etsi – ts 103 199 – life cycle assessment of ict dr. anders s.g. andrae
TRANSCRIPT
ETSI – TS 103 199 – Life Cycle Assessment of ICT
Dr. Anders S.G. Andrae
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT equipment, networks and services: General methodology and common requirements
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Introduction – Problems addressed
ISO 14040, ISO 14044 and the ILCD Handbook are recognized as normative LCA knowledge documents for “any” applicationBased on the ISO standards, numerous LCA results for ICT with different quality and inconsistent result presentations have been provided – EU requirement on improvementStandardization of LCA of ICT IS DEFINATELY NEEDED!ETSI has responded to the gapWork started in 2008-2009 and will finish in 2011The ETSI standard for ICT LCA is intended to be more specific than ISO 14040/ISO 14044, but less specific than, e.g., Japanese Product Category Rules for, e.g., notebooks
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Features of the new ETSI LCA standard
Based on ISO 14040, ISO 14044 and the ILCD HandbookLifetimes – DefinedFunctional units (f.u.) – Basic f.u. defined System boundaries – Life Cycle Stages and Unit Processes Identified and Classified as Mandatory or Optional -The level of detail is relativelely high good guidance for usersRules for Cut–off if they cannot be avoidedData quality evalution – Qualitative requirements defined for all life cycle stages and unit processesAllocation methods – Specified. E.g., 50/50 allocation prefereed between Raw Matr. Aquisition and Metal recycling.Detailed reporting instructions (diagrams, tables) ...will help, e.g., 3rd party reviewers
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General requirements - Life cycle stages
• A. Equipment Raw material acquisition which is composed by• Raw material extraction (A1)• Raw material processing (A2)
• B. Production which is composed by• ICT Equipment production (B1)• Support Equipment production (B2)
• C. Use which is composed by• ICT Equipment Use (C1)• Support Equipment Use (C2)• Operator activities (C3)• Service Provider Activities (C4)
• D. Equipment End of Life Treatment• Re–use (D1)• ICT specific EoLT (D2)• Other EoLT (D3)
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7 categories of Re-occuring GenericUnit Processes, e.g.,
Transportation, Energysupply
7 categories of Re-occuring GenericUnit Processes, e.g.,
Transportation, Energysupply
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General requirements - Lifetime
Lifetime is (always) critical for the interpretation of the results of (ICT) LCAs
Operating lifetime: The duration of the actual use period (consisting of both active and non–active periods) for the first user. Storage time is not included in operating lifetime.
Operating lifetime shall always be reported and be based on available information on actual product use.
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Goal&Scope Definition - Intro
Any ICT Equipment which can be part of a Network delivering voice and/or data lies within the scope of the ETSI LCA standard.
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Goal&Scope Definition – Functional Unit
The number of users/subscribers supported shall be specified and the traffic profile shall be considered where applicable.
MANDATORY BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNITS
Annual ICT Equipment use (per one year of ICT Equipment use) or Total ICT Equipment use per lifetime of ICT Equipment.
Annual Network use
Annual Service use.
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Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries
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System boundary
A: EQUIPMENT RAW MATERIAL ACQUISITIONA1. Raw material extractionA2. Raw material processing
G1. TRANSPORTS&TRAVEL
B: PRODUCTIONB1. ICT Equipment productionB1.1 Parts productionB1.2 Assembly
B1.3 ICT manufacturer support activities
B2. Support Equipment productionB2.1 Support Equipment manufacturingB2.2 Site construction
C: USEC1. ICT Equipment useC2. Support Equipment useC3. Operator activitiesC4. Service provider activities
D: EQUIPMENT END-OF-LIFE TREATMENTD1. Re–use of ICT Equipment D2. ICT specific EoLTD2.1 Disassembly/Dismantling/ShreddingD2.2 RecyclingD3. Other EoLT
G2. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
G3. FUEL SUPPLY
G4. OTHER ENERGY SUPPLY
G5. RAW MATERIAL AQUISTIONG5.1. Raw material extractionG5.2. Raw material processing
G6. END-OF-LIFE TREATMENTG6.1 EHW treatmentG6.2 Other waste treatment
G7. RAW MATERIAL RECYCLING
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Goal&Scope Definition – System BoundariesClassification “Table 1” within your product system
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Tag Life cycle stage Unit process Class
ICT Equipment Network Service
A Equipment Raw Material Acquisition
A1 Raw material
extraction
Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
A2 Raw material
processing
Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
B Production
B1 ICT equipment production
B1.1 Parts production
(for further details
refer to Annex N1)
Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
B1.2 Assembly Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
B1.3 ICT vendor
activities
Optional Optional Optional
B2 Support equipment production
B2.1 Support
Equipment
manufacturing*
Optional (Mandatory if
Support Equipment is
included in the Scope)
Mandatory Mandatory i
B2.2 Site construction Optional Mandatory Mandatory
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Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries
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C Use
C1 ICT
equipment
use
Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
C2 Support
equipment
use
Optional
(Mandatory if
Support Equipment
is included in the
Scope)
Mandatory Mandatory
C3 Operator
activities*
Optional Mandatory Mandatory
C4 Service
provider
activities
Not applicable Optional Mandatory
D Equipment End of Life Treatment
D1 Re–use of
ICT
Equipment
Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
D2 ICT
specific
EoLT
Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
D2.1 Storage/Disassembly/Dismantling/
Shredding
Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
D2.2 Recycling Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
D3 Other
EoLT
Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
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Goal&Scope Definition – Support activities
• The term Support activities refers to, e.g., offices including ICT use for marketing, sales and R&D, and also to business travel, commuting and service vehicles.
• Support activities are optional to include but should be included where possible.
• The extent in which Support activities and other Optional activities are included for different parts of the life cycle shall be clearly described in the study report.
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Goal&Scope Definition – Raw Material Acquisition
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System boundary
A1. Raw material extraction
A2. Raw material processing
B. PRODUCTION
G7. RAW MATERIAL RECYCLING
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Goal&Scope Definition – Production
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Goal&Scope Definition – Use
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System boundary
C3. Operator activities
D. EoLT
B.PRODUCTION
C2. Support Equipment Use
C1. ICT Equipment use
C4. Service provider activities
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Goal&Scope Definition – End-of-Life
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System boundary
D3. Other EoLT
C. USE
D1 Re–use of ICT Equipment
D2 ICT specific EoLTD2.1 Storage/Disassembly/Dismantling/ShreddingD2.2 RecyclingD2.2.1 Battery recyclingICT specific metal/mechanical parts/fractions EoLTD2.2.2 PCBA recyclingD2.2.3 Cable recyclingD2.2.4 Mechanics recyclingD2.2.5 Other ICT recycling
G7. RAW MATERIAL RECYCLING
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Goal&Scope Definition – Networks System Boundaries
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• For the Network under study applicable types of nodes and infrastructure, as well as amounts of these, shall be defined.
• Functional Block diagrams (HW and SW) essential for showing study scope
• The impact from software development shall be included.
• The Network shall be defined in terms of ICT equipment, Support Equipment and infrastructure.
• Operator activities (mainly installation, maintenance and de-installation) shall always be included
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Goal&Scope Definition – Services System Boundaries
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• In order to calculate the impact of a Service, it is necessary to first assess the Network
• Most often (i.e., in a multi–service situation) an allocation of an appropriate amount of the Network impact to the Service under study is needed
• Service software development, Service use of consumables, Service sales and logistics infrastructure, Service associated travels and transports
• Data centers are key
• Service provider activities • Positive and negative impacts
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Goal&Scope Definition – Cut-off rules
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• Cut–offs shall be avoided as far as possible!• Table 1 constitute a significant share for typical
product systems in ICT LCAs • The intention is that all Mandatory life cycle
stages/unit processes of Table 1 shall be included• Model unavailable data based on known data• Mandatory to:a) motivate clearly eventual cut–offs of mandatory life
cycle stages/unit processes from Table 1 b) describe clearly the cut–off criteria used within a
study c) consider unit processes/flows that have been cut–off
for the sensitivity analysis.
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Goal&Scope Definition – Data quality requirements
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• Generic data: Data from any relevant data source which need not be specific for ICT applications and processes. Generic data is always secondary.
• Specific data: Data emerging from, in this case, ICT specific applications and processes. This data could be either primary or secondary.
• Primary data: Data collected/estimated/measured by a researcher, specifically for the LCA project; for example, pilot studies or customer or producer surveys.
• Secondary data: Data that has been collected for another purpose, but can be analyzed again in a subsequent study; for example, LCA estimates by academia, government, or industry organizations.
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Goal&Scope Definition – Data quality requirements onTable 1
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Tag Life cycle stage Unit process Type of data
Equipment Network Service
A Equipment Raw Material Acquisition
A1 Raw material
extraction
Generic data Generic data Generic data
A2 Raw material
processing
Generic data Generic data Generic data
B Production
B1 ICT equipment production
B1.1 Parts production (for
further details refer to
Annex M2)
Specific data Specific data Specific data
B1.2 Assembly Specific data Specific data Specific data
B1.3 ICT vendor activities Specific data Specific data Specific data
B2 Support equipment production
B2.1 Support Equipment
manufacturing
Specific data:
Amounts etc
Generic data:
processes
Specific
data::
Amounts etc
Generic data:
processes
Specific
data::
Amounts etc
Generic data:
processes
B2.2 Site construction Specific data:
Amounts etc
Generic data:
processes
Specific
data::
Amounts etc
Generic data:
processes
Specific
data::
Amounts etc
Generic data:
processes
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Goal&Scope Definition – Data quality requirements on Table 1 cont
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C Use
C1 ICT equipment use Specific data Specific
data
Specific
data
C2 Support equipment
use
Specific data Specific
data
Specific
data
C3 Operator activities Specific data Specific
data
Specific
data
C4 Service provider
activities
Not
applicable
Specific
data
Specific
data
D Equipment End of Life Treatment
D1 Re–use of ICT
Equipment
Specific data Specific
data
Specific
data
D2 ICT specific EoLT Specific data Specific
data
Specific
data
D2.1 Disassembly/Dismantling/
Shredding
Specific data Specific
data
Specific
data
D2.2 Recycling Specific data Specific
data
Specific
data
D3 Other EoLT Generic
data
Generic
data
Generic
data
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Life Cycle Inventory – Data collection
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• The LCA practitioner shall report for which processes transports/energy supplies have been added separately and for which they are “hidden”.
• For many products (especially end–user equipment), periods of idling and power off are important to model the usage profile and shall be considered.
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Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules
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• Generic processes (G1–G7) shall be allocated as a whole to the life cycle stage in which they are used
• Support activities…• Facilities…• Transports shall be allocated based on chargeable
weight• Recycling: The 50/50 method shall be used to allocate
use of recycled Raw Material between A1-A2 and D.• If used LCI data (e.g., for gold production) do not
reveal the scrap% of metal, the 100/0 method is allowed. No metal recycling in EoLT allowed with 100/0.
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Life Cycle Inventory – Allocation rules – 50/50
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Life Cycle Inventory – Allocation rules – 100/0
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Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules for Equipment data to Networks
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• End–user equipment (e.g., PCs, smart phones) which is accessing more than one Network (e.g. 3G, WLAN) shall be allocated to these Networks based on use time
• Impact from shared Network resources (e.g., transmission equipment, core nodes and data centers) shall be allocated to an access network based on data traffic
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Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules for Network data to Services
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• Data for End–users– and home/CPE equipment: • to be allocated based on active use time of the
Service• Data for transport equipment:
• to be allocated based on data traffic• The data center(s), where the Service is operated, as well
as the Service provider activities shall be allocated based on number of subscriptions and Service users
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Life Cycle Impact Assessment
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The baseline model of 100 years of the IPCC (GWP100) LCIA method is mandatory (shall) as mid–point impact assessment indicator for climate change.
For other mid-points Impact Assessment Categories than Climate Change and Ozone Depletion there are several Category indicators developed. If these mid–points are included in the study scope the ILCD Handbook shall be followed as close as possible.
Also for best End-point assessment practise the ILCD Handbook for LCIA shall be consulted.
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Life Cycle Interpretation - how robust are the results and conclusions?
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The challenge of the completeness check is to overcome the paradox of evaluating the degree of completeness of the product system when not knowing 100% of it.
If two or more ICT Equipment, Networks or Services LCA results do not differ significantly there is a risk of erroneous interpretations.
The significance is determined for instance by magnitude in difference, modeling assumptions, and LCA software program calculation algorithm.
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Comparative LCA between ICT and business as usual (BAU) systems - reduction potential
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LCAs with the same goal&scope, system boundaries and functional unit need to be performed for both the ICT Service and the BAU Service it replaces
Especially as identical as possible system boundaries for the Raw Material Acquisition and Production Phases.
For the BAU Service the associated environmental impacts shall be estimated according to travel and infrastructure first order effects. The first order effects are those directly attributable to the Services. The reduction potential is the second order effect. Rebound effects are outside the scope.
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Comparative LCA between ICT and business as usual (BAU) systems - Example
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Travel Paper usage Buildings PCs Data centers
BAU Service 30,000 200 0 0 0
ICT Service 15,000 100 0 200 200
Reduction potential = ICT Service – BAU Service
15,000–30,000 = –15,000 tons/year
–100 tons/year
0 tons/year +200 tons/year
+200 tons/year
TOTAL reduction potential
–14,700 tons/year
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Reporting
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Common ways of reporting increase transparency and a proper basis for interpretation of results.
The following shall be transparently reported and motivated:
• Operating lifetime• Cut–off• Allocations• Data sources
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Reporting – ICT Equipment
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Raw materialacquisition*
Production* Use EoLT*
kg CO2e / year (20##)
This kind of results cannot be compared between studies unless equal assumption and modelling applies, e.g. the resulting values are very sensitive to operating life time assumptions
*) The life cycle stage has been divided by life time to produce a yearly figure
Total result: <X kg CO2e/year>Study year: <20##>Operating life time: < # years>
Production:Assembly location:< Global average>Transports <Included>Support activities <Included>
Use:Use location: < Global average>Transports: <Included>Support activities <Included>
Infrastructure: <included/excluded>
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Reporting – ICT Equipment
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-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Raw materialsacquisitions
Production Use EoLT
Other EoLT
ICT specific EoLT
Support equipment use
ICT equipment use
Operator activities
Transports
Site construction
Support equipment production
ICT vendor activities
Assembly
ICT equipment parts production
Raw materials processing
Raw materials extraction
kg CO2e / year
This kind of results cannot be compared between studies unless equal assumption and modelling applies, e.g. the resulting values are very sensitive to operating life time assumptions
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Reporting – Networks
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0
10
20
30
40
50
End-userequipment
Homeequipment
Accessnetwork
C&Cnetwork
Operatoractivities
Datatransport
Datacenter(s)
Serviceprovider(s)
kg CO2e / year
Operation (electricity)
Operation (other energy / fuels)
Raw materials acquisition, production and EoLT
Operation (electricity)
Operation (other energy / fuels)
Raw materials acquisition, production and EoLT
Total result: <X kg CO2e/year>Study year: <20##>
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Reporting – Networks
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0
10
20
30
40
50
End-userequipment
Homeequipment
Accessnetwork
C&Cnetwork
Operatoractivities
Datatransport
Datacenter(s)
Serviceprovider(s)
kg CO2e / year
Service (all life cycle stages)
Specific to the service LCA
Total service result: <X kg CO2e/year>Study year: <20##>
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Reporting – ICT Equipment, Network and Service
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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
...
EUP [PO4(3-)e]
POCP [C2H4e]
ACP [SO2e]
ODP [CFC-11e]
GWP [CO2e] Raw materials acquisition and EoLT*
Production
Use
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Reporting - Mandatory set of parts for LCA of ICT equipment.
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Part Mandatory set of
Part categories
Part unit processes
(for each Part
category)
Product
flow unit
Important issues
which influence
LCI data
B1.1.1 Batteries Lead batteries
Lithium batteries
Nickel—Cadmium
batteries
Raw Material
Acquisition,
Battery cell assembly,
Battery module
assembly
Piece,
energy
content,
mass
Size
B1.1.2 Cables Coaxial cables
Fiber cables
Power cables
Network/signal cables
Connectors
Raw Material
Acquisition,
Cable final assembly
(one unit process per
part category*)
Piece, mass Length
B1.1.3
Electro—mechanics
Connectors
Electric motors
Speakers
Microphones
Camera objectives
Hard Disc Drives
Lighting (lamps)
Raw Material
Acquisition,
Part final assembly
(one unit process per
part category*)
Piece, mass
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Reporting - Mandatory set of parts for LCA of ICT equipment - ICs
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B1.1.4
Integrated
circuits (ICs)
Processors,
DSPs
ASICs
Memories
Microprocessors
Transistors and
diodes
Front–end:
Special IC
materials
production,
Wafer
production,
Chip production
(“the wafer
fab”)
Back–end: IC
encapsulation
Piece, front–end: good die area [cm2],
back–end: piece package type
Example1: A BGA289 package. Good
die area 0.166 cm2. Environmental Load
per BGA289 = ELU/good die area in
cm2 × 0.166 + ELU/piece BGA package
type back-end process
Example2: A “stacked chip” package.
Total Good die area 12 cm2.
Environmental Load (ELU) per “stacked
chip” package = ELU/good die area in
cm2 × 12 + ELU/piece “stacked chip”
package type back-end process
Transistors and diodes: Piece, mass
Yield in
chip
production
Business
activities
Factory and
machinery
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Reporting - Reporting format for included life cycle stages, activities and generic processes
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Ta
g
Life
cycle
stage
Unit
proces
s
Include
d
(Yes/N
o)
Electricity mix
(specific/country/w
orld average
Support
activitie
s
include
d
(Yes/N
o)
Transpo
rt
activitie
s
include
d
(Yes/N
o)
Other
generic
activitie
s
include
d
(Yes/N
o)
Motivation/Comm
ent
A Equipment Raw Material Acquisition
A1 Raw
material
extractio
n
A2 Raw
material
processi
ng
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Reporting - Reporting format for raw materials
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Total
input
(g,kg,
ton)
Recycled
input
(%)
Content
in
product
(%)
Recycling
of total
input*
(%)
Reference
Iron/Steel alloys
Aluminum alloys
Copper alloys
Silver
Gold
Equipment Raw materials (optional)
Raw material 1
Raw material …
Raw material n
Auxiliary Raw Materials(production materials etc.) (optional)
Auxiliary material 1
Auxiliary material …
Auxiliary material n
Packaging materials(optional)
Packaging material 1
Packaging material …
Packaging material n
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Reporting - Reporting format for Parts production
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Part
categories included
Part Unit
processes included
Handling of
special issues
B1.1.1 Batteries
B1.1.2 Cables
B1.1.3
Electro–mechanics
B1.1.4 Integrated circuits
(ICs)
B1.1.5 Mechanics /
materials
B1.1.6 Displays
B1.1.7 Printed circuit
boards
(PCBs)
B1.1.8 Other PBA
components
B1.1.9 Packaging
materials
B1.1.10 Black box
modules
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