eum/peps/vwg/09/0012 issue 1, 26/01/2009 candidates for the post-eps observation missions,...

EUM/PEPS/VWG/09/0012Issue 1, 26/01/2009

Candidates for the Post-EPS Observation Candidates for the Post-EPS Observation

Missions, Prioritisation, and Missions, Prioritisation, and

Preliminary AssessmentPreliminary Assessment

EUM/PEPS/VWG/09/001226/01/2009 Slide: 2

Towards Candidate Observation Missions

• On the basis of the user needs, candidate observation missions and requirements were identified with the support of the Post-EPS Mission Experts Team (PMET)

Post-EPS Mission Requirements Document (MRD), which is contained on the CD-ROM of in the Workshop hand-outs.

• Due to the breadth of the user requirements, as many as 21 missions could be needed!

• Approach taken to implement of a suite of baseline missions covering a wide range of applications rather than fewer sophisticated missions, covering only a few applications.

• The baseline level of performance is determined by the driving requirements and further moderated by feasibility and maturity of the observation techniques.

• The primary missions have been identified by extent to which they fulfil the EUMETSAT mandate and strategy, the maturity of the observation technique, and the continuation of heritage missions, in particular EPS missions and the mid-morning sounding.


Prioritisation: ranking of observation missions

• A prioritisation of observation missions is necessary to focus the Phase 0 studies in a meaningful way

• The benefit of potential missions is quantified for the following application areas– Numerical weather prediction– Nowcasting– Climate monitoring– Atmospheric chemistry– Oceanography– Hydrology

• Further weight is assigned to the continuity of the EPS Programme


Ranking due to potential data gaps

• An additional ranking has been suggested to take into account potential future data gaps in the global observing system

• Implementation is not straight forward– Lacking basis in EUMETSAT strategy– Prediction into the Post-EPS time frame is extremely difficult in view of

lacking information– Weighting of the gap impact relative to other impact factors can lead to

arbitrary results– EUMETSAT is not a “gap-filler”

• Suggestion by mission experts to keep this ranking separate from application and strategy based ranking


Mission ranking (1/3)

Application Weight (W) 4 2 2 1 1 1 1

Average Priority (P) 1.43 0.81 1.76 0.90 1.00 0.81 0.86

Adjusted Weight (w = W / P) 2.80 2.47 1.14 1.11 1.00 1.24 1.17

Priority/Contribution (0=none 3=highest)

Candidate MissionNWP NWC CM AC Ocean Hydro EPS

contWeigh

AvRank

incl gaps

Infrared Sounding (IRS) 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 2.3 Very high

Microwave Sounding (MWS) 3 2 3 1 1 2 3 2.3 Very high

VIS/IR Imaging (VII) 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 2.3 Very high

Scatterometry (SCA) 2 3 2 0 3 2 3 2.2 Very high

MW Imaging-Precipitation(MWI-P)

2 2 2 0 2 30

1.7 Low

MW Imaging-Ocean/Land(MWI-OL)

2 1 2 0 3 20

1.5 Low

Radio Occultation (RO) 2 1 2 1 0 0 3 1.4 High








contWeigh

AvRank

incl gaps

UVNS Sounding (UVNS) 1 0 2 3 0 0 3 1.1 Medium

Multi-viewing Multi-polarisation Imaging (3MI)

1 1 2 2 0 10

1.0 Medium

Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL) 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.9 Medium

Dual View Radiometry (DVR) 1 0 3 0 3 0 0 0.9 Low

Radar Altimetry (ALT) 1 0 3 0 3 0 0 0.9 Low

Cloud and Precipitation Profiling Radar (CPR)

1 1 1 0 0 10

0.7 Medium

MW Imaging-Cloud ( MWI-C) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.7 Medium

Radiant Energy Radiometry (RER)

1 0 3 0 0 10

0.7 Low








contWeigh

AvRank

incl gaps

Total Solar IrradianceMonitoring (TSIM)

1 0 3 0 0 00

0.6 Low

Limb Infra-Red Sounding(LIR)

1 0 1 2 0 00

0.6 Medium

Limb Millimetre-WaveSounding (MMW)

1 0 1 2 0 00

0.6 Medium

Ocean Colour Imaging (OCI) 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 0.5 Low

Aerosol Profiling Lidar (APL) 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.4 Low

Differential Absorption Lidar(DIA)

1 0 0 1 0 00

0.4 Low


Preliminary assessment: selection criteria

• Contribution of the mission to the fulfilment of EUMETSAT high level objectives (Convention and Strategy)

• Preference for solutions that address a broader set of mission objectives, rather than those which strive for the highest compliance for only the top priority ones

• Maturity of the technology, suitability for an operational mission, and minimisation of development risk

• Expected data gaps versus similar missions planned by other agencies

• Compliance with the financial constraints and optimisation of cost/benefit relationship


Preliminary assessment (1/3)

Observation Mission Phase 0 study approach and special cases

High-Resolution Infrared Sounding (IRS) Retained in phase 0 studies

Microwave Sounding (MWS) Retained in phase 0 studies

Scatterometry (SCA) Retained in phase 0 studies

VIS/IR Imaging (VII) Retained in phase 0 studies

Radio Occultation Sounding (RO) Retained in phase 0 studies

Microwave Imaging (MWI) 1.4 GHz channel: Assessment based on SMOS - await demonstration of SMOS

Channels >18 GHz retained in phase 0 studies (focus on precipitation and clouds)

Channels < 18 GHz not retained, reliance on MIS to be flown by NOAA




Nadir viewing UV/VIS/NIR - SWIR Sounding (UVNS)

Accommodation only, payload defined in Sentinel 5 phase 0 study

Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL) Await demonstration by ADM and continue studying improvement of laser lifetime

Aerosol Profiling Lidar (APL) Await demonstration by ADM and study possible combination with DWL

Multi-viewing, Multi-channel, Multi-polarisation Imaging (3MI)

Retained in phase 0 studies

Dual View Radiometry (DVR) Not addressed, payload of Sentinel 3

Radar Altimetry (ALT) Not addressed, payload of Sentinel 3 and Jason follow-on

Ocean Colour Imaging (OCI) Not addressed, payload of Sentinel 3




Cloud and Precipitation Profiling Radar (CPR) Not retained, needs separate platform at low altitude and lacks maturity for operational mission

Radiant Energy Radiometry (RER) Accommodation of CERES instrument considered, inviting NOAA to provide payload

Total Solar Irradiance Monitoring Mission (TSIM)

Need for only one instrument in space, accommodated by NPOESS

Limb Infra-Red Sounding (LIR) Not retained, lacking maturity for operational mission

Limb Millimetre-Wave Sounding (MMW) Not retained, lacking maturity for operational mission

Differential Absorption Lidar (DIA) Not retained, lacking maturity for operational mission


Mission requirements and prioritisation

• Mission requirements provide geometric, spectral and radiometric requirements in terms of threshold, breakthrough, and objective requirements on the basis of user requirements listed in the AEG Position Papers (user requirements for geophysical parameters)

• Mission requirements are prioritised within each mission, giving a ranking among the requirements (e.g. geometrical versus spectral resolution)

• Beyond the baseline further prioritised requirements are given

• Mandatory and desired synergies of observation missions have been identified

• Observation missions have been prioritised according to their general weight in the various application areas and the demand for continuity

• Observation missions which are not further considered due to lacking demonstration within the coming years are not considered in the following slides


Priority classes

Priority 1 (Very High):

Mandatory requirements that drive the mission, these requirements are

of utmost importance for the success of the mission and must be

implemented.

Priority 2 (High):

Important requirements that substantially contribute to the success of

the mission. Reasonable effort shall be made to implement them.

Priority 3 (Medium):

Beneficial requirement that has certain value to the success of the

mission, it shall be implemented with minimum effort.

Priority 4 (Low):Nice to have requirements which are marginally contributing to the success of the mission. It shall only be implemented on an opportunistic basis. No dedicated effort will be made to implement them.


IRS

High-Resolution Infrared Sounding


IRS: heritage and priorities

• Heritage

– Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)

• Priority

– Very high

• Baseline level performance

– That of IASI

– Continuous spectral coverage from 3.62 to 15.5 µm required

• Priority of requirements

– Radiometric resolution most important for NWP

– Spectral resolution more important for AC, as long as threshold values are covered

– Spectral and radiometric resolution have priority over spatial resolution, but latter must be ≤ 12 km



4 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2

Qprof

TprofTprof, Qprof, SST, Cloud

O3

SST, Cloud

Qprof

Qprof

Tprof Tprof SST, Cloud

IASI FM2

“IASI-2”

NWP NEDT Requirements



4 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2

Qprof

Tprof

Tprof, Qprof, SST, Cloud O3

SST, Cloud Qprof Qprof Tprof Tprof

SST, Cloud

IASI FM2

“IASI-2”

NWP Spectral Resolution Requirements


High-Resolution Infrared SoundingAtmospheric Chemistry: NEDT Requirements

PAN

HNO3,CFC

NH3,C2H4

O3 O3prof

HCOOH

Volc. SO2

PAN,NH3

Volc. SO2

Tprof,N2O,CH4


High-Resolution Infrared SoundingAtmospheric Chemistry: NEDT Requirements

CO

COprof

CH4 CH4


High-Resolution Infrared SoundingAtmospheric Chemistry: Spectral Resolution Requirements

PAN

HNO3,CFC

NH3,C2H4

O3 O3prof

HCOOH

Volc. SO2

PAN,NH3

Tprof,N2O,CH4 Volc. SO2


High-Resolution Infrared SoundingAtmospheric Chemistry: Spectral Resolution RequirementsAtmospheric Chemistry: Spectral Resolution Requirements

CO

COprofCH4 CH4


IRS: stability


IRS: requirements

• Radiometric homogeneity < 0.1 K @ 280 K– Between spectral samples at same spatial sample– Between spatial samples at same spectral sample

• Geometric requirements– Optimised for operation in Sun-synchronous orbit– Maximisation of useful viewing angle– Geolocation < 5/1/0.5 km (T/B/O)– Spatial sampling distance < 50/15/10 km (T/B/O)

• Synchronisation with medium-resolution multi-spectral imager ( 6 channels)– Cloud detection– Correction of shifts of ISRF in case of scene inhomogeneity


MWS

Microwave Sounding


MWS: heritage and priorities

• Heritage– Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A) – Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS)

• Priority– Very high

• Baseline level performance – That of AMSU-A plus MHS enhanced by 2 spectral channels

• Priority of requirements– Radiometric requirements have priority over geometric requirements


MWS: requirements

• Orbit and lifetime stability – < 0.2/0.15/0.1 K (T/B/O)

• Radiometric homogeneity < 0.3/0.2/0.1 K @ 280 K (T/B/O)– Between spectral samples at same spatial sample– Between spatial samples at same spectral sample

• Optimisation for operation in Sun-synchronous orbit

• Maximisation of useful viewing angle

• Equally spaced views in scan direction

• Cross-track scanner preferred


MWS: channel definitions (1/3)

Channel Frequency(GHz)

Bandwidth (MHz) Utilisation Priority

MWS-1 23.8 270 Water-vapour column 1

MWS -2 31.4 180 Window, water-vapour column

1

MWS -3 50.3 180 Quasi-window, surface emissivity

1

MWS -4 52.8 400 Temperature profile 1

MWS-4/5 53.246 0.08 2x140 Temperature profile 2

MWS -5 53.5960.115 2x170 Temperature profile 1

MWS-5/6 53.948 0.081 2x142 Temperature profile 2







Bandwidth (MHz) Utilisation Priority


MWS-10 57.2903440.217 2x78 Temperature profile 1

MWS-11 57.290344 0.32220.048 4x36 Temperature profile 1

MWS-12 57.2903440.32220.022 4x16 Temperature profile 1



MWS-15 89.0 40002, 3 Window 1

MWS-16 89.0 40002, 3 Window 1

MWS-17 164-167 30002 Quasi-window, water-vapour profile

1

MWS-18 183.3117.0 2x2000 Water-vapour profile 1







Channel Frequency (GHz) Bandwidth (MHz) Utilisation Priority

MWS-23 229 2000 Cirrus cloud detection 2

MWS-24 118.7503 ± 5.0000 2x2000 Temperature profile (optional)

3


3


3


3


3


3


3


3


3


MWS: radiometric requirements and IPSF (1/3)


NET (K)

O/B/T

Bias (K)

O/B/T

Polarisation Footprint Size at 3dB (km)

MWS-1 23.8 0.10/0.15/0.4 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 40

MWS -2 31.4 0.15/0.20/0.4 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 40

MWS -3 50.3 0.30/0.40/0.6 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 20

MWS -4 52.8 0.20/0.25/0.5 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 20

MWS-4/5 53.246 0.08 0.25/0.30/0.5 0.2/0.5/1.0 H 20

MWS -5 53.5960.115 0.25/0.30/0.5 0.2/0.5/1.0 H 20

MWS-5/6 53.948 0.081 0.25/0.30/0.5 0.2/0.5/1.0 H 20

MWS -6 54.40 0.20/0.25/0.5 0.2/0.5/1.0 H 20

MWS -7 54.94 0.20/0.25/0.4 0.2/0.5/1.0 V (H) 20

MWS -8 55.50 0.25/0.30/0.5 0.2/0.5/1.0 H(V) 20




NET (K)

O/B/T

Bias (K)

O/B/T


MWS -9 57.2903 0.25/0.30/0.5 0.2/0.5/1.0 H(V) 20

MWS-10 57.29030.217 0.35/0.45/0.75 0.2/0.5/1.0 H(V) 20

MWS-11 57.290.3320.048 0.35/0.45/0.75 0.2/0.5/1.0 H(V) 20

MWS-12 57.290.3320.022 0.60/0.70/1.2 0.2/0.5/1.0 H(V) 20

MWS-13 57.290.3220.010 0.80/1.00/1.5 0.2/0.5/1.0 H(V) 20

MWS-14 57.290.3220.004 1.40/1.60/2.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 H(V) 20

MWS-15 89.0 0.20/0.25/0.5 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 20

MWS-16 89.0 0.40/0.50/1.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 15

MWS-17 164-167 0.25/0.30/1.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 15

MWS-18 183.317 0.30/0.40/0.8 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 15

MWS-19 183.314.5 0.30/0.40/0.8 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 15

MWS-20 183.313.0 0.45/0.60/1.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 15

MWS-21 183.311.8 0.45/0.60/1.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 15

MWS-22 183.311.0 0.60/0.75/1.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 15




NET (K)

O/B/T

Bias (K)

O/B/T


MWS-23 229 0.55/0.70/1.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V 15

MWS-24 118.7503 5.000 0.20/0.25/0.75 0.2/0.5/1.0 V or H 15

MWS-25 118.7503 3.000 0.30/0.35/0.75 0.2/0.5/1.0 V or H 15

MWS-26 118.7503 2.100 0.30/0.40/0.8 0.2/0.5/1.0 V or H 15

MWS-27 118.7503 1.500 0.45/0.55/1.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V or H 15

MWS-28 118.7503 1.100 0.45/0.55/1.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V or H 15

MWS-29 118.7503 0.700 0.45/0.55/1.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V or H 15

MWS-30 118.7503 0.400 0.65/0.75/1.3 0.2/0.5/1.0 V or H 15

MWS-31 118.7503 0.200 0.90/1.10/2.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V or H 15

MWS-32 118.7503 0.080 2.20/2.45/3.0 0.2/0.5/1.0 V or H 15


VII

VIS/IR Imaging


VII: heritage and priorities

• Heritage instruments– Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)– Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)– Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)

• Priority– Very high

• Baseline expected performance– 16 spectral channels between 0.443 and 13.335 µm– 500 m horizontal sampling (nadir)

• Priority of requirements (descending order)– Spatial resolution– Radiometric noise– Implementation of priority 2 channels


VII: channel definitions (1/4)

Channel number CentralWavelength

(µm)

FWHM(µm)

Primary Use Priority

VII-1 0.33 0.01 Aerosol, with inference of height 3

VII-2 0.37 0.01 3

VII-3 0.405 0.025 3

VII-40.43 0.03

Aerosol, ‘true colour imagery’ (blue channel), vegetation

1

VII-50.47 0.02

Aerosol, surface albedo, cloud reflectance, cloud optical depth, vegetation

2

VII-6 0.49 0.01 Aerosol, surface albedo, cloud reflectance, cloud optical depth

3

VII-7 0.531 0.01 4

VII-80.555 0.02

Clouds, vegetation, ‘true colour imagery’ (green channel)

1

VII-9 0.565 0.01 Cloud characterisation 4

VII-10 0.64 0.015 Aerosol, surface albedo, cloud reflectance,sea and land surface features (snow, ice), vegetation

3

VII-11 0.659 0.05 4

VII-120.67 0.02

Clouds, vegetation, ‘true colour imagery’ (red channel)

1




(µm)

FWHM(µm)


VII-13 0.681 0.01 Atmospheric corrections (aerosol)vegetation

4

VII-14 0.708 0.02 2

VII-15 0.763 0.01 Atmospheric corrections (aerosol), optical cloud top height assignment, vegetation

2

VII-16 0.763 0.04 2

VII-17 0.865 0.02 Vegetation, aerosol, clouds, surface features 1

VII-18 0.915 0.04 Water vapour imageryWater vapour total column

3

VII-19 0.936 0.01 4

VII-20 0.94 0.025 1

VII-21 1.02 0.02 Aerosol correction, water vapour, snow grain size 3

VII-22 1.24 0.02 Vegetation, aerosol 2

VII-231.365 0.04

High level aerosol, cirrus clouds, water vapour imagery

1

VII-24 1.63 0.015 Cloud phase, snow, vegetation, aerosol, fire 1

VII-252.25 0.05

Cloud microphysics at cloud top, vegetation, aerosol over land, fire (effects)

1




(µm)

FWHM(µm)


VII-26 3.74 0.18 Cloud parameters, cloud microphysics at cloud top, absorbing aerosol, SST, LST,fire, sea and land ice

1

VII-27 3.795 0.5 4

VII-28 3.959 0.04 SST, LST, fire 2

VII-293.959 0.06

Fire temperature and radiative power (high dynamic range channel)

4

VII-30 4.04 0.06 SST, LST fire 2

VII-31 4.465 0.04 Temperature profile (coarse vertical resolution) 3

VII-32 4.515 0.06 3

VII-33 6.725 0.37 Water vapour imagery (including wind in polar regions), water vapour profile (coarse vertical resolution)

1

VII-347.325 0.29

1

VII-35 8.54 0.29 Cirrus clouds, cloud emissivity 1

VII-36 9.73 0.3 Total ozone 1




(µm)

FWHM(µm)


VII-37 10.79 0.5 Cloud parameters including cirrus detection, surface temperatures and other radiative

parameters, surface imagery (snow, ice etc)

1

VII-38 11.03 0.3 4

VII-39 12.02 0.5 1

VII-40 13.345 0.31 CO2slicing for accurate cloud top height.

Temperature profile (coarse vertical resolution)

1

VII-41 13.64 0.29 3

VII-42 13.945 0.29 3

VII-43 14.25 0.29 3

VII-44 18.3 2.1 Thin cirrus cloud detection over ocean and land 4

VII-45 24.6 2.1 4

VII-46 0.7 0.33 Day/Night Band 4


VII: radiometric requirements

• Radiometric requirements currently specified for priority 1 channels, being refined– Signal to noise ratios, NET– Dynamic ranges

• Bias– Shortwave channels (< 3 µm): <5%, 4%, 3% (T/B/O)– Longwave channels (> 3µm): < 0.5 K @ 280 K

• Orbit and lifetime stability– Shortwave channels (< 3µm): < 1%– Longwave channels (> 3µm): < 0.15 K @280 K

• Radiometric homogeneity (inter-channel and inter-pixel)– Shortwave channels (< 3µm): < 1%– Longwave channels (> 3µm): < 0.1 K


VII: geometric requirements

• Polarisation

– Channels < 3 µm shall be insensitive to polarisation: < 5%, 2% (T/O)

• MTF

– Isotropic within 10%

– > 0.3 below Nyquist frequency

– < 0.3 above Nyquist frequency

• Geometric requirements

– Optimisation for Sun-synchronous orbits

– Maximisation of useful viewing angle

– Spatial sampling: < 0.5 Km for baseline channels, < 0.25 km for VII-12 (0.670 µm) and VII-17 (0.865 µm)

– Temporal co-registration of different channels: < 3 s / < 2 s / < 1 s (T/B/O)


SCA

Scatterometry


SCA: heritage and priorities

• Heritage instruments– Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT)– Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT)

• Priority– Very High

• Baseline expected performance– That of the ASCAT mission

• Priority of requirements (descending order)– Swath width shall have priority over horizontal resolution as long as the latter is

< 50 / 25 km (T/B)


SCA: requirements (1/2)

• Operating frequency– C-band

• Geometric requirements– Incidence angle > 20°– Horizontal resolution 25 km– Horizontal sampling 12.5 km– Geolocation accuracy 2/1 km (T/O)– Maximisation of useful viewing angle, 90% coverage within 45 h

• Radiometric requirements– Dynamic range to cover wind speeds within 0 – 25/40 km (T/O)– Radiometric accuracy 0.35 dB peak to peak per beam– Radiometric resolution 10% / 3% / 1% (T/B/O) at 4 m/s– Radiometric resolution 4% / 3% / 2% (T/B/O) at 25 m/s– Stability 0.1 dB over an orbit and over mission lifetime


SCA: requirements (2/2)

• Polarisation requirements– VV polarisation only (threshold)– VV and HH polarisation (objective)


RO

Radio Occultation Sounding


RO: heritage and priorities

• Heritage instruments– GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding (GRAS)– Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate

(COSMIC)

• Priority– Medium


RO: requirements

• GNSS systems to be used – GPS– Galileo– GLONASS

• Number of frequencies to be operated– At least two– Third frequency would be desirable for better ionospheric correction

• Coverage– Maximise the tracked occultation events: > 1000/d, 4000/d, 8000/d (T/B/O)– Uniformity of sampling in space and time is sought


RO: channel definitions

Mission Frequencies Sub-Band Frequency (MHz)

System Priority

RO-1 L1 1575.42 GPS 1

RO-2 L2 1227.60 GPS 1

RO-3 L5 1176.45 GPS 3

RO-4 E5a (GPS L5) 1176.45 Galileo 1

RO-5 E5b 1207.14 Galileo 3

RO-6 E6 1278.75 Galileo 3

RO-7 L1 1575.42 Galileo 1

RO-8L1 (*) F0 = 1602.0

Df = 562.5 kHz

GLONASS 2

RO-9L2 (*) F0 = 1246.0

Df = 437.5 kHz

GLONASS 2

RO-10 L3 (L5) TBC 1164-1215 (TBD) GLONASS-K 3


RO: sampling requirements

Height Range (km) Atmospheric Regions Sampling rates (Hz)

0-30 troposphere, lower stratosphere10, 50, 100,

200

30-150stratosphere, mesosphere,

Ionosphere E region10-50

150-to satellite orbit Ionosphere 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10


MWI

Microwave Imaging


MWI: heritage and priorities

• Heritage instruments– Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)– Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS)– Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – EOS (AMSR-E)

• Priority– MWI-Cloud: Medium– MWI-Precipitation: Low– MWI-Ocean: Low

• Baseline expected performance– 12 channels, of which SSM/I-channels constitute priority 1

• Priority of requirements (descending order)– NET– Bandwidth– Integration time (horizontal sampling)


MWI: baseline channel definitions (1/2)

ChannelFrequency

(GHz)Bandwidth

(MHz)

Stability(MHz)

All TBC

Primary Utilisation (secondary utilisation in brackets)

Priority

MWI-3 6.9 350 50 SST, (LST, soil moisture) 2

MWI-4 10.65 100 50Sea surface wind, SST, (surface roughness

correction for SST)2

MWI-5 18.7 200 50Sea-surface wind, sea-ice, precipitation,

surface correction for water vapour1

MWI-6 23.8 400 50Total column water vapour over sea,

precipitation1

MWI-7 31.4 or 36.5 1000 50Sea-surface wind, sea-ice & snow, cloud liquid

water, precipitation1

MWI-8 50.3 200 10 Precipitation over sea and land, drizzle, snowfall, temperature in cloudy areas

2

MWI-9 52.61 or 52.80 400 10 2

MWI-12 89.0 4000 100Sea-ice & snow imagery, cloud liquid water,

precipitation1

MWI-13 100.49 TBC TBC Clouds and precipitation over sea and land 2

MWI-19 183.318.4 2x3000 100Water vapour profile

and snowfall

2

MWI-20 183.316.1 2x1500 100 2

MWI-22 183.313.4 2x1500 100 2


MWI: baseline channel definitions (1/2)

ChannelFrequency

(GHz)

NET (K)

(T/B/O)Bias (K) Polarisation (*)

Footprint Size at 3dB

(km) (T/B/O)

MWI-3 6.9 0.35/0.3/0.25 0.25 V, H 50/40/30

MWI-4 10.65 0.5/0.44/0.4 0.5 V, H 30/20/15

MWI-5 18.7 0.6/0.5/0.44 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

MWI-6 23.8 0.6/0.45/0.3 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

MWI-7 36.5 or 31.4 0.6/0.5/0.42 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

MWI-8 50.3 0.3/0.2/0.1 0.5 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-9 52.61 or 52.80 0.3/0.2/0.1 0.5 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-12 89.0 1.0/0.8/0.5 1.0 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-13 100.49 TBC TBC V, H 15/10/8

MWI-19 183.318.4 0.8/0.6/0.5 1.0 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-20 183.316.1 1.0/0.75/0.5 1.0 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-22 183.313.4 1.0/0.75/0.5 1.0 V, H 15/10/8


MWI: ocean and land (1/2)

ChannelFrequency

(GHz)Bandwidth

(MHz)

Stability(MHz)

All TBC

Primary Utilisation (secondary utilisation in brackets)

Priority

MWI-1 1.4 27 1 Ocean salinity, soil moisture 1

MWI-2 2.7 10 1 Soil moisture 3

MWI-3 6.9 350 50 SST, (LST, soil moisture) 1

MWI-4 10.65 100 50Sea surface wind, (surface roughness correction for

SST)2

MWI-5 18.7 200 50Sea-surface wind, (surface roughness correction for

SST), sea-ice2

MWI-6 23.8 400 50 Total column water vapour over sea 3

MWI-7 36.5 1000 50 Sea-surface wind, sea-ice & snow 2

MWI-12 89.0 4000 100 Sea ice & snow imagery 1


MWI: ocean and land (2/2)


NET (K)

(T/B/O)

Bias (K) Polarisation (*) Footprint Size at 3dB

(km) (T/B/O)

MWI-1 1.4 0.15/0.1/0.08 0.5 V, H 100/50/20

MWI-2 2.7 0.15/0.1/0.08 0.5 V, H 50/20/10

MWI-3 6.9 0.35/0.3/0.25 0.25 V, H 50/40/30

MWI-4 10.65 0.5/0.44/0.4 0.35 V, H 30/20/15

0.25/0.22/0.2 0.25 (S3, S4)

MWI-5 18.7 0.6/0.5/0.44 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

0.3/0.25/0.22 0.25 (S3, S4)

MWI-6 23.8 0.6/0.45/0.3 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

MWI-7 36.5 0.6/0.5/0.42 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

0.3/0.25/0.21 0.25 (S3, S4)

MWI-12 89.0 1.0/0.8/0.5 1.0 V, H 25/10/5


MWI: precipitation (1/4)

ChannelFrequency

(GHz)Bandwidth

(MHz)

Stability(MHz)

All TBCUtilisation Priority

MWI-4 10.65 100 50 Heavy precipitation over sea 2

MWI-5 18.7 200 50 Precipitation over sea 1

MWI-6 23.8 400 50 Total column water vapour over sea 2

MWI-7 36.5 1000 50 Precipitation over sea and (marginally) land 1

MWI-8 50.3 200 10

Precipitation over sea and land including drizzle, snowfall,

height and depth of the melting layer

1

MWI-9 52.610 400 10 1

MWI-10 53.24 300 10 1

MWI-11 53.750 300 10 1

MWI-12 89.0 4000 100 Precipitation (sea & land) & snowfall 1



ChannelFrequency

(GHz)Bandwidth

(MHz)

Stability(MHz)


MWI-13 100.49 4000 (TBC) 100 (TBC) Precipitation over sea and land 1

MWI-14 118.75032.00 2x1000 10

Precipitation over sea and land including light precipitation and snowfall,

height and depth of the melting layer

1

MWI-15 118.75031.6 2x400 10 1

MWI-16 118.75031.4 2x400 10 1

MWI-17 118.75031.200 2x400 10 1

MWI-18 166.9 1425 100Quasi-window, water-vapour profile, precipitation

over land, snowfall2

MWI-19 183.318.4 2x3000 100

Water vapour profile and snowfall

1

MWI-20 183.316.1 2x1500 100 1

MWI-21 183.314.9 2x1500 100 2

MWI-22 183.313.4 2x1500 100 1

MWI-23 183.312.0 2x1500 100 3




NET (K)

(T/B/O)


(km) (T/B/O)

MWI-4 10.65 0.5/0.44/0.4 0.5 V, H 30/20/15

MWI-5 18.7 0.6/0.5/0.44 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

MWI-6 23.8 0.6/0.45/0.3 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

MWI-7 36.5 0.6/0.5/0.42 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

MWI-8 50.3 0.3/0.2/0.1 0.5 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-9 52.61 0.3/0.2/0.1 0.5 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-10 53.24 0.3/0.2/0.1 0.5 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-11 53.75 0.3/0.2/0.15 0.5 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-12 89.0 1.0/0.8/0.5 1.0 V, H 15/10/8




NET (K)

(T/B/O)


(km) (T/B/O)

MWI-13 100.49 TBD TBD V, H 15/10/8

MWI-14 118.75032.0 0.5/0.4/0.3 1.0 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-15 118.75031.6 0.5/0.4/0.3 1.0 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-16 118.75031.4 0.5/0.4/0.3 1.0 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-17 118.75031.2 0.5/0.4/0.3 1.0 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-18 166.9 0.8 1.0 V 15/10/8

MWI-19 183.318.4 0.8/0.6/0.5 1.0 V 15/10/8

MWI-20 183.316.1 1.0/0.75/0.5 1.0 V 15/10/8

MWI-21 183.314.9 1.0/0.75/0.5 1.0 V 15/10/8

MWI-22 183.313.4 1.0/0.75/0.5 1.0 V 15/10/8

MWI-23 183.312.0 1.2/1.0/0.75 1.0 V 15/10/8


MWI: clouds (1/4)

ChannelFrequency

(GHz)Bandwidth

(MHz)

Stability(MHz)


MWI-7 36.5 1000 50 Cloud liquid water 1

MWI-8 50.3 200 10Cloud liquid water

1

MWI-11 53.750 300 10 1

MWI-12 89.0 4000 100 Cloud liquid water 1

MWI-13 100.49 TBC TBC Cloud liquid water 1

MWI-15 118.75031.6 2x400 10

Cloud liquid water

2

MWI-16 118.75031.4 2x400 10 1

MWI-17 118.75031.2 2x400 10 2

MWI-19 183.318.4 2x3000 100Water vapour profile,

cloud ice water path retrieval

1

MWI-22 183.313.4 2x1500 100 2

MWI-23 183.312.0 2x1500 100 2


MWI: clouds (2/4)

ChannelFrequency

(GHz)Bandwidth

(MHz)

Stability(MHz)


MWI-24 243.2±2.5 2x3000 100 Quasi-window, cloud ice retrieval, cirrus clouds 3

MWI-25 325.15±9.5 2x3000 200

Cloud ice effective radius

2

MWI-26 325.15±3.5 2x2400 200 2

MWI-27 325.15±1.5 2x1600 200 1

MWI-28 340 8000 400 Quasi-window, cloud ice and cirrus 1

MWI-29 448±7.2 2x3000 200

Cloud ice water path and cirrus

1

MWI-30 448±3.0 2x2000 200 2

MWI-31 448±1.4 2x1200 200 2

MWI-32 664±4.2 2x3000 400Cirrus clouds,

cloud ice water path2


MWI: clouds (3/4)


NET (K)

(T/B/O)

Bias (K) Polarisation (*) Footprint Size at 3dB (km) (T/B/O)

MWI-7 36.5 0.6/0.5/0.42 0.5 V, H 20/15/10

MWI-8 50.3 0.3/0.2/0.1 0.5 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-11 53.75 0.3/0.2/0.15 0.5 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-12 89.0 1.0/0.8/0.5 1.0 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-13 100.49 TBC TBC V, H 15/10/8

MWI-15 118.75031.6 0.5/0.4/0.3 1.0 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-16 118.75031.4 0.5/0.4/0.3 1.0 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-17 118.75031.2 0.5/0.4/0.3 1.0 V, (H) 15/10/8

MWI-18 166.9 0.8 1.0 V 15/10/8

MWI-19 183.318.4 0.8/0.6/0.5 1.0 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-22 183.313.4 1.0/0.75/0.5 1.0 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-23 183.312.0 1.2/1.0/0.75 1.0 V, H 15/10/8


MWI: clouds (4/4)


NET (K)

(T/B/O)

Bias (K) Polarisation (*) Footprint Size at 3dB (km) (T/B/O)

MWI-24 243.2±2.5 1.1/0.6/0.5 1.5 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-25 325.15±9.5 1.2/1.0/0.8 1.5 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-26 325.15±3.5 1.4/1.0/0.8 1.5 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-27 325.15±1.5 1.1/1.0/0.8 1.5 V, H 15/10/8

MWI-28 340 1.2/1.0/0.8 1.5 V 15/10/8

MWI-29 448±7.2 1.2/1.0/0.8 1.5 V 15/10/8

MWI-30 448±3.0 1.4/1.0/0.8 1.5 V 15/10/8

MWI-31 448±1.4 1.7/1.0/0.8 1.5 V 15/10/8

MWI-32 664±4.2 1.3/1.0/0.6 1.5 V, H 15/10/8


UVNS

Nadir Viewing UV/VIS/NIR/SWIR Sounding


UVNS: heritage and priorities

• Heritage instruments– Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2)– Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography

(SCIAMACHY)– Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)– Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System (OSIRIS)


• Baseline expected performance– Not identified so far

• Priority of requirements (descending order)– Spatial resolution has highest priority


UVNS: channel definitions (1/3)

ChannelWavelength range

[nm]Spectral resolution

[nm]

Spectral oversampling

Target species

UVNS-1 270 – 330 0.5 – 1.0 3 – 6

O3 profile

(Stratosphere), UV-B

Tropospheric O3

UVNS-2 308 – 325 0.2 – 0.5 3 – 6SO2 and Tropospheric

O3,

UVNS-3 325 – 337 0.2 – 0.5 3 – 6 O3 total column

UVNS-4 337 – 356 0.2 – 0.5 3 – 6 HCHO

UVNS-5 345 – 360 0.2 – 0.5 3 – 6 BrO

UVNS-6 356 – 400 0.2 – 0.5 3 – 6

O4 & rotational Raman

scattering (Cloud Top Height in UV), OClO, UV-A

NO2 in UV window and

NO2 as function of

altitude.





[nm]


Target species

UVNS-7 405 – 500 0.2 – 0.5 3 - 6

NO2 and NO2 as

function of T i.e. altitude

UVNS-8 430 – 460 0.2 – 0.5 3 - 6 Glyoxal (CHO.CHO)

UVNS-9 460 – 490 0.2 – 0.5 3 - 6O4 (cloud top height

visible, cloud fraction visible)

UVNS-10 330 - 640 0.2 – 0.8 3 - 6O3 troposphere-B

Aerosol-AOT-(1)

UVNS-11 640 - 730 0.2 – 0.5 3 - 6 H2O (O2) total column

UVNS-12 755 - 775 0.05 – 0.2 3 - 6O2, Aerosol height and

Aerosol- AOT-(2)





[nm]


Target species

UVNS-13(priority 1)

1400 – 1750 0.05 – 0.3 2 - 6

CO2 (Total Dry Column

- need O2 UVNS-12),

CH4 (Total Dry Column)

Cloud Phase Index and

Aerosol (AOT-3)

UVNS-14(priority 2)

1940 – 2040 0.05 – 0.3 2 - 6

CO2 Profile info to be

coupled with 1.6 micron band,

Aerosol

UVS-15(priority 1)

2295 - 2400 0.05 – 0.3 2 - 6CO, CH4, N2O


UVNS: spectral and radiometric requirements

• Spectral requirements– Spectral co-registration < 0.01/0.005 (T/O) of a spectral pixel– Stability of spectral co-registration < 0.05/0.02 (T/O) of a spectral pixel

• Extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance– To be measured in all bands once per day for two minutes

• Radiometric accuracy– Absolute accuracy < 2% / 1% (T/O)– Inter-channel relative radiometric accuracy < 0.05/0.02 (T/O)

• Polarisation sensitivity– < 1.0% / 0.5%


UVNS: SNR (1/2)

Wavelength range [nm]

Tropical Dark Case

High-Latitude Dark Case

Solar Spectral Irradiance

UVNS-1 270 – 330100 @ 270 nm

1000 @ 310 nm1000 @ 330 nm

50 @ 270 nm (TBD)1000 @ 310 nm1000 @ 330 nm

1000 @ 270 nm3000 @ 310 nm3000 @ 310 nm

UVNS-2 308 – 325 1000 400 3000

UVNS-3 325 – 337 800 400 3000

UVNS-4 337 – 356 1000 400 3000

UVNS-5 345 – 360 1000 400 3000

UVNS-6 356 – 400 1000 400 3000

UVNS-7 405 – 500 1050 450 4500

UVNS-8 430 – 460 1050 450 4500


UVNS: SNR (2/2)

Wavelength range [nm]

Tropical Dark Case

High-Latitude Dark Case

Solar Spectral Irradiance

UVNS-9 460 – 490 1500 650 4500

UVNS-10 330 - 64090 @ 650nm

540 @ 330nm90 @ 650nm

540 @ 330nm3000 (TBD)

UVNS-11 640 - 730 700 700 4000

UVNS-12 755 - 775

200 (for lowest radiance level in absorption band)

500 (in continuum)

200 (for lowest radiance level in absorption band)

500 (in continuum)

1500

UVNS-13 (TBC) 1400 – 1750 1000 100 1500

UVNS-14 (TBC) 1940 – 2040 1000 100 1500

UVNS-15 2295 - 2400 1000 100 1500


UVNS: geometric requirements

• Scan pattern– Ground pixel size < 20 / 10 / 5 km (T/B/O)– Maximisation of useful viewing angle: 99% coverage within 24 h– Provision of near-contiguous coverage

• Spatial co-registration– All bands co-registered within 5% / 1% (T/O) of the field of view

• Synchronisation with optical imager– Synchronisation with imager (~1 km resolution) required for aiding cloud and

aerosol detection


3MI

Multi-Viewing Multi-Channel Multi-Polarisation Imaging


3MI: heritage, priorities

• Heritage instruments– Polarisation and Directionality of Earth’s Radiation (POLDER)– Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR)


• Baseline expected performance– That of POLDER

• Priority of requirements (descending order)– Multi-viewing capability– Multi-polarisation capability– Extension of spectral range– Radiometric accuracy– Relatively narrow spectral bands– Geometric resolution


3MI: channel definitions

MissionBAND

CentralWavelength

(µm)

FWHM(µm)

Polarization Primary Use Priority

3MI-1 0.342 0.06 (TBC) Y Absorbing aerosol 2

3MI-2 0.388 0.06 (TBC) Y 2

3MI-3 0.443 0.02 Aerosol absorption and height indicators 1

3MI-40.490 0.02

Y Aerosol, surface albedo, cloud reflectance, cloud optical depth

1

3MI-5 0.555 0.02 Y Surface albedo 3

3MI-6 0.670 0.02 Y Aerosol properties 1

3MI -7 0.763 0.01 Cloud height 2

3MI -8 0.765 0.04 Cloud height 2

3MI -9 0.865 0.04 Y Vegetation, aerosol, clouds, surface features 1

3MI -10 1.370 0.04 Cirrus clouds, water vapour imagery, 1

3MI -11 1.650 0.04 Y Ground characterization for aerosol inversion 1

3MI -12

2.130 0.04

Y Cloud microphysics at cloud top, Vegetation, fire (effects)

Ground characterization for aerosol inversion

1


3MI: spectral and polarisation requirements

• Spectral response– To be known within 1%

• Spectral stability– < 0.1 nm over mission lifetime

• Polarisation– Three polarisers at 0°, 60°, -60°– Accuracy of orientation < 1°– Polarisation sensitivity > 96% for polarised channels, < 5% for non-polarised

channels, knowledge within 0.001

• Transmittance of polarisation components– Relative transmittance among polarisation channels must not differ by more

than 1%


3MI: radiometric requirements

• Radiometric noise– NER = sup [5·10-4, 5·10-3 R] for all channels– NERp = sup [10-3, 10-2 Rp] for all polarised channels

• Bias error– < 2% for all channels

• Inter-calibration bias between different viewing angles– < 2%

• Spectral homogeneity– < 1% in TOA radiance for uniform scene

• Spatial homogeneity– < 0.1% within 10 x 10 pixels

• Co-registration and inter-calibration of 3MI and VII for similar bands

• RMS stability < 1% over one year


3MI: geometric requirements

• Maximisation of useful viewing angle– 99% global coverage within 24 / 12 h (T/O)

• Maximisation of measurements in principal plane– 10 / 14 (T/O) directional measurements

• On-ground spatial sampling– < 2 / 1 km (T/O)

• MTF– > 0.2 below Nyquist frequency– < 0.2 above Nyquist frequency

• Spatial co-registration– < 0.1 SSD for polarisation components– < 0.2 SSD for multi-spectral components– < 0.1 SSD for multi-directional components

• Absolute geolocation– < 2 / 1 km (T/O) at nadir


RER

Radiant Energy Radiometry

• Invite NOAA to provide payload

• CERES type instrument fulfils Post-EPS reqs.


RER: heritage and priorities

• Heritage instruments– Earth Radiation Budget Instrument (ERBE)– Clouds and the Earth’s radiant Energy System (CERES)

• Priority– Low

• Priority of requirements– Radiometric accuracy is most important


RER: channel definitions and requirements

Channel Dynamic Range Radiometric Noise BiasB/T

RER-1 0 - 350 W m-2 sr-1 0.3 W m-2sr-1 0.5/0.8 W m-2sr-1@R<100 W m-2sr-1, else 0.5%/1%

RER-2 0 - 500 W m-2 sr-1 0.3 W m-2sr-1 0.5/0.6 W m-2sr-1 @R<100 W m-2sr-1,else 0.3%/0.5%

RER-3 0 - 30 W m-2 sr-1 0.3 W m-2sr-1 0.3/0.5 W m-2sr-1

Channel Bandwidth Purpose

RER-1 0.2 – 4.0 µm Total solar radiation at TOA

RER-2 0.2 – 200 µm Total radiant energy at TOA

RER-3 8 – 12 µm Emitted radiant energy (TOA) in the main IR window region


RER: geometric requirements

• Angular sampling– Optimal angular sampling of the entire hemispheric radiative pattern– Baseline angular sampling: that of CERES

• Spatial sampling– < 20 km (threshold), < 10 km (breakthrough) @ nadir– MTF > 0.6 below Nyquist frequency, < 0.6 above Nyquist frequency

• Coverage– 99% global coverage within 48 / 24 h (T/O)

• Inter-channel co-registration– < 0.1 spatial sampling distance


DWL

Doppler Wind Lidar

• Await demonstration of ADM-Aeolus• To be combined with Aerosol Profiling Lidar• Study improvement of laser lifetime (already started)• Refer to MRD for requirements


APL

Aerosol Profiling Lidar

• To be combined with Doppler Wind Lidar• Await demonstration of ADM• Refer to MRD for requirements


CPR

Cloud and Precipitation Profiling Radar

• Requires dedicated platform in low orbit

• Lacks maturity for operational mission (no European heritage)

• Refer to MRD for requirements


ALT

Radar Altimetry

• Implementation by Sentinel-3 and Jason follow-on

• Fulfil Post-EPS requirements



DVR

Dual View Radiometry

• Implementation by Sentinel-3• Fulfils Post-EPS requirements• Refer to MRD for requirements


OCI

Ocean Colour Imaging

• Implementation by Sentinel-3• Fulfils Post-EPS requirements• Refer to MRD for requirements


TSIM

Total Solar Irradiance Monitoring

• Need for one instrument in space: NPOESS



Consolidation of mission requirements

• Identify open issues in mission requirements and instigate corresponding scientific and technical studies

• Acquire feedback from 2nd Post-EPS User Consultation Workshop

• Ingest results from industrial Phase 0 studies on sensor and system architecture

• Acquire feedback from PMET on results from scientific and technical studies and ingest consolidated solutions into MRD

• Assess and ingest EPS commissioning results

• Mission Definition Review at end of Phase 0

eum/peps/vwg/09/0012 issue 1, 26/01/2009 candidates for the post-eps observation missions,...

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