eu macro-regions e.g. baltic sea region macro-regions e.g. baltic sea region national regional...
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EUEU
Macro-regionse.g. Baltic Sea RegionMacro-regionse.g. Baltic Sea Region
NationalNational
RegionalRegional
City-regionsCity-regions
Cluster Policy in Europe
LocalLocal
InnovationScienceIndustryRegionalEntrepreneurshipNetworks/SMEMarket integrationInvestment AttractionCompetitionTradeExport promotionEnvironmentEnergySocialInternational affairs
Local Local ExternalitiesExternalities
Target Public Policy at Clusters
Create Platforms for Joint Action
Specialized Physical Infrastructure
Natural Resource ProtectionEnvironmental Stewardship
Science and TechnologyInfrastructure (e.g., centers, university departments, technology transfer)
Education and Workforce TrainingBusiness Attraction
Export Promotion
Setting standards
Market Information and Disclosure
Clusters
Clusters
Target Public Policy at Clusters
Upgrading of company operations and strategies across a group of companies
Strengthening of networks to
enhance spill-overs and other economic benefits of clusters
Upgrading of cluster-specific business environment conditions
Create Platforms for Joint Action
Challenges
•Bias towards collaboration, not competition
•Scale of impact
•Emerging clusters
•Impact assessment