etiology,types, management, summarry
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Etiology,Types, Management, Summary.pptTRANSCRIPT
Etiology of Schizophrenia
The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia is not known
It is accepted, that schizophrenia is „the group of schizophrenias“ which origin is multifactorial: internal factors – genetic, inborn, biochemical external factors – trauma, infection of CNS, stress
Etiology of Schizophrenia - Dopamine Hypothesis
The most influential and plausible are the hypotheses, based on the supposed disorder of neurotransmission in the brain, derived mainly from
1. the effects of antipsychotic drugs that have in common the ability to inhibit the dopaminergic system by blocking action of dopamine in the brain
2. dopamine-releasing drugs (amphetamine, mescaline, diethyl amide of lysergic acid - LSD) that can induce state closely resembling paranoid schizophrenia
Classical dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Psychotic symptoms are related to dopaminergic hyperactivity in the brain. Hyperactivity of dopaminergic systems during schizophrenia is result of increased sensitivity and density of dopamine D2 receptors in the different parts of the brain.
Etiology of Schizophrenia - Contemporary Models Dopamine hypothesis revisited: various
neurotransmitter systems probably takes place in the etiology of schizophrenia (norepinephric, serotonergic, glutamatergic, some peptidergic systems); based on effects of atypical antipsychotics especially.
Contemporary models of schizophrenia conceptualize it as a neurocognitive disorder, with the various signs and symptoms reflecting the downstream effects of a more fundamental cognitive deficit: the symptoms of schizophrenia arise from “cognitive
dysmetria” (Nancy C. Andreasen) concept of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder
(Daniel R. Weinberger)
Etiology of Schizophrenia - Neurodevelopmental Model
Neurodevelopmental model supposes in schizophrenia the presence of “silent lesion” in the brain, mostly in the parts, important for the development of integration (frontal, parietal and temporal), which is caused by different factors (genetic, inborn, infection, trauma...) during very early development of the brain in prenatal or early postnatal period of life.
It does not interfere too much with the basic brain functioning in early years, but expresses itself in the time, when the subject is stressed by demands of growing needs for integration, during formative years in adolescence and young adulthood.
Side Effects: EPS Extrapyramidal syndrome is a condition that causes
involuntary muscle movements or spasms that usually occur in the face and neck. It occurs when the release and re-uptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine is not regulated correctly.
Muscle movement problems that may accompany extrapyramidal syndrome include constantly
smacking the lips moving the tongue, blinking, neck twitches and finger spasms.
Neuroleptics
Generic name Brand names
Chlorprothixene Truxal
LevomepromazineLevium, Levomepromazine Neuraxph., Neurocil
PerazinePerazin Neuraxph., Taxilan
Promethazine
Atosil, Closin, Promethazin Neuraxph., Proneurin, Prothazin
Prothipendyl Dominal
SulpirideDogmatil, Dogmatyl, Sulpirid
ThioridazineMelleril, Thioridazin Neuraxph.Generic name Brand names
Zuclopenthixol Cisordinol, Clopixol
Mild Strength[edit]Medium Strength
Mild Strength
iMedium Strength
Strong Strength
Generic name Brand names
Perfenazine Trilafon
Generic name Brand names
BenperidolBenperidol Neuraxph., Glianimon
Bromperidol Impromen
Fluphenazine
decanoate
Anatensol, Dapotum D, Deconoat, Fludecate, Modecate, Prolixin Decanoate, Sinqualone
enanthate
Dapotum Injektion, Flunanthate, Moditen Enanthate Injection, Sinqualone Enantat
hydrochloride
Dapotum, Permitil, Prolixin, Lyogen, Moditen, Omca, Sediten, Selecten, Sevinol, Siqualone, Trancin
FluspirilenFluspi, Fluspirilen Beta, Imap
Haloperidol Haldol, SerenasePimozide Orap
[Very Strong Strength
Aty
pic
al N
eu
role
pti
cs
Generic name Brand names
Amisulpride Solian
Aripiprazole Abilify
Asenapine Saphris
Benztropine Cogentin
BuspironeAnsial, Ansiced, Anxiron, Axoren, Bespar, Buspar, Buspimen, Buspinol, Buspisal, Narol
Chlorpromazine Largactil, Thorazine
Clozapine Clozaril, Fazaclo, Leponex
Flupenthixol Depixol, Fluanxol
Iloperidone Fanapt
Melperone Eunerpan, Melneurin
Olanzapine Zyprexa
Paliperidone Invega, Invega Sustenna
Penfluridol Semap
Quetiapine Seroquel
Risperidone Belivon, Risperdal, Risperdal Consta
Sertindole Serdolect, Serlect
Thiothixene Navane
TrifluoperazineEskazinyl, Eskazine, Jatroneural, Modalina, Stelazine, Terfluzine, Trifluoperaz, Triftazin
Ziprasidone Geodon, Zeldox
Zotepine Nipolept
Carbamazepine, Valproic acid sometimes used
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