ethnicity and race. think about it/write it down for this unit, you will write your final answer...

ETHNICITY AND RACE

Think About It/Write It Down For this unit, you will write your final answer to the As I Enter on a

answer sheet. You will be turning them it at the end for a grade The first As I Enter will be on the next side

Agenda1. Lecture on internal Migrations of African Americans in the U.S.2. Lecture on Jim Crow Laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of

Education3. Lecture on Apartheid in South Africa

HOMEWORK: Choose one article (on U.S. or South Africa) to read and analyze

As I Enter… 4.28.15

ASSOCIATION TRIANGLE

US POPULATION BY RACE

Race- the identity of a group of people who share a biological ancestor. (Humans are 99.8% the same) Does not exist on a scientific level,

despite influence of the idea.Biological variation is real; the order we impose on this variation by using the concept of race is not. Race is a product of the human mind, not of nature

Ethnicity- the identity of a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

Race/Ethnicity- page 228

WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED?

1. ETHNICITY: identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

1. customs, cultural characteristics, language, common history, homeland, etc...

2. RACE: a socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived commonality of origin, race, culture. This notion is clearly tied to place.

WHAT IS ETHNICITY? HOW IS IT DIFFERENT THAN RACE?

ThaiChinese

ArmenianTurkishPuerto Rican

Japanese

Mongolian

Within a country, clustering of ethnicities may occur on a regional scale, or within particular neighborhoods of cities.

Regional- In the U.S., African Americans are clustered in the Southeast

Hispanics in the Southwest Asians in the WestNative Americans in the S.W. and Great Plains.

ETHNIC CLUSTERING: REGIONAL SCALE

WHY?!

Within cities:African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered Ex- In Detroit, African Americans comprise 80% of the

pop, but only one-fourteenth the pop of the rest of Michigan.

The distribution of Hispanics in northern cities is similar to that of African Americans, for instance NYC is ¼ Hispanic, but only 1/16th the rest of New York.

Why are they distributed in this manner? Think about our industry unit…

ETHNIC CLUSTERING: URBAN SCALE

CHICAGO ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS

Forced Migration from Africa Triangular Slave Trade

Voluntary Migration From Latin America and Asia

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

Interregional Migration Post Civil War- Sharecroppers

Works fields rented from the landowner and pays the rent by giving a share of the crops to the landowner

Any start up material needed, was also exchanged for crops Landowners usually forced cotton and tobacco fields- not something one

could eat This system lasted until new machinery took their jobs in the early

20th Century 1910’s/1940’s- waves of immigration The world wars opened up industry jobs in cities

Men were in the war and left open jobs War material needed- more men needed in factories

INTERNAL MIGRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

Intraregional Migration Within cities and metropolitan areas New African Americans who migrated to cities joined neighborhoods

where other African Americans were already living (What type of migration) These areas became known as ghettos, named after neighborhoods Jews

were forced to live in the Middle Ages Ghettos expanded as needed, when more African Americans arrived

Expansions followed major roads/railways High population densities, lacked bathrooms, kitchens, hot water, and heat

“White Flight” Whites emigrated in anticipation of ghetto expansion Blockbusting

Real estate agents would convince white home owners to sell their houses, often at a loss, because black families would soon be moving to the area

The real estate agents would turn around and sell the houses to black families at a higher price- families that were desperate to escape the ghettos.

INTERNAL MIGRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

Separate but Equal in the U.S. Plessy v. Ferguson

Upheld Louisiana law that separate rail cars was Constitutional, if it provided separate yet equal treatment of whites and blacks

Jim Crow Laws Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,

Kansas (1954) No matter how the facilities, separation

based on race was inherently unequal Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,

Kansas (1955) Desegregation must be done with

deliberate speed

SEGREGATION BY ETHNICITY AND RACE

Apartheid- the physical, and legal, separation of different races into different geographic areas At birth, classified into one of four races: black, white, colored, or

Asian Determined where you could live, attend school, work, shop, and own

land Blacks were restricted as to occupation and were paid lower wages

than whitesSystem came about from Afrikaners (Boers, Dutch Settlers in

South Africa) who took over the government from the British in 1948 Many other colonized African countries were giving control back to

the indigenous AfricansThe apartheid laws were repealed in 1991 in South Africa, but

many years will be needed to erase the legacy of such racist policies Majority are black South Africans White South Africans still make 10 times more

SOUTH AFRICA

AS I ENTER #1 – COMPLETE THIS RIGHT NOW.

Think About It/ Write It Down Analyze this picture to determine how this depicts spatial interaction

among races in the U.S. at that time. Answer should be written in paragraph form. Use the questions below to help create an outline. Place final answer on the answer sheet

What do you literally see in this picture? What symbols can you identify? (Colors, words, actions) What items help put this picture into context? What is the artist’s overall message with this picture?

As I Enter… 4.29.2015

“The Problem We All Live With” by Norman Rockwell

AS I ENTER #2 “THE PROBLEM WE ALL LIVE WITH”

Analyze this picture to determine how this depicts spatial interaction among races in the U.S. at that time.

• What do you literally see in this picture?

• What symbols can you identify? (Colors, words, actions)

• What items help put this picture into context?

• What is the artist’s overall message with this picture?

Choose one topic (U.S. or South Africa to create a Storyboard Cartoon and complete a paragraph)

Storyboard should have a character traveling through and area and depict the main ideas of segregation by race

Storyboard and paragraph are due tomorrow

AGENDA

Think About It/ Write it Down Explain, using at least 2 specific examples, how the legal segregation of

races in South Africa contributed to lack of spatial interaction? (Do not treat these as question/answer format, but as guiding questions in your

answer- what was the legal segregation called? How did this lead to a lack of interaction between the races?)

Agenda1.Ethnic Cleansing/Genocide

1.Balkans2.Rwanda

1.We won’t cover Sudan in class but you should still be familiar with it.

2.HOMEWORK: Continue working on 1.As I Enters2.Storyboard3.Reflection from 16th Man4.Essay from the reading(s) distributed on Monday5.Rwanda Reading and Questions

As I Enter…4.30.2015

Think About It/ Write It Down In what way is Nationalism a centripetal force? How can a leader

of a country use nationalism to unify its people?

As I Enter… 4.30.2015 (Part 2)

When different ethnicities compete to rule the same region or nationality.

When ethnicities are divided among more than one state. India/Pakistan (East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971)

As a result of the partition, millions of Hindus had to migrate from the Pakistanis, and Muslims had to migrate from India.

500,000 to 1,000,000 casualties (Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs)

WHY DO ETHNICITIES CLASH?

Ethnic cleansing- the process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcible removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. Probably the best example is WWII in which millions of Jews,

gypsies, and other ethnicities were forcibly moved to concentration camps, where most were exterminated. – But it is not the only one…

WHAT IS ETHNIC CLEANSING?

When Yugoslavia was one country, encompassing multiple ethnicities, dissent was kept under control.

The beginning of the conflict Yugoslavia breaks into six republics, the boundaries did not align

with the boundaries of the five largest nationalities, and ethnicities fought to redefine the boundaries.

In Bosnia and Kosovo, ethnic cleansing was used to strengthen certain nationalities’ cases for autonomy. Millions of ethnicities were forcibly removed from their homes, and marched

elsewhere, or simply killed.

Similar ethnic cleansing occurs in Central Africa betwixt the Hutus and Tutsis.

THE BALKANS

Balkanized- used to describe a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.

Balkanization- the process by which a state breaks down due to conflicts among its ethnicities. Led directly to WW I (what happened?) Belief that only peace can come from ethnic cleansing

BALKANIZATION MOVING MAP

• Snipers would hide in the surrounding buildings and hotels and shoot Parliament members going to work.

Ethnic Cleansing - disturbing images.

QUICK 2 MINUTE VIDEO ON THE ATROCITIES…

RWANDA

What lead to the genocide in 1994?

What effects did imperialism have on the ethnic conflict?

LOCATION

COLONIAL HISTORY-THE BASICS

• 1884 - The region that became the country of Rwanda was given to Germany in the Berlin Conference.

• 1890s - German Colonists found a centrally governed and efficiently run country made up of people who shared a common culture, language and religious beliefs.

• 1921 - After World War I, Belgium gained control of Rwanda and issues identity cards for ethnicities (Hutu and Tutsi)

ETHNIC GROUPS

• Tutsi = Belgian favored minority – given better social class when under colonial rule

• Hutu = Ethnic majority. Belgians eventually favor them when Tutsi’s push for independence in 1959

• Twa = 3rd party• For most of

colonialism, Tutsi are preferred. On the eve of independence, Belgians favored Hutu majority

Pre-Colonial • Rwanda was a highly

centralized kingdom presided over by Tutsi kinds who hailed from one ruling clan.

• Chiefs were predominantly, but not exclusively, Tutsi

• Relationship between the ordinary Hutu, Tutsi and Twa was one of mutual benefit mainly through exchanges of their labor

• Germans first colonial conquerors, begin to set up the disparity between the groups

COLONIALISM

1918 Under the Treaty of Versailles, the former German colony of Rwanda-Burundi is made a UN protectorate to be governed by Belgium.

• The two territories are administered separately under 2 Tutsi monarchs.

• Germany and Belgium turned the traditional Hutu-Tutsi relationship into a class system. The minority Tutsi (14%) are favored over the Hutus (85%) and given privileges and a western-style education.

• The Belgians used the Tutsi minority to enforce their rule

How?

In order to do this, the colonists created a strict system of racial classification.

Both the Belgians and the Germans, influenced by racist ideas, thought that the Tutsi were a superior group because they were more “white” looking

Why do you think Belgium separated the unified population into 3 separate groups?

BELGIAN RULE-CREATING RACE AND DIFFERENCES

The colonists believed that the Tutsi were natural rulers, so they put only Tutsis into positions of authority and discriminated against Hutus and Twa.

• The Hutus, who make up about 85% of Rwanda’s population, were denied higher education, land ownership and positions in government. By the 1950s, their resentment had grown.

• WHY do you think the Belgians and Germans saw Tutsi as natural rulers and superior? How did they justify their actions?

BELGIAN RULE-CREATING RACE

BEFORE/AFTER-INFLUENCE OF COLONIAL RULERS


1926: Belgians introduce a system of ethnic identify cards differentiating Hutus from Tutsi

GROWING TENSIONS DURING INDEPENDENCE

MOVING TOWARDS THE 100 DAYS

MOVING TOWARDS THE 100 DAYS-THE KILLING BEGINS

Causes – Social

Regional Instability

• 1957 Hutu Emancipation Movement

• First Congo War, 1996-97

• Second Congo War, 1998-2003

• Large numbers of Tutsi refugees in Uganda joined the victorious rebel National Resistance

CAUSES-ECONOMIC

Growth in ’70s and ’80s but dependent on: Coffee Aid

Who is who….

U.N. General Romeo Dallaire

Had early intel about extermination lists

Warned Hutu militia was going to attack UN and wipe out peace process

Who is who….

Hutu ExtremistsRTLM – Radio station, extreme “Hutu Power”• Claimed “These Tutsi cockroaches are out to kill us.

Do not trust them…we Hutu’s must act first! Every Hutu must join together to rid Rwanda of these Tutsi cockroaches! Hutu Power! Hutu Power!”

Other Hutu’s keep a “list” of who is Tutsi

Who is who….

InterhamweExtremist Hutu Thugs – Roam streets of Rwanda with

death lists- trained militia, made up of disenfranchised young men who were dissatisfied with their lack of opportunities

Did not like Rwandan presidents attempt to make peace with RPF and Kigame

Who is who….

Tutsi• RPF-Rwandan Patriotic Front-based in Uganda, Tutsi

Rebels in Uganda – Threaten to invade if Tutsi’s hurt• Paul Kigame: commands the rebel forces (will

eventually end the genocide)

THE PLANE CRASH

Started with a plane crash (April 6, 1994)

2 Presidents killed

Juvenal Habyarimana (Rwanda)

Cyprian Ntayamira (Burundi)

Two men were in Rwanda trying to end bloody clashes between Hutu and Tutsi

THE PLANE CRASH

Hutu extremists are considered responsible for the crash though Hutus-Interhamwe and RTLM blame Tutsi

President of Rwanda was about to sign a Peace Accord The extremists

disapproved Killed Hutu

president Habyaramina

THE PLANE CRASH-KILLING BEGINS THAT NIGHT

The Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) and Hutu militia (Interhamwe) begin killing Tutsis and Hutu moderates

THE PLANE CRASH-KILLING BEGINS THAT NIGHT

Roadblocks set up to capture Tutsis and Hutu moderates

Machetes are the weapon of choice for killings- cheap!

HATE

Heard on the radio….“Kill them, kill them, kill them all; kill them big

and kill them small! Kill the old and kill the young…a baby snake is still a snake, kill it too, let none escape! Kill them, kill them, kill them all”

“These Tutsi snakes are hiding in grass and bushes…so make sure that you have your machetes ready to chop the snakes in half…the child of a snake is a snake so kill it too”

Friends, neighbors, teachers chanting this phrase as the killings take place

What was the role of media in the violence?

HELP?

The role of the U.N.Forbidden to interveneOnly allowed to

“monitor” the situation

HELP?

The role of the U.N.• Told Dallaire to NOT

use any force• Did not want another

“Mogadishu”• Unsure of accuracy of

intel• Did not believe that

conflict would rise to level it did

Mogadishu….anyone see ‘Black Hawk Down’? – movie trailer

HELP?

The killing of Belgian soldiers

10 Belgian soldiers who work for the United NationsGuarding the Hutu prime minister at his home

Hutu radicals kill him and the Belgian soldiers

THE END

Ended with a rebel victory

Rwandan Patriotic Army chase out FAR (Tutsis)

Genocide ended with their victory

800,000 people killed

THE END

ProblemsAs Tutsi refugees move back into Rwanda, Hutu people, fearing revenge, move to neighboring countries

Schools and infrastructure destroyed

Bodies everywhere Social conditions and trust between people eradicated

Questions…was it genocide

The Question of Genocide Definition:

any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or

mental harm to members of the group;

(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

One or Two? Elimination of Tutsis was

an explicit goal Massacres of Hutus not

part of an elimination plan

Or Zero?: Are Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups?

Did colonial rulers establish race?

Causes…

Historical Relations Pre-colonial

Origins: the wrong question Feudal relations, with reciprocal obligations Violable boundary Core-periphery more relevant

Colonial Germans: racialist ideology Belgians: indirect rule No reciprocality, Rigid boundaries (ID cards) Late switch: “Hutu Revolution”

Post-Colonial Purges, exile, and the triumph of extremism

Causes…

Political Instability

Economic reform program Effect: less tolerance of corruption

Pressure for democratization Effect: Moderate alternative to MNRD Effect: Extremist fear of moderation Effect: Majoritarianism without bounds -- ‘Rubanda

Nyamwishi’

RPF Invasion Effect: Fulfills prophecies of Tutsi aggression Effect: ≈ 1 million Internally Displaced Persons (mostly

Hutu)

Causes…

TheoryFind a governing coalition based on moderatesUse regional pressure to enforce peaceUN force to keep peace until new govt. sits

RealityExtremists’ exclusion breeds desperationRegional powers weak and/or interestedUN force underpowered

Causes…

Arusha ProcessBurundi

From Model to Coup

UN Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR)Recommended: about 10,000 a.s.a.p. Proposed: 5200 starting 9/93Actual:

no one before 10/93 minimal equipment before 1/94 Maximum force of 2500 (in April 1994)

INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS

United Nations Ten Belgians killed immediately Forces (mostly) withdrawn, 4/20/94 UNAMIR II

United States Denial Non-cooperation Obstruction of UNAMIR II

France Clearly on FAR/interim government side Intervention: Operation Turquoise

Effect: genocidaires escape to Zaire

Africa No force to muster

POST GENOCIDE

ICTR First Genocide Conviction First recognition of rape

as an offense of genocide 60+ indictments

Rwandan courts 125,000 detainees 2000 cases handled after

4 years

POST GENOCIDE

The ChallengesCommunities, neighbors, families – a nation

Truth and reconciliation?

Eradication of ethnic distinctionsViabilityCountervailing tendency: use of genocide experience as source of legitimacy

Cynical view: use of ‘divisiveness’ accusation to consolidate power

POST GENOCIDE

Rwanda today, 20 years later…http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/africa/04/photo_journal/rwanda/html/1.stm

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/rwanda/genocide/index.html

http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/100000002811457/20th-anniversary-of-rwanda-genocide.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/06/magazine/06-pieter-hugo-rwanda-portraits.html?_r=0

Think About It/ Write It Down 94%- AP Human Geography Style! SILENTLY, without

communication, write down the first 5 words/phrases when you hear the word: ETHNICITY. Place the words on your answer sheet and then on individual post-its. Bring the post-its to the front of the room and we will determine the top answers from the class. The goal is to get 94% matching.

Agenda1.30 for 30: Once Brothers


Think About It/ Write It Down 94%- AP Human Geography Style! SILENTLY, without

communication, write down the first 5 words/phrases when you hear the word: GENOCIDE. Place the words on your answer sheet and then on individual post-its. Bring the post-its to the front of the room and we will determine the top answers from the class. The goal is to get 94% matching.

Agenda1.Finish 30 for 30, Once Brothers2.Homework: Reflection paragraph


Think About It/ Write It Down Mini FRQ (Still needs to be created

Agenda1.Wrap up Ethnicity and Race


ethnicity and race. think about it/write it down for this unit, you will write your final answer...

Documents

race slide

urban scale slide

association triangle

concept of race

particular group

forced migration

group of people

particular homeland