ethnograph 11 jul07
TRANSCRIPT
Qualitative research data collection
Data collection of qualitative research :– Field notes– Observation– Interviews– Audio/Video recordings– Journal notes, memos– Diaries
Qualitative research data analysis
Stages of data analysis- Coding - Grouping into clusters, groups, patterns- Establishing relationship
- Making speculative inferences- Summarizing- Seeking negative cases- Theory generation
Where Ethnograph
V5.0 can help
Examples of a interview report with handwritten codes
• There are a lot of remarks/code made by researcher
• Sometimes the data (interviews) maybe in hundreds, difficult for researchers to analyze if not organized systematically (e.g. a trend is echoed by many subjects)
Introduction of a computer based research tool
What is Ethnograph v5.0 ?
A kind of Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) software
helps researcher to compile, organize and manipulate data
facilitates researcher analytic process
Several steps for Data Entry
Step 1 Creating projectsStep 2 Entering Qualitative Data (manually)Step 3 Importing Qualitative Data (from
outside sources)Step 4 Coding the data Step 5 Edit the code definition and code
family treeStep 6 Applying the code for other data files
1. Creating projects
Project : is a list of data files that you want to treat as a group
Child project : is entirely option;
To create a project (1 min)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt1.wmv
2. Entering qualitative data (e.g. interviews)
the text editor allows researcher to type in text manually.
It also automatically imports, numbers and adds the data file to the project.
To create a data file using the Ethnograph Editor (1 min 30 sec)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt2.wmv
3. Entering qualitative data (cont’d)
To create a data file using the Word Processor (e.g. MS-word) (2 mins)
another method is to import from frequently used sources, e.g. ms-word files the software can re-format it to suit Ethnograph’s use
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt3.wmv
4. Two ways of Coding/Classifying
Quick codes and Code SetsTo Enter the Code words using code sets & quick codes (2 mins) researcher make
subjective judgment of coding keyword for future analysis – input from researcher at early stage
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt4.wmv
5. Editing code book definition
and family tree
researcher can define the code words and view the entire relationship of the code book family tree (establishing relationship)
Editing the Code book & creating a code family tree (1 min)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt5.wmv
6. Applying the coding for other data files
Two ways to enter codes : use either Master List or Family Tree to Enter Codes (3 mins)
Researcher can use both master list or family tree to enter codes for parts of interview clippings
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt6.wmv
Data Analysis
Steps 7 to 12 are for data analysis
7. Conducting a single code and multiple code searches
Researcher can use one single/multiple code/key word/filters to search for data files containing the segment/paragraphs where the code words appear, this is helpful when there are large amount of qualitative data
How to start a single and multiple searches with “Search” (1min 30 sec)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt7.wmv
Searching for single code
Searching for multiple codes
• This multiple code search is to search for code words that are overlapping each other.
• Important sometimes for researcher to do a Boolean “AND” search on two code words
Conducting a single code and multiple code searches
(cont’d)- Results generated :
- Extract of the content of segment where the code word appears
- Total number of segments where the code word appears and display on screen
- Which data file does the code word belong to (e.g. interview with Group1, pointed out by subject, e.g. a female student studying Geology)
- Whether the code word has been marked previously for future reference
- Also indicates the line of code words on the data files and whether there are nested segments
8. Creating memos
To record their thoughts into the data file (2 mins)• Researcher can input
memo when he came across ideas associated with the interview
• Memo could be attached to segment
• attached to file• attached to a search
output
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt8.wmv
9. Creating Search Filters - Face Sheets
Create a Face Template, enter variables
Enter Face Sheet values for different groups of subject
Face Sheet is about an entire data file (e.g. background of a group of students)
How to create Face Sheet template (1 min)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt9.wmv
Entering face sheet values for different groups
Group 1 belongs to public school and had not changed subject major
Group 2 belongs to private school students and had changed subject major 2 times
10. Using Face Sheets as Search Filters
Enter Face Sheet conditions, e.g. from Public school, has not changed subject major
Enter code words, e.g. DARWIN
Ethnograph will search all files to yield result
How to use Face Sheet as Search Filters (1 min)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt11.wmv
11. Creating search filters - Identifier Sheets
How to create Identifier Sheet Template (1 min)
Create a Identifier Sheet Template, enter variables
Enter values for different individuals
Id sheet is a set of information about particular sections or subjects within a file
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt10.wmv
Entering identifier sheet values for different subjects
Group 1 M2 subject whose parents income is $10,000 per month and the education level is not high
Group2 M1 subject whose parents income is $67,000 per month and the education level is not high
12. Using Id Sheets as Search Filters
How to Use Identifier Sheets as Search Filters(1 min)
Enter Id Sheet conditions, e.g. parents’ income (between $35,000 and $999999 and level of education = “college” as the parameters
Enter search code words, e.g. DARWIN
Ethnograph will search all files to yield result
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt12.wmv
Results generated
• Results generated similar to those searched by single keyword
• Depends on the search filter/criteria of the researcher and the match with the interview subject, there may be results
• Or they may be no match
Comments about Ethnograph
Proscomprehensive and easy to learn within
relatively short period of timeGenerates results from large set of data
files in a short period time some steps/format need to be followed, yet
this is common for all other QDA toolsCons
could not help researchers to think/analyze still rely on human intelligence to generate
the search queries/hypotheses/theory
References
http://www.qualisresearch.com/Cohen. L., Manion. L., Morrison. K.
Research Methods in Education. (2006) 5th ed. London. RoutledgeFalmer