulpice, Paris, by Le Vau (1655-1670 original design, east chapel built), Daniel Gittard(1670-?c 1677 eastern part) and G-M Oppenord (1719-1736 balance except west front)

MUAS 10,664

St-Sulpice, interior

Hermann, Laugier, p 7

St-Sulpice, Paris, project for the west front by Juste-AurèleMeissonier, c 1730; second design by J-N Servandoni

Blunt, Baroque and Rococo, p 139; MUAS 6,965

St-Sulpice, Paris, second and final designs by J-N Servandoni

MUAS 6,965; Reginald Blomfield, French Architecture from the death of Mazarin, II, pl CLXI

facing p 112

St-Sulpice, as built with Servandoni's towers modified and the north one rebuilt by Chalgrin,

1777detail with Servandoni's tower only

exposedMUAS 25,146;Miles Lewis

Francesco Milizia, Le Vite de' piu celebri architetti, 1786

The rules set out so far are more negative and destructive than positive and constructive. This is only as it should be. To clean a piece of ground overgrown with wild thorns, one

needs iron and fire. The ills of architecture arise out of over-abundance. Therefore, in order to perfect

architecture, one must rid it of those superfluities and tear out those frills with which stupidity and caprice have

disfigured it. The simpler architecture is, the more beautiful it is. It would be about time now, after some twenty

centuries, that it were purged of every defect and thus reached perfection.

five principles of neoclassicism

to bypass the Renaissance and return directly to Roman sources, and in due course to Greek ones

to seek out the fundamental principles of classical architecturerather than simply to copy it

to be concerned more with abstract form and mass, and with clarity of expression, and less with detail and ornament

to aim for effects of sublimity, rather than humanity

Associationism: the idea that buildings should contain meaningful reference

Petit Trianon, Versailles, by A-J Gabriel, 1761-8

east & west fronts

Miles Lewis; Diapolfilm5438 JH-10

STYLE GABRIEL

Place Louis XV, Paris, by A-J Gabriel (1755) 1757-75Blomfield, French Architecture 1661-1774, II, pl clxxii, p 124

STYLE GABRIEL

Place Louis XVKalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 246

Place Louis XV (Place de la Concorde), view of the two wingsMiles Lewis

La Madeleine, Paris, as designed by Pierre Contant d'Ivry, 1757-1764Blomfield, French Architecture 1661-1774, II, pl CLXXIX, p 144

La Madeleine, planBlomfield, French Architecture 1661-1774, II, pl CLXXX

La Madeleine, interiorHermann, Laugier, p 31

La Madeleine, as completed by Alexandre Vignon, 1807-42Toman, Neoclassicism, p 93

Ste-Geneviève, Paris, by GermainSoufflot,

1757-1790

Toman,Neoclassicism, p 69

Ste-Geneviève, plan as conceived in 1757Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century in France, pl 320

Ste-Geneviève

Toman, Neoclassicism, p 68

Ste-Geneviève, interiorMiles Lewis

Ste-Geneviève, detail at the

crossing

Miles Lewis

Ste-Geneviève, section of the pediment masonry, showing the reinforcementR I M Sutherland, 'Pioneer British Contributions in Structural Iron and Concrete: 1770-1855', in C E

Peterson [ed], Building Early America (Radnor [Pennsylvania] 1976), p 113

Ste-Geneviève, view under the domeMUAS 28,389

Ste-Geneviève, view under the dome

Kedlestone Hall, the dome of the Salon, by Robert Adam, c 1760-

70

MUAS 28,389 ; RickittEncyclopedia of Slides, 33708 (6)

LE HAMEAULE HAMEAU

Versailles: Jardin Pittoresque de Petit Trianon, by Richard Mique with Antoine Richard & the Comte de Caraman, from c 1774

Pierre-André Lablaude, The Gardens of Versailles (London 1995), p 147

Pavillon de la Musique or Belvedere, in the gardens of the Petit Trianon, by Richard Mique, 1780-82Miles Lewis

Pavillon de la MusiqueB H Dams & Andrew Zega, Pleasure Pavilions and Follies in the Gardens of the Ancien Regime (Paris 1995), p 110

Pavillon de la Musique: detailMiles Lewis

Versailles: artificial rockwork near the

Petit Trianon

Miles Lewis

Versailles, le Hameau de Trianon, by Richard Mique, 1782-5: view across the lakeGeorge Tibbits

farm near the Petit TrianonMiles Lewis

le Hameau, viewMiles Lewis

Queen Charlotte's Cottage,

Kew Palace, Surrey,1749

Roy Strong, Royal Gardens (London 1992),

p 67

le Hameau, the Queen's houseToman, Neoclassicism, p 83

the Marlborough Tower, le Hameau, by Richard Mique, 1783-5Miles Lewis

the Marlborough TowerDams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, p 106

Toman, Neoclassicism, p 83

the Queen's Mill, le HameauDams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, p 112

le Colombier, le Hameau, 1783Miles Lewis

Palace of Versailles, from the gardenLa Goélette

Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), by Vigée-Lebrun

La Goélette

RUSTICISMRUSTICISM

Temple of Modern Philosophy, Ermononville, by the Marquis of Girardin, c 1775Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, pl 143

the Pyramid at Maupertuis, by A-T Brogniart, c 1780Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, pl 162

house in the shape of a column, Desert du Retz:, 1771, built for François Racine de

Monville

Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, pl 39

column house, Desert du RetzMosser, 'Paradox in the Garden', in Mosser& Teyssot, The History of Garden Design

(London 1991), p 271

CLAUDECLAUDE--NICOLAS LEDOUXNICOLAS LEDOUX

Music Pavilion, Louveciennes by C-N Ledoux, 1770-1Country Life, 14/17 September 1972, p 644; Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, p 99

ice house in the park at

Louveciennes, by C-N Ledoux,

mid-1770s

Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, p 100

Hôtel d'Uzes, Paris, by C-N

Ledoux, 1764-7: courtyard façade

Hôtel d'Hallwyl, Rue Michel le

Comte, Paris, by C-N Ledoux, c

1764-6

Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century

France, pl 274

C N Ledouxl'Architecture consideréesous le rapport de l'Art,

des Mœurs et de la Législation, vol I (Paris

1804)), p 99

Hôtel d'HallwylMiles Lewis

Hôtel Guimard, Paris, by C-N Ledoux, 1773Ledoux, Architecture, pl 176

Kenwood House: screen in the LibraryParissien, Adam Style, p 92

Théatre, Besançon, by C-N Ledoux, (1774) 1775-85Ledoux, Architecture, pl 76

Théatre, Besançon: longitudinal sectionLedoux, Architecture, pl 77

Théatre, Besançon: interior reflected in the pupil of an eyeLedoux, Architecture, pl 72

design for a gaol at Aix-en-Provence, by C-N Ledoux, 1787

Ledoux, Architecture, pl 64

Newgate Prison, by George Dance II, from 1769Margaret Richardson, Soane: Connoisseur & Collector (

(London 1995), no 29

Saline of Chaux, Arc-et-Senans, 1775-9: plan]Ledoux, Architecture

Saline de Chaux: exterior entranceGeorge Tibbits

Saline of Chaux, Bâtiment de GraduationLedoux, Architecture, p 112

Saline de Chaux: Evaporation

Building

George Tibbits

Saline de Chaux, Arc-et-Senans, 1775-9director’s house and thorn houses

Toman, Neoclassicism, p 150

Saline de Chaux: a perimeter storage hallGeorge Tibbits

Saline de Chaux: perimeter storage hall: detail of rusticated window;Place de la Concorde, Paris, by A-J Gabriel (1755) 1757-75: detail of rusticated door

George Tibbits; Miles Lewis

Saline de Chaux: another storage building

George Tibbits

S Francesco della Vigna, Venice, façade by Palladio, c 1570

L H Heydenreich & Wolfgang Lotz, Architecture in Italy 1400 to 1600

(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1974), pl 132

Saline of Chaux: administration buildingToman, Neoclassicism, p 150

cannon foundry, Chaux: aerial perspectiveLedoux, Architecture, p 150

Town of Chaux, Arc-et-Senans: aerial perspectiveLedoux, Architecture, p 116

the Barrières d'Enfer, Paris, by C-N Ledoux, 1785-9Ledoux, Architecture

Barrière de l'Étoile, by

C-N Ledoux, 1785-9

Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century

France, pl 295

Barrière duTrône, by C-N Ledoux,

1785-9

Toman, Neoclassicism, p 78 France, pl 295.

Barrière de la Villette, by C-N Ledoux, 1784-7Diapofilm 5439 JH-12

Barrière de la Villette: detail of the plinthGeorge Tibbits

Barrière at the Parc de MonceauMiles Lewis

house for the surveyors of the river, Chaux, by C-N LedouxLedoux, Architecture, pl 110

ÉÉTIENNETIENNE--LOUIS BOULLLOUIS BOULLÉÉEE

Hôtel de Brunoy, Paris, by E-L Boullée, 1774-9Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 276

design for a national library, by E-L Boullée, 1780sToman, Neoclassicism, p 85

stadium, and monument of the 'architecture ensevelie' [buried] type, by BoulléeGuinness & Hall, 'Reveries', p 100; Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 299

design for a monument by E-L Boullée, 1783Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 299

design for a monument to Newton, by Boullée, 1784Toman, Neoclassicism, p 66

section of the monument to Newton, by Boullée, 1784Toman, Neoclassicism, p 66

conical cenotaph, by E-L Boullée, 1790sJ M Pérouse de Montclos, Etienne-Louis Boullée 1728-1799: Theoretician of

Revolutionary Architecture (New York 1974), pl 107

design for a spherical house,

by A L T Vaudoyer, 1784

Emil Kaufmann, Architecture in the Age of

Reason: Baroque and Post-Baroque in England,

Italy, and France (New York 1975 [1955]), p 170

JEANJEAN--JAQUES LEQUEUJAQUES LEQUEU

design for a Palace of Justice,

by J J Lequeu, 1794

Architectural Review, CV!, ?632 (June ?1985), p 9 115

design for a tomb for the most illustrious and wisest men, by J J Lequeu, c 1780

Duboy, Lequeu, p 231

'Le Rendezvous de Bellevue est à la pointe du rocher,’ by J J LequeuDuboy, Lequeu, p 83

'Indian pagoda', by J J Lequeu

Emil Kaufmann, 'Jean-JaquesLequeu', Art Bulletin, XXXI

(1949), facing p 132

dairy and henhouse by J J LequeuDesmond Guinness & Dinah Hall, 'Reveries', The World of Interiors (November 1983), p 104

Gate of the Arch of the People, by J-J Lequeu

Guinness & Hall, 'Reveries', p 107

Prince's Hunting Gate,

by Lequeu

Guinness & Hall, 'Reveries', p 97

Southern view of a Cow's stable in a cool meadow, by J J LequeuGuinness & Hall, 'Reveries', p 98

'He is Free', by J-J Lequeu, 1798-9Duboy, Lequeu, p 97