eukaryotic cell division purpose increase cell number for growth, maintenance, repair, or...
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Eukaryotic Cell Division
PurposeIncrease cell number for growth, maintenance, repair, or reproduction
Cell TypesSomatic Germ
Cell Division CycleInterphase Nuclear Division (Mitosis or Meiosis)Cytokinesis
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Fig. 5.1a
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TERMINOLOGY
Genetic MaterialStructural Types
Chromatin Uncoiled genetic material not visible
with a light microscope.Chromosome Coiled genetic material visible with
a light microscope.
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Fig. 5A
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TERMINOLOGYGenetic Material
Structural Apparatus Sister Chromatids
One of two identical copies of genetic material attached at the centromere.Centromere Constricted portion of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together.Kinetochore Protein structure at the centromere to
which spindle fibers attach.
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TERMINOLOGYCentrioles
Cylindrical structure within a centrosome producing spindle fibers.
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TERMINOLOGYMitotic Spindles (Spindle Fibers)
Microtubules that bring about chromosomal movement.
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SOMATIC CELL DIVISIONSomatic Cells
DefinitionAll diploid cells that are not involved in
gamete formation.Examples
Skin, Heart, Liver, Intestinal, Bone, MuscleType of Cell Division
Mitotic (Mitosis) Steps
InterphaseMitosisCytokinesis
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SOMATIC CELL DIVISIONMitotic Cell Division
OutcomeEach daughter cell is a clone of the
parent. Each cell has homologous pairs (diploid, 2N) of chromosomes.
Human Karyotype46 chromosomes
. 22 paired autosomes . 2 sex chromosomes ( XX or XY)
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KARYOTYPE
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Sex Chromosomes
Autosomes#1-22
Homologous Pairs, Diploid, 2N
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Humanoid Daughter’s Old Boyfriend 22.9
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MITOTIC CELL DIVISIONInterphase
Purpose Preparation for cell division.
Steps G1 (Gap 1) Phase
S Phase (Synthesis)G2 (Gap 2) Phase
Genetic MaterialChromatin
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INTERPHASEG1 (Gap 1) Phase
Undividing Cell1) Cell growth2) Cell metabolism
Dividing Cell 1) Organelles begin to replicate
2) Preparation for S phase a) DNA is checked for damage b) Environment is checked for adequacy
c) Cell size is checked
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Fig. 5.1b
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G1 PHASE
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INTERPHASES (Synthesis) Phase DNA replication
Formation of Sister Chromatids
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DNA REPLICATION
Sister Chromatids
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INTERPHASEG2 (Gap 2) Phase
Final preparation for mitosis.Check for DNA damageCheck to see that S phase is completeCheck the environment for adequacyFinish Organelle Replication
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Fig. 5.1b
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MITOTIC CELL DIVISION
MitosisPurpose
Nuclear division Separation of sister chromatids
StepsProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase
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MITOSISProphase
1) Chromatin coils becoming chromosome.2) Nuclear envelope disintegrates.3) Centrioles produce mitotic spindles and move toward the spindle poles4) Kinetochore fibers attach to kinetochores5) Polar fibers run from pole to pole6) Asters attach centrioles to plasma
membrane
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MITOSIS
MetaphaseCentriole movement aligns chromosomes at
the spindle equator. M Checkpoint for spindle fiber attachment.
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MITOSIS
Anaphase1) Kinetochores pull on Kinetochore fibers2) Sister chromatids separate.
a) Chromatids are now referred to as “Daughter Chromosomes”.
3) Daughter chromosomes move toward opposite spindle poles.
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Daughter Chromosome
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MITOSIS
Telophase1) Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles.2) Nuclear membrane regenerates.3) Spindle fibers disintegrate.4) Chromosomes become chromatin.
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CYTOKINESISPurpose
Formation of two daughter cells. Types
Animal Cell Cleavage Furrow
Formation of a contractile ring at the cell equator which will "pinch“ the cell in two.
Plant Cell Cell Plate
Construction of a new cell wall inside of the cell creating two cells.
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ANIMAL CYTOKINESIS
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ANIMAL CYTOKINESIS
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DAUGHTER CELLS
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PLANT CYTOKINESIS
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PLANT CYTOKINESIS