EUGENIA LANGANEUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLSCHOOLHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDAHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDAWIWITH THANKS TO TONY MILLER & SUSAN POJERTH THANKS TO TONY MILLER & SUSAN POJER

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

TODAY:TODAY:WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE WAR OF WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE WAR OF 1812?1812?

WAS JAMES MADISON A STRICT WAS JAMES MADISON A STRICT CONSTRUCTIONIST? WERE FEDERALISTS CONSTRUCTIONIST? WERE FEDERALISTS REALLY LIBERAL CONSTRUCTIONISTS?REALLY LIBERAL CONSTRUCTIONISTS?

BROAD:BROAD:

HOW AND WHEN DID U.S. NATIONALISM ARISE?HOW AND WHEN DID U.S. NATIONALISM ARISE?

WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?

FRQ PROMPT:FRQ PROMPT:

WITH RESPECT TO THE FEDERAL WITH RESPECT TO THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION, THE JEFFERSONIAN CONSTITUTION, THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS ARE USUALLY CHARACTERIZED REPUBLICANS ARE USUALLY CHARACTERIZED AS STRICT CONSTRUCTIONISTS WHO WERE AS STRICT CONSTRUCTIONISTS WHO WERE OPPOSED TO THE BROAD CONSTRUCTIONISM OPPOSED TO THE BROAD CONSTRUCTIONISM OF THE FEDERALISTS. TO WHAT EXTENT WAS OF THE FEDERALISTS. TO WHAT EXTENT WAS THIS CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TWO PARTIES THIS CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TWO PARTIES ACCURATE DURING THE PRESIDENCIES OF ACCURATE DURING THE PRESIDENCIES OF JEFFERSON AND MADISON?JEFFERSON AND MADISON?

YOUR “OI” MUST INCLUDE:YOUR “OI” MUST INCLUDE:ALL RELEVANT PRIMARY SOURCES ASSIGNEDALL RELEVANT PRIMARY SOURCES ASSIGNEDALL ASSIGNED READINGS AND MY LECTURES/ ALL ASSIGNED READINGS AND MY LECTURES/ PPSPPS

NO INTERNET CRAPNO INTERNET CRAP

BACKGROUND/ REVIEWBACKGROUND/ REVIEW

FROM 1807, NAPOLEONIC WARS PUT U.S. FROM 1807, NAPOLEONIC WARS PUT U.S. IN MIDDLE OF WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND IN MIDDLE OF WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE (AGAIN!)FRANCE (AGAIN!)

1807, BRITISH ORDERS IN COUNCIL 1807, BRITISH ORDERS IN COUNCIL NAPOLEON’S EDICT OF MILAN NAPOLEON’S EDICT OF MILAN BOTH BOTH ENGLISH AND FRANCE SEIZED U.S. ENGLISH AND FRANCE SEIZED U.S. MERCHANT SHIPSMERCHANT SHIPS

o 1807 – 11 BRITAIN IMPRESSED > 6,000 1807 – 11 BRITAIN IMPRESSED > 6,000 U.S. SEAMENU.S. SEAMEN

ALSO 1807, ALSO 1807, CHESAPEAKE-LEOPARD CHESAPEAKE-LEOPARD AFFAIRAFFAIR

1807 – JEFFERSON’S EMBARGO ACT1807 – JEFFERSON’S EMBARGO ACT

DEVASTATED U.S. ECONOMY IN THE DEVASTATED U.S. ECONOMY IN THE SHORT RUN, BUT IN THE LONG RUN SHORT RUN, BUT IN THE LONG RUN INDUSTRIALIZATION N.E., OHIOINDUSTRIALIZATION N.E., OHIO

JEFFERSON’S POLICIES JEFFERSON’S POLICIES HAMILTON’S HAMILTON’S

1808 – MADISON (D-R) ELECTED PRESIDENT, 1808 – MADISON (D-R) ELECTED PRESIDENT, DESPITE UNPOPULARITY OF EMBARGODESPITE UNPOPULARITY OF EMBARGO

1809 – NON-INTERCOURSE ACT – EMBARGO 1809 – NON-INTERCOURSE ACT – EMBARGO ONLY ON TRADE WITH BRITAIN AND FRANCEONLY ON TRADE WITH BRITAIN AND FRANCE

NEITHER BRITAIN NOR FRANCE CAPITULATED NEITHER BRITAIN NOR FRANCE CAPITULATED TO EITHER EMBARGO ACT OR NON-TO EITHER EMBARGO ACT OR NON-INTERCOURSE ACT INTERCOURSE ACT

JAMES MADISON – “FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION,” AUTHOR OF BILL OF RIGHTS , FEDERALIST PAPERS, AND VIRGINIA RESOLVES, SECRETARY OF STATE, FOURTH PRESIDENT

IN THE VIRGINIA RESOLVES, MADISON ADVOCATED COMPACT THEORY AND STRICT CONSTRUCTION

MADISON’S ECONOMIC POLICY:MADISON’S ECONOMIC POLICY:

SUPPORTED NON-INTERCOURSE ACT SUPPORTED NON-INTERCOURSE ACT

DID NOT SUPPORTED MACON’S BILL NO. 2 – DID NOT SUPPORTED MACON’S BILL NO. 2 – LIFTED EMBARGO ENTIRELY BUT LIFTED EMBARGO ENTIRELY BUT THREATENED TO RESTORE IT IF BRITAIN OR THREATENED TO RESTORE IT IF BRITAIN OR FRANCE DIDN’T STOP SEIZING U.S. SHIPSFRANCE DIDN’T STOP SEIZING U.S. SHIPS

NAPOLEON’S PLOY NAPOLEON’S PLOY MADISON RESTORED MADISON RESTORED EMBARGO ON BRITAIN EMBARGO ON BRITAIN

STRICT CONSTRUCTION?STRICT CONSTRUCTION?

BRITAIN KEPT SEIZING U.S. SHIPS BRITAIN KEPT SEIZING U.S. SHIPS

PROVOCATIONS ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER (?)

RECALL PONTIAC’S UPRISING, NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR – REALLY ONE LONG WAR BETWEEN INDIANS IN N.W. AND WHITE INVADERS

RECALL TREATY OF GREENVILLE – 1795

EVERYTHING EVERYTHING N.W. OF THIS N.W. OF THIS LINE = LINE = INDIAN INDIAN TERRITORY TERRITORY

BUT WESTWARD HO! WHITE FOLKS! BUT WESTWARD HO! WHITE FOLKS!

1809 – TREATY OF FORT WAYNE. WILLIAM 1809 – TREATY OF FORT WAYNE. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, GOVERNOR OF INDIANA HENRY HARRISON, GOVERNOR OF INDIANA TERRITORY INVITED TERRITORY INVITED SELECTEDSELECTED INDIAN INDIANCHIEFS TO FT. WAYNE TO SIGN TREATY CEDING CHIEFS TO FT. WAYNE TO SIGN TREATY CEDING 3 MILLION ACRES TO U.S3 MILLION ACRES TO U.S

MADISON OPPOSED THIS!MADISON OPPOSED THIS!

TECUMSEH, SHAWNEE GENERAL, AND HIS TECUMSEH, SHAWNEE GENERAL, AND HIS BROTHER TENKSWATAWA (“THE PROPHET”)BROTHER TENKSWATAWA (“THE PROPHET”)

TECUMSEH: ALL INDIAN LANDS OWNED BY TECUMSEH: ALL INDIAN LANDS OWNED BY ALL TRIBES IN COMMON (JOSEPH BRANT)ALL TRIBES IN COMMON (JOSEPH BRANT)

TENKSWATAWA = INDIAN “PURITAN” – TENKSWATAWA = INDIAN “PURITAN” – URGED REJECTION OF WHITE CULTURE URGED REJECTION OF WHITE CULTURE (INCLUDING X’IANITY AND LIQUOR)(INCLUDING X’IANITY AND LIQUOR)

HARRISON, TECUMSEH AND TENSKWATAWAHARRISON, TECUMSEH AND TENSKWATAWA

BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE, NOV. 7, 1811 – BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE, NOV. 7, 1811 – WHO WON?WHO WON?

TECUMSEH ORGANIZED CONFEDERATION TECUMSEH ORGANIZED CONFEDERATION OF MOST TRIBES TO RESIST TREATY OF FT. OF MOST TRIBES TO RESIST TREATY OF FT. WAYNEWAYNE

BRITAIN AIDED TECUMSEH (EXAMPLE – HE BRITAIN AIDED TECUMSEH (EXAMPLE – HE WAS IN CANADA WHEN BATTLE OF WAS IN CANADA WHEN BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE OCCURRED)TIPPECANOE OCCURRED) NEWS OF BATTLE NEWS OF BATTLE ANGER AT BRITAIN ANGER AT BRITAIN FORFOR““INSTIGATING INSTIGATING INDIANS”INDIANS”

THE WAR LASTED UNTIL 1813 = WESTERN FRONT THE WAR LASTED UNTIL 1813 = WESTERN FRONT IN WAR OF 1812IN WAR OF 1812

A BRANCH OF THE D-R PARTY – MADISON A BRANCH OF THE D-R PARTY – MADISON RESISTED THEM!RESISTED THEM!

ARGUED FOR WAR ON BEHALF OF ARGUED FOR WAR ON BEHALF OF FRONTIER PEOPLE & IN DEFENSE OF U.S. FRONTIER PEOPLE & IN DEFENSE OF U.S. SOVEREIGNTY SOVEREIGNTY

THE TWO TO REMEMBER – HENRY CLAY (KY) THE TWO TO REMEMBER – HENRY CLAY (KY) AND JOHN C. CALHOUN (S.C.)AND JOHN C. CALHOUN (S.C.)

CLAY – “THE GREAT CLAY – “THE GREAT COMPROMISER” – 3 X COMPROMISER” – 3 X SPEAKER OF THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE, SECRETARY HOUSE, SECRETARY OF STATE, SENATOROF STATE, SENATOR

CALHOUN – SENATOR, CALHOUN – SENATOR, HOUSE MEMBER, VICE HOUSE MEMBER, VICE PRESIDENT, SECRETARY OF PRESIDENT, SECRETARY OF WARWAR

THOMAS JEFFERSON, WAR HAWK?THOMAS JEFFERSON, WAR HAWK?

““THE ACQUISITION OF CANADA THIS YEAR, THE ACQUISITION OF CANADA THIS YEAR, AS FAR AS THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF QUEBEC, AS FAR AS THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF QUEBEC, WILL BE A MERE MATTER OF MARCHING, WILL BE A MERE MATTER OF MARCHING, AND WILL GIVE US THE EXPERIENCE FOR AND WILL GIVE US THE EXPERIENCE FOR THE ATTACK ON HALIFAX, THE NEXT AND THE ATTACK ON HALIFAX, THE NEXT AND FINAL EXPULSION OF ENGLAND FROM THE FINAL EXPULSION OF ENGLAND FROM THE AMERICAN CONTINENT.“ JEFFERSON, 1812AMERICAN CONTINENT.“ JEFFERSON, 1812

WAS U.S. EXPANSIONISM A/ THE MOTIVE WAS U.S. EXPANSIONISM A/ THE MOTIVE FOR THE WAR?FOR THE WAR?

THE HENRY LETTERS – MADISON BOUGHT FOR THE HENRY LETTERS – MADISON BOUGHT FOR $50,000 -- $50,000 -- WAS MADISON TRULY DECEIVED?WAS MADISON TRULY DECEIVED?

JUNE 1, 1812 – MADISON SPEECH TO JUNE 1, 1812 – MADISON SPEECH TO CONGRESS LISTS GRIEVANCES AGAINST BRITAIN, CONGRESS LISTS GRIEVANCES AGAINST BRITAIN, INCLUDING HENRY LETTERS INCLUDING HENRY LETTERS

SAME DAY, CONGRESS DECLARED WAR ON SAME DAY, CONGRESS DECLARED WAR ON GREAT BRITAINGREAT BRITAIN

FIRST TIME U.S. DECLARED WARFIRST TIME U.S. DECLARED WAR NARROWEST WAR VOTE IN U.S. HISTORYNARROWEST WAR VOTE IN U.S. HISTORYHouse= 79-49, Senate= 19-13 NO FEDERALISTS VOTED FOR THE WARNO FEDERALISTS VOTED FOR THE WAR

BRITAIN HAD REVOKED ORDERS IN COUNCIL BRITAIN HAD REVOKED ORDERS IN COUNCIL TWO DAYS EARLIER (HAD TAPERED OFF TWO DAYS EARLIER (HAD TAPERED OFF SEIZURES BEFORE SEIZURES BEFORE

CANDIDATES P/ VP

PARTY ELECTORAL VOTES

% ELECTOR

AL

% POPULAR

JAMES MADISONJAMES MADISONELBRIDGE ELBRIDGE GERRYGERRY

DRDR 128128 58.9%58.9% 50.4%50.4%**

DEWITT DEWITT CLINTONCLINTONJARED JARED INGERSOLLINGERSOLL

FEDFED 8989 41.1%41.1% 47.6%47.6%

RUFUS KINGRUFUS KING FEDFED 00 00 2%2%

ELECTION OF 1812ELECTION OF 1812

18 STATES – ONE OHIO ELECTOR DIDN’T VOTE18 STATES – ONE OHIO ELECTOR DIDN’T VOTE* IN CONN., DEL., GA., N.Y., S.C. & VT., ELECTORS * IN CONN., DEL., GA., N.Y., S.C. & VT., ELECTORS WERE WERE STILLSTILL APPOINTED BY STATE LEGISLATURES APPOINTED BY STATE LEGISLATURES

THE WAR -- JUNE 18, 1812 – FEBRUARY 18, THE WAR -- JUNE 18, 1812 – FEBRUARY 18, 18151815

U.S. UNPREPARED -- > 30,000 REGULAR U.S. UNPREPARED -- > 30,000 REGULAR ARMY, MADISON PLANNED TO USE MOSTLY ARMY, MADISON PLANNED TO USE MOSTLY STATE MILITIASSTATE MILITIAS

– – NO DICE – MILITIAS RELUCTANT TO FIGHT NO DICE – MILITIAS RELUCTANT TO FIGHT OUTSIDE OWN STATES, N.E. STATES OUTSIDE OWN STATES, N.E. STATES (FEDERALISTS) WOULDN’T SEND MILITIAS (FEDERALISTS) WOULDN’T SEND MILITIAS

FIRST TWO CAMPAIGNS = UNSUCCESSFUL FIRST TWO CAMPAIGNS = UNSUCCESSFUL INVASIONS OF CANADA (FROM MICHIGAN AND INVASIONS OF CANADA (FROM MICHIGAN AND NEW YORK) SUMMER OF 1812NEW YORK) SUMMER OF 1812

RESULT – BRITISH TOOK DETROIT, RESULT – BRITISH TOOK DETROIT, CONTROL OF LAKE ERIE CONTROL OF LAKE ERIE

N.B. BRITAIN DIDN’T TOTALLY CUT OFF NEW ENGLAND

OVERVIEW:

ONLY CLEAR VICTORIES – AGAINST INDIANS IN N.W. AND SOUTH, AND AGAINST BRITISH ON LAKE ERIE + BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

WAR BECAME POINTLESS FOR BOTH SIDES BY 1815

BUT MANY AMERICAN LEGENDS, AND U.S. NATIONALISM RESULT

SIGNIFICANT BATTLES: WEST SIGNIFICANT BATTLES: WEST

BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE AKA BATTLE OF PUT-BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE AKA BATTLE OF PUT-IN BAY, SEPTEMBER 1813 – U.S. NAVY, UNDER IN BAY, SEPTEMBER 1813 – U.S. NAVY, UNDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, TOOK CONTROL OF OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, TOOK CONTROL OF LAKE ERIE – ENDED PROSPECT OF BRITISH LAKE ERIE – ENDED PROSPECT OF BRITISH INVASION IN N.W.INVASION IN N.W.

“WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY AND HE IS OURS”

HIS STANDARD WAS “DON’T GIVE UP THE SHIP” = DYING WORDS OF CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE OF THE CHESAPEAKE – CAPTURED BY BRITISH H.M.S. SHANNON OFF NOVASCOTIA, EARLIER IN 1813

SAMPLER - LAWRENCE = SENTIMENTAL HEROSAMPLER - LAWRENCE = SENTIMENTAL HERO

BATTLE OF THE THAMES, OCTOBER 1813 – BATTLE OF THE THAMES, OCTOBER 1813 – WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON DEFINITELY WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON DEFINITELY DEFEATED TECUMSEH HEREDEFEATED TECUMSEH HERE

NO MORE NO MORE PROBLEMS WITH PROBLEMS WITH INDIANS IN N.W.!INDIANS IN N.W.!

SIGNIFICANT BATTLE: ATLANTIC

JULY 1812 – JULY 1812 – U.S.S. CONSTITUTION U.S.S. CONSTITUTION “OLD “OLD IRONSIDES” – DEFEATS AND BURNS IRONSIDES” – DEFEATS AND BURNS H.M.S H.M.S GUERRIEREGUERRIERE

SIGNIFICANT BATTLES, CHESAPEAKESIGNIFICANT BATTLES, CHESAPEAKE

BATTLE OF BLADENSBURG, AUGUST, 1814 – BATTLE OF BLADENSBURG, AUGUST, 1814 – MILTIA COULDN’T STOP BRITISH INVASION OF MILTIA COULDN’T STOP BRITISH INVASION OF WASHINGTON WASHINGTON SACK OF WASHINGTON, SACK OF WASHINGTON, BURNING OF WHITE HOUSEBURNING OF WHITE HOUSE

FIRST LADY DOLLEY FIRST LADY DOLLEY MADISON SAVED MANY MADISON SAVED MANY WHITE HOUSE WHITE HOUSE VALUABLES, SUCH AS G. VALUABLES, SUCH AS G. STUART PORTRAIT OF STUART PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTONWASHINGTON

A HEROINE! AND SO WE A HEROINE! AND SO WE HONOR HER BY NAMING HONOR HER BY NAMING CHEAP SNACK CAKES CHEAP SNACK CAKES AFTER HERAFTER HER

“ “BATTLE” OF BALTIMORE (FT. MC HENRY), BATTLE” OF BALTIMORE (FT. MC HENRY), AUGUST, 1814 – “BOMBS BURSTING IN AIR” AUGUST, 1814 – “BOMBS BURSTING IN AIR” INSPIRED FRANCIS SCOTT TO WRITE “THE INSPIRED FRANCIS SCOTT TO WRITE “THE DEFENSE OF FT. MC HENRY” DEFENSE OF FT. MC HENRY”

SET TO THE TUNE OF SET TO THE TUNE OF THE ANACREONTIC THE ANACREONTIC SONG, IT BECAME SONG, IT BECAME OUR NATIONAL OUR NATIONAL ANTHEM IN 1931ANTHEM IN 1931

““And long may the And long may the sons of Anacreon sons of Anacreon intwine the myrtle of intwine the myrtle of Venus with Bacchus' Venus with Bacchus' vine.” vine.”

SIGNIFICANT BATTLES – SOUTH

BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND, MARCH 1814

REALLY A SEPARATE WAR WITH CREEKS

GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON DEFEATED CREEK “RED STICKS” - INSPIRED BY TECUMSEH

TREATY OF FORT JACKSON – CREEKS CEDED THEIR LANDS IN ALABAMA AND GEORGIA

JACKSON ACCEPTING SURRENDER OF CREEK GENERAL JACKSON ACCEPTING SURRENDER OF CREEK GENERAL WILLIAM WEATHERFORDWILLIAM WEATHERFORD

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, JANUARY 1815BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, JANUARY 1815

TREATY OF GHENT, ENDING WAR, HAD TREATY OF GHENT, ENDING WAR, HAD BEEN SIGNED DECEMBER 23, 1814 – BUT BEEN SIGNED DECEMBER 23, 1814 – BUT NEWS HADN’T REACHED AMERICANEWS HADN’T REACHED AMERICA

TROOPS UNDER JACKSON DEFEATED TROOPS UNDER JACKSON DEFEATED BRITISH SIEGE OF NEW ORLEANSBRITISH SIEGE OF NEW ORLEANS

IN FACT, A SMALL BATTLE (ONLY IN FACT, A SMALL BATTLE (ONLY ≈ ≈ 4,000 4,000 BRITISH SAILORS AND MARINES INVOLVED)BRITISH SAILORS AND MARINES INVOLVED)

BUT JACKSON’S PR = > 25,000 BRITISH BUT JACKSON’S PR = > 25,000 BRITISH TROOPS TROOPS

““THE HERO OF NEW ORLEANS” THE HERO OF NEW ORLEANS”

JACKSON SQUARE, NEW ORLEANSJACKSON SQUARE, NEW ORLEANS

POLITICS – THE HARTFORD CONVENTION, POLITICS – THE HARTFORD CONVENTION, DECEMBER 1814 – JANUARY 1815DECEMBER 1814 – JANUARY 1815

NEW ENGLAND FEDERALISTS CONSIDERED NEW ENGLAND FEDERALISTS CONSIDERED SECESSION – OPPOSED TO “MR. MADISON’S SECESSION – OPPOSED TO “MR. MADISON’S WAR AND EMBARGOWAR AND EMBARGO

HARTFORD CONVENTION OFFICIAL HARTFORD CONVENTION OFFICIAL PROPOSALS INCLUDEDPROPOSALS INCLUDED

REPEAL 3/5 CLAUSE (REDUCE SOUTHERN REPEAL 3/5 CLAUSE (REDUCE SOUTHERN REPRESENTATION IN HOUSE OF REP.)REPRESENTATION IN HOUSE OF REP.)

NO SUCCESSIVE PRESIDENTS FROM SAME NO SUCCESSIVE PRESIDENTS FROM SAME STATE (BREAK “VIRGINIA DYNASTY”)STATE (BREAK “VIRGINIA DYNASTY”)

NO MORE EMBARGOESNO MORE EMBARGOES

ALAS FOR THE FEDERALISTS, NEWS OF ALAS FOR THE FEDERALISTS, NEWS OF JACKSON’S “MAJOR VICTORY” AT NEW JACKSON’S “MAJOR VICTORY” AT NEW ORLEANS (AND TREATY ENDING WAR ORLEANS (AND TREATY ENDING WAR ENORMOUS POPULAR ENTHUSIASM FOR THE ENORMOUS POPULAR ENTHUSIASM FOR THE WARWAR

FEDERALIST PARTY DISCREDITED

EFFECTS OF WAR OF 1812EFFECTS OF WAR OF 1812

2260 BATTLE DEATHS, 4,505 WOUNDED2260 BATTLE DEATHS, 4,505 WOUNDED

OUR CAPITAL IN RUINSOUR CAPITAL IN RUINS

U.S. TREASURY DEPLETEDU.S. TREASURY DEPLETED

NO TERRITORY GAINED FROM BRITAINNO TERRITORY GAINED FROM BRITAIN

BUT . . . BUT . . .

POPULAR PERCEPTION = “WE WON A WAR AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN” – “SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

U.S. IDENTITY AND NATIONALISMU.S. IDENTITY AND NATIONALISM

FEDERALIST PARTY – DONE – NO FEDERALIST PARTY – DONE – NO MORE LINGERING LOYALTIES TO BRITAINMORE LINGERING LOYALTIES TO BRITAIN

NATIONALISM:NATIONALISM:

HEROES AND HEROINES, LEGENDS, HEROES AND HEROINES, LEGENDS, MYTHSMYTHS

TWO HEROS TWO HEROS PRESIDENTS: JACKSON & PRESIDENTS: JACKSON & WILLIAM HENRY HARRISONWILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

NATIONAL ANTHEMNATIONAL ANTHEM